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environment, design can become proactive and tailored towards addressing wider social issues facing that community. Public interest design is meant to reshape conventional modern architectural practice. Instead of having each construction project solely meet the needs of the individual, public interest design addresses wider social issues at their core. This shift in architectural practice is a structural and systemic one, allowing design to serve communities responsibly. Solutions to social issues can be addressed in a long-term manner through such design, serving the public, and involving it directly in the process through participatory design. The built environment can become the very reason for social and community issues to arise if not executed properly and responsibly. Conventional architectural practice often does cause such problems since only the paying client has a say in the design process. That is why many architects throughout the world are employing participatory design and practicing their profession more responsibly, encouraging a wider shift in architectural practice. Several architects have largely succeeded in disproving theories that deem public interest design and participatory design financially and organizationally not feasible. Their work is setting the stage for the expansion of this movement, providing valuable data on its effectiveness and the ways in which it can be carried out.
844:(PAR). PAR is a qualitative research methodology involving: "three types of change, including critical consciousness development of researchers and participants, improvement of lives of those participating in research, and transformation of societal 'decolonizing' research methods with the power of healing and social justice". Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a subset of Community-Based Research aimed explicitly at including participants and empowering people to create measurable action. PAR practices across various disciplines, with research in Participatory Design being an application of its different qualitative methodologies. Just as PAR is often used in social sciences, for example, to investigate a person's lived experience concerning systemic structures and social power relations, Participatory Design seeks to deeply understand stakeholders' experiences by directly engaging them in the problem-defining and solving processes. Therefore, in Participatory Design, research methods extend beyond simple qualitative and quantitative data collection. Rather than being concentrated within data collection, research methods of Participatory Design are tools and techniques used throughout co-designing research questions, collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data, knowledge dissemination, and enacting change.
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fourth order design. In
Buchanan's words, "Culture is not a state, expressed in an ideology or a body of doctrines. It is an activity. Culture is the activity of ordering, disordering and reordering in the search for understanding and for values which guide action." Therefore, to design for the fourth-order one must design within the widest scope. The system is discussion and the focus falls onto process rather than outcome. The idea that culture and people are an integral part of participatory design is supported by the idea that a "key feature of the field is that it involves people or communities: it is not merely a mental place or a series of processes". "Just as a product is not only a thing, but exists within a series of connected processes, so these processes do not live in a vacuum, but move through a field of less tangible factors such as values, beliefs and the wider context of other contingent processes."
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synonymously with one another". In their words, "Co-creation is a very broad term with applications ranging from the physical to the metaphysical and from the material to the spiritual", while seeing "co-design a specific instance of co-creation". Pulling from the idea of what co-creation is, the definition of co-design in the context of their paper developed into "the creativity of designers and people not trained in design working together in the design development process". Another term brought up in this article front end design, which was formerly known as pre-design. "The goal of the explorations in the front end is to determine what is to be designed and sometimes what should not be designed and manufactured" and provides a space for the initial stages of co-design to take place.
401:. However, when the methods were presented to the US community 'cooperation' was a word that didn't resonate with the strong separation between workers and managers - they weren't supposed to discuss ways of working face-to-face. Hence, 'participatory' was instead used as the initial Participatory Design sessions weren't a direct cooperation between workers and managers, sitting in the same room discussing how to improve their work environment and tools, but there were separate sessions for workers and managers. Each group was participating in the process, not directly cooperating. (in historical review of Cooperative Design, at a Scandinavian conference).
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are capable of creativity and problem solving. The designer no longer exists from the isolated roles of researcher and creator, but now must shift to roles such as philosopher and facilitator. This shift allows for the designer to position themselves and their designs within the context of the world around them creating better awareness. This awareness is important because in the designer's attempt to answer a question, " must address all other related questions about values, perceptions, and worldview". Therefore, by shifting the role of the designer not only do the designs better address their cultural context yet so do the discussions around them.
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PAR research methods seeks to engage communities and question power hierarchies, which "makes us aware of the always contingent character of our presumptions and truths... truths are logical, contingent and intersubjective... not directed toward some specific and predetermined end goal... committed to denying us the (seeming) firmness of our commonsensical assumptions". Participatory design offers this denial of our "commonsensical assumptions" because it forces designers to consider knowledge beyond their craft and education. Therefore, a designer conducting research for
Participatory Design assumes the role of facilitator and co-creator.
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saw the world through different eyes.' (Press, 2003, p. 62). This is perhaps the key attribute of participatory design, a process which, allows multiple voices to be heard and involved in the design, resulting in outcomes which suite a wider range of users. It builds empathy within the system and users where it is implemented, which makes solving larger problems more holistically. As planning affects everyone it is believed that "those whose livelihoods, environments and lives are at stake should be involved in the decisions which affect them" (Sarkissian and
Perglut, 1986, p. 3).
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participate during several stages of an innovation process: they participate during the initial exploration and problem definition both to help define the problem and to focus ideas for solution, and during development, they help evaluate proposed solutions. Maarten
Pieters and Stefanie Jansen describe co-design as part of a complete co-creation process, which refers to the "transparent process of value creation in ongoing, productive collaboration with, and supported by all relevant parties, with end-users playing a central role" and covers all stages of a development process.
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collaboration between design and engineering students using design thinking”. The students in this study were tasked with completing a group project and reporting on the experience of working together. One of the main takeaways was that "Interdisciplinary collaboration is an effective way to address complex problems with creative solutions. However, a successful collaboration requires teams first to get ready to work in harmony towards a shared goal and to appreciate interdisciplinarity"
273:, consumers experiencing empowerment by being indirectly involved in the design process, leading to a preference for the firm's products. If consumers feel dissimilar to participating users, especially in demographics or expertise, the effects are weakened. Additionally, if a user-driven firm is only selectively open to user participation, rather than fully inclusive, observing consumers may not feel socially included, attenuating the identified preference.
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degrees of emphasis on research or design and different degrees of stakeholder involvement. For instance, one of the forms of co-design which involves stakeholders strongly early at the front end design process in the creative activities is generative co-design. Generative co-design is increasingly being used to involve different stakeholders as patient, care professionals and designers actively in the creative making process to develop health services.
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improvement. It is often used by trained designers who recognize the difficulty in properly understanding the cultural, societal, or usage scenarios encountered by their user. C. K. Prahalad and Venkat
Ramaswamy are usually given credit for bringing co-creation/co-design to the minds of those in the business community with the 2004 publication of their book, The Future of Competition: Co-Creating Unique Value with Customers. They propose:
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own experiences, providing for them resources to be able to act in their current situation. The view of organizations as fundamentally harmonious—according to which conflicts in an organization are regarded as pseudo-conflicts or "problems" dissolved by good analysis and increased communication—was rejected in favor of a view of organizations recognizing fundamental "un-dissolvable" conflicts in organizations (Ehn & Sandberg, 1979).
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any potential predetermined assumptions, "the users’ knowledge has to be considered as important as the knowledge of the other professionals in the team, can be an obstacle to the co-design practice." " co-designing will be a close collaboration between all the stakeholders in the design development process together with a variety of professionals having hybrid design/research skills."
