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4681:, from about 1000 BCE; according to scholars, the word was used to denote any work of art. Some scholars suggest that the word "Silpa" has no direct or one-word translation in English, nor does the word "Silpin". "Silpa", explains Stella Kramrisch, is a multicolored word and incorporates art, skill, craft, ingenuity, imagination, form, expression and inventiveness of any art or craft. Similarly, "Shilpin", notes Kramrisch, is a complex Sanskrit word, describing any person who embodies art, science, culture, skill, and rhythm and employs creative principles to produce any divine form of expression. Silpins who built Hindu temples, as well as the artworks and sculptures within them, were considered by the ancient Sanskrit texts to deploy arts whose number are unlimited, Kala (techniques) that were 64 in number, and Vidya (science) that were of 32 types.
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overseers) and
Taksakas (sculptors). While the temple is under construction, all those working on the temple were revered and considered sacerdotal by the patron as well as others witnessing the construction. Further, it was a tradition that all tools and materials used in temple building and all creative work had the sanction of a sacrament. For example, if a carpenter or sculptor needed to fell a tree or cut a rock from a hill, he would propitiate the tree or rock with prayers, seeking forgiveness for cutting it from its surroundings, and explaining his intent and purpose. The axe used to cut the tree would be anointed with butter to minimize the hurt to the tree. Even in modern times, in some parts of India such as
4340:
10574:, Quote: "There were some institutions which may be called temple-colleges and strove for the promotion of education in the country. They also acted as great residential institutions and offered facilities for the study and stay of hundreds of students and teachers from far and near. Some of these were triple institutions, a college, a hostel and a hospital knit together. Many of such institutions are found described in the Chola inscriptions. (...) But the earliest known Vedic institution of advanced studies that existed in the Tamil country was the vidyasthana at Bahur near Pondicherry. A copper plate grant issued during the reign of Nripatungavarman (877 CE) records the gift of certain villages as
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4079:, describing where and how temples should be built. Sanskrit manuals have been found in India since the 6th century CE. Vastu-Sastra manuals included chapters on home construction, town planning, and how efficient villages, towns and kingdoms integrated temples, water bodies and gardens within them to achieve harmony with nature. While it is unclear, states Barnett, as to whether these temple and town planning texts were theoretical studies and if or when they were properly implemented in practice, the manuals suggest that town planning and Hindu temples were conceived as ideals of art and integral part of Hindu social and spiritual life.
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4945:(hospice, kitchen) with the religious center where people from all social backgrounds could be fed and cared for. According to Zysk, both Buddhist monasteries and Hindu religious centers provided facilities to care for the sick and needy in the 1st millennium, but with the destruction of Buddhist centers after the 12th century, the Hindu religious institutions assumed these social responsibilities. According to George Michell, Hindu temples in South India were active charity centers and they provided free meal for wayfarers, pilgrims and devotees, as well as boarding facilities for students and hospitals for the sick.
85:
9555:. In Hindu temple manuals, design plans are described with 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81 up to 1024 squares; 1 pada is considered the simplest plan, as a seat for a hermit or devotee to sit and meditate on, or make offerings with the Vedic fire in front. The second design of 4 padas lacks the central core, and is also a meditative constructive. The 9-pada design has a sacred surrounded center, and is the template for the smallest temple. Older Hindu temple vastu-mandalas may use the 9- through 49-pada series, but 64 is considered the most sacred geometric grid in Hindu temples. It is also called
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4591:, a boundary and gateway separates the secular and the sacred, and this gateway door is grand. In Hindu tradition, this is discarded in favor of an open and diffusive architecture, where the secular world was not separated from the sacred, but transitioned and flowed into the sacred. The Hindu temple has structural walls, which were patterned usually within the 64-grid, or other geometric layouts. Yet the layout was open on all sides, except for the core space with a single opening for darsana. The temple space is laid out in a series of courts (
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age 5 to 12. The advanced students would continue in higher stages of Shilpa Sastra studies till the age of 25. Apart from specialist technical competence, the manuals suggest that best
Silpins for building a Hindu temple are those who know the essence of Vedas and Agamas, consider themselves as students, keep well verse with principles of traditional sciences and mathematics, painting and geography. Further they are kind, free from jealousy, righteous, have their sense under control, of happy disposition, and ardent in everything they do.
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4454:, built in the 8th century CE, is not a square but a rectangle in 2:3 proportion. Further, the temple explores a number of structures and shrines in 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:5, 3:5 and 4:5 ratios. These ratios are exact, suggesting that the architect intended to use these harmonic ratios, and the rectangle pattern was not a mistake, nor an arbitrary approximation. Other examples of non-square harmonic ratios are found at the Naresar temple site of Madhya Pradesh and at the Nakti-Mata temple near
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5720:, mandapa for sheltering the devotees and rituals in progress, as well as symbolic motifs relating to dharma, karma, kama, artha and moksha. Temple superstructures were built from stone, brick and wide range of materials. Entrance ways, walls and pillars were intricately carved, while parts of temple were decorated with gold, silver and jewels. Visnu, Siva and other deities were placed in Hindu temples, while Buddhists and Jains built their own temples, often side by side with Hindus.
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rivers, and stupas, before the time of Buddha and
Vardhamana Mahavira. As Jainism and Buddhism branched off from the religious tradition later to be called Hinduism, the ideas, designs and plans of ancient Vedic and Upanishad era shrines were adopted and evolved, likely from the competitive development of temples and arts in Jainism and Buddhism. Ancient reliefs found so far, states Michael Meister, suggest five basic shrine designs and combinations thereof in 1st millennium BCE:
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numbers and particular alignments connected to the temple's location and the relationship between the deity and the worshipper, the temple's design also illustrates the idea of recursion and the equivalency of the macrocosm and the microcosm. A temple incorporates all elements of the Hindu cosmos—presenting the good, the evil and the human, as well as the elements of the Hindu sense of cyclic time and the essence of life—symbolically presenting
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3886:, the Supreme Principle, the sacred Universal, one without form, which is omnipresent, connects everything, and is the essence of everyone. A Hindu temple is meant to encourage reflection, facilitate purification of one's mind, and trigger the process of inner realization within the devotee. The specific process is left to the devotee's school of belief. The primary deity of different Hindu temples varies to reflect this spiritual spectrum.
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7185:"The temples serve as central locations where Hindus can come together to worship during holy festivals and socialize with other Hindus. Temples in America reflect the colorful kaleidoscopic aspects contained in Hinduism while unifying people who are disbursed throughout the American landscape." Numerous temples in North America and Europe have gained particular prominence and acclaim, many of which were built by the
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7405:, management, and events. Since independence, the autonomy of individual Hindu religious denominations to manage their own affairs with respect to temples of their own denomination has been severely eroded and the state governments have taken control of major Hindu temples in some countries; however, in others, such as the United States, private temple management autonomy has been preserved.
4767:. Most worked part-time and received the use of temple farmland as reward. For those thus employed by the temple, according to Michell, "some gratuitous services were usually considered obligatory, such as dragging the temple chariots on festival occasions and helping when a large building project was undertaken". Temples also acted as refuge during times of political unrest and danger.
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the circle is considered earthly, human and observed in everyday life (moon, sun, horizon, water drop, rainbow). Each supports the other. The square is divided into perfect 64 (or in some cases 81) sub-squares called padas. Each pada is conceptually assigned to a symbolic element, sometimes in the form of a deity. The central square(s) of the 64- or 81-grid is dedicated to
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5891:. Historian Sita Ram Goel's book "What happened to Hindu Temples" lists over 2000 sites where temples have been destroyed and mosques have been built over them. Some historians suggest that around 30,000 temples were destroyed by Islamic rulers between 1200 and 1800 CE. Destruction of Hindu temple sites was comparatively less in the southern parts of India, such as in
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4527:, awareness of self, the discovery of higher truths, true nature of reality, and a consciousness that is liberated and content. A Hindu temple reflects these core beliefs. The central core of almost all Hindu temples is not a large communal space; the temple is designed for the individual, a couple or a family—a small, private space to allow visitors to experience
3850:. It is a sacred site whose ambience and design attempts to symbolically condense the ideal tenets of the Hindu way of life. In a Hindu temple, all the cosmic components that produce and maintain life are there, from fire to water, from depictions of the natural world to gods, from genders that are feminine or masculine to those that are everlasting and universal.
7119:—a cluster of 70 temples with earliest dated to be from the 4th century CE and dedicated to Siva, while others are dedicated to Hindu deities Krishna, Vishnu and others. These temples, internally and with respect to each other, are also built on the Hindu perfect square grid concept. Other sites in Vietnam with Hindu temples include Phan Rang with the Cham temple
6905:), the capital of the Khmer Empire, as his state temple and eventual mausoleum. Breaking from the Shaiva tradition of previous kings, Angkor Wat was instead dedicated to Vishnu. The Spire in Khmer Hindu temple is called Giri (mountain) and symbolizes the residence of gods just like Meru does in Bali Hindu mythology and Ku (Guha) does in Burmese Hindu mythology.
