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managerial practice" through an "undertheorized" conception of design thinking. Lee Vinsel suggested that popular purveyors of design consulting "as a reform for all of higher education" misuse ideas from the fields that they purport to borrow from, and devalue discipline-specific expertise, giving students "'creative confidence' without actual capabilities". Natasha
Iskander criticized a certain conception of design thinking for reaffirming "the privileged role of the designer" at the expense of the communities that the designer serves, and argued that the concept of "empathy" employed in some formulations of design thinking ignores critical reflection on the way identity and power shape empathetic identification. She claimed that promoting simplified versions of design thinking "makes it hard to solve challenges that are characterized by a high degree of uncertaintyâlike climate changeâwhere doing things the way we always have done them is a sure recipe for disaster". Similarly, Rebecca Ackermann said that radical broadening of design thinking elevated the designer into "a kind of spiritual medium" whose claimed empathy skills could be allowed to supersede context-specific expertise within professional domains, and suggested that "many big problems are rooted in centuries of dark history, too deeply entrenched to be obliterated with a touch of design thinkingâs magic wand".
445:, focusing their attention on the aesthetics and functionality of products. Many businesses and other organisations now realise the utility of embedding design as a productive asset throughout organisational policies and practices, and design thinking has been used to help many different types of business and social organisations to be more constructive and innovative. Designers bring their methods into business either by taking part themselves from the earliest stages of product and service development processes or by training others to use design methods and to build innovative thinking capabilities within organisations.
543:(4) increased salability. Arnold recommended a balanced approachâproduct developers should seek opportunities in all four areas of design thinking: "It is rather interesting to look over the developmental history of any product or family of products and try to classify the changes into one of the four areas ... Your group, too, might have gotten into a rut and is inadvertently doing all of your
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60:. It has also been referred to as "designerly ways of knowing, thinking and acting" and as "designerly thinking". Many of the key concepts and aspects of design thinking have been identified through studies, across different design domains, of design cognition and design activity in both laboratory and natural contexts.
2446:, August 25, 2009. "... design thinking is any process that applies the methods of industrial designers to problems beyond how a product should look. My mentor at Stanford, Rolf Faste, did more than anyone to define the term and express the unique role that designers could play in making pretty much everything."
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extends inquiry into designerly ways of knowing, claiming: "There exists a designerly way of thinking and communicating that is both different from scientific and scholarly ways of thinking and communicating, and as powerful as scientific and scholarly methods of inquiry when applied to its own kinds
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contrasted this problem type with well-defined or "tame" cases where the problem is clear and the solution available through applying rules or technical knowledge. Rittel contrasted a formal rationalistic "first generation" of design methods in the 1950s and 1960s against the need for a participatory
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Arnold initiated a long history of design thinking at
Stanford University, extending through many others such as Robert McKim and Rolfe Faste, who taught "design thinking as a method of creative action", and continuing with the shift from creative engineering to innovation management in the 2000s.
554:'s "Systematic Method for Designers" (1963â64) was concerned primarily with a systematic process of designing, it also expressed a need to broaden the scope of conventional design: "Ways have had to be found to incorporate knowledge of ergonomics, cybernetics, marketing and management science into
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In his book "Creative
Engineering" (1959) Arnold distinguishes four areas of creative thinking: (1) novel functionality, i.e. solutions that satisfy a novel need or solutions that satisfy an old need in an entirely new way, (2) higher performance levels of a solution, (3) lower production costs or
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Some of the diverse and popularized applications of design thinking, particularly in the business/innovation fields, have been criticized for promoting a very restricted interpretation of design skills and abilities. Lucy
Kimbell accused business applications of design thinking of "de-politicizing
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In the 2000s and 2010s there was a significant growth of interest in applying design thinking across a range of diverse applicationsâfor example as a catalyst for gaining competitive advantage within business or for improving education, but doubts around design thinking as a panacea for innovation
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Generally, the design innovation process starts with the inspiration phase: observing how things and people work in the real world and noticing problems or opportunities. These problem formulations can be documented in a brief which includes constraints that gives the project team a framework from
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The term design thinking has been used to refer to a specific cognitive style (thinking like a designer), a general theory of design (a way of understanding how designers work), and a set of pedagogical resources (through which organisations or inexperienced designers can learn to approach complex
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All forms of professional design education can be assumed to be developing design thinking in students, even if only implicitly, but design thinking is also now explicitly taught in general as well as professional education, across all sectors of education. Design as a subject was introduced into
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to translate abstract requirements into concrete objects. These 'languages' include traditional sketches and drawings but also extend to computer models and physical prototypes. The use of representations and models is closely associated with features of design thinking such as the generation and
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In the process of designing, the designer's attention typically oscillates between their understanding of the problematic context and their ideas for a solution in a process of co-evolution of problem and solution. New solution ideas can lead to a deeper or alternative understanding of the
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The start of the 21st century brings a significant increase in interest in design thinking as the term becomes popularized in the business press. Books about how to create a more design-focused workplace where innovation can thrive are written for the business sector by, amongst others,
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secondary schools' educational curricula in the UK in the 1970s, gradually replacing and/or developing from some of the traditional art and craft subjects, and increasingly linked with technology studies. This development sparked related research studies in both education and design.
558:". Archer was also developing the relationship of design thinking with management: "The time is rapidly approaching when design decision making and management decision making techniques will have so much in common that the one will become no more than the extension of the other".
271:
414:, and refined. A prototype, or even a rough mock-up helps to gather feedback and improve the idea. Prototypes can speed up the process of innovation because they allow quick identification of strengths and weaknesses of proposed solutions, and can prompt new ideas.
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In the creation of new design proposals, designers have to infer possible solutions from the available problem information, their experience, and the use of non-deductive modes of thinking such as the use of analogies. This has been interpreted as a form of
287:. Plattner, Meinel, and Leifer state: "While the stages are simple enough, the adaptive expertise required to choose the right inflection points and appropriate next stage is a high order intellectual activity that requires practice and is learnable."
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Rather than accept the problem as given, designers explore the given problem and its context and may re-interpret or restructure the given problem in order to reach a particular framing of the problem that suggests a route to a solution.
