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have been necessary for caravan groups. The building features no baths or decorative mosaics, so it is unlikely that the building was used as a palace for recreation. A possible function of the building is a meeting place for local
Bedouin leaders. While it lacked the infrastructure to support long-term stays of large groups, it has stables, plenty of rooms, and a courtyard which would have been conducive to meetings.
1421:
526:, a Czech geographer, visited the site in 1898, 1900, and 1901. He was convinced that the building was used as a fortress. In an effort to justify this, he included battlements in his schematic drawings and baselessly claimed that they had been torn down so that their stones could be reused as weapons.
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Hill published the first known written reference to the qasr in 1896. It is difficult to pin down the exact date of the palace’s construction. There were several stages of construction. The first phase includes the entire ground floor and the western side of the first floor. The second phase includes
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merchant sells handcrafts and drinks in the parking lot. There is a plaque in Arabic and
English near the main entrance. Visitors are free to explore the entire building. There is little data available concerning the number of visitors per year. The site has a 4.3/5 star rating on Google Maps and a
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There are two staircases leading up to the first floor, located at the southwest and southeast corners of the courtyard. Each staircase has two flights of stairs, with small landings halfway up. At the top of each staircase are three doors. One leads to the first floor of the portico, one leading to
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of eight rooms each, and on the north side is a suite of seven rooms. Each suite has a central room from which smaller rooms branch out. Each room that is adjacent to the courtyard has a doorway connecting it to the courtyard. On each side of the entrance passageway are larger halls of about 12.8 by
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in the wadi bed. The small scale of water production and storage means it is unlikely that anyone depended on the building to support large groups, especially for long periods of time. This discounts the theories that the qasr was used as a caravanserai (a resting place for traders), an agricultural
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and Amman. Qasr
Kharana is located far from both of these routes, so it is unlikely that it was intended as a service point for caravan traders, since it is not only remote, but had little water to offer. While there were rooms used as stables, there is no evidence of large corral areas which would
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Qasr
Harrana remains very well preserved, and is open to tourist visitors from 8 am to 6 pm from May to September, and 8 am to 4 pm the rest of the year. The area is fenced off with a visitors' center on the southeast corner, where the main entrance to the castle area is located. A paved driveway
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In 1895, Hill visited the site. He gave a fairly accurate description of the palace, although he misread his compass and said the south entrance was on the east facade. He incorrectly labeled the ventilation slits in the walls to be arrow slits, as would have appeared in a military fortress. Hill
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identified some of the rooms in the first floor as “chapels with little Norman arches in the upper parts of the rooms, and
Christian devices”. This led to his conclusion that the building was a Crusader’s castle, “intended to be used as a stronghold and water store between Umm Moghr and Asrak”.
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Early explorers assumed the palace was used as a military stronghold. This is very unlikely. Besides being unable to withstand a prolonged siege due to limited water supply, there is no evidence of battlements having existed, and the slits in the wall were intended for ventilation, not as arrow
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house may have existed on the site. The purpose of the building is a subject of debate among scholars. Theories as to the qasr's purpose include a
Crusader's castle, a military stronghold, agricultural outpost, and resting place for caravan travelers. The current scholarly consensus is that the
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There are three Greek inscriptions, which are illegible. One hints at a military title, and another contains a “V” which may be a Roman numeral. These inscriptions point to the existence of more inscriptions which have since been lost or disfigured. The source of the stones which contain these
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The qasr is a nearly square building, 35 metres (115 ft) on each side, with three-quarter-round buttresses at the corners, a projecting rounded entrance on the south side with quarter-round buttresses, and half-round buttresses bisecting every other facade. It is made of rough
298:, the capital city. The castle has an expansive view in all directions — twelve kilometers (7.5 miles) to the south, 30 kilometers (18.5 miles) to the west, several kilometers to the north, and the horizon is visible to the east. There were no additional buildings on the site.
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inscriptions is unclear. While it is possible that there was a building at the site which predated the qasr, the stones may have also originated from markers in the desert. These three inscriptions are not enough evidence to confirm the existence of an earlier building.
451:. The site made it necessary to modify those building techniques slightly. The arches are not connected to the carrying wall, instead placed on bearing arms. The overall weight of the structure keeps these elements together. Some newer building materials, such as wooden
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The only entrance is on the south wall. On either side of the entrance are two quarter-round buttresses. Through the entrance is a 3.5 by 9.15 meter passageway which leads into the courtyard, which is 12.65 by 12.95 meters. The layout is largely composed of
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leads from the highway to a parking lot large enough for cars and several buses located just south of the entrance. The site is only accessible by one highway, and is not reached by public transportation. The castle is today under the jurisdiction of the
345:, an English explorer, noted two deep cisterns that had apparently fallen out of use. Unfortunately, he didn't expand on this observation, and no one else has recorded the existence of any water storage apparatus, like dams or irrigation lines, besides
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in each corner, with a large central room in between them. The rest of the first floor follows the layout of the ground floor pretty closely, although the rooms are not oriented exactly the same and the dimensions vary slightly from their ground floor
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Islamic concepts of public and private were satisfied through the narrow slits offering views to (and from) the outside, larger windows on the inside and the north terrace separating the two apartments. A room on the south side was set aside for
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published a full translation and analysis of the inscriptions at Qasr
Harrana. This was instrumental, as early explorers had been unable to translate the entire text. Her translation allowed the building to be dated to 710 CE at the latest.