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wide spectrum of the Indian society, ranging from kings, queens, officials in the kingdom to merchants, priests and shepherds. Temples also managed lands endowed to it by its devotees upon their death. They would provide employment to the poorest. Some temples had large treasury, with gold and silver coins, and these temples served as banks.
3656:). The layout, the motifs, the plan and the building process recite ancient rituals, geometric symbolisms, and reflect beliefs and values innate within various schools of Hinduism. A Hindu temple is a spiritual destination for many Hindus, as well as landmarks around which ancient arts, community celebrations and the economy have flourished.
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celebrate arts through dance and music, to get married or commemorate marriages, the birth of a child, other significant life events or the death of a loved one. In political and economic life, Hindu temples have served as a venue for succession within dynasties and landmarks around which economic activity thrived.
5238:: are images that were pacific, peaceful and expressive of love, compassion, kindness and other virtues in Hindu pantheon. These images would carry symbolic icons of peace, knowledge, music, wealth, flowers, sensuality among other things. In ancient India, these temples were predominant inside villages and towns.
9893:, page 8; Quote: "(...) one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be polytheistic or monotheistic, monistic or pantheistic, even an agnostic, humanist or atheist, and still be considered a Hindu.";
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It is the 5th through 7th century CE when outer design and appearances of Hindu temples in north India and south India began to widely diverge. Nevertheless, the forms, theme, symbolism and central ideas in the grid design remained same, before and after, pan-India as innovations were adopted to give
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since early times. These were attached to Hindu temples, particularly in South India, providing a bed and meal to pilgrims. They relied on any voluntary donation the visitor may leave and to land grants from local rulers. Some temples have operated their kitchens on a daily basis to serve the visitor
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The Hindu manuals of temple construction describe the education, characteristics of good artists and architects. The general education of a Hindu
Shilpin in ancient India included Lekha or Lipi (alphabet, reading and writing), Rupa (drawing and geometry), Ganana (arithmetic). These were imparted from
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The architecture of Hindu temples is also symbolic. The whole structure fuses the daily life and its surroundings with the divine concepts, through a structure that is open yet raised on a terrace, transitioning from the secular towards the sacred, inviting the visitor inwards and upwards towards the
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The majority of Hindu temples in Java were dedicated to Shiva, who
Javanese Hindus considered as the God who commands the energy to destroy, recombine and recreate the cycle of life. Small temples were often dedicated to Shiva and his family (wife Durga, son Ganesha). Larger temple complexes include
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rulers, these gateways became a dominant feature of a temple's outer appearance, eventually overshadowing the inner sanctuary which became obscured from view by the gopuram's colossal size. It also dominated the inner sanctum in amount of ornamentation. Often a shrine has more than one gopuram. They
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or images, but larger temples usually do. Personal Hindu temples at home or a hermitage may have a pada for yoga or meditation, but be devoid of anthropomorphic representations of god. Nature or others arts may surround him or her. To a Hindu yogin, states
Gopinath Rao, one who has realised the Self
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and the lonely sacred. In the same spirit, Hindu temples are not just sacred spaces; they are also secular spaces. Their meaning and purpose have extended beyond spiritual life to social rituals and daily life, offering thus a social meaning. Some temples have served as a venue to mark festivals, to
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Many members of the diaspora from the Indian subcontinent have established Hindu temples outside India as a means of preserving and celebrating cultural and spiritual heritage abroad. Describing the hundreds of temples that can be found throughout the United States, scholar Gail M. Harley observes,
5839:
Destruction, conversion, and rebuilding Many Hindu temples have been destroyed, some, after rebuilding, several times. Deliberate temple destruction usually had religious motives. Richard Eaton has listed 80 campaigns of Hindu temple site destruction stretching over centuries, particularly from the
5367:
have been found from 2nd to 3rd century, but none of the temple structures have survived. Scholars theorize that those ancient temples of India, later referred to as Hindu temples, were modeled after domestic structure—a house or a palace. Beyond shrines, nature was revered, in forms such as trees,
5054:
In arid western parts of India, such as
Rajasthan and Gujarat, Hindu communities built large walk-in wells that served as the only source of water in dry months but also served as social meeting places and carried religious significance. These monuments went down into the earth towards subterranean
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in the early 2nd millennium, were dominated by non-Brahmins. These assumed many educational functions, including the exposition, recitation and public discourses of
Sanskrit and Vedic texts. Some temple schools offered wide range of studies, ranging from Hindu scriptures to Buddhist texts, grammar,
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Hindu temples over time became wealthy from grants and donations from royal patrons as well as private individuals. Major temples became employers and patrons of economic activity. They sponsored land reclamation and infrastructure improvements, states
Michell, including building facilities such as
4739:
states that South Indian temples managed regional development function, such as irrigation projects, land reclamation, post-disaster relief and recovery. These activities were paid for by the donations (melvarum) they collected from devotees. According to James
Heitzman, these donations came from a
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The four cardinal directions help create the axis of a Hindu temple, around which is formed a perfect square in the space available. The circle of the mandala circumscribes the square. The square is considered divine for its perfection and as a symbolic product of knowledge and human thought, while
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suggest temples may also be built where a natural source of water is not present. Here too, they recommend that a pond be built preferably in front or to the left of the temple with water gardens. If water is neither present naturally nor by design, water is symbolically present at the consecration
7010:
Between 1,100 and 1,500 additional Hindu temples were built, but abandoned by Hindus and Buddhists as Islam spread in Java circa 15th to 16th century. In last 200 years, some of these have been rediscovered mostly by farmers while preparing their lands for crops. Most of these ancient temples were
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In larger temples, the central space typically is surrounded by an ambulatory for the devotee to walk around and ritually circumambulate the Purusa, the universal essence. Often this space is visually decorated with carvings, paintings or images meant to inspire the devotee. In some temples, these
4095:
of Odisha, authored by Ramacandra Bhattaraka Kaulacara in the 9th or 10th centuries CE, is another Sanskrit treatise on Temple Architecture. Silpa Prakasa describes the geometric principles in every aspect of the temple and symbolism such as 16 emotions of human beings carved as 16 types of female
3616:
through worship, sacrifice, and prayers. It is considered the house of the god to whom it is dedicated. Hindu temple architecture, which makes extensive use of squares and circles, has its roots in Vedic traditions, which also influence the temples' construction and symbolism. Through astronomical
5280:
However, devotees aspiring to a personal relationship with the Supreme Lord, whom they worship variously as Krishna or Shiva, for example, tend to reverse such hierarchical views of self-realization, holding that the personal form of the deity, as the source of the Brahma-jyoti, or the light into
4552:
From names to forms, from images to stories carved into the walls of a temple, symbolism is everywhere in a Hindu temple. Life principles such as the pursuit of joy, connection and emotional pleasure (kama) are fused into mystical, erotic and architectural forms in Hindu temples. These motifs and
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may be a separate structure in older temples, but in newer temples this space is integrated into the temple superstructure. Mega-temple sites have a main temple surrounded by smaller temples and shrines, but these are still arranged by principles of symmetry, grids and mathematical precision. An
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Temples in Kerala have a different architectural style (keeping the same essence of Vastu), especially due to climatic differences Kerala have with other parts of India with larger rainfall. The temple roof is mostly tiled and is sloped and the walls are often square, the innermost shrine being
4357:
A Hindu temple has a Shikhara (Vimana or Spire) that rises symmetrically above the central core of the temple. These spires come in many designs and shapes, but they all have mathematical precision and geometric symbolism. One of the common principles found in Hindu temple spires is circles and
3853:
Susan Lewandowski states that the underlying principle in a Hindu temple is the belief that all things are one, that everything is connected. The pilgrim is welcomed through 64-grid or 81-grid mathematically structured spaces, a network of art, pillars with carvings and statues that display and
6142:
In Hinduism, temples are considered sacred spaces where the divine is believed to manifest, and devotees visit these places to experience the presence and blessings of the deity. The customs and etiquette for visiting temples varies across India. Devotees in major temples may bring in symbolic
4928:
to care for the sick and destitute. Another inscription dated to 1069 at a Vishnu temple in Tamil Nadu describes a hospital attached to the temple, listing the nurses, physicians, medicines and beds for patients. Similarly, a stone inscription in Andhra Pradesh dated to about 1262 mentions the
4688:
According to Silparatna, a Hindu temple project would start with a Yajamana (patron), and include a Sthapaka (guru, spiritual guide and architect-priest), a Sthapati (architect) who would design the building, a Sutragrahin (surveyor), and many Vardhakins (workers, masons, painters, plasterers,
4330:
in south India, that stretches towards the sky. Sometimes, in makeshift temples, the dome may be replaced with symbolic bamboo with few leaves at the top. The vertical dimension's cupola or dome is designed as a pyramid, a cone or other mountain-like shape, once again using the principle of
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The appropriate site for a temple, suggests ancient Sanskrit texts, is near water and gardens, where lotus and flowers bloom, where swans, ducks and other birds are heard, and where animals rest without fear of injury or harm. These harmonious places were recommended in these texts with the
6519:
The temple architecture of Goa is quite unique. As Portuguese colonial hegemony increased, Goan Hindu temples became the rallying point to local resistance. Many these temples are not more than 500 years old, and are a unique blend of original Goan temple architecture, Dravidian, Nagar and
6079:
3659:
Hindu temples come in many styles, are situated in diverse locations, deploy different construction methods and are adapted to different deities and regional beliefs, yet almost all of them share certain core ideas, symbolism and themes. They are found in South Asia, particularly
4438:, do not limit themselves to the design of a Hindu temple. They describe the temple as a holistic part of its community, and lay out various principles and a diversity of alternate designs for home, village and city layout along with the temple, gardens, water bodies and nature.