334:"Co-design is a perfect example of interdisciplinary work, where designer, researcher, and user work collaboratively in order to reach a common goal. The concept of interdisciplinarity, however, becomes broader in this context where it not only results from the union of different academic disciplines, but from the combination of different perspectives on a problem or topic."
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generative co-design activities in the early innovation process. They propose first to sample a group of potential stakeholders through snowball sampling, afterwards interview these people and assess their knowledge and inference experience, lastly they propose to assemble a diverse group of stakeholders according to their knowledge and inference experience.
438:(Gro Bjerkness & Tone Bratteteig) started a long line of Scandinavian research projects in the health sector. In particular, it worked with nurses and developed approaches for nurses to get a voice in the development of work and IT in hospitals. The Florence project put gender on the agenda with its starting point in a highly gendered work environment.
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the exercise produces dramatic results because it relies on the expertise of people who use the place every day, or who are the potential users of the place." This successfully engages with the ultimate idea of participatory design, where various stakeholders who will be the users of the end product, are involved in the design process as a collective.
795:, 1972, 1995), on which user-design is founded. Indeed, user-centered design is a useful and important construct, but one that suggests that users are taken as centers in the design process, consulting with users heavily, but not allowing users to make the decisions, nor empowering users with the tools that the experts use. For example,
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emerge within the workspace. The automation introduced by system design has created concerns within unions and workers as it threatened their involvement in production and their ownership over their work situation. Asaro (2000) offers a detailed analysis of the politics of design and the inclusion of "users" in the design process.
611:'s downtown eastside, which suffered from drug- and alcohol-related problems. The process allowed cross-discipline participation from planners, architects and industrial designers, which focused on collaboration and the sharing of ideas and stories, as opposed to rigid and singular design outcomes. (Kuiper, 2007, p. 52)
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is a form of participatory design, which involves the community co-designing problem areas together to make positive changes to their environment. It involves collaborative decision-making and design without traditional involvement from local government or professionals but instead runs on volunteers
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while end-users may prioritize functionality and affordability. Addressing these differing priorities may involve finding creative solutions that balance the needs of all stakeholders, such as using low-cost materials that meet functional requirements while also being aesthetically pleasing. Despite
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Public interest design is a design movement, extending to architecture, with the main aim of structuring design around the needs of the community. At the core of its application is participatory design. Through allowing individuals to have a say in the process of design of their own surrounding built
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In recent years, it has been a major challenge to participatory design to embrace the fact that much technology development no longer happens as design of isolated systems in well-defined communities of work (Beck, 2002). At the dawn of the 21st century, we use technology at work, at home, in school,
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In contrast, Elizabeth
Sanders and Pieter Stappers state that "the terminology used until the recent obsession with what is now called co-creation/co-design" was "participatory design". They also discuss the differences between co-design and co-creation and how they are "often confused and/or treated
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In Malawi, a UNICEF WASH programme trialled participatory design development for latrines in order to ensure that users participate in creating and selecting sanitation technologies that are appropriate and affordable for them. The process provided an opportunity for community members to share their
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Although participatory design has been of interest in design academia, applied uses require funding and dedication from many individuals. The high time and financial costs make research and development of participatory design less appealing for speculative investors. It also may be difficult to find
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In programming, one also have the lack of guided help support, concerning co-op based programing. One have support for letting multiple people programming at same time, but here one also have lack of guided help support - text saying write this code, hints from other user, that one can mark relevant
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and Lauren Tan list various precursors of co-design, starting with the
Scandinavian participatory design movement and then state "Co-design differs from some of these areas as it includes all stakeholders of an issue not just the users, throughout the entire process from research to implementation."
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When facilitating research in
Participatory Design, decisions are made in all research phases to assess what will produce genuine stakeholder participation. By doing so, one of Participatory Design's goals is to dismantle the power imbalance existing between 'designers' and 'users.' Applying PR and
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In a profit-motivated system, the commercial field of design may feel fearful of relinquishing some control in order to empower those who are typically not involved in the process of design. Commercial organizational structures often prioritize profit, individual gain, or status over the well-being
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and drug users to congregate. A Design In, which incorporated a variety of key users in the community about what they wanted for the future of the reserve allowed traditionally marginalised voices to participate in the design process. Participants described it as 'a transforming experience as they
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Using a method called Place
Performance Evaluation or (Place Game), groups from the community are taken on the site of proposed development, where they use their knowledge to develop design strategies, which would benefit the community. "Whether the participants are schoolchildren or professionals,
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The politics of design have been the concern for many design researchers and practitioners. Kensing and
Blomberg illustrate the main concerns which related to the introduction of new frameworks such as system design which related to the introduction of computer-based systems and power dynamics that
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approach, emphasizing active co-operation between researchers and workers of the organization to help improve the latter's work situation. While researchers got their results, the people whom they worked with were equally entitled to get something out of the project. The approach built on people's
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As described by Sanders and Stappers, one could position co-design as a form of human-centered design across two different dimensions. One dimension is the emphasis on research or design, another dimension is how much people are involved. Therefore, there are many forms of co-design, with different
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and Iversen, O. S. (2002): Staging a professional participatory design practice: moving PD beyond the initial fascination of user involvement. In Proceedings of the Second Nordic Conference on Human-Computer interaction (Aarhus, Denmark, October 19–23, 2002). NordiCHI '02, vol. 31. ACM Press, New
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A belief that creativity is a restricted skill would invalidate the proposal of participatory design to allow a wider reach of affected people to participate in the creative process of designing. However, this belief is based on a limited view of creativity which does not recognize that creativity
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Co-design is an attempt to define a new evolution of the design process and with that, there is an evolution of the designer. Within the co-design process, the designer is required to shift their role from one of expertise to one of an egalitarian mindset. The designer must believe that all people
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and hearings have now been included in almost every planning endeavour. Yet this level of consultation can simply mean information about change without detailed participation. Involvement that 'recognises an active part in plan making' has not always been straightforward to achieve. Participatory
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An alternate definition of co-design has been brought up by Maria Gabriela Sanchez and Lois Frankel. They proposed that "Co-design may be considered, for the purpose of this study, as an interdisciplinary process that involves designers and non-designers in the development of design solutions" and
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Increasingly researchers are focusing on co-design as a way of doing research, and therefore are developing parts of its research methodology. For instance, in the field of generative co-design Vandekerckhove et al. have proposed a methodology to assemble a group of stakeholders to participate in
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Successful examples of participatory design are critical because they demonstrate the benefits of this approach and inspire others to adopt it. A lack of funding or interest can cause participatory projects to revert to practices where the designer initiates and dominates rather than facilitating
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Participatory work in software development has historically tended toward two distinct trajectories, one in Scandinavia and northern Europe, and the other in North America. The Scandinavian and northern European tradition has remained closer to its roots in the labor movement (e.g., Beck, 2002;
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Often co-op based design technology assumes users have equal knowledge of technology used. For example: Co-op 3d-design program can let multiple people design at same time, but does not have support for guided help - tell the other guy what to do through markings and text, without talking to the
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Similarly, another perspective comes from Golsby-Smith's "Fourth Order Design" which outlines a design process in which end-user participation is required and favours individual process over outcome. Buchanan's definition of culture as a verb is a key part of Golsby-Smith's argument in favour of
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Though not completely synonymous, research methods of Participatory Design can be defined under Participatory Research (PR): a term for research designs and frameworks using direct collaboration with those affected by the studied issue. More specifically, Participatory Design has evolved from
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Participatory design has been used in many settings and at various scales. For some, this approach has a political dimension of user empowerment and democratization. This inclusion of external parties in the design process does not excuse designers of their responsibilities. In their article
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As mentioned above, one definition of co-design states that it is the process of working with one or more non-designers throughout the design process. This method is focused on the insights, experiences and input from end-users on a product or service, with the aim to develop strategies for
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In participatory design, participants (putative, potential or future) are invited to cooperate with designers, researchers and developers during an innovation process. Co-design requires the end user's participation: not only in decision making but also in idea generation. Potentially, they
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recently held a "Stories in the Street" consultation, to record peoples ideas about the future of Smith Street. It offered participants a variety of mediums to explore their opinions such as mapping, photo surveys and storytelling. Although local councils are taking positive steps towards
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The phrase co-design is also used in reference to the simultaneous development of interrelated software and hardware systems. The term co-design has become popular in mobile phone development, where the two perspectives of hardware and software design are brought into a co-design process.