512:. In a large room on the west side of the first floor, there is a small inscription which states it was written on November 24, 710 CE. This inscription dates the end of the first phase of construction of the palace.
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The palace is located along the Al-Azraq
Highway in a remote area of the Jordanian desert, isolated from human settlement. It is located about 65 kilometers (40 miles) east-south-east of
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in use today were likely comparable to the ones used by those who used the building. There is no evidence of wells or dams being built in order to provide a better water source than the
923:. By Antonin Jaussen and Raphaël Savignac. Publications de la Société des fouilles archéologiques. Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale, 1997. Pp. 153 + pls. € 53.36"
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rooms on the southern and eastern sides of the first floor. The third phase, which was not completed, includes the unfinished rooms in the northwest corner of the first floor.
545:. During the restoration some changes were made. A door in the east wall was closed, and some cement and plaster was used that was inconsistent with the existing material.
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consist of rooms which are connected to each other by doorways, but are only connected to other rooms by the courtyard. On the east and west sides of the courtyard are
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The wall slits could not have been used by archers as they are the wrong height and shape. Instead they served to control dust and light and took advantage of
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used during the period of construction or use of the palace, because these pits are periodically washed away by natural floods. However, the
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influenced the design of the castle, with
Sassanid building techniques applied. The layout follows Syrian houses, themselves influenced by
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the rooms, and another to a corridor with stairs which lead up to the roof terrace. The south side of the first floor has two five-room
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Qasr
Kharana combines different regional traditions with the influence of the then-new religion of Islam to create a new style. Syrian
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Not much is known about trade routes in the greater Jordan area in the early Islamic period. It is believed that trade routes ran from
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are pits dug into the gravel that rests upon the bedrock in the wadi, where they collect water. It is impossible to identify any
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574:. The kingdom's Ministry of Tourism controls access to the site via the new visitor's center, charging an admission fee of
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851:"Umayyad Building Techniques And The Merging Of Roman-Byzantine And Partho-Sassanian Traditions: Continuity And Change"
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in the middle. Many of the rooms have small slits for light and ventilation. Some of the rooms are decorated with
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8 meters. The halls are divided into two areas by pillars and were likely used as stables and storage rooms.
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In 1922, Antonin Jaussen and Raphael Savignac published a description of Qasr Harrana in their
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Mission archéologique En Arabie, V.III: Les Châteax Arabes de Qeseir Amra, Harâneh, et Tuba.
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In later centuries the castle was abandoned and neglected. It suffered damage from several
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The architectural style and the decoration of the building show influences from Syrian,
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Mission archéologique en Arabie II: El‐ʿEla, d'Hégra à Tiema, Harrah de Tebouk: Atlas
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226:. It is uncertain when the palace was constructed, but it likely originates from the
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Abbott, Nabia. “The Ḳaṣr Kharāna Inscription of 92 H. (710 A.D.), a New Reading.”
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230:. An inscription on an upper wall dates the building to before 710 CE. A Greek or
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On the inside, the building has 60 rooms on two levels arranged around a central
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802:"The Development of Structural Concept and Architectural Form in Qasr Kharana"
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While it is unknown exactly when the structure was first built, we do have a
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is the primary source of water for the palace. Simple well systems called
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wrote his doctoral dissertation on the castle, published as a book,
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traditions. Some scholars argue that structure was built during the
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Rosette with a tree motif or alternating leaves, early 8th century (
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778:. Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement. pp. 33–35.
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Evenari, Michael; Shanan, Leslie; Tadmor, Naphtali (1982-02-05).
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986:"Qasr Al-Kharanah - Desert Castles in Jordan (Qasr al-Harrana)"
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533:, which has been praised as a "scholarly landmark". In 1946,
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The purpose of the structure remains unclear today. In 1895,
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Like Sassanid buildings, the castle's structural system is
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1011:"Qasr Al-Kharranah · PFH7+H47, Amman Governorate, Jordan"
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Qasr Al-Kharranah · PFH7+H47, Amman Governorate, Jordan
672:, Durham, N.C.: American Schools of Oriental Research,
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578:
1 ($ 1.42 USD) to the site during daylight hours. A
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Interior of Qasr Harrana, showing Sassanid influence
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A Journey East of the Jordan and the Dead Sea, 1895
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301:It was built on top of a ridge which overlooks the
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903:Jaussen, Antonin Joseph, and Raphael Savignac.
235:building was used as for meeting between local
350:outpost, or a palace intended for recreation.
1334:
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959:
949:– via The University of Chicago Press.