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figures. These styles were perfected in Hindu temples prevalent in the eastern states of India. Other ancient texts found expand these architectural principles, suggesting that different parts of India developed, invented and added their own interpretations. For example, in the
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and temples had by the 10th-century attached medical care along with their religious and educational roles. This is evidenced by various inscriptions found in Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and elsewhere. An inscription dated to about 930 CE states the provision of a physician to two
7228:
4257:(literally, "womb house")—a small, perfect square, windowless, enclosed space without ornamentation that represents universal essence. In or near this space is typically a cult image—which, though many Indians may refer to casually as an idol, is more formally known as a
3926:
Almost all Hindu temples take two forms: a house or a palace. A house-themed temple is a simple shelter that serves as a deity's home. The temple is a place where the devotee visits, just like he or she would visit a friend or relative. The use of moveable and immoveable
8432:; Quote: "The Hindu temple is designed to bring about contact between man and the gods of Hinduism religion" (...) "The architecture of the Hindu temple symbolically represents this quest by setting out to dissolve or decrease the boundaries between man and the divine".
4226:. The symmetric Vastu-purusa-mandala grids are sometimes combined to form a temple superstructure with two or more attached squares. The temples face sunrise, and the entrance for the devotee is typically this east side. The mandala pada facing sunrise is dedicated to
5063:, Ankol Mata Vav, Sikotari Vav and others. The temple ranged from being small single pada (cell) structure to large nearby complexes. These stepwells and their temple compounds have been variously dated from late 1st millennium BCE through 11th century CE. Of these,
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temples for Vishnu and Brahma, but the most majestic, sophisticated and central temple was dedicated to Shiva. The 732 CE Canggal inscription found in Southern Central Java, written in Indonesian Sanskrit script, eulogizes Shiva, calling him God par-excellence.
6191:
Visitors and worshipers to large Hindu temples may be required to deposit their shoes and other footwear before entering. Where this is expected, the temples provide an area and help staff to store footwear. Dress codes vary. It is customary in temples in
12040:
Degroot, V. M. Y. (2009). Candi, space and landscape: a study on the distribution, orientation and spatial organization of Central Javanese temple remains (Doctoral dissertation, Leiden Institute for Area Studies, SAS Indonesie, Faculty of Arts, Leiden
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important principle found in the layout of Hindu temples is mirroring and repeating fractal-like design structure, each unique yet also repeating the central common principle, one which Susan Lewandowski refers to as "an organism of repeating cells".
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5099:
consist of two groups of caves—the first is a large group of five Hindu caves and the second is a smaller group of two Buddhist caves. The Hindu caves contain rock-cut stone sculptures, representing the Shaiva Hindu sect, dedicated to the god Shiva.
7062:", which is designed as an open-air worship place in a walled compound. The compound walls have a series of intricately decorated gates without doors for the devotee to enter. The design, plan and layout of the holy pura follows a square layout.
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rebuilt the temple complex as is present today. Beyond the ancient textual history, archaeological evidence such as inscriptions refer to this temple, and these stone inscriptions are from late 100 BCE to 100 CE. Hence, making it one of the
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The 8x8 (64) grid Manduka Hindu Temple Floor Plan, according to Vastupurusamandala. The 64 grid is the most sacred and common Hindu temple template. The bright saffron center, where diagonals intersect above, represents the Purusha of Hindu
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3811:
The 9x9 (81) grid "Parama Sayika" layout plan (above) found in large ceremonial Hindu Temples. It is one of many grids used to build Hindu temples. In this structure of symmetry, each concentric layer has significance. The outermost layer,
3760:, and other countries with a significant Hindu population. The current state and outer appearance of Hindu temples reflect arts, materials and designs as they evolved over two millennia; they also reflect the effect of conflicts between
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from 4th century BCE describes a city of temples, each enshrining various Vedic and Puranic deities. All three of these sources have common names, describe common rituals, symbolism and significance possibly suggesting that the idea of
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4770:
In contemporary times, the process of building a Hindu temple by emigrants and diasporas from South Asia has also served as a process of building a community, a social venue to network, reduce prejudice and seek civil rights together.
4086:
Ancient India produced many Sanskrit manuals for Hindu temple design and construction, covering arrangement of spaces (above) to every aspect of its completion. Yet, the Silpins were given wide latitude to experiment and express their
5128:
A typical, ancient Hindu temple has a profusion of arts—from paintings to sculpture, from symbolic icons to engravings, from thoughtful layout of space to fusion of mathematical principles with Hindu sense of time and cardinality.
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principle. One difference is the scope and cardinality, where Hindu temple structures deploy this principle in every dimension with garbhgriya as the primary locus, and each pada as well as zones serving as additional centers of
5847:
and South Asia, Hindu temples, along with the temples of Buddhists and Jains, intermittently became targets of armies from Persian, Central Asian, and Indian sultanates. Imagined by these foreign zealots to be mere idols, sacred
4607:
space and symbolic arts incorporating the positive and joyful side of life about the good and the gods. This divine space then concentrically diffuses inwards and lifts the guest to the core of the temple, where resides the main
4044:
in Part III of Chapter 93, inside caves and carved stones, on hill tops affording peaceful views, on mountain slopes overlooking beautiful valleys, inside forests and hermitages, next to gardens, or at the head of a town street.
5591:
4639:
5247:
and the Universal Principle within himself, there is no need for any temple or divine image for worship. However, for those who have yet to reach this height of realization, various symbolic manifestations through images,
4369:
of locally worshipped deities. The pillars, walls and ceilings typically also have highly ornate carvings or images of the four just and necessary pursuits of life—kama, artha, dharma and moksa. This walk around is called
4846:
John Guy and Jorrit Britschgi state Hindu temples served as centers where ancient manuscripts were routinely used for learning and where the texts were copied when they wore out. In South India, temples and associated
4489:
A Hindu temple is a symbolic reconstruction of the universe and the universal principles that enable everything in it to function. The temples reflect Hindu philosophy and its diverse views on the cosmos and on truth.
6173:(seeing and being seen by the auspicious sight of the divine) and offer prayers. Devotees may or may not be able to personally present their offerings at the feet of the deity. In most large Indian temples, only the
5362:
Early Jain and Buddhist literature, along with Kautilya's Arthashastra, describe structures, embellishments and designs of these temples—all with motifs and deities currently prevalent in Hinduism. Bas-reliefs and
5321:
of Agni, Indra, Varuna, Rudra, Mrda, Pusa, Surya, and Soma being worshipped, as well as the worship of arcas of female goddesses such as Indrani, Varunani, Usa, Bhavani, Prthivi and Vrsakapayi. The 2nd century BCE
4616:
and ideas held to be most sacred principles in Hindu tradition. The symbolism in the arts and temples of Hinduism, suggests Edmund Leach, is similar to those in Christianity and other major religions of the world.
3804:) and the cell (pinda) by a unique plan based on astronomical numbers. Subhash Kak sees the temple form and its iconography to be a natural expansion of Vedic ideology related to recursion, change and equivalence.
6167:. It symbolizes the birthplace of the universe, the meeting place of the gods and humankind, and the threshold between the transcendental and the phenomenal worlds. It is in this inner shrine that devotees seek
12021:
Kubo Sumiko, Geomorphology, Archaeo-stratigraphy, and 14C Ages of Sambor Prei Kuk Pre-Angkorean Site, Central Cambodia, BULLETIN of the Graduate School of Education of Waseda University (Japan), No.22, March
5497:
8404:, Quote: "The temple is the seat and dwelling of God, according to the majority of the names" (p. 135); "The temple as Vimana, proportionately measured throughout, is the house and body of God" (p. 133).
5251:
and icons as well as mental modes of worship are offered as one of the spiritual paths in the Hindu way of life. Some ancient Hindu scriptures like the Jabaladarshana Upanishad appear to endorse this idea
5227:
were worshiped by soldiers before going to war, or by people in times of distress or terrors. Raudra deity temples were not set up inside villages or towns, but invariably outside and in remote areas of a
6333:
in West Bengal is renowned for this type of architecture. There is also a popular style of building known as Naba-ratna (nine-towered) or Pancha-ratna (five-towered). An example of Navaratna style is the
6677:
entirely enclosed in another four walls to which only the pujari (priest) enters. The walls are decorated with either mural paintings or rock sculptures which many times are emphasised on Dwarapalakas.