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Another dimension to consider is that of the crossover between design research and education. An example of this is a study that was completed at the Middle East Technical University in Turkey, the purpose of which was to look into the use of “team development enhancing interdisciplinary
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support this point by stating that " common misconception about participatory design is that designers are expected to abdicate their responsibilities as designers and leave the design to users. This is never the case: designers must always consider what users can and cannot contribute."
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Similar projects have had success in Melbourne, Australia particularly in relation to contested sites, where design solutions are often harder to establish. The Talbot Reserve in the suburb of St. Kilda faced numerous problems of use, such as becoming a regular spot for
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require community consultation in any major changes to the built environment. Community involvement in the planning process is almost a standard requirement in most strategic changes. Community involvement in local decision making creates a sense of empowerment. The
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can manifest in a wide range of activities and experiences. This doubt can be damaging not only to individuals but also to society as a whole. By assuming that only a select few possess creative talent, we may overlook the unique perspectives, ideas, and solutions.
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Discourses in the PD literature have been sculpted by three main concerns: (1) the politics of design, (2) the nature of participation, and (3) methods, tools and techniques for carrying out design projects (Finn Kensing & Jeanette Blomberg, 1998, p. 168).
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Results directly related to integrating co-design into existing frameworks is "researchers and practitioners have seen that co-creation practiced at the early front end of the design development process can have an impact with positive, long-range consequences."
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The meaning of value and the process of value creation are rapidly shifting from a product and firm-centric view to personalized consumer experiences. Informed, networked, empowered and active consumers are increasingly co-creating value with the
431:(Bødker et al., 1987, Ehn, 1988), the major achievements were the experience-based design methods, developed through the focus on hands-on experiences, emphasizing the need for technical and organizational alternatives (Bødker et al., 1987).
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Grudin, J. (1993). Obstacles to Participatory Design in Large Product Development Organizations: In Namioka, A. & Schuler, D. (Eds.), Participatory design. Principles and practices (pp. 99–122). Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
245:, planning, and health services development as a way of creating environments that are more responsive and appropriate to their inhabitants' and users' cultural, emotional, spiritual and practical needs. It is also one approach to
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Bødker, S., Ehn, P., Kammersgaard, J., Kyng, M., & Sundblad, Y. (1987). A Utopian experience: In G. Bjerknes, P. Ehn, & M. Kyng. (Eds.), Computers and democracy: A Scandinavian challenge (pp. 251–278). Aldershot, UK:
669:. However, participatory practices are not impossible to implement in commercial settings. It may be difficult for those who have acquired success in a hierarchical structure to imagine alternative systems of open collaboration.
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Recent research suggests that designers create more innovative concepts and ideas when working within a co-design environment with others than they do when creating ideas on their own. Companies increasingly rely on their user
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Naghsh, A. M., Ozcan M. B. 2004. Gabbeh - A Tool For Computer Supported Collaboration in Electronic Paper-Prototyping. In *Dearden A & Watts L. (Eds). Proceedings of HCI "04: Design for Life volume 2. British HCI Group
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Press, Mandy, 2003. "Communities for Everyone: redesigning contested public places in Victoria", Chapter 9 of end Weeks et al. (eds), Community Practices in Australia (French Forests NSW: Pearson Sprint Print),
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Bødker, S., Christiansen, E., Ehn, P., Markussen, R., Mogensen, P., & Trigg, R. (1993). The AT Project: Practical research in cooperative design, DAIMI No. PB-454. Department of Computer Science, Aarhus
209:) is an approach to design attempting to actively involve all stakeholders (e.g. employees, partners, customers, citizens, end users) in the design process to help ensure the result meets their needs and is
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Ehn, P. & Kyng, M., 1991. Cardboard Computers: Mocking-it-up or Hands-on the Future. In, Greenbaum, J. & Kyng, M. (Eds.) Design at Work, pp. 169 – 196. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Laurence Erlbaum
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Belotti, V. and Bly, S., 1996. Walking away from desktop computer: distributed collaboration and mobility in a product design team. In Proceedings of CSCW "96, Cambridge, Mass., November 16–20, ACM press:
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Trischler, Jakob, Simon J. Pervan, Stephen J. Kelly and Don R. Scott (2018). The value of codesign: The effect of customer involvement in service design teams. Journal of Service Research, 21(1): 75–100.
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Bird, M.; McGillion, M.; Chambers, E. M.; Dix, J.; Fajardo, C. J.; Gilmour, M.; Levesque, K.; Lim, A.; Mierdel, S.; Ouellette, C.; Polanski, A. N.; Reaume, S. V.; Whitmore, C.; Carter, N. (2021-03-01).
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Wojahn, P. G., Neuwirth, C. M., Bullock, B. 1998. Effects of Interfaces for Annotation on Communication in a Collaborative Task. In Proceedings of CHI "98, LA, CA, April 18–23, ACM press: 456–463
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software is based on user-centered design: while users are allowed to propose changes or have input on the design, a smaller and more specialized group decide about features and system design.
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stuff on screen and so on. This is a problem in pair-programming, with communication as a bottle neck - one should have possibility to mark, configure and guide the user without knowledge.
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Participatory Design is a growing practice within the field of design yet has not yet been widely implemented. Some barriers to the adoption of participatory design are listed below.
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Carr-Chellman, A.A., Cuyar, C., & Breman, J. (1998). User-design: A case application in health care training. Educational Technology Research and Development, 46 (4), 97–114.
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591:. By incorporating a variety of views there is greater opportunity for successful outcomes. Many universities and major institutions are beginning to recognise its importance. The
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Näslund, T., 1997. Computers in Context –But in Which Context? In Kyng, M. & Mathiassen, L. (Eds). Computers and Design in Context. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. pp. 171–200.