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and synthesis in which it has to translate ideas into insights that can lead to solutions or opportunities for change. These might be either visions of new product offerings, or choices among various ways of creating new experiences.
589:, which described methods and approaches used by architects and urban planners, was a significant early usage of the term in the design research literature. An international series of research symposia in design thinking began at
597:'s 1992 article "Wicked Problems in Design Thinking" expressed a broader view of design thinking as addressing intractable human concerns through design, reprising ideas that Rittel and Webber developed in the early 1970s.
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The 1962 Conference on
Systematic and Intuitive Methods in Engineering, Industrial Design, Architecture and Communications, London, UK, catalyses interest in studying design processes and developing new design methods.
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Oct. 2009: 60â62. p. 60: "David Kelley ... said that every time someone came to ask him about design, he found himself inserting the word thinking to explain what it is that designers do. The term design thinking
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von
Thienen, J.P.A.; Clancey, W.J.; Corazza, G.E.; Meinel, C. (2017), "Theoretical foundations of design thinking. Part I: John E. Arnold's creative thinking theories", in Plattner, H.; Meinel, C.; Leifer, L. (eds.),
391:". Convergent thinking, on the other hand, aims for zooming and focusing on the different proposals to select the best choice, which permits continuation of the design thinking process to achieve the final goals.
275:
Design thinking example video that presents design thinking for innovation in business and society as a process of "Learn from People, Find
Patterns, Design Principles, Make Tangible and Iterate Relentlessly"
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in which he aims to establish "an epistemology of practice implicit in the artistic, intuitive processes that practitioners bring to situations of uncertainty, instability, uniqueness and value conflict".
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exploration of tentative solution concepts, the identification of what needs to be known about the developing concept, and the recognition of emergent features and properties within the representations.
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design consultancy is formed by combining three industrial design companies. They are one of the first design companies to showcase their design process, based on design methods and design thinking.
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New courses in design thinking have also been introduced at the university level, especially when linked with business and innovation studies. A notable early course of this type was introduced at
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In empirical studies of three-dimensional problem solving, Bryan Lawson found architects employed solution-focused cognitive strategies, distinct from the problem-focused strategies of scientists.
581:, "Designerly Ways of Knowing", established some of the intrinsic qualities and abilities of design thinking that also made it relevant in general education and thus for wider audiences.
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to include understanding the psychological and emotional needs of peopleâthe way they do things, why and how they think and feel about the world, and what is meaningful to them.
264:
502:âthe dominant methods of designing human-computer interfacesâfor over 40 years. Design thinking is also central to recent conceptions of software development in general.
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Micheli, Pietro; Wilner, Sarah; Hussain, Sabeen; Mura, Matteo; Beverland, Michael (2019). "Doing Design
Thinking: Conceptual Review, Synthesis, and Research Agenda".
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The origins of design thinking lie in the development of psychological studies on creativity in the 1940s and the development of creativity techniques in the 1950s.
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in the 1960s led to the idea of design thinking as a particular approach to creatively solving problems. Among the first authors to write about design thinking were
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Criticisms appear of inflated claims for the role and importance of the business-oriented versions of design thinking and of its wider relevance. However, in the
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Cross, Nigel.2001, Design
Cognition: Results from Protocol and other Empirical Studies of Design Activity, in C. Eastman, M. McCracken and W. Newstatter (eds.)
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The third space of the design thinking innovation process is implementation, when the best ideas generated during ideation are turned into something concrete.
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and informally argumentative "second generation" of design methods for the 1970s and beyond that would be more adequate for the complexity of wicked problems.
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In the Kâ12 education sector, design thinking is used to enhance learning and promote creative thinking, teamwork, and student responsibility for learning. A
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To achieve divergent thinking, it may be important to have a diverse group of people involved in the process. Design teams typically begin with a structured
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with the goal of understanding their wants and needs, what might make their life easier and more enjoyable and how technology can be useful for them.
298:. Projects may loop back through inspiration, ideation, and implementation more than once as the team refines its ideas and explores new directions.
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Suwa, M., Gero, J. and
Purcell, T. 2000. "Unexpected discoveries and S-invention of design requirements: Important vehicles for a design process".
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have features such as no definitive formulation, no true/false solution, and a wide discrepancy between differing perspectives on the situation.
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Creative Engineering: Promoting Innovation by Thinking Differently. Edited With an Introduction and Biographical Essay by William J. Clancey
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At the core of the implementation process is prototyping: turning ideas into actual products and services that are then tested, evaluated,
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2458:"The Origin and Evolution of Stanford University's Design Thinking: From Product Design to Design Thinking in Innovation Management"
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Don Koberg and Jim Bagnall pioneer a 'soft systems' design process for dealing with the problems of 'everyday life' in their book
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577:, primarily addressing design in architecture, began a process of generalising the concept of design thinking. A 1982 article by
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Wiltschnig, Stefan; Christensen, Bo; Ball, Linden (2013). "Collaborative problemâsolution co-evolution in creative design".
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JohanssonâSköldberg, Ulla; Woodilla, Jill; Ăetinkaya, Mehves (2013). "Design thinking: past, present and possible futures".
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suggests that "Designers tend to use solution conjectures as the means of developing their understanding of the problem".
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The All New Universal Traveler: A Soft-Systems Guide to Creativity, Problem-Solving, and the Process of Reaching Goals
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The design approach also becomes extended and adapted to tackle the design of services, marking the beginning of the
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Design thinking has a history extending from the 1950s and '60s, with roots in the study of design cognition and
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Owen-Jackson, G. (ed.) (2002) "Teaching Design and Technology in Secondary Schools", London: Routledge Falmer.
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The process may also be thought of as a system of overlapping spaces rather than a sequence of orderly steps:
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773:'s d.school begins to teach design thinking as a generalisable approach to technical and social innovation.
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problems in a designerly way). The different uses have given rise to some confusion in the use of the term.
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Cross, N., Dorst, K. and N., Roozenburg (eds.) (1992) Research in Design Thinking, Delft University Press.
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The first symposium on Research in Design Thinking is held at Delft University, The Netherlands, in 1991.
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The Universal Traveler: A Soft-Systems Guide to Creativity, Problem-Solving, and the Process of Design.