4238:, the king of the demigods, on other. The east and north faces of most temples feature a mix of gods and demigods; while the west and south feature demons and demigods related to the underworld. This
6658:. A koil may have multiple gopurams, typically constructed into multiple walls in tiers around the main shrine. The temple's walls are typically square with the outer most wall having gopuras. The
4462:
suggests that these exceptions mean that the ancient Sanskrit manuals for temple building were guidelines, and Hinduism permitted its artisans flexibility in expression and aesthetic independence.
10113:
6095:
8917:
Subhash Kak, "Time, space and structure in ancient India." Conference on Sindhu-Sarasvati Valley Civilization: A Reappraisal, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, 21 & 22 February 2009.
5529:
4163:
Elements of a Hindu temple in Kalinga style. There are many Hindu temple styles, but they almost universally share common geometric principles, symbolism of ideas, and expression of core beliefs.
8507:
Subhash Kak, "Time, space and structure in ancient India." Conference on Sindhu-Sarasvati Valley Civilization: A Reappraisal, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, 21 & 22 February 2009.
5087:
evolved in Maharashtran temple style in the 1st millennium CE. The temples are carved from a single piece of rock as a complete temple or carved in a cave to look like the interior of a temple.
5902:
In India, the Place of Worship (Special Provisions) Act was enacted in 1991 which prohibited the conversion of any religious site from the religion to which it was dedicated on 15 August 1947.
4553:
principles of human life are part of the sacred texts of the Hindus, such as its Upanishads; the temples express these same principles in a different form, through art and spaces. For example,
6365:(head). Each part is decorated in a different manner. Kalinga architecture is a style which flourished in Kalinga, the name for kingdom that included ancient Odisha. It includes three styles:
5307:(various recent scholars' estimates for the earliest stage of the text range from the 7th to 4th centuries BCE, with later stages extending up to the 3rd century CE) The 5th century BCE text,
6985:, constructed and dominated the landscape of Java. According to local beliefs, Java valley had thousands of Hindu temples which co-existed with Buddhist temples, most of which were buried in
3943:, which is a hospitality ritual, where the deity is honored, and where devotee calls upon, attends to and connects with the deity. In other schools of Hinduism, the person may simply perform
6532:
influences. Goan temples were built using sedimentary rocks, wood, limestone and clay tiles, and copper sheets were used for the roofs. These temples were decorated with mural art called as
9551:. The alignment along cardinal directions, similarly, is an extension of Vedic rituals of three fires. This symbolism is also found among Greek and other ancient civilizations, through the
5563:
6286:-theme, where smaller parts of the temple are themselves images or geometric re-arrangement of the large temple, a concept that later inspired French and Russian architecture such as the
12031:
Taylor, K., & Altenburg, K. (2006). Cultural Landscapes in Asia‐Pacific: Potential for Filling World Heritage Gaps 1. International journal of heritage studies, 12(3), pages 267-282
4663:
is a Sanskrit encyclopedia. Its chapters 57–60 discuss different styles and design of Hindu temples. Above: the text and commentary in Nepalaksara, Devanagari and Tamil Grantha scripts.
4549:—which flowered into individual schools of Hinduism, each of which is considered a valid, alternate path to understanding truth and achieving self-realization in the Hindu way of life.
4650:
4493:
Hinduism has no traditional ecclesiastical order, no centralized religious authorities, no governing body, no prophet nor any binding holy book save the Vedas; Hindus can choose to be
4331:
concentric circles and squares. Scholars suggest that this shape is inspired by the cosmic mountain of Meru or Himalayan Kailasa, the abode of the gods, according to Vedic mythology.
11971:
5478:
6858:
is an important temple in Hinduism. It is built in a pagoda style and is surrounded by hundreds of temples and buildings built by kings. The temples top is made from pure gold.
4855:, poetry, grammar and other subjects were written, multiplied and preserved inside the temples. Archaeological and epigraphical evidence indicates existence of libraries called
6147:. This includes fruits, flowers, sweets and other symbols of the bounty of the natural world. Temples in India are usually surrounded with small shops selling these offerings.
9580:
also describes Vastu and mandala design principles based on a perfect triangle (3), hexagon (6), octagon (8) and hexadecagon (16) sided layouts, according to Stella Kramrisch.
7321:
7168:. Most of the newer Hindu temples are of South Indian origin and were built by Tamil migrant communities. However, Thailand has many historic indigenous Hindu temples such as
4907:
philosophy, martial arts, music and painting. By the 8th century, Hindu temples also served as the social venue for tests, debates, team competition and Vedic recitals called
4603:; but in small temples this layer is dispensed with. When present, this outer region diffuse into the next inner layer that bridges as human space, followed by another inner
6325:
is found. Due to lack of suitable stone in the alluvial soil locally available, the temple makers had to resort to other materials instead of stone. This gave rise to using
6295:. This makes a Nagara Hindu temple architecture symbolically a perennial expression of movement and time, of centrifugal growth fused with the idea of unity in everything.
4242:
plan and symbolism is systematically seen in ancient Hindu temples on the Indian subcontinent as well as those in southeast Asia, with regional creativity and variations.
3575:
10040:
5459:
7039:
world heritage site. It was designed as three concentric squares and has 224 temples. The inner square contains 16 temples dedicated to major Hindu deities, of which
5883:
destroyed hundreds of Hindu temples. All Hindu temples in Portuguese colonies in India were destroyed, according to a 1569 letter in the Portuguese royal archives.
9066:
Susan Lewandowski, The Hindu Temple in South India, in Buildings and Society: Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment, Anthony D. King (Editor),
5853:
5347:, temples and shrines passed from one generation to next, in ancient India, at least from the 4th century BCE. The oldest temples, suggest scholars, were built of
11724:
8241:
Some lands, including Varanasi, Puri, Kanchipuram, Dwarka, Amarnath, Kedarnath, Somnath, Mathura and Rameswara, are considered holy in Hinduism. They are called
9649:
EAAC 2011: South of East Asia: Re-addressing East Asian Architecture and Urbanism: Proceedings of the East Asian Architectural Culture International Conference
5575:
6271:. There may or may not be many more surrounding corridors, halls, etc. However, there will be space for devotees to go around the temple in clockwise fashion
4203:, a design laying out a Hindu temple in a symmetrical, self-repeating structure derived from central beliefs, myths, cardinality and mathematical principles.
10979:
6812:. One of the southernmost famous temples in South India, the Ramanathaswamy Temple was built in the 17th century on the island of Rameshwaram in Tamil Nadu.
5712:
in the 4th century, Hindu temples flourished in innovation, design, scope, form, use of stone and new materials as well as symbolic synthesis of culture and
5397:
From the 1st century BCE through 3rd century CE, the evidence and details about ancient temples increases. The ancient literature refers to these temples as
8361:
7186:
5281:
which impersonalists, according to their ideals, propose to merge themselves and their individual identities, will benevolently accept worship through an
10110:
9640:
8498:, "The axis and the perimeter of the temple." Kannada Vrinda Seminar Sangama 2005 held at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles on 19 November 2005.
5223:: are images that were meant to terrify, induce fear. These typically have wide, circular eyes, carry weapons, have skulls and bones as adornment. These
5864:
of religious toleration. Muslim rulers led campaigns of temple destruction and forbade repairs to damaged temples, following the Muslim traditions. The
5338:
also describes the rituals for Krsna, Visnu and Siva. An image recovered from Mathura in north India has been dated to the 2nd century BCE. Kautilya's
5055:
water, up to seven storeys, and were part of a temple complex. These vav (literally, stepwells) had intricate art reliefs on the walls, with numerous
4123:, a text of South Indian origin, estimated to be in circulation by the 7th century CE, is a guidebook on South Indian temple design and construction.
10401:, John R. Hinnells, and Raymond Brady Williams (Editors) – The South Asian Religious Diaspora in Britain, Canada, and the United States, SUNY Press,
7397:
has control of most ancient temples of archaeological importance in India. In India, day-to-day activities of a temple is managed by a temple board
6637:. They function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex. The gopuram's origins can be traced back to early structures of the
5840:
12th through the 18th century. Others temples have served as non-Hindu places of worship, either after conversion or simultaneously with Hindu use.
4348:
8253:). A kṣétra has many temples, including one or more major ones. These temples and its location attracts pilgrimage called tirtha (or tirthayatra).