523:, believing that it is the essential ingredient for successful environments. Rather than simply consulting the public, PPS creates a platform for the community to participate and
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redevelopment project received over 5000 responses from the public allowing them to participate in the design process by commenting on seven different design options. While the
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new areas, which reflect their intimate knowledge. Providing insights, which independent design professionals such as architects or even local government planners may not have.
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Kuiper, Gabrielle, June 2007, Participatory planning and design in the downtown eastside: reflections on Global Studio Vancouver, Australian Planner, v.44, no.2, pp. 52–53
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Participatory design projects which involve a professional designer as a facilitator to a larger group can have difficulty with competing objectives. Designers may prioritize
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or convince enough shareholders or community members to commit their time and effort to a project. However, widespread and involved participation is critical to the process.
823:) (e.g., Beyer and Holtzblatt, 1998; Noro and Imada, 1991). However, some more recent work has tended to combine the two approaches (Bødker et al., 2004; Muller, 2007).
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from the community. The process has created successful projects such as intersection repair, which saw a misused intersection develop into a successful community square.
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Ehn, P. (1988). Work-oriented design of computer artifacts. Falköping: Arbetslivscentrum/Almqvist & Wiksell International, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
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Muller, M.J. (2007). Participatory design: The third space in HCI (revised). In J. Jacko and A. Sears (eds.), Handbook of HCI 2nd Edition. Mahway NJ USA: Erlbaum.
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Button, G. and Sharrock, W. 1996. Project work: the organisation of collaborative design and development in software engineering. CSCW Journal, 5 (4), p. 369–386.
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origins) the Participatory Design tradition puts more emphasis on the involvement of a broad population of users rather than a small number of user representatives.
213:. Participatory design is an approach which is focused on processes and procedures of design and is not a design style. The term is used in a variety of fields e.g.
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Santa Rosa, J.G. & Moraes, A. Design Participativo: técnicas para inclusão de usuários no processo de ergodesign de interfaces. Rio de Janeiro: RioBooks, 2012.
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tradition has tended to be both broader (e.g., including managers and executives as "stakeholders" in design) and more circumscribed (e.g., design of individual
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Grønbæk, K., Kyng, M. & P. Mogensen (1993). CSCW challenges: Cooperative Design in Engineering Projects, Communications of the ACM, 36, 6, pp. 67–77
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Bødker, K., Kensing, F., and Simonsen, J. (2004). Participatory IT design: Designing for business and workplace realities. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press.
1445:"From forming to performing: team development for enhancing interdisciplinary collaboration between design and engineering students using design thinking"
265:; consumers who are not actively participating but observe this user-driven approach show a preference for products from such firms over those driven by
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Divitini, M. & Farshchian, B.A. 1999. Using Email and WWW in a Distributed Participatory Design Project. In SIGGROUP Bulletin 20(1), pp. 10–15.
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date back to the 1970s. The so-called "collective resource approach" developed strategies and techniques for workers to influence the design and use of
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1934:
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Perry, M. & Sanderson, D. 1998. Coordinating Joint Design Work: The Role of Communication and Artefacts. Design Studies, Vol. 19, pp. 273–28
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can be seen as a move of researchers and developers into the world of end-users. There is a very significant differentiation between user-design and
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participatory design as opposed to traditional top down approaches to planning, many communities are moving to take design into their own hands.
416:(NJMF) project took a first move from traditional research to working with people, directly changing the role of the union clubs in the project.
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Kensing, F. & Blomberg, J. 1998. Participatory Design: Issues and Concerns In Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Vol. 7, pp. 167–185.
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Sarkissian, W, Perglut, D. 1986, Community Participation in Practice, The Community Participation handbook, Second edition, Murdoch University
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Trainer, Ted 1996, Towards a sustainable economy: The need for fundamental change Envirobook/ Jon Carpenter, Sydney/Oxford, pp. 135–167
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is a form of decentralized, participatory design for urban environments and individual buildings. It borrows organizational ideas from the
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Carr, A.A. (1997). User-design in the creation of human learning systems. Educational Technology Research and Development, 45 (3), 5–22.
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Reigeluth, C. M. (1993). Principles of educational systems design. International Journal of Educational Research, 19 (2), 117–131.
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Ehn, P. and Sandberg, Å. (1979). God utredning: In Sandberg, Å. (Ed.): Utredning och förändring i förvaltningen. Stockholm: Liber.
2372:(1992). Comprehensive systems design in education: building a design culture in education. Educational Technology, 22(3) 33–35.
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Beyer, H., and Holtzblatt, K. (1998). Contextual design: Defining customer-centered systems. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.
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From the 1960s onward there was a growing demand for greater consideration of community opinions in major decision-making. In
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Quality-control of information: On the concept of accuracy of information in data banks and in management information systems
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1383:"A generative co-design framework for healthcare innovation: development and application of an end-user engagement framework"
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932:"Empirical investigation of the impact of using co-design methods when generating proposals for sustainable travel solutions"
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2083:"Diversity in Stakeholder Groups in Generative Co-design for Digital Health: Assembly Procedure and Preliminary Assessment"
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that "the success of the interdisciplinary process depends on the participation of all the stakeholders in the project".
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1331:"Generative Participatory Design Methodology to Develop Electronic Health Interventions: Systematic Literature Review"
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Sanders, E. B. N., & Stappers, P. J. (2008). Co-creation and the new landscapes of design. Codesign, 4(1), 5–18.
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Sanders, E. B. N., & Stappers, P. J. (2008). Co-creation and the new landscapes of design. Codesign, 4(1), 5–18.
293:, during the 1960s and 1970s, participatory design was rooted in work with trade unions; its ancestry also includes
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Mackay, Wendy E.; Beaudouin-Lafon, Michel (2020), Vanderdonckt, Jean; Palanque, Philippe; Winckler, Marco (eds.),
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1606:"Co-creation, co-design, co-production for public health – a perspective on definitions and distinctions | PHRP"
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content is user-designed. Users are given the necessary tools to make their own entries. Knowledge's underlying
83:
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2232:"Journey to hope, self-expression and community engagement: Youth-led arts-based participatory action research"
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Schuler, D. & Namioka, A. (1993). Participatory design: Principles and practices. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
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Participatory design can be seen as a move of end-users into the world of researchers and developers, whereas
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Sanders, E. and Stappers, P. J: "Co-creation and the new landscapes of design." CoDesign 2008. 4(1): 5–18.
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2445:(1995). A subsystem in the design of informatics: Recalling an archetypal engineer. In B. Dahlbom (Ed.),
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design has attempted to create a platform for active participation in the design process, for end users.
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many people believed that they were not being planned 'for' but planned 'at'. (Nichols 2009). A lack of
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Noro, K., & Imada, A. S. (Eds.). (1991) Participatory ergonomics. London: Taylor and Francis.
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2364:"Transforming society by transforming technology: the science and politics of participatory design."