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publish "Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning" showing that many design and planning problems are
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The Rise of the Creative Class: and How It's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life.
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A letter to the editor complaining about obfuscatory language in passages of Archer's latest part.
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Ralph, Paul (April 2015). "The Sensemaking-Coevolution-Implementation Theory of software design".
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Archer L. B. et al. (1979) "Design in General Education". London: The Royal College of Art.
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https://interactions.acm.org/archive/view/may-june-2018/the-divisiveness-of-design-thinking
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employ non-verbal, graphic/spatial modelling media, for example, sketching and prototyping.
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Historically, designers tended to be involved only in the later parts of the process of
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with clients, users, and customers as a basis for innovative design. Designers approach
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Teaching as a Design Science: Building pedagogical patterns for learning and technology
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Change by Design: How Design Thinking Transforms Organizations and Inspires Innovation.
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approach to teaching and learning has been developed more widely throughout education.
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285:(re)defining the problem, needfinding and benchmarking, ideating, building, and testing
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101 Design Methods: A Structured Approach for Driving Innovation in Your Organization.
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A reprint of the whole series with additional material was published as a short book:
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Razzouk, R. and Shute, V. (2012) "What Is Design Thinking and Why Is It Important?"
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Kolko, J. (2010) "Abductive Thinking and Sensemaking: Drivers of Design Synthesis",
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Cross, N. (2018) A Brief History of the Design Thinking Research Symposium Series,
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Norman, Donald A. (1 January 1986). Norman, Donald A; Draper, Stephen W (eds.).
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Design thinking was adapted for business purposes by Faste's Stanford colleague
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Design thinking research. Making distinctions: Collaboration versus cooperation
2169:'s "Systematic Method for Designers" first appeared as a series of articles in
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An iterative, non-linear process, design thinking includes activities such as
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Design Thinking: Integrating Innovation, Customer Experience and Brand Value.
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Books on methods and theories of design in different fields are published by
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The Opposable Mind: How Successful Leaders Win through Integrative Thinking.
2087:"Design Thinking Is Fundamentally Conservative and Preserves the Status Quo"
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1254:"The enduring challenge of 'wicked problems': revisiting Rittel and Webber"
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Roozenburg, N. (1993) "On the pattern of reasoning in innovative design",
1292:"Design thinking, wicked problems and institutioning change: a case study"
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After collecting and sorting many ideas, a team goes through a process of
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deal with different types of design problems, especially ill-defined and
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37:, strategic and practical procedures used by designers in the process of
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Dorst, Kees (2011). "The core of 'design thinking'and its application".
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A five-phase description of the design innovation process is offered by
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2106:"Design thinking was supposed to fix the world. Where did it go wrong?"
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Drawing on psychological studies of creativity from the 1940s, such as
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is idea generation. The process is characterized by the alternation of
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1720:"Chapter 1: Flip | Creative Confidence by Tom & David Kelley"
761:(2007), Tim Brown (2009), Thomas Lockwood (2010), Vijay Kumar (2012).
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Lawson, Bryan. 1979. "Cognitive Strategies in Architectural Design".
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Applied Imagination: Principles and Procedures of Creative Thinking.
2240:"Systematic method for designers, part four: examining the evidence"
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Creative Confidence: Unleashing the creative potential within us all
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Brown, T. Wyatt, J. (2010). Design thinking for social innovation.
1507:"Creativity in the design process: co-evolution of problemâsolution"
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Dorst, K. (2011) "The Core of Design Thinking and its Application",
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CoDesign: International Journal of CoCreation in Design and the Arts
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introduced the term in the context of design and planning, and with
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2406:"Integrating Creativity into the Mechanical Engineering Curriculum"
1991:
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Matthews, Ben; Doherty, Skye; Worthy, Peter; Reid, Janine (2022).
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Kimbell, Lucy (July 2012). "Rethinking design thinking: Part II".
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The first notable books on methods of creativity are published by
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Designing deals with design problems that can be categorized on a
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2183:"Systematic method for designers, part one: aesthetics and logic"
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problematic context, which in turn triggers more solution ideas.
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Solving Problems with Design Thinking: Ten Stories of What Works
2221:"Systematic method for designers, part three: getting the brief"
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Powerful Learning: What we know about teaching for understanding
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as opposed to "tame", single disciplinary, problems of science.
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2259:"Systematic method for designers, part five: the creative leap"
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The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action.
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2317:"Systematic method for designers, part seven: the final steps"
2202:"Systematic method for designers, part two: design and system"
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of products and services within business and social contexts.
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Design thinking is also associated with prescriptions for the
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Designing for Growth: A Design Thinking Tool Kit For Managers
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Innovations in Mechanical Engineering Curricula for the 1990s
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Cross, N. (1990) "The Nature and Nurture of Design Ability",
2298:"Systematic method for designers, part six: the donkey work"
478:, known as the d.school. Design thinking can now be seen in
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Archer, L. Bruce. "Whatever Became of Design Methodology?"
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Design Thinking: Understanding how designers think and work
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Core features of design thinking include the abilities to:
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A Whole New Mind: Why Right-brainers Will Rule the Future.
2412:, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1993
2366:, Understanding Innovation, Cham: Springer, pp. 13â40
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Design Knowing and Learning: Cognition in Design Education
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Buchanan, Richard, "Wicked Problems in Design Thinking,"
2429:, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, November 1994
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Cross, Nigel (2004). "Expertise in Design: an overview".
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2788:. 5th Edition. Design Community College Press, CA, 2019
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Chapter six. The MIT Press; 1 edition (October 1, 2007).
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How to See: a Guide to Reading Our Man-made Environment
2875:: Why Design Thinking is the Next Competitive Advantage
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ASME Resource Guide to Innovation in Engineering Design
224:
2774:. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley, Pearson Education, 2010.
547:
in one area and is missing good bets in other areas."
1372:
931:
715:
and the rise of design-centered business management.
2504:
How Designers Think: The Design Process Demystified.
1624:; Meinel, Christoph; Leifer, Larry J., eds. (2011).