7202:
6322:
6184:. These timings and nature of special puja vary from temple to temple. Additionally, there may be specially allotted times for devotees to perform
5334:(deity of wealth and finance, Kubera), as well as temples of Rama and Kesava, wherein the worship included dance, music and extensive rituals. The
9226:
Susan Lewandowski (1984), Buildings and Society: Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment, edited by Anthony D. King, Routledge,
7348:
12182:
4365:
images may be stories from Hindu Epics; in others, they may be Vedic tales about right and wrong or virtues and vice; in yet others, they may be
3807:
11424:
11209:
Michael Meister (Editor), Encyclopedia of Indian Temple Architecture – South India 200 BCE to 1324 CE, University of Pennsylvania Press (1983),
5942:
in 1194 CE. Since then, it has been demolished twice (in the 1400s, and 1669 CE) and rebuilt four times (in the 1200s, twice in the 1500s under
5629:
7852:
matha, vayuna, kirti, kesapaksha, devavasatha, vihara, suravasa, surakula, devatayatana, amaragara, devakula, devagrha, devabhavana, devakulika
7305:
7274:
7251:
12529:
12207:
4759:
water tanks, irrigation canals and new roads. A very detailed early record from 1101 lists over 600 employees (excluding the priests) of the
8992:
Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and bums Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity
6992:
7367:
4169:
5857:
5303:, temples and shrines in Indian subcontinent for thousands of years. For example, the temples of the Koshala kingdom are mentioned in the
13463:
11373:
9213:, pp. 85-92; N Lahiri (1996), Archaeological landscapes and textual images: a study of the sacred geography of late medieval Ballabgarh,
6793:
5844:
4587:). The ancient temples had grand, intricately carved entrances but no doors, and they lacked a boundary wall. In most cultures, suggests
4127:
is another Sanskrit text from the 9th century describing the art of temple building in India in south and central India. In north India,
3640:
The spiritual principles symbolically represented in Hindu temples are detailed in the ancient Sanskrit texts of India (for example, the
13480:
8870:
4961:
and the needy, while others during major community gatherings or festivals. Examples include the major kitchens run by Hindu temples in
4115:
Ancient Sanskrit manuals for temple construction discovered in Rajasthan, in northwestern region of India, include Sutradhara Mandana's
13647:
11979:
5740:
4100:
tradition of temple building found in western states of India, the feminine form, expressions and emotions are depicted in 32 types of
9917:, Editor: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see p. 3; According to Gandhi, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu."
4446:
A predominant number of Hindu temples exhibit the perfect-square grid principle. However, there are some exceptions. For example, the
9354:
H. Daniel Smith (1963), Ed. Pāncarātra prasāda prasādhapam, A Pancaratra Text on Temple-Building, Syracuse: University of Rochester,
9205:
Jack Hebner (2010), Architecture of the Vastu Sastra – According to Sacred Science, in Science of the Sacred (Editor: David Osborn),
267:
11493:
8765:
Several books and journal articles have documented the effect on Hindu temples of Islam's arrival in South Asia and Southeast Asia:
6971:, between the 5th to 15th century Dharmic faiths (Hinduism and Buddhism) were the majority in Indonesian archipelago, especially in
6089:. The temple was twice sacked and plundered by the Delhi Sultanate in the early 14th century, and abandoned in the mid 14th century.
5793:, with steps descending to the water; while they were built for secular purposes, some are also decorated as temples, or serve as a
4358:
turning-squares theme (left), and a concentric layering design (right) that flows from one to the other as it rises towards the sky.
9042:
Pyong Gap Min, "Religion and Maintenance of Ethnicity among Immigrants – A Comparison of Indian Hindus and Korean Protestants", in
5732:
6329:
as a medium for temple construction. Terracotta exteriors with rich carvings are a unique feature of Bengali temples. The town of
5873:
4735:
Hindu temples served as nuclei of important social, economic, artistic and intellectual functions in ancient and medieval India.
3765:
8769:
Gaborieau, Marc (1985). "From Al-Beruni to Jinnah: idiom, ritual and ideology of the Hindu-Muslim confrontation in South Asia".
6912:, most of them in ruins. Hundreds of Hindu temples are scattered from Siem Reap to Sambor Prei Kuk in central Cambodian region.
2439:
1030:
10037:
5548:
4112:
compiled by Daniel Smith and Silpa Ratnakara compiled by Narmada Sankara provide a more extensive list of Hindu temple types.
12009:
11797:
11691:
11590:
11542:
11517:
11477:
11169:
Saraswati, Temple Architecture in the Gupta Age, Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art, Vol VIII (1940), pp. 146-158.
11145:
10818:
10788:
10761:
10736:
10706:
10679:
10652:
10567:
10406:
10379:
10198:
10024:
9996:
9890:
9825:
9164:
9132:
9112:
9027:
9000:
8576:
8552:
8528:
8480:
8425:
8397:
7235:
7190:
5059:
and images of Hindu deities, water spirits and erotic symbolism. The step wells were named after Hindu deities; for example,
3953:, or introspection in his or her temple. Palace-themed temples often incorporate more elaborate and monumental architecture.
6202:. In Java and Bali (Indonesia), before one enters the most sacred parts of a Hindu temple, shirts are required as well as a
4706:
7297:
4693:, Visvakarma Puja is a ritual festival every year where the craftsmen and artists worship their arts, tools and materials.
4509:. Within this diffuse and open structure, spirituality in Hindu philosophy is an individual experience, and referred to as
2318:
142:
3969:
Hindu temple sites cover a wide range. The most common sites are those near water bodies, embedded in nature, such as the
11279:, pp. 263. Quote - "The stones to construct the mosque were obtained by demolishing twenty seven Hindu and Jain temples."
9590:
Rian; et al. (2007). "Fractal geometry as the synthesis of Hindu cosmology in Kandariya Mahadev temple, Khajuraho".
8330:
3970:
12074:. (2011) Space and order in Prambanan. In M. Gupta (ed.) From Beyond the Eastern Horizon: Essays in honour of Professor
12418:
12404:
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12323:
12122:
12106:
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11662:
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11298:
11276:
11261:
10904:
10623:
10599:
10543:
10522:
10501:
10484:
10463:
10446:
10279:
10258:
9905:
9846:
9535:
9490:
9251:
9231:
9210:
9071:
9051:
8972:
8905:
8851:
8836:
8753:
8732:
8711:
8690:
8669:
8632:
8611:
7043:
temple is the largest. The temple has extensive wall reliefs and carvings illustrating the stories from the Hindu epic
6925:
4075:
meaning system or knowledge in Sanskrit. There exist many Vastu-Sastras on the art of building temples, such as one by
3562:
12498:
11160:
Banerji, New Light on the Gupta Temples at Deogarh, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol V (1963), pp. 37-49.
3195:
12522:
12464:
12279:
12168:
11847:
11822:
11566:
11214:
11087:
Michael Meister (1988), Encyclopedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Oxford University Press, 0-691-04053-2, Chapter 1
11059:
10845:
10422:
Chandra Jayawardena, "Religious Belief and Social Change: Aspects of the Development of Hinduism in British Guiana",
9973:
9958:
9702:
9625:
9267:
9194:
8963:
Samuel Parker (2010), "Ritual as a Mode of Production: Ethnoarchaeology and Creative Practice in Hindu Temple Arts",
8951:
6820:
6785:
6704:
6566:
3792:, beliefs, values and the way of life cherished under Hinduism. It is a link between man, deities, and the Universal
162:
12101:
Brigitta Hauser-Schaublin (1993), Keraton and Temples in Bali, in Urban Symbolism (Editor: P. Nas), Brill Academic,
9528:
The Hindu Temple in South India, in Buildings and Society: Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment
11226:
8266:
8259:
11750:
6901:
was built as a Hindu temple by King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century in Yasodharapura (Khmer, present-day
6736:. Later, the temple constructions reached its peak during rule of is construction reached its peak during rule of
4482:
5946:, and in the 1800s). Shown is the current 1800s temple, with the white domes and minaret of the co-located 1600s
4863:
4339:
4245:
Beneath the mandala's central square(s) is the space for the all-pervasive, all-connecting Universal Spirit, the
2348:
1184:
13675:
10253:
George Michell (1988), The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms, University of Chicago Press,
8967:, 26(1), pp. 31-57; Michael Rabe, "Secret Yantras and Erotic Display for Hindu Temples", (Editor: David White),
5918:
in Gujarat was repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt. Here it is shown in 1869, after having been ruined by order of
5895:. Cave-style Hindu temples that were carved inside a rock, hidden and rediscovered centuries later, such as the
13839:
13640:
12486:
10890:
Gary Tarr, Chronology and Development of the Chāḷukya Cave Temples, Ars Orientalis, Vol. 8 (1970), pp. 155-184.
8325:
8315:
7394:
6789:
5136:
and images in a number of ways. For example, one method of classification is the dimensionality of completion:
4760:
4013:
The gods always play where groves are near, rivers, mountains and springs, and in towns with pleasure gardens.