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made the planning system seem paternalistic and without proper consideration of how changes to the
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Vandekerckhove, Pieter; Mul, Marleen de; Bramer, Wichor M.; Bont, Antoinette A. de (2020-04-27).
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Kensing, F. 2003. Methods and Practices in Participatory Design. ITU Press, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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269:. This preference is attributed to an enhanced identification with firms adopting a user-driven
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1001:"Why and When Consumers Prefer Products of User-Driven Firms: A Social Identification Account"
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380:"the idea that the public should participate was first raised in 1965." However the level of
298:
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Kyng, M. (1989). Designing for a dollar a day. Office, Technology and People, 4(2): 157–170.
2081:
Vandekerckhove, Pieter; Timmermans, Job; Bont, Antoinette de; Mul, Marleen de (2023-02-14).
1659:
Prahalad, C.k.; Ramaswamy, Venkat (1 June 2004). "Co-creating unique value with customers".
1540:(1996). "Creating conditions for participation: Conflicts and resources in systems design".
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2439:. The University of Stockholm and The Royal Institute of Technology. Doctoral dissertation.
2006:
1198:"Co-design in Public Spaces: an Interdisciplinary Approach to Street Furniture Development"
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From Field to Simulator: Visualising Ethnographic Outcomes to Support Systems Developers
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Nichols, Dave, (2009) Planning Thought and History Lecture, The University of Melbourne
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in that there is an emancipatory theoretical foundation, and a systems theory bedrock (
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Beck, E. (2002). P for Political - Participation is Not Enough. SJIS, Volume 14 – 2002
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Contributions to these areas have been published in the proceedings of the Biennial
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1935:"City of Melbourne - Major projects - Swanston Street redevelopment consultation"
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2180:"The Value and Challenges of Participatory Research: Strengthening Its Practice"
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Churchman, C. W. (1968). The systems approach. New York: Delacorte Press. p 231.
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traditional knowledge and skills in partnership with designers and researchers.
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2449:, (pp. 287–301). Gothenburg: Gothenburg University, Dept. of Informatics (
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Ehn, P; Kyng, M (1987). "The Collective Resource Approach to Systems Design".
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create opportunities for rigorous participation in the design and creation of
19:"Co-design" redirects here. For design of hardware and software together, see
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Trischler, Jakob; Pervan, Simon J.; Kelly, Stephen J.; Scott, Don R. (2018).
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Participatory design has many applications in development and changes to the
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takes to user involvement in design, but (possibly because of its European
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222:
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Von Bertalanffy, L. (1968). General systems theory. New York: Braziller.
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2010:
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536:
246:
2230:
Lee, Laura; Currie, Vanessa; Saied, Neveen; Wright, Laura (2020-02-01).
2163:
2147:"Participatory Research Methods – Choice Points in the Research Process"
2052:
1297:
Convivial toolbox : generative research for the front end of design
931:
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Mitchell, Val; Ross, Tracy; Sims, Ruth; Parker, Christopher J. (2015).
691:
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270:
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3924:
3909:
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3479:
3039:
2879:
1759:"Participatory Design; A New Approach to Regenerate the Public Space"
1604:
Vargas, C.; Whelan, J.; Brimblecombe, J.; Allender, S. (2022-06-15).
1330:
796:
608:
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385:
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210:
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760:-speaking world, the term has a particular currency in the world of
646:
548:"begins when first you view the world through the eyes of another".
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1686:
999:
Dahl, Darren W.; Fuchs, Christoph; Schreier, Martin (August 2015).
266:
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1802:
Feldman, Palleroni, Perkes, Bell, Robert M, Sergio, David, Bryan.
1687:"Embedded Systems Week - October 15-20, 2017 - Seoul, South Korea"
1347:
698:
4155:
4083:
3823:
2693:
1726:
http://www.pps.org/info/services/our_approach/building_the_vision
397:
Participatory design was actually born in Scandinavia and called
1603:
3914:
2565:
2080:
1983:
1805:
Wisdom From the Field: Public Interest Architecture In Practice
2366:
Accounting Management and Information Technology 10: 257–290.
815:
as contrasted with the Scandinavian approach to the design of
2626:
1848:
Sanders, Elizabeth B.-N.; Stappers, Pieter Jan (2008-03-01).
1764:. International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development
1756:
1094:
1042:. Routledge handbook of participatory design. pp. 37–63.
2447:
The infological equation: Essays in honor of Börje Langefors
1801:
587:
approach to the design process as it involves more than one
560:
A public consultation event about urban planning in Helsinki
16:
Active involvement of all stakeholders in the design process
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1757:
Mirzaean Mahabadi, Zabihi, Majedi, Shahab, Hossein, Hamid.
1328:
800:
629:
483:
404:
In Scandinavia, research projects on user participation in
1061:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–33,
261:, marketing them as "user-designed" products to the wider
2534:
1196:
Sanches, Maria Gabriela; Frankel, Lois (July 7–9, 2010).
965:
98:
2076:
2074:
1449:
International Journal of Technology and Design Education
1379:
1293:
807:
Bjerknes, Ehn, and Kyng, 1987). The North American and
94:
961:
959:
686:
Differing priorities between designers and participants
592:
929:
2071:
1052:
2229:
2004:
1203:
Design and Complexity - DRS International Conference
956:
441:
The 1990s led to a number of projects including the
744:, so that knowledge about construction methods and
1577:Computers and Democracy - A Scandinavian Challenge
1515:
1274:"Branzi's Dilemma: Design in Contemporary Culture"
2178:Cargo, Margaret; Mercer, Shawna L. (2008-04-01).
1658:
998:
647:Lack of technology in software based co-op design
4432:
766:Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility
637:
2145:Vaughn, Lisa M.; Jacquez, Farrah (2020-07-21).
2025:Participatory Design Development for Sanitation
1847:
699:From Community Consultation to Community Design
453:projects (Grønbæk, Kyng & Mogensen, 1995).
2314:"Fourth Order Design: A Practical Perspective"
1850:"Co-creation and the new landscapes of design"
1714:https://ojs.ruc.dk/index.php/pdc/issue/archive
1232:"Fourth Order Design: A Practical Perspective"
1195:
2550:
2144:
1136:
568:. It has particular currency to planners and
93:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
2499:. University of Oslo. Doctoral dissertation.
2311:
1828:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1782:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1229:
2197:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.091307.083824
2177:
2029:Frontiers of CLTS: Innovations and Insights
1530:
1137:Pieters, Maarten; Jansen, Stefanie (2017).
821:work that the system is supposed to support
659:
583:projects. It potentially offers a far more
551:
384:is an important issue. At a minimum public
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2557:
2543:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1589:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1574:
751:
515:Major international organizations such as
510:
2195:
2162:
2151:Journal of Participatory Research Methods
2108:
2098:
1865:
1621:
1579:. Aldershot, UK: Avebury. pp. 17–58.
1416:
1398:
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1346:
1175:
1141:. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers. p. 15.