1620:
796:
2635:Los Altos, CA: Kaufmann, 1972. 2nd edition (1981):
965:Cross, Nigel (2001). "Designerly ways of knowing".
2315:
2296:
2276:
2257:
2238:
2219:
2200:
2181:
1792:
1790:
1583:Cross, N. 1999. "Natural Intelligence in Design",
1209:
2857:. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2011.
2514:
2512:
2404:Faste, Rolf, Bernard Roth and Douglass J. Wilde,
2162:
2160:
2158:
1902:Interdisciplinary Education for Design Innovation
1777:Kolko, J. "The divisiveness of design thinking".
402:
311:by which they can measure progress, and a set of
4802:
2555:Synectics, the Development of Creative Capacity.
2440:"Forget Design Thinking and Try Hybrid Thinking"
1628:. Understanding innovation. Berlin; Heidelberg:
1285:
1283:
1281:
539:in "Systematic Method for Designers" (1963â64).
238:Conventionally, designers communicate mostly in
233:
27:Processes by which design concepts are developed
2894:. San Francisco, CA: Design Within Reach, 2006.
2455:
1787:
1616:
1614:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1252:Crowley, Kate; Head, Brian W. (December 2017).
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
943:Frame Innovation: Create new thinking by design
2877:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Press, 2009.
2812:Lewrick, Michael, Patrick Link, Larry Leifer.
2509:
2488:Brown, Tim. "The Making of a Design Thinker".
2155:
2129:
2127:
2125:
246:
2920:
2855:Graphic Design Thinking: Beyond Brainstorming
2840:. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013.
2826:. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011.
2534:
1861:Darling-Hammond, L., B. Barron et al. (2008)
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1278:
1611:
1570:Cross, Nigel. "Designerly Ways of Knowing".
1461:March, L.J. (1984) "The Logic of Design" in
1328:
1317:
1238:
1200:
1198:
785:claims "design thinking works" in business.
195:
67:
2496:
2122:
2080:
2078:
1626:Design thinking: understand, improve, apply
1405:
1251:
365:Ideation: divergent and convergent thinking
2927:
2913:
2691:Boston, MA: Harvard Business School, 2007.
2596:Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1962.
2415:
2398:
2383:
1755:
1753:
1679:
1559:
1504:
1338:"Dilemmas in a general theory of planning"
1023:
1021:
2473:
2103:
2097:
2058:
2056:
2028:
1438:
1195:
1161:
1116:
1098:
423:have been expressed by some critics (see
4444:Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)
2882:Design Thinking for Strategic Innovation
2781:. Chichester, UK; New York: Wiley, 1984.
2579:Jones, J. C. and D. G. Thornley, (eds.)
2462:Journal of Product Innovation Management
2456:Auernhammer, Jan; Roth, Bernard (2021).
2084:
2075:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1142:Journal of Product Innovation Management
260:
2739:
2104:Ackermann, Rebecca (February 9, 2023).
2085:Iskander, Natasha (September 5, 2018).
1750:
1063:
1027:
1018:
14:
4803:
2622:New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1970.
2376:Archer, L. Bruce. "Design Management"
2333:
2313:
2294:
2255:
2236:
2217:
2198:
2179:
2133:
2062:
2053:
1981:
1889:Design of Technology-Enhanced Learning
1826:Tim Brown urges designers to think big
902:. Bloomsbury/Berg. ISBN 9781847886361.
489:
380:, typical of design thinking process.
207:
4489:
4449:Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)
4192:
3637:
2964:
2908:
2899:Educating the Reflective Practitioner
2389:
2014:
1766:
1424:
940:
566:, who founded the design consultancy
535:in "Creative Engineering" (1959) and
2274:
1204:
1030:"Rethinking design thinking: Part I"
993:The Cognitive Artifacts of Designing
980:Creativity and Innovation Management
924:Brown, Tim (2008). Design Thinking.
494:Design thinking has been central to
225:Co-evolution of problem and solution
2901:. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1987.
2786:Design Thinking Process and Methods
1672:Brown, T. (2008). Design Thinking.
24:
4490:
4393:American Institute of Graphic Arts
2779:Developments in Design Methodology
2764:
2237:Archer, L. Bruce (November 1963).
1929:"Cultivative Non-Profit Blog 2019"
1505:Dorst, Kees; Cross, Nigel (2001).
867:List of creative thought processes
523:"Productive Thinking" (1945), new
476:Hasso Plattner Institute of Design
186:
135:
25:
4822:
4403:Design and Industries Association
2256:Archer, L. Bruce (January 1964).
2065:"Design Thinking is a Boondoggle"
1705:Kelley, D. and Kelley, T. (2015)
1694:Stanford Social Innovation Review
1465:, Cambridge University Press, UK.
482:schools across the world, and in
170:global problems emerged as well.
121:adopt solution-focused strategies
2809:. Oxford, UK: Butterworth, 1994.
2583:Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press, 1963
2314:Archer, L. Bruce (August 1964).
2218:Archer, L. Bruce (August 1963).
1833:from the original on 2021-12-22.
1800:New York: Harper Business, 2009.
1099:Kelly, Nick; Gero, John (2021).
1078:10.2752/175470812X13281948975413
1046:10.2752/175470811X13071166525216
1008:, Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 79-103.
813:
799:
166:. In the 2010s, the category of
2965:
2733:
2720:
2707:
2694:
2681:
2668:
2655:
2642:
2625:
2612:
2607:Notes on the Synthesis of Form.
2599:
2586:
2573:
2560:
2547:
2521:
2482:
2449:
2432:
2370:
2354:
2336:Systematic Method for Designers
2180:Archer, L. Bruce (April 1963).
2017:Science of Computer Programming
2008:
1975:
1946:
1921:
1907:
1894:
1881:
1868:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1816:
1803:
1743:Brown, Tim. "Design Thinking".
1737:
1712:
1699:
1666:
1594:
1577:
1532:
1498:
1485:
1468:
1455:
1418:
1388:
1178:
1133:
1092:
1028:Kimbell, Lucy (November 2011).
448:
424:
417:
221:, called innovative abduction.
4398:Chartered Society of Designers
3638:
2631:Koberg, Don, and Jim Bagnall.