304:
9637:
7416:
6559:
4985:
Hindu temples are found in diverse locations each incorporating different methods of construction and styles:
4031:
While major Hindu temples are recommended at sangams (confluence of rivers), river banks, lakes and seashore,
8340:
8335:
7278:
7135:
7131:
5852:
were broken, spires and pillars were torn down, and temples were looted of their treasury. Some temples were
5774:
4722:
4595:). The outermost regions may incorporate the negative and suffering side of life with the symbolism of evil,
1777:
10300:(4). Cambridge University Press: 791–826, see Table 1 on p. 805 for an illustrative tabulated distribution.
12515:
11763:
11305:
6102:
5748:
5084:
3878:(release, self-knowledge). At the centre of the temple, typically below and sometimes above or next to the
2328:
2268:
253:
876:
11328:
11293:
Peter Jackson (2003), The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History, Cambridge University Press,
7819:
7169:
7165:
6815:
6773:
5716:
principles with artistic expression. It is this period that is credited with the ideas of garbhagrha for
5523:
1880 sketch of the 9-square floorplan of the same temple (not to scale or complete). For better drawings:
5504:
4416:) built using concentric circles and the rotating-squares principle. The left one is from Vijayanagar in
3498:
3389:
1999:
31:
13609:
13344:
12562:
12208:"World's largest Hindu temple outside India in modern era to be inaugurated on October 8 in New Jersey"
10438:
9279:
LD Barnett, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol 4, Issue 2, June 1926, pp. 391.
6617:, a monumental tower, usually ornate, at the entrance of the temple. This forms a prominent feature of
6450:
6169:
5970:
based the reconstruction on the foundations of the Gyanvapi Mosque. Many Hindu temples were rebuilt as
5821:
5747:
basin, South India, this period is credited with some of the earliest stone temples of the region: the
5266:
A yogin perceives god (Siva) within himself; images are for those who have not reached this knowledge.
5060:
5002:
4474:
4135:
is the widely cited ancient Sanskrit manual from 6th century describing the design and construction of
3773:
3517:
3188:
3092:
2039:
1713:
1398:
710:
9935:क्षैत्रज्ञ n. ( fr. g. , spirituality, nature of the soul Lit. W.; the knowledge of the soul Lit. W.
9246:
Sherri Silverman (2007), Vastu: Transcendental Home Design in Harmony with Nature, Gibbs Smith, Utah,
4394:
2034:
13987:
13633:
13318:
10230:
Joshi (2013). "Boon of astronomy: Rituals and religious festivals in Odisha for a peaceful society".
9782:
Meister, Michael W. (April–June 1979). "Maṇḍala and Practice in Nāgara Architecture in North India".
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7145:
6622:
5294:
5285:
an authorized form constructed not according to imagination but in pursuit of scriptural directives.
3965:
3903:
3648:), while their structural rules are described in various ancient Sanskrit treatises on architecture (
3580:
3494:
3140:
2258:
1994:
287:
272:
115:
12294:'temple' will clearly generate a predominance of Sanskrit vocabulary in Urdu as well as Hindi usage.
11348:
From Al-Beruni to Jinnah: idiom, ritual and ideology of the Hindu-Muslim confrontation in South Asia
4222:
and is of great importance in creative expressions of Hindu temples in South India, particularly in
940:
13538:
12232:
11406:
7373:
7270:
7069:
6335:
6307:
6123:
6042:
4882:
Inscriptions from the 4th century CE suggest the existence of schools around Hindu temples, called
4570:
3820:
layer signifies aspects of Devas and good. In between the good and evil is the concentric layer of
3769:
3050:
3043:
3022:
2731:
2621:
2593:
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1218:
1005:
178:
17:
10437:
John Guy and Jorrit Britschgi (2011), Wonder of the Age: Master Painters of India, 1100–1900, The
7308:, in a semi-rural setting, serves as the flagship for the Hindu Temple and Cultural Society of USA
980:
896:
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11442:
11187:
Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, History of Indian and Indonesian Art (New York, 1965 reprint), pp. 78-80.
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7266:
6529:
6180:
Temple management staff typically announce the hours of operation, including timings for special
5935:
5800:
During the 5th to 11th century, Hindu temples flourished outside Indian subcontinent, such as in
4747:
4187:. The name is a composite Sanskrit word with three of the most important components of the plan.
4108:. Silpa Prakasa provides a brief introduction to 12 types of Hindu temples. Other texts, such as
3265:
2478:
2383:
2308:
1494:
1416:
309:
277:
84:
11789:
11683:
11452:
11014:
10211:
Misra, R. N. (2011). "Silpis in Ancient India: Beyond their Ascribed Locus in Ancient Society".
9768:
S. Bafna, "On the Idea of the Mandala as a Governing Device in Indian Architectural Tradition,"
5582:
5536:
3962:
explanation that such are the places where gods play, and thus the best site for Hindu temples.
1456:
14062:
13569:
13548:
13391:
11330:
The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais
7327:
7059:
6769:
6684:
6626:
6427:
6127:
6030:
5896:
5508:
4902:, and these provided free boarding and lodging to students and scholars. The temples linked to
4562:
In the embrace of the beloved, one forgets the whole world, everything both within and without;
3555:
3464:
3394:
3230:
2859:
2628:
2288:
1194:
871:
146:
11099:, Early Indian Architecture and Art, Migration & Diffusion, Vol.6/Nr.23, pages 6-27, 2005.
11049:
10835:
10808:
10726:
6986:
5833:
4919:
According to Kenneth G. Zysk—a professor specializing in Indology and ancient medicine, Hindu
4894:
were studied. In south India, 9th century Vedic schools attached to Hindu temples were called
104:
12942:
12454:
11467:
11026:
10696:
10412:
10369:
9298:
Meister, Michael (1983). "Geometry and Measure in Indian Temple Plans: Rectangular Temples".
8566:
8415:
8320:
6996:
6805:
6765:
6196:, for men to remove shirts and to cover pants and shorts with a traditional cloth known as a
6058:
4211:(not to be confused with brahmin, the scholarly and priestly class in India), and are called
3504:
3482:
3372:
3237:
2810:
2418:
2298:
1706:
1692:
860:
11706:
Pika Ghosh (2005), Temple to Love: Architecture and Devotion in Seventeenth-century Bengal,
10080:
Mary Beth Heston, "Iconographic Themes of the Gopura of the Kailāsanātha Temple at Ellora",
9681:, or Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa, in Balinese Hindu temples; elsewhere it has been referred to as
6668:. The inner sanctum has restricted access with only priests allowed beyond a certain point.
4859:, dated possibly to early 12th-century and employing librarians, attached to Hindu temples.
855:
13528:
12376:
9503:
8866:
7377:
7355:
6866:
6847:
6797:
6525:
6439:
6350:
5825:
5121:
4381:—one of which, on the east side, serves as the waiting room for pilgrims and devotees. The
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3486:
3478:
3367:
3029:
2607:
2577:
2408:
2313:
2209:
1944:
1838:
170:
13664:
10038:"Sexual Imagery on the 'Phantasmagorical Castles' at Khajuraho – The Artha of Temple Kama"
8933:
Kak, S. Early Indian architecture and art. Migration and Diffusion. vol.6, pp. 6-27 (2005)
7011:
rediscovered and reconstructed between 19th to 20th century, and treated as the important
8:
13992:
12538:
10132:
Samuel Parker (1987), "Artistic practice and education in India: A historical overview",
8201:
7973:
6757:
6086:
5540:
5117:
4728:
Example of a Hindu temple constructed in the same manner as the one depicted in the coin.
4677:), derived from "Silpa". One of the earliest mentions of the Sanskrit word "Silpa" is in
3908:
3780:
metropolitan areas, was inaugurated in 2014 as one of the world's largest Hindu temples.
3737:
3522:
3415:
3251:
2782:
2644:
2388:
2278:
2263:
2169:
2109:
2074:
1559:
1471:
1090:
749:
360:
262:
233:
95:
12380:
5108:
4866:
in dedicated stone libraries have been discovered by archaeologists at Hindu temples in
1660:
850:
13997:
13579:
13323:
13214:
12957:
12848:
12843:
12811:
12367:
Meister, Michael W. (1985). "Measurement and Proportion in Hindu Temple Architecture".
12318:
Knut A. Jacobsen (2012), Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space, Routledge,
12134:
11863:
11782:
11676:
11446:
10926:
10873:
10317:
10309:
10163:
9912:
9799:
9735:
9315:
8918:
8824:
8786:
8540:
8184:
7904:
7239:
7206:
7016:
6981:
6968:
6959:
6921:
6745:
6688:
6651:
6472:
6330:
6261:
North Indian temples are referred to as Nagara style of temple architecture. They have
5991:
5987:
5869:
5829:
5817:
4459:
3846:
3797:
3761:
3444:
3430:
3149:
2674:
2570:
2398:
2378:
2373:
2368:
1974:
1740:
1611:
1223:
1109:
10496:
Wayne A. Wiegand and Donald Davis (1994), Encyclopedia of Library History, Routledge,
9453:, The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 71, No. 281, (Jul. - Sep., 1958), pp. 224-230
8392:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 135, context: 40–43, 110–114, 129–139 with footnotes.