1037:
983:
947:
614:
392:
186:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
4074:Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)
2523:https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670517714060
1271:
1139:The 7 Principles of Complete Co-creation
630:Difficulties of Adoption and Involvement
555:
484:New role of the designer under co-design
277:"Participatory Design and Prototyping",
131:This article includes a list of general
2280:Service-Learning in Theory and Practice
1893:
1790:
1513:
1161:
826:
595:, Global studio involved students from
419:The Scandinavian projects developed an
346:
4433:
2041:"P2P Urbanism", collection of articles
1536:
1484:
1442:
1059:Handbook of Human Computer Interaction
1055:"Participatory Design and Prototyping"
1040:Design matters in participatory design
414:Norwegian Iron and Metal Workers Union
337:
4119:
4079:Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)
3822:
3267:
2594:
2538:
2276:
2225:
2223:
2140:
2138:
2136:
1889:
1887:
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1841:
1839:
1610:Public Health Research & Practice
1480:
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1436:
1225:
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1217:
1215:
1213:
1191:
1189:
1187:
764:, especially in circles connected to
672:
501:
84:too many or overly lengthy quotations
1335:Journal of Medical Internet Research
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1038:Bannon, Liam J.; Ehn, Pelle (2012).
897:User participation in architecture (
768:(CPSR), who have put on a series of
117:
66:
25:
2005:Clarence Eckerson Jr (2007-05-31).
1387:Research Involvement and Engagement
863:Computer-supported cooperative work
13:
4120:
4023:American Institute of Graphic Arts
2236:Children and Youth Services Review
2220:
2133:
1995:"What is City repair" May 13, 2009
1900:Journal of Architectural Education
1882:
1836:
1475:
1433:
1210:
1184:
313:
137:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
4467:
4033:Design and Industries Association
1489:. London, California, New Delhi:
1294:Sanders, Elizabeth B.-N. (2012).
1104:
41:This article has multiple issues.
2248:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104581
1206:– via DRS Digital Library.
1095:Web Page on Participatory Design
772:. It overlaps with the approach
770:Participatory Design Conferences
607:to provide design solutions for
318:In "Co-designing for Society",
122:
71:
30:
2595:
2305:
2270:
2171:
2045:
2034:
2017:
1998:
1971:
1956:
1926:
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1710:Participatory Design Conference
1702:
1693:
1679:
1652:
1597:
1568:
1507:
1373:
1322:
1287:
1265:
376:affected its primary users. In
49:or discuss these issues on the
4028:Chartered Society of Designers
3268:
2184:Annual Review of Public Health
1912:10.1080/10464883.1983.11102642
1155:
1130:
1088:
1067:10.1007/978-3-319-27648-9_31-1
1046:
1031:
992:
923:
445:(Bødker et al., 1993) and the
1:
4099:Prince Philip Designers Prize
2742:Architectural lighting design
2355:
949:10.1080/15710882.2015.1091894
873:Participatory action research
842:Participatory Action Research
748:schemes is freely exchanged.
742:open-source software movement
638:Doubt of universal creativity
492:
304:
3905:Electronic design automation
3888:Virtual home design software
2860:Automotive suspension design
1894:Francis, Mark (1983-10-01).
1443:Kaygan, Pınar (2023-04-01).
1168:Australasian Medical Journal
460:
7:
2764:Environmental impact design
2312:Golsby-Smith, Tony (1996).
1980:"City Repair – City Repair"
1724:Projects for Public Spaces
1518:Planning for Sustainability
1230:Golsby-Smith, Tony (1996).
972:Journal of Service Research
851:
605:Sapienza University of Rome
10:
4472:
4043:International Forum Design
3413:Engineering design process
2564:
1554:10.1207/s15327051hci1103_2
1542:Human Computer Interaction
1461:10.1007/s10798-022-09736-3
1400:10.1186/s40900-021-00252-7
1272:Buchanan, Richard (1988).
1164:"Co-designing for Society"
1101:. Retrieved 13 April 2006.
665:of the community or other
618:
359:
18:
4378:
4126:
4115:
4056:
4015:
3958:
3848:
3844:
3818:
3274:
3263:
3165:Integrated circuit design
3100:
3087:Stage/set lighting design
3019:
2976:Hardware interface design
2935:
2892:Hardware interface design
2843:
2725:
2605:
2601:
2590:
2572:
1867:10.1080/15710880701875068
1712:, which started in 1990:
1673:10.1108/10878570410699249
1661:Strategy & Leadership
1514:Wheeler, Stephen (2004).
1162:Szebeko, Deborah (2010).
682:design by the community.
517:Project for Public Spaces
4000:Industrial design rights
3988:Fashion design copyright
3900:Design quality indicator
3349:Creative problem-solving
3140:Electrical system design
2996:Sonic interaction design
2907:Photographic lens design
2781:Healthy community design
2362:Asaro, Peter M. (2000).
985:10.1177/1094670517714060
917:
838:Community-Based Research
660:Self-serving hierarchies
552:In the built environment
91:summarize the quotations
4196:New product development
4161:Enterprise architecture
4089:IF Product Design Award
4048:Design Research Society
3600:Reliability engineering
968:"The Value of Codesign"
752:In software development
511:Nature of participation
457:and while on the move.
152:more precise citations.
4456:Citizen science models
3652:Top-down and bottom-up
3001:User experience design
2902:Packaging and labeling
2875:Electric guitar design
2813:Landscape architecture
2277:Butin, Dan W. (2010).
1932:The City of Melbourne
1491:SAGE Publications Ltd.
1485:Taylor, Nigel (1991).
1017:10.1287/mnsc.2014.1999
621:Public interest design
615:Public interest design
561:
473:
412:at the workplace: The
393:History in Scandinavia
291:Scandinavian countries
283:Michel Beaudouin-Lafon
227:landscape architecture
4181:Innovation management
4064:European Design Award
3830:Intellectual property
3647:Theory of constraints
3610:Responsibility-driven
3450:For manufacturability
3354:Creativity techniques
3192:Nuclear weapon design
3006:User interface design
2870:Corrugated box design
2791:Interior architecture
2289:10.1057/9780230106154
2007:"Intersection repair"
1966:Stories in the Street
1522:. Routledge. p.
1487:Urban Planning Theory
738:Peer-to-peer urbanism
559:
468:
410:computer applications
299:sociotechnical design
4226:Unintelligent design
4206:Philosophy of design
3920:Design specification
3873:Comprehensive layout
3445:For behaviour change
3418:Probabilistic design
3180:Power network design
2717:Visual merchandising
2674:Instructional design
2652:Postage stamp design
1623:10.17061/phrp3222211
1177:10.4066/AMJ.2010.378
883:Public participation
827:Research methodology
789:user-centered design
762:software development
601:University of Sydney
347:Different dimensions
199:Participatory design
4451:Product development
4146:Creative industries
4069:German Design Award
3978:Design infringement
3863:Architectural model
3202:Organization design
3197:Nucleic acid design
3145:Experimental design
2698:Traffic sign design
2164:10.35844/001c.13244
1736:Building The Vision
774:extreme programming
727:City Repair Project
597:Columbia University
406:systems development
338:Fourth Order Design
203:co-operative design
4211:Process simulation
4186:Intelligent design
3510:Intelligence-based
3505:Integrated topside
3435:Framework-oriented
3120:Behavioural design
2991:Information design
2669:Information design
2087:JMIR Human Factors
1896:"Community Design"
1731:2008-12-02 at the
1261:– via JSTOR.