2392:Experiences in Visual Thinking
2199:Archer, L. Bruce (June 1963).
1813:New York: Laurence King, 2001.
1761:Review of Educational Research
998:
995:, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
985:
972:
959:
918:
905:
892:
879:
591:Delft University of Technology
430:
403:Implementation and prototyping
301:
13:
1:
4469:Prince Philip Designers Prize
3112:Architectural lighting design
2704:New York, NY: Allworth, 2010.
2581:Conference on Design Methods.
2544:, vol. 8, no. 2, Spring 1992.
2295:Archer, L. Bruce (May 1964).
2143:. Stanford Digital Repository
2069:Chronicle of Higher Education
1526:10.1016/S0142-694X(01)00009-6
1311:10.1080/15710882.2022.2034885
873:
505:
234:Representations and modelling
152:spectrum of types of problems
51:
4275:Electronic design automation
4258:Virtual home design software
3230:Automotive suspension design
2814:The Design Thinking Playbook
2609:Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1964.
2394:. Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.
2340:Council of Industrial Design
2063:Vinsel, Lee (May 21, 2018).
1811:IDEO: Masters of Innovation.
1796:Brown, Tim, and Barry KÄtz.
1553:10.1016/j.destud.2013.01.002
1449:10.1016/j.destud.2004.06.002
1216:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
945:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
711:The 1980s bring the rise of
319:, available technology, and
7:
3134:Environmental impact design
2884:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2013.
2816:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2018.
2745:"Why design thinking works"
2506:London: Architectural, 1980
2275:Hall, Walter (March 1964).
2039:10.1016/j.scico.2014.11.007
1984:User Centered System Design
792:
722:The Reflective Practitioner
600:
480:International Baccalaureate
247:As a process for innovation
146:Problem structuring methods
10:
4827:
4413:International Forum Design
3783:Engineering design process
2934:
2678:New York: Riverhead, 2006.
2665:New York, NY: Basic, 2002.
514:
452:
434:
330:
326:
250:
240:visual or object languages
162:ones to problems that are
139:
4748:
4496:
4485:
4426:
4385:
4328:
4218:
4214:
4188:
3644:
3633:
3535:Integrated circuit design
3470:
3457:Stage/set lighting design
3389:
3346:Hardware interface design
3305:
3262:Hardware interface design
3213:
3095:
2975:
2971:
2960:
2942:
2717:Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2012.
2618:Jones, John Christopher.
2570:New York: Scribner, 1963.
2334:Archer, L. Bruce (1965).
2324:. No. 188. pp.
2305:. No. 185. pp.
2278:"Letter: Plain speaking?"
2266:. No. 181. pp.
2247:. No. 179. pp.
2228:. No. 176. pp.
2209:. No. 174. pp.
2190:. No. 172. pp.
1642:10.1007/978-3-642-13757-0
1272:10.1007/s11077-017-9302-4
862:List of thought processes
573:Bryan Lawson's 1980 book
283:, Meinel, and Leifer as:
196:Solution-focused thinking
92:and solution generating,
68:As a process of designing
4370:Industrial design rights
4358:Fashion design copyright
4270:Design quality indicator
3719:Creative problem-solving
3510:Electrical system design
3366:Sonic interaction design
3277:Photographic lens design
3151:Healthy community design
2802:. London: Profile, 2006.
2605:Alexander, Christopher.
2285:. No. 183. p.
1986:. Taylor & Francis.
1904:. Computer 50(5), 44-52.
1463:The Architecture of Form
389:thinking outside the box
315:to be realized, such as
128:and productive reasoning
4566:New product development
4531:Enterprise architecture
4459:IF Product Design Award
4418:Design Research Society
3970:Reliability engineering
2800:Ten Faces of Innovation
2750:Harvard Business Review
2728:Designing Interactions.
2594:Introduction to Design.
2423:"Ambidextrous Thinking"
2408:, Cary A. Fisher, Ed.,
2091:Harvard Business Review
1747:, June 2008, pp. 85â92.
1745:Harvard Business Review
1674:Harvard Business Review
926:Harvard Business Review
779:Harvard Business Review
443:new product development
345:note the importance of
4022:Top-down and bottom-up
3371:User experience design
3272:Packaging and labeling
3245:Electric guitar design
3183:Landscape architecture
2873:The Design of Business
2557:New York: Harper, 1961
2553:Gordon, William J. J.
2390:McKim, Robert (1973).
2134:Arnold, J.E. (2016) .
1874:Laurillard, D. (2012)
1709:. Harper Collins, USA.
1385:New York: Basic, 1983.
885:Lawson, Bryan (2006).
680:The Universal Traveler
276:
4551:Innovation management
4434:European Design Award
4200:Intellectual property
4017:Theory of constraints
3980:Responsibility-driven
3820:For manufacturability
3724:Creativity techniques
3562:Nuclear weapon design
3376:User interface design
3240:Corrugated box design
3161:Interior architecture
2110:MIT Technology Review
898:Cross, Nigel (2011).
830:Creativity techniques
713:human-centered design
651:Christopher Alexander
525:creativity techniques
500:human-centered design
455:Design-based learning
274:
98:sketching and drawing
33:refers to the set of
4596:Unintelligent design
4576:Philosophy of design
4290:Design specification
4243:Comprehensive layout
3815:For behaviour change
3788:Probabilistic design
3550:Power network design
3087:Visual merchandising
3044:Instructional design
3022:Postage stamp design
2777:Cross, Nigel (ed.).
2772:The Design of Design
2661:Florida, Richard L.
941:Dorst, Kees (2012).
625:Alex Faickney Osborn
621:William J. J. Gordon
496:user-centered design
357:transcends physical
142:Participatory design
4516:Creative industries
4439:German Design Award
4348:Design infringement
4233:Architectural model
3572:Organization design
3567:Nucleic acid design
3515:Experimental design
3068:Traffic sign design
2770:Brooks, Frederick.
2378:Management Decision
1958:podcast, episode 6"
1865:. Jossey-Bass, USA.
1823:Brown, Tim (2009).
1574:3.4 (1982): 221â27.
1330:Rittel, Horst W. J.
991:Visser, W. (2006).