6418:
4973:(Andhra Pradesh). The tradition of sharing food in smaller temple is typically called
3840:(Purusa Space), signifying the Universal Principle present in everything and everyone.
13860:
13742:
13711:
13583:
13285:
13250:
12796:
12460:
12414:
12400:
12357:
12319:
12275:
12164:
12118:
12102:
12005:
11843:
11818:
11793:
11707:
11687:
11658:
11638:
11586:
11562:
11538:
11513:
11473:
11381:
11294:
11272:
11257:
11210:
11141:
11055:
10900:
10841:
10814:
10784:
10757:
10732:
10702:
10675:
10648:
10619:
10595:
10563:
10539:
10518:
10497:
10480:
10459:
10442:
10402:
10375:
10321:
10275:
10254:
10194:
10020:
9992:
9969:
9954:
9901:
9886:
9842:
9821:
9698:
9621:
9531:
9486:
9463:
9371:
9355:
9263:
9247:
9227:
9206:
9190:
9160:
9128:
9108:
9067:
9047:
9023:
8996:
8968:
8947:
8901:
8847:
8832:
8749:
8728:
8707:
8686:
8665:
8628:
8607:
8572:
8548:
8524:
8476:
8421:
8393:
8350:
8246:
8193:
8159:
8147:
8013:
7948:
7843:
7825:
7055:
6659:
6592:
6486:
6482:
6407:
6248:
5939:
5605:
4670:
4541:
is the name of six methods or alternate viewpoints of understanding truth. These are
4514:
4403:
3548:
3454:
3423:
3379:
3036:
2987:
2922:
2681:
2667:
2413:
2338:
2159:
2119:
2114:
2104:
1949:
1645:
1579:
1174:
911:
202:
12079:
9638:"Early Connections: Reflections on the canonical lineage of Southeast Asian temples"
4082:
2019:
1431:
718:
14067:
13656:
13574:
13164:
13093:
13078:
12952:
12801:
12781:
12384:
11612:, ed. Willard G. Oxtoby and Alan F. Segal. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
11108:
10864:
Meister, Michael W. (1981). "Forest and Cave: Temples at Candrabhāgā and Kansuān".
10722:
10347:
Burton Stein (4 February 1961), The state, the temple and agriculture development,
10301:
10155:
10012:
9878:
9791:
9727:
9718:
Meister, Michael W. (March 2006). "Mountain Temples and Temple-Mountains: Masrur".
9651:, Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore, Singapore, pp. 1-17
9603:
9599:
9423:
9396:
9307:
9124:
9104:
8811:
8778:
8516:
8173:
8155:
8151:
7964:
7952:
7923:
The following are the other names by which a Hindu temple is referred to in India:
7243:
7194:
7157:
6809:
6781:
6749:
6292:
6272:
6230:
6034:
6015:
5751:
temples are dated to the 5th century by some scholars, and the 6th by some others.
5744:
5635:
5304:
4852:
3854:
celebrate the four important and necessary principles of human life—the pursuit of
3330:
3292:
3272:
3223:
3172:
3071:
2866:
2852:
2803:
2746:
2293:
1954:
1873:
1624:
1544:
1169:
595:
449:
346:
64:
11945:
10458:
Saraju Rath (2012), Aspects of Manuscript Culture in South India, Brill Academic,
9427:
6057:
Artistic rendition of the Kirtistambh, a surviving portion of the 10–11th century
2708:
13872:
13768:
13543:
13442:
13245:
12899:
12806:
12634:
12425:
11906:
11889:
11580:
11507:
11135:
11124:, Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. LXX, pages 49-51 Plates 1-3
11121:
10778:
10669:
10642:
10557:
10117:
10044:
9644:
9337:
9151:
9017:
8990:
8475:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 19–43, 135–137, context: 129–144 with footnotes.
8470:
8387:
8302:
8288:
8208:
8143:
8085:
7910:
6929:
6664:
6543:
6494:
6287:
6181:
6144:
6110:
6106:
6066:
6062:
6007:
5947:
5880:
5865:
5763:
5555:
5356:
5202:
images express joy, knowledge and harmony, such as the Saraswati image at right.
5096:
5092:
4903:
3940:
3777:
3536:
3459:
3407:
3216:
3120:
3064:
3001:
2817:
2718:
2614:
2363:
2343:
2214:
2089:
2069:
1989:
1685:
1671:
1569:
1549:
1512:
1104:
1099:
826:
705:
669:
614:
609:
436:
11448:
The Sacred City of the Hindus: An Account of Benares in Ancient and Modern Times
10899:
Jutta Neubauer (1981), The Stepwells of Gujarat: in art-historical perspective,
9462:
Ganapati Sastri (1920), Īśānaśivagurudeva paddhati, Trivandrum Sanskrit Series,
8604:
Buildings and Society: Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment
6934:
6018:
and looted it of its valuables; it was rebuilt and expanded in the 16th century.
4132:
4019:
3844:
In ancient Indian texts, a temple is a place of pilgrimage, known in India as a
3649:
1233:
985:
686:
13957:
13564:
13366:
13058:
12937:
12075:
10618:, in Education in Ancient India: Handbook of Oriental Studies, Brill Academic,
10594:, in Education in Ancient India: Handbook of Oriental Studies, Brill Academic,
10538:, in Education in Ancient India: Handbook of Oriental Studies, Brill Academic,
10517:, in Education in Ancient India: Handbook of Oriental Studies, Brill Academic,
10274:, in Education in Ancient India: Handbook of Oriental Studies, Brill Academic,
8197:
8100:
7120:
7083:
7082:, the largest Hindu temple in Indonesia and the second largest Hindu temple in
6069:, in 1296 CE, with part converted into a mosque and further parts destroyed by
5915:
5899:, have also preferentially survived. Many are now UNESCO world heritage sites.
5609:
5489:
5194:
images express destruction, fear and violence, such as the Kali image at left.
5012:
4990:
4713:
4447:
4326:
4076:
4071:
means "you"); these contain Vastu-Vidya (literally, knowledge of dwelling) and
3912:
3745:
3449:
3258:
3106:
2757:
2651:
2600:
2403:
2229:
2149:
2099:
2084:
2049:
2004:
1906:
1678:
1539:
1421:
1370:
1355:
1335:
1299:
1228:
1010:
965:
916:
674:
299:
186:
154:
55:
12388:
10095:"The Gatekeepers of Heaven: Anthropological Aspects of Grandiose Architecture"
10065:"The Gatekeepers of Heaven: Anthropological Aspects of Grandiose Architecture"
9860:"The Gatekeepers of Heaven: Anthropological Aspects of Grandiose Architecture"
9400:
6780:
were prolific temple builders right from the times of the first medieval king
5887:
Religious conflict and desecrations of places of worship continued during the
1056:
836:
767:
282:
14056:
13949:
13911:
12869:
12740:
12687:
12577:
12567:
11725:"Model art: Ancient temples of Odisha come alive in crafted stone miniatures"
11385:
11178:
Joanna Williams, The Art of Gupta India, Empire and Province, Princeton, 1982
11140:. Princeton University Press (Motilal Banarsidass, Reprint). pp. 17–21.
10559:
Early Temples of Tamilnadu: Their Role in Socio-Economic Life (c. 550-925 CE)
10398:
9414:
Tillotson, G. H. R. (1997). "Svastika Mansion: A Silpa-Sastra in the 1930s".
8043:
7829:
and general tourism in India. Orange markers are UNESCO world heritage sites.
7161:
7153:
6777:
6680:
6038:
5967:
5709:
4564:
in the same way, one who embraces the Self knows neither within nor without.
4055:
3749:
3653:
3613:
3113:
3078:
3015:
2961:
2954:
2915:
2908:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2796:
2740:
2358:
2303:
2283:
2273:
2253:
2224:
2134:
1929:
1924:
1914:
1863:
1785:
1699:
1532:
1481:
1380:
1315:
1154:
921:
375:
42:
12766:
11657:
Adam Hardy (2007), The Temple Architecture of India, John Wiley & Sons,
7116:
7100:
6265:
where the deity is present, open on one side from where the devotee obtains
6206:
around one's waist. At many other locations, this formality is unnecessary.
5034:
4743:
4470:
3932:
2094:
1858:
1066:
1061:
14007:
13890:
13853:
13731:
13614:
13533:
13518:
13209:
12879:
12735:
12652:
12430:
11894:
10644:
Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in the Buddhist Monastery
9682:
9342:
9156:
8816:
8799:
7381:
7024:
6891:
6753:
6741:
6728:
6724:
6638:
6461:
6070:
5951:
5728:
5339:
4996:
4871:
4736:
4588:
3725:
3085:
2994:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2873:
2531:
2353:
2189:
2184:
2144:
2054:
2044:
2014:
1984:
1919:
1823:
1745:
1476:
1441:
1365:
1340:
1269:
970:
762:
757:
656:
643:
638:
13876:
11196:
Gary Tartakov, "The Beginning of Dravidian Temple Architecture in Stone",
10671:
The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual: Temples and the Establishment of the Gods
5164:
4053:
Ancient builders of Hindu temples created manuals of architecture, called
1294:
13968:
13885:
13789:
13604:
13513:
13376:
13189:
13083:
13018:
12988:
12745:
12677:
12657:
12071:
11133:
11096:
9467:
9375:
9359:
8777:(3). Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 7–14.