1005:Management Science
903:Giancarlo De Carlo
819:and design of the
673:Lack of investment
562:
502:Politics of design
399:cooperative design
4428:
4427:
4374:
4373:
4141:Conceptual design
4111:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4094:James Dyson Award
3950:Website wireframe
3940:Technical drawing
3814:
3813:
3662:Transgenerational
3403:Ecological design
3279:Activity-centered
3259:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3237:Spacecraft design
3031:Public art design
2969:Video game design
2947:Experience design
2917:Production design
2897:Motorcycle design
2855:Automotive design
2759:Ecological design
2637:Film title design
2298:978-0-230-62251-7
2023:Cole, B. (2013) '
1307:978-90-6369-284-1
1148:978-90-6369-473-9
1076:978-3-319-27648-9
710:City of Melbourne
705:local governments
572:, in relation to
566:built environment
542:C. West Churchman
374:built environment
259:new product ideas
243:industrial design
196:
195:
188:
178:
177:
170:
116:
115:
64:
21:integrated design
4463:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4117:
4116:
3994:Geschmacksmuster
3968:Community design
3846:
3845:
3820:
3819:
3580:Process-centered
3376:Design–bid–build
3344:Cradle-to-cradle
3324:Concept-oriented
3265:
3264:
3242:Strategic design
3212:Processor design
3187:Mechanism design
3155:Geometric design
3115:Algorithm design
3055:Jewellery design
2986:Immersive design
2880:Furniture design
2825:Landscape design
2603:
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2059:. P2P Foundation
2049:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2031:1, Brighton: IDS
2021:
2015:
2014:
2002:
1996:
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1011:(8): 1978–1988.
996:
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989:
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927:
724:Portland, Oregon
546:systems thinking
436:Florence project
191:
184:
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148:this article by
139:inline citations
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4171:Futures studies
4122:
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3810:
3716:Value sensitive
3706:User innovation
3585:Public interest
3550:Object-oriented
3270:
3251:
3232:Software design
3222:Research design
3175:Physical design
3130:Database design
3104:
3102:
3096:
3072:Property design
3067:Game art design
3021:
3015:
2938:
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2796:Interior design
2747:Building design
2728:
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2495:Pan, Y., 2018.
2392:York, NY, 11-18
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868:Design thinking
854:
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785:empathic design
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713:Swanston Street
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421:action research
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320:Deborah Szebeko
316:
314:Differing terms
307:
295:action research
263:consumer market
215:software design
192:
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144:Please help to
143:
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4121:Related topics
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3684:Usage-centered
3681:
3680:
3679:
3677:Design for All
3669:
3664:
3659:
3657:Transformation
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3605:Research-based
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
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3577:
3572:
3570:Platform-based
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3520:KISS principle
3517:
3512:
3507:
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3497:
3492:
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3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3430:Fault-tolerant
3427:
3425:Error-tolerant
3422:
3421:
3420:
3410:
3408:Energy neutral
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
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3388:
3378:
3373:
3368:
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3366:
3364:Design fiction
3356:
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3326:
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3306:
3301:
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3275:
3272:
3271:
3261:
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3257:
3256:
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3252:
3250:
3249:
3247:Systems design
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3217:Protein design
3214:
3209:
3207:Process design
3204:
3199:
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3189:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3170:Circuit design
3162:
3157:
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3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3092:Textile design
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3050:Costume design
3045:Fashion design
3042:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
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2943:
2941:
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2927:Service design
2924:
2922:Sensory design
2919:
2914:
2912:Product design
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2830:Spatial design
2827:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2808:Keyline design
2805:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2774:Computer-aided
2766:
2761:
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2755:
2754:
2744:
2739:
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2723:
2722:
2720:
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2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2642:Graphic design
2639:
2634:
2632:Exhibit design
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2624:
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2599:
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2219:
2190:(1): 325–350.
2170:
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2070:
2053:"P2P Urbanism"
2044:
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2016:
1997:
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1740:
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1548:(3): 215–236.
1529:
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991:
955:
942:(4): 205–220.
921:
919:
916:
915:
914:
907:Structuralists
895:
890:
888:Service design
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
853:
850:
828:
825:
817:entire systems
753:
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619:Main article:
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429:Utopia project
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239:graphic design
235:sustainability
231:product design
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79:
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39:
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29:
15:
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4351:specification
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4264:architectural
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4231:Visualization
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4151:Cultural icon
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3983:Design patent
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3973:Design around
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3694:User-centered
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3673:
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3668:
3665:
3663:
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3642:Tableless web
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3565:Participatory
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3456:
3455:For Six Sigma
3453:
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3404:
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3398:Domain-driven
3396:
3394:
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3387:
3386:architect-led
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3377:
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3332:
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3329:Configuration
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3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
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3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:Brainstorming
3292:
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3266:
3262:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
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3230:
3228:
3227:Social design
3225:
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3150:Filter design
3148:
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3141:
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3125:Boiler design
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
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3090:
3088:
3085:
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3077:Scenic design
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3062:Floral design
3060:
3056:
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2769:Garden design
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2752:Passive solar
2750:
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2727:Environmental
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2318:Design Issues
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1951:Have Your Say
1941:on 2009-05-07
1940:
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911:Aldo van Eyck
908:
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896:
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717:City of Yarra
714:
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670:
668:
667:externalities
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434:The parallel
432:
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417:
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407:
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390:
387:
383:
382:participation
379:
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80:This article
78:
69:
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48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
4221:STEAM fields
4191:Lean startup
4176:Indie design
3992:
3959:Intellectual
3711:Value-driven
3689:Use-centered
3595:Regenerative
3575:Policy-based
3564:
3535:Mind mapping
3440:For assembly
3381:Design–build
3318:
3299:By committee
3284:Adaptive web
3082:Sound design
3040:glass design
3038: /
3023:applied arts
2964:Level design
2835:Urban design
2786:Hotel design
2737:Architecture
2712:Video design
2705: /
2696: /
2664:Illustration
2657:Print design
2627:Brand design
2457:). Note #16.
2321:
2317:
2307:
2279:
2272:
2239:
2235:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2154:
2150:
2090:
2086:
2061:. Retrieved
2056:
2047:
2036:
2028:
2019:
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1984:the original
1977:City Repair
1973:
1968:May 14, 2009
1965:
1962:Andrea Cook
1958:
1953:May 14, 2009
1950:
1943:. Retrieved
1939:the original
1928:
1906:(1): 14–19.
1903:
1899:
1857:
1853:
1812:. Retrieved
1804:
1766:. Retrieved
1752:
1743:
1738:May 15, 2009
1735:
1720:
1704:
1695:
1681:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1643:. Retrieved
1613:
1609:
1599:
1576:
1570:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1517:
1509:
1493:p. 86.