887:How Designers Think
840:Reflective practice
771:Stanford University
575:How Designers Think
490:In computer science
472:Stanford University
378:convergent thinking
339:Creative Confidence
219:abductive reasoning
208:Abductive reasoning
4581:Process simulation
4556:Intelligent design
3880:Intelligence-based
3875:Integrated topside
3805:Framework-oriented
3490:Behavioural design
3361:Information design
3039:Information design
2784:Curedale, Robert.
2743:(September 2018).
2700:Lockwood, Thomas.
2652:1.1 (1979): 17â20.
2475:10.1111/jpim.12594
2380:1.4 (1967): 47â51.
1900:Ishida, T. (2017)
1781:, MayâJune, 2018:
1359:10.1007/BF01405730
1154:10.1111/jpim.12466
1118:10.1017/dsj.2021.7
1066:Design and Culture
1034:Design and Culture
277:
164:wickedly difficult
4798:
4797:
4744:
4743:
4511:Conceptual design
4481:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4464:James Dyson Award
4320:Website wireframe
4310:Technical drawing
4184:
4183:
4032:Transgenerational
3773:Ecological design
3649:Activity-centered
3629:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3607:Spacecraft design
3401:Public art design
3339:Video game design
3317:Experience design
3287:Production design
3267:Motorcycle design
3225:Automotive design
3129:Ecological design
3007:Film title design
2863:978-1-56898-760-6
2836:Liedtka, Jeanne.
2726:Moggridge, Bill.
2687:Martin, Roger L.
1915:IB World Magazine
1887:Bower, M. (2017)
1809:Myerson, Jeremy.
1651:978-3-642-13756-3
1495:, vol. 26, 15â28.
1381:Schön, Donald A.
1334:Webber, Melvin M.
1223:978-0-262-68067-7
952:978-0-262-32431-1
821:Psychology portal
807:Philosophy portal
790:
789:
647:industrial design
527:in the 1950s and
425:§ Criticisms
272:
117:'wicked' problems
94:creative thinking
16:(Redirected from
4818:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4487:
4486:
4364:Geschmacksmuster
4338:Community design
4216:
4215:
4190:
4189:
3950:Process-centered
3746:Designâbidâbuild
3714:Cradle-to-cradle
3694:Concept-oriented
3635:
3634:
3612:Strategic design
3582:Processor design
3557:Mechanism design
3525:Geometric design
3485:Algorithm design
3425:Jewellery design
3356:Immersive design
3250:Furniture design
3195:Landscape design
2973:
2972:
2962:
2961:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2906:
2905:
2869:Martin, Roger L.
2759:
2758:
2737:
2731:
2724:
2718:
2711:
2705:
2698:
2692:
2685:
2679:
2674:Pink, Daniel H.
2672:
2666:
2659:
2653:
2646:
2640:
2629:
2623:
2616:
2610:
2603:
2597:
2592:Asimow, Morris.
2590:
2584:
2577:
2571:
2566:Osborn, Alex F.
2564:
2558:
2551:
2545:
2538:
2532:
2531:vol 57, 160â164.
2525:
2519:
2516:
2507:
2500:
2494:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2453:
2447:
2436:
2430:
2419:
2413:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2387:
2381:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2329:
2319:
2310:
2300:
2290:
2280:
2271:
2261:
2252:
2242:
2233:
2223:
2214:
2204:
2195:
2185:
2164:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2142:
2131:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2032:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1960:. Archived from
1956:Looking Sideways
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1931:. Archived from
1925:
1919:
1911:
1905:
1898:
1892:
1885:
1879:
1878:. Routledge, UK.
1872:
1866:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1829:(YouTube). TED.
1820:
1814:
1807:
1801:
1794:
1785:
1779:ACM Interactions
1775:
1764:
1757:
1748:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1722:. Archived from
1716:
1710:
1703:
1697:
1690:
1677:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1618:
1609:
1598:
1592:
1581:
1575:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1472:
1466:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1442:
1422:
1416:
1409:
1403:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1361:. Archived from
1342:
1326:
1315:
1314:
1296:
1287:
1276:
1275:
1249:
1236:
1235:
1215:
1202:
1193:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1165:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1120:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1061:
1056:. Archived from
1025:
1016:
1002:
996:
989:
983:
976:
970:
963:
957:
956:
938:
929:
922:
916:
909:
903:
896:
890:
883:
845:Systems thinking
835:Lateral thinking
823:
818:
817:
816:
809:
804:
803:
802:
659:John Chris Jones
605:
604:
595:Richard Buchanan
521:Max Wertheimer's
437:Strategic design
307:which to begin,
294:, ideation, and
273:
74:context analysis
21:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4740:
4541:Futures studies
4492:
4473:
4422:
4381:
4330:
4324:
4210:
4209:
4180:
4086:Value sensitive
4076:User innovation
3955:Public interest
3920:Object-oriented
3640:
3621:
3602:Software design
3592:Research design
3545:Physical design
3500:Database design
3474:
3472:
3466:
3442:Property design
3437:Game art design
3391:
3385:
3308:
3301:
3216:
3209:
3166:Interior design
3117:Building design
3098:
3091:
2978:
2967:
2956:
2938:
2933:
2897:Schön, Donald.
2880:Mootee, Idris.
2820:Liedtka, Jeanne
2805:Lawson, Bryan.
2767:
2765:Further reading
2762:
2741:Liedtka, Jeanne
2738:
2734:
2725:
2721:
2712:
2708:
2699:
2695:
2686:
2682:
2673:
2669:
2660:
2656:
2647:
2643:
2630:
2626:
2620:Design Methods.
2617:
2613:
2604:
2600:
2591:
2587:
2578:
2574:
2565:
2561:
2552:
2548:
2539:
2535:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2510:
2502:Lawson, Bryan.