837:A Short Account of Early Muslim Architecture
410:, which are discrete groups of rooms. These
177:1,225 square metres (13,190 sq ft)
218:, about 60 kilometres (37 mi) east of
1341:
1327:
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470:differentials to cool the rooms, via the
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487:Sasanian occupation of the area in 620s
263:of flat stones run through the facing.
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835:C., Creswell K A, and James W. Allan.
607:Islamic Art and Architecture, 650–1250
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855:Technology in Transition A.D. 300-650
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572:Jordanian Department of Antiquities
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27:Castle in Amman Governorate, Jordan
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699:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
378:Building style, layout, techniques
210:, is one of the best-known of the
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541:In the late 1970s the palace was
156:Jordanian Ministry of Antiquities
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849:Arce, Ignacio (1 January 2008).
583:4/5 star rating on Tripadvisor.
45:
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978:
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927:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
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774:Hill, John Edward Gray (1896).
670:Qasr Kharana in the Transjordan
551:Qasr Kharana in the Transjordan
531:Mission archéologique En Arabie
214:located in present-day eastern
51:South and west elevations, 2009
1528:Umayyad architecture in Jordan
1062:Archnet article – Qasr Kharana
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727:
242:
13:
1:
882:, vol. 11/12, 1946, pp. 192.
746:10.4159/harvard.9780674419254
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960:journey-admin (2017-11-09).
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1076:American Center of Research
907:Paris, Paul Geuthner, 1922.
365:, as well as from Azraq to
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1513:8th-century fortifications
668:Urice, Stephen K. (1987),
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252:blocks set in a mud-based
140:659 metres (2,162 ft)
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1067:50 Pictures of this sight
1035:"Qasr al-Kharrana, Amman"
696:Petersen, Andrew (2002).
343:Sir John Edward Gray Hill
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917:Graf, David F. (2005).
894:. Accessed 8 Dec. 2022.
1271:Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi
1266:Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi
1156:Umayyad desert castles
1115:Photos of Qasr Kharana
1072:Photos of Qasr Kharana
613:New Haven, Connecticut
561:
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1099:31.72889°N 36.46278°E
839:. Scolar Press, 1989.
617:Yale University Press
601:Ettinghausen, Richard
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121:31.72889°N 36.46278°E
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204:Haraneh, Khauranee,
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61:General information
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510:terminus ante quem
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126:31.72889; 36.46278
1533:Tourism in Jordan
1523:Castles in Jordan
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1401:Montreal (castle)
1357:Castles in Jordan
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990:jordan-travel.com
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1396:Kerak Castle
1239:Umm al-Walid
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1196:
1172:Qusayr 'Amra
1080:
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1038:
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33:Qasr Harrana
1308:Al-Sinnabra
1207:Al-Muwaqqar
1187:Qasr Burqu'
1102: /
1039:Tripadvisor
524:Alois Musil
499:earthquakes
447:supporting
371:Al-Muwaqqar
243:Description
166:Floor count
124: /
99:Coordinates
1502:Categories
1471:Qasr Burqu
1466:Qasr Bayir
1446:Qasr Azraq
1276:Jabal Sais
1182:Qasr Bayir
1090:36°27′46″E
1087:31°43′44″N
1044:2022-12-11
1020:2022-12-11
996:2022-12-11
971:2022-12-11
822:2009-05-14
702:. London:
619:. p.
587:References
394:customs.
369:, then to
313:(singular
258:Decorative
192:قصر حرّانة
174:Floor area
112:36°27′46″E
109:31°43′44″N
39:قصر حرّانة
1476:Qasr Tuba
1290:Palestine
1229:Qasr Tuba
947:0022-2968
857:: 498–499
737:The Negev
704:Routledge
388:Byzantine
361:north to
276:pilasters
270:, with a
268:courtyard
250:limestone
239:leaders.
232:Byzantine
148:by 710 AD
145:Completed
137:Elevation
543:restored
483:Sasanian
479:Parthian
367:Hallabat
363:Damascus
290:Location
84:Location
1117:at the
1074:at the
892:4515634
861:4 April
719:May 13,
636:May 12,
580:Bedouin
565:Tourism
493:History
453:lintels
354:slits.
347:thamail
337:Purpose
331:thamail
327:thamail
323:thamail
319:Thamail
315:thamila
311:thamail
284:plaster
261:courses
237:Bedouin
78:Islamic
1286:Israel
1164:Jordan
945:
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809:UNESCO
752:
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481:, and
461:prayer
305:. The
254:mortar
216:Jordan
208:Hraneh
188:Arabic
92:Jordan
69:Castle
1258:Syria
888:JSTOR
884:JSTOR
816:(PDF)
805:(PDF)
425:bayts
416:bayts
412:bayts
408:bayts
392:Roman
359:Azraq
220:Amman
153:Owner
1288:and
943:ISSN
863:2019
750:ISBN
721:2009
708:ISBN
674:ISBN
638:2009
625:ISBN
390:and
307:wadi
66:Type
935:doi
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