1486:
1452:
1448:
1390:
1386:
1375:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1296:
1289:
1280:
1267:
1242:
1238:
1201:
1167:
1157:
1138:
1132:
1090:
1080:, retrieved
1058:
1048:
1039:
1033:
1008:
1004:
994:
975:
971:
939:
935:
925:
878:Permaculture
846:
834:
830:
820:
816:
812:
805:
782:
755:
746:urban design
736:
732:
722:
702:
689:
680:
676:
663:
654:
650:
641:
633:
624:
581:regeneration
563:
533:
529:
514:
505:
496:
487:
478:
474:
469:
464:
455:
440:
433:
426:
418:
403:
398:
396:
370:consultation
363:
354:
350:
341:
333:
329:
325:
317:
308:
288:
279:Wendy Mackay
275:
257:to generate
251:
223:architecture
219:urban design
206:
205:, now often
202:
201:(originally
198:
197:
182:
164:
155:
136:
104:
89:Please help
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
4259:competition
4216:Slow design
4166:Form factor
4136:Concept art
3945:HTML editor
3625:Sustainable
3460:For testing
3304:By contract
3160:Work design
3135:Drug design
3107:engineering
2981:Icon design
2959:Game design
2937:Interaction
2885:Sustainable
2818:Sustainable
2707:Type design
2684:Photography
2679:News design
2622:Book design
2617:Advertising
2596:Disciplines
2426:Associates.
2416:Associates.
2399:University.
2324:(1): 5–25.
2011:Streetfilms
1860:(1): 5–18.
1814:30 December
1768:30 December
1245:(1): 5–25.
1170:: 580–590.
858:Co-creation
809:Pacific rim
778:trade union
589:stakeholder
574:placemaking
537:sex workers
289:In several
255:communities
247:placemaking
150:introducing
4446:Innovation
4435:Categories
4419:Wiktionary
4412:Wikisource
4366:technology
4336:principles
3935:Storyboard
3761:management
3756:leadership
3721:Privacy by
3560:Parametric
3530:Metadesign
3500:Integrated
3490:High-level
3475:Generative
3470:Functional
3339:Continuous
3334:Contextual
3309:C-K theory
3269:Approaches
3011:Web design
2865:CMF design
2845:Industrial
2703:Typography
2443:Ivanov, K.
2433:Ivanov, K.
2389:Bødker, S.
2356:References
2242:: 104581.
1990:2008-10-17
1945:2008-10-17
1667:(3): 4–9.
1645:2023-09-21
1500:0761960945
1316:1197783702
1082:2024-04-11
978:: 75–100.
692:aesthetics
585:democratic
570:architects
493:Discourses
443:AT project
305:Definition
271:philosophy
158:April 2009
133:references
107:April 2024
99:Wikisource
46:improve it
4405:Wikiquote
4391:Wikibooks
4341:rationale
4306:knowledge
4281:education
4201:OODA loop
3925:Prototype
3910:Flowchart
3868:Blueprint
3736:computing
3672:Universal
3620:Safe-life
3525:Low-level
3515:Iterative
3495:Inclusive
3480:Geodesign
3371:Defensive
3319:Co-design
3289:Affective
2455:1101-7422
2338:0747-9360
2264:213446853
2256:0190-7409
2206:0163-7525
2127:254628500
1920:1046-4883
1876:1571-0882
1824:cite book
1640:249663814
1585:cite book
1538:Bødker, S
1469:1573-1804
1409:2056-7529
1393:(1): 12.
1025:0025-1909
797:Knowledge
609:Vancouver
578:community
525:co-design
461:Co-design
386:workshops
366:Australia
267:designers
207:co-design
95:Wikiquote
82:contains
52:talk page
4398:Wikinews
4331:paradigm
4311:language
4291:engineer
4286:elements
4276:director
3961:property
3806:thinking
3796:strategy
3781:research
3741:controls
3699:Empathic
3630:Systemic
3590:Rational
3545:New Wave
3359:Critical
2582:Designer
2435:(1972).
2403:Avebury.
2379:209–218.
2214:18173388
2119:36787170
1854:CoDesign
1778:cite web
1729:Archived
1632:35702744
1562:17925434
1427:33648588
1367:32338617
1283:: 10–29.
936:CoDesign
909:such as
852:See also
813:features
652:person.
451:EuroCode
447:EureCoop
4384:Commons
4356:studies
4301:history
4269:student
4254:classic
4242:Design
4156:.design
4084:Graphex
3786:science
3776:pattern
3771:methods
3746:culture
3729:Design
3540:Modular
3393:Diffuse
3314:Closure
3036:Ceramic
2694:Signage
2577:Outline
2476:pp77–80
2346:1511742
2110:9975926
2063:July 3,
1418:7923456
1358:7215492
1259:1511742
758:English
756:In the
427:In the
378:Britain
360:History
146:improve
4441:Design
4361:studio
4346:review
4326:museum
4249:change
4057:Awards
3930:Sketch
3915:Mockup
3895:CAutoD
3836:Awards
3801:theory
3791:sprint
3766:marker
3731:choice
3105:&
3103:design
2939:design
2847:design
2729:design
2647:Motion
2609:design
2566:Design
2453:
2344:
2336:
2295:
2262:
2254:
2212:
2204:
2125:
2117:
2107:
1918:
1874:
1638:
1630:
1560:
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1467:
1425:
1415:
1407:
1365:
1355:
1314:
1304:
1257:
1145:
1073:
1023:
905:, and
793:Ivanov
211:usable
135:, but
4244:brief
4131:Agile
3850:Tools
3827:Tools
3465:For X
3101:Other
3020:Other
2342:JSTOR
2260:S2CID
2157:(1).
2123:S2CID
1809:(PDF)
1762:(PDF)
1636:S2CID
1616:(2).
1558:S2CID
1277:(PDF)
1255:JSTOR
1235:(PDF)
918:Notes
703:Many
544:said
521:place
471:firm.
4321:load
4316:life
4296:firm
3883:CAID
3751:flow
3667:TRIZ
3555:Open
2451:ISSN
2334:ISSN
2293:ISBN
2252:ISSN
2210:PMID
2202:ISSN
2115:PMID
2065:2015
2057:wiki
1916:ISSN
1872:ISSN
1830:link
1816:2018
1784:link
1770:2018
1628:PMID
1591:link
1495:ISBN
1465:ISSN
1423:PMID
1405:ISSN
1363:PMID
1312:OCLC
1302:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1099:CPSR
1071:ISBN
1021:ISSN
840:and
801:wiki
603:and
576:and
297:and
281:and
3878:CAD
3858:AAD
3635:SOD
3615:RWD
3485:HCD
2952:EED
2801:EID
2326:doi
2285:doi
2244:doi
2240:109
2192:doi
2159:doi
2105:PMC
2095:doi
2027:',
1908:doi
1862:doi
1669:doi
1618:doi
1550:doi
1457:doi
1413:PMC
1395:doi
1353:PMC
1343:doi
1247:doi
1172:doi
1063:doi
1013:doi
980:doi
944:doi
217:,
4437::
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2322:12
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