2501:
2497:
2487:
2483:
2454:
2450:
2437:
2433:
2420:
2416:
2403:
2399:
2388:
2384:
2375:
2371:
2359:
2355:
2167:L. Bruce Archer
2165:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2112:
2102:
2098:
2083:
2076:
2061:
2054:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1938:
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1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1908:
1899:
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1767:
1758:
1751:
1742:
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1729:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1700:
1691:
1680:
1671:
1667:
1652:
1630:Springer-Verlag
1622:Plattner, Hasso
1619:
1612:
1599:
1595:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1537:
1533:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1486:
1473:
1469:
1460:
1456:
1440:10.1.1.371.3450
1423:
1419:
1410:
1406:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1346:Policy Sciences
1340:
1327:
1318:
1294:
1288:
1279:
1259:Policy Sciences
1250:
1239:
1224:
1212:Design Thinking
1203:
1196:
1183:
1179:
1138:
1134:
1097:
1093:
1026:
1019:
1003:
999:
990:
986:
977:
973:
969:. 3(4): 221-27.
964:
960:
953:
939:
932:
923:
919:
910:
906:
897:
893:
884:
880:
876:
871:
850:User experience
819:
814:
812:
805:
800:
798:
795:
751:Richard Florida
702:of problems."
699:L. Bruce Archer
693:wicked problems
643:L. Bruce Archer
603:
587:Design Thinking
564:David M. Kelley
556:design thinking
552:L. Bruce Archer
545:design thinking
537:L. Bruce Archer
517:
508:
492:
486:organizations.
484:Maker Education
457:
451:
439:
433:
420:
405:
396:pattern finding
367:
355:Empathic design
335:
333:Empathic design
329:
304:
261:
259:
249:
236:
227:
210:
198:
189:
187:Problem framing
172:Wicked problems
148:
138:
136:Wicked problems
82:problem finding
70:
54:
31:Design thinking
28:
23:
22:
18:Design Thinking
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4642:
4641:
4636:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4609:
4608:
4606:Wicked problem
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:Related topics
4483:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4408:Design Council
4405:
4400:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4375:European Union
4367:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4061:
4056:
4054:Usage-centered
4051:
4050:
4049:
4047:Design for All
4039:
4034:
4029:
4027:Transformation
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4007:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3975:Research-based
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3940:Platform-based
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3890:KISS principle
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3800:Fault-tolerant
3797:
3795:Error-tolerant
3792:
3791:
3790:
3780:
3778:Energy neutral
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3734:Design fiction
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3617:Systems design
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3587:Protein design
3584:
3579:
3577:Process design
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3540:Circuit design
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3462:Textile design
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3420:Costume design
3415:Fashion design
3412:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3313:
3311:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3297:Service design
3294:
3292:Sensory design
3289:
3284:
3282:Product design
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3200:Spatial design
3197:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3180:
3178:Keyline design
3175:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3144:Computer-aided
3136:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3070:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3012:Graphic design
3009:
3004:
3002:Exhibit design
2999:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2888:Nelson, George
2885:
2878:
2866:
2848:
2834:
2817:
2810:
2807:Design in Mind
2803:
2796:
2794:978-1940805450
2782:
2775:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2732:
2719:
2713:Kumar, Vijay.
2706:
2693:
2680:
2667:
2654:
2650:Design Studies
2641:
2624:
2611:
2598:
2585:
2572:
2559:
2546:
2533:
2529:Design Studies
2520:
2508:
2495:
2481:
2468:(6): 623â644.
2448:
2438:Patnaik, Dev,
2431:
2414:
2397:
2382:
2369:
2353:
2331:
2330:
2311:
2292:
2272:
2253:
2234:
2215:
2196:
2154:
2121:
2096:
2074:
2052:
2007:
2000:
1992:10.1201/b15703
1974:
1945:
1920:
1917:, October 2017
1906:
1893:
1880:
1867:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1815:
1802:
1786:
1765:
1749:
1736:
1711:
1698:
1678:
1665:
1650:
1610:
1602:Design Studies
1593:
1585:Design Studies
1576:
1572:Design Studies
1558:
1547:(5): 515â542.
1541:Design Studies
1531:
1520:(5): 425â437.
1514:Design Studies
1497:
1484:
1476:Design Studies
1467:
1454:
1433:(5): 427â441.
1427:Design Studies
1417:
1404:
1396:Design Studies
1387:
1371:
1368:on 2015-12-24.
1353:(2): 155â169.
1316:
1305:(3): 177â193.
1277:
1266:(4): 539â547.
1237:
1222:
1206:Rowe, Peter G.
1194:
1186:Design Studies
1177:
1148:(2): 124â148.
1132:
1105:Design Science
1091:
1072:(2): 129â148.
1060:on 2011-12-02.
1040:(3): 285â306.
1017:
997:
984:
971:
967:Design Studies
958:
951:
930:
917:
913:Design Studies
904:
891:
877:
875:
872:
870:
869:
864:
858:
857:
853:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
826:
825:
824:
810:
794:
791:
788:
787:
783:Jeanne Liedtka
765:service design
746:
742:
741:
732:
728:
727:
709:
705:
704:
676:
672:
671:
667:systems design
617:
613:
612:
609:
602:
599:
533:John E. Arnold
529:design methods
516:
513:
507:
504:
491:
488:
450:
447:
432:
429:
419:
416:
404:
401:
366:
363:
337:In their book
328:
325:
321:market segment
303:
300:
296:implementation
257:Design process
253:Design methods
248:
245:
235:
232:
226:
223:
209:
206:
197:
194:
188:
185:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
122:
119:
69:
66:
58:design methods
53:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4823:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4791:
4786:
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4772:
4770:
4765:
4763:
4758:
4756:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4721:specification
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4634:architectural
4632:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4601:Visualization
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4521:Cultural icon
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4488:
4484:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:Organizations
4384:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4353:Design patent
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4343:Design around
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4205:
4203:Organizations
4202:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4064:User-centered
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4012:Tableless web
4010:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3935:Participatory
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:For Six Sigma
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3768:Domain-driven
3766:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3756:architect-led
3754:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3699:Configuration
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:Brainstorming
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3636:
3632:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3597:Social design
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:Filter design
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:Boiler design
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3447:Scenic design
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3432:Floral design
3430:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3139:Garden design
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3122:Passive solar
3120:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3097:Environmental
3094:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3059:Retail design
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2977:Communication
2974:
2970:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2851:Lupton, Ellen
2849:
2847:
2846:0-231-16356-8
2843:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2832:0-231-15838-6
2829:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2768:
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2421:Faste, Rolf,
2418:
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1964:on 2022-01-14
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1488:
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1335:
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4561:Lean startup
4546:Indie design
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4059:Use-centered
3965:Regenerative
3945:Policy-based
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3810:For assembly
3751:Designâbuild
3669:By committee
3654:Adaptive web
3452:Sound design
3410:glass design
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3334:Level design
3205:Urban design
3156:Hotel design
3107:Architecture
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3027:Print design
2997:Brand design
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2891:
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2785:
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2136:
2113:. Retrieved
2109:
2099:
2090:
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2020:
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2010:
1983:
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1966:. Retrieved
1962:the original
1955:
1948:
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1933:the original
1923:
1914:
1909:
1901:
1896:
1888:
1883:
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1848:
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1728:. Retrieved
1724:the original
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1676:, June 2008.
1673:
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1601:
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1163:11585/672901
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1058:the original
1037:
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1000:
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928:, June 2008.
925:
920:
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907:
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894:
889:. Routledge.
886:
881:
777:
775:
769:
762:
759:Roger Martin
735:
721:
718:Donald Schön
716:
697:
685:Horst Rittel
683:
679:
655:architecture
632:
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574:
572:
560:
555:
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449:In education
440:
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418:Applications
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393:
387:process of "
382:
368:
343:David Kelley
338:
336:
305:
289:
284:
278:
237:
228:
211:
199:
190:
176:Horst Rittel
168:super wicked
167:
163:
159:
158:problems to
156:well-defined
155:
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78:user testing
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4586:Slow design
4536:Form factor
4506:Concept art
4315:HTML editor
3995:Sustainable
3830:For testing
3674:By contract
3530:Work design
3505:Drug design
3477:engineering
3351:Icon design
3329:Game design
3307:Interaction
3255:Sustainable
3188:Sustainable
3077:Type design
3054:Photography
3049:News design
2992:Book design
2987:Advertising
2966:Disciplines
2757:(5): 72â79.
1632:. pp.
1415:, 22, 59â68
755:Daniel Pink
645:(1963â64) (
639:engineering
623:(1961) and
579:Nigel Cross
431:In business
317:price point
302:Inspiration
292:inspiration
202:Nigel Cross
160:ill-defined
102:prototyping
4789:Wiktionary
4782:Wikisource
4736:technology
4706:principles
4305:Storyboard
4131:management
4126:leadership
4091:Privacy by
3930:Parametric
3900:Metadesign
3870:Integrated
3860:High-level
3845:Generative
3840:Functional
3709:Continuous
3704:Contextual
3679:C-K theory
3639:Approaches
3381:Web design
3235:CMF design
3215:Industrial
3073:Typography
2490:Metropolis
2338:. London:
2115:2024-03-09
1968:2020-05-05
1939:2020-05-05
1730:2018-12-08
1608:, 539-567.
1482:(1): 4-18.
1413:Ergonomics
1402:, 521-532.
1192:: 127â140.
1062:See also:
874:References
767:movement.
720:publishes
506:Criticisms
453:See also:
435:See also:
359:ergonomics
341:, Tom and
331:See also:
313:objectives
309:benchmarks
251:See also:
140:See also:
106:evaluating
52:Background
46:innovation
4775:Wikiquote
4761:Wikibooks
4711:rationale
4676:knowledge
4651:education
4571:OODA loop
4295:Prototype
4280:Flowchart
4238:Blueprint
4106:computing
4042:Universal
3990:Safe-life
3895:Low-level
3885:Iterative
3865:Inclusive
3850:Geodesign
3741:Defensive
3689:Co-design
3659:Affective
2030:1302.4061
2023:: 21â41.
1660:898322632
1435:CiteSeerX
1172:149543762
1127:233317330
1086:218836897
1054:145069798
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915:. 32 (6).
593:in 1991.
570:in 1991.
550:Although
374:divergent
126:abductive
39:designing
35:cognitive
4805:Category
4768:Wikinews
4701:paradigm
4681:language
4661:engineer
4656:elements
4646:director
4331:property
4176:thinking
4166:strategy
4151:research
4111:controls
4069:Empathic
4000:Systemic
3960:Rational
3915:New Wave
3729:Critical
2952:Designer
2174:magazine
1831:Archived
1591:, 25-39.
1232:13425957
1208:(1987).
793:See also
757:(2006),
753:(2002),
661:(1970) (
653:(1964) (
637:(1962) (
627:(1963).
608:pre-1960
601:Timeline
412:iterated
370:Ideation
281:Plattner
90:ideation
4754:Commons
4726:studies
4671:history
4639:student
4624:classic
4612:Design
4526:.design
4454:Graphex
4156:science
4146:pattern
4141:methods
4116:culture
4099:Design
3910:Modular
3763:Diffuse
3684:Closure
3406:Ceramic
3064:Signage
2947:Outline
2493:stuck."
2348:2108433
2047:6154223
1634:xivâxvi
663:product
657:), and
515:History
347:empathy
327:Empathy
86:framing
4811:Design
4731:studio
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4696:museum
4619:change
4427:Awards
4300:Sketch
4285:Mockup
4265:CAutoD
4206:Awards
4171:theory
4161:sprint
4136:marker
4101:choice
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2322:Design
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104:, and
4614:brief
4501:Agile
4220:Tools
4197:Tools
3835:For X
3471:Other
3390:Other
2326:56â59
2307:60â63
2268:50â52
2249:68â72
2230:52â57
2211:70â73
2192:46â49
2141:(PDF)
2043:S2CID
2025:arXiv
1510:(PDF)
1366:(PDF)
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1295:(PDF)
1168:S2CID
1123:S2CID
1082:S2CID
1050:S2CID
856:Lists
745:2000s
731:1990s
708:1980s
675:1970s
616:1960s
154:from
4691:load
4686:life
4666:firm
4253:CAID
4121:flow
4037:TRIZ
3925:Open
2859:ISBN
2842:ISBN
2828:ISBN
2790:ISBN
2344:OCLC
2149:2018
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1656:OCLC
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1218:ISBN
1010:ISBN
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737:IDEO
687:and
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498:and
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