8647:
Burton Stein, "The Economic Function of a Medieval South Indian Temple",
8495:
7335:
7012:
6835:
6832:
6600:
6570:
6521:
6498:
6318:
6234:
6185:
6163:
6011:
5922:
in 1665. These ruins were demolished and the temple rebuilt in the 1950s.
5888:
5794:
5790:
5778:
5667:
5597:
5064:
4678:
4302:
3757:
3721:
3156:
2880:
2773:
2703:
2516:
2470:
2431:
2333:
2174:
2164:
2029:
1898:
1888:
1757:
1752:
1655:
1554:
1446:
1436:
1406:
1375:
1284:
1051:
865:
788:
780:
582:
351:
182:
75:
38:
11469:
Resurrecting Banaras: Urban Space, Architecture and Religious Boundaries
11246:
10947:
10930:
10917:
Meister, Michael W. (1975–1976). "A Field Report on Temples at Kusuma".
10877:
9739:
9084:
6861:
6542:. The interiors have murals and wood carvings depicting scenes from the
6511:
5950:
in the background. The tonne of gold for the temple roof was donated by
4817:
4261:
or the main worshippable deity, who varies with each temple. Often this
3997:
and animals rest nearby in the shade of Nicula trees on the river banks.
3989:
where the sun's rays are warded off by umbrellas of lotus leaf clusters,
14029:
14002:
13313:
13293:
13199:
13144:
13038:
12973:
12859:
12786:
12771:
12725:
12710:
12700:
11972:"Major Hindu Temples In Nepal | Himalaya Parvat | Pashupatinath Temple"
11347:
11313:
The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911
10313:
10094:
10064:
9946:
See the following two in Ewert Cousins's series on World Spirituality:
9859:
9661:
9319:
8790:
7359:
7173:
7149:
7079:
7032:
6898:
6808:
reconstructed some of the well-known temples in Tamil Nadu such as the
6712:
6662:
and its towering roof (the central deity's shrine) are also called the
6655:
6578:
6326:
5892:
5849:
5832:
developed regional forms. In what is modern south and central Vietnam,
5754:
Over 6th and 7th centuries, temple designs were further refined during
5653:
5639:
5323:
5309:
5212:
Another way of classification is by the expressive state of the image:
5155:: images that are two-dimensional, such as paintings on walls and cloth
4956:), water tanks and kitchens. Many major pilgrimage sites have featured
4870:
Indonesia and in 10th century Cambodian temples such as Angkor Wat and
4803:
4764:
4494:
3800:) of the Vedic vision by mapping the relationships between the cosmos (
3669:
3202:
3163:
3127:
3008:
2947:
2554:
2546:
2457:
2234:
2009:
1964:
1818:
1808:
1574:
1522:
1451:
1360:
1289:
1279:
1274:
1046:
821:
798:
793:
522:
322:
166:
134:
13801:
12978:
12667:
12507:
12306:
10167:
9929:
9803:
9450:
7027:
style. The largest of these is the 9th century Javanese Hindu temple,
6267:
6242:
5437:
in these ancient texts notes Meister, the temple hall is described as
4234:
is flanked by the padas of Satya, the deity of Truth, on one side and
4157:
3828:, which signifies creative energy and the site for a temple's primary
14012:
13900:
13849:
13808:
13328:
13265:
13194:
13123:
13048:
13023:
12983:
12914:
12904:
12730:
12705:
12662:
12642:
12089:
11359:
10963:
9964:
John Arapura, "Spirit and Spiritual Knowledge in the Upanishads", in
9731:
9387:
Sinha, Amita (1998). "Design of Settlements in the Vaastu Shastras".
9370:
Mahanti and Mahanty (1995 Reprint), Śilpa Ratnākara, Orissa Akademi,
8189:
8130:
7398:
7210:
7075:
7028:
7004:
6954:
6947:
6870:
6851:
6824:
6604:
6574:
6534:
6423:
6135:
5919:
5813:
5786:
5782:
5677:
5673:
5470:
5327:
4498:
4421:
4417:
3978:
3920:
3882:, is mere hollow space with no decoration, symbolically representing
3801:
3753:
3717:
3693:
3677:
3645:
3312:
3244:
3181:
3099:
2931:
2502:
2462:
2393:
2239:
2204:
2154:
2124:
2059:
1979:
1883:
1853:
1833:
1517:
1461:
1426:
1411:
1330:
1325:
1307:
633:
547:
478:
417:
13696:
13625:
12816:
10305:
9547:
The square is symbolic and has Vedic origins from the fire altar to
9311:
8782:
8543:, "The Divine Presence in Space and Time – Murti, Tirtha, Kala"; in
1114:
13930:
13868:
13750:
13683:
13437:
13422:
13333:
13219:
13139:
13098:
13068:
13053:
13003:
12874:
12826:
12776:
12761:
12715:
12456:
Some Epigraphical Records of the Medieval Period from Eastern India
10292:
Heitzman, James (1987). "Temple Urbanism in Medieval South India".
10159:
9795:
9755:
Trivedi, K. (1989). "Hindu temples: models of a fractal universe."
9338:
Silpa Prakasa Medieval Orissan Sanskrit Text on Temple Architecture
8282:
8229:
8225:
7835:
7339:
7331:
7141:
7044:
6909:
6737:
6642:
6596:
6390:
6224:
5809:
5801:
5691:
5657:
5601:
4970:
4320:
4307:
4278:
3733:
3729:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3384:
2940:
2766:
2723:
2690:
2541:
2536:
2509:
2219:
2199:
2129:
2079:
1959:
1848:
1764:
1735:
1730:
1599:
1589:
1486:
1466:
1390:
1385:
1350:
1020:
1000:
960:
926:
906:
886:
772:
648:
383:
341:
336:
210:
138:
13820:
13735:
12051:
10980:"Would you like to Know These Amazing facts about Elephanta Caves"
10397:
Diana L. Eck (2000), "Negotiating Hindu Identities in the US", in
8922:
8030:
are specially use of Krishna temple and Shiva temple respectively.
7172:. Although most indigenous Hindu temples are ruins, a few such as
5612:. The stepwell remains well-preserved, but is partly silted over.
4829:
4791:
4669:
Indian texts call the craftsmen and builders of temples "Silpin" (
2447:
124:
30:"Devasthana" and "Devasthanam" redirect here. For other uses, see
13919:
13797:
13778:
13701:
13447:
13260:
13224:
13204:
13184:
13174:
13169:
13149:
13118:
13108:
13103:
13043:
13028:
12998:
12821:
12672:
12493:
11884:
9678:
8310:
7931:
7402:
7115:, with some on UNESCO world heritage site list. Examples include
7112:
6976:
6939:
6761:
6614:
6311:
6283:
6275:. In North Indian temples, the tallest towers are built over the
6151:
5971:
5805:
5736:
5695:
5569:
The Elephanta main cave is thought to follow this mandala design.
5113:
5023:
4851:
served custodial functions, and a large number of manuscripts on
4751:
4583:
the temple's central core, a symbolic space marked by its spire (
4506:
4451:
4298:
4290:
4286:
4270:
4246:
4208:
3890:
3685:
3317:
3307:
3057:
2978:
2970:
2787:
2713:
2698:
2495:
2194:
2139:
1878:
1828:
1798:
1793:
1665:
1640:
1527:
1159:
1038:
1015:
990:
901:
891:
700:
664:
552:
537:
532:
468:
463:
427:
422:
409:
190:
13490:
10837:
Belief, Bounty, And Beauty: Rituals Around Sacred Trees in India
8683:
Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period
4040:
of the temple or the deity. Temples may also be built, suggests
3353:
1204:
1199:
1025:
14024:
14017:
13938:
13834:
13829:
13754:
13706:
13687:
13523:
13417:
13412:
13361:
13298:
13240:
13113:
13088:
13073:
13033:
12993:
12929:
12909:
12889:
12864:
12791:
12607:
12602:
12592:
12587:
12557:
12481:
11425:"1991 central law precludes Ayodhya judgment setting precedent"
9552:
8356:
7247:
7214:
7198:
7108:
7036:
6902:
6801:
6692:
6646:
6634:
6586:
6435:
6378:
6346:
6303:
6203:
6193:
6174:
6158:
5861:
5759:
5755:
5713:
5466:
5390:
5088:
5072:
5068:
4690:
4523:
4502:
4478:
4455:
4266:
4200:
4010:
raised sand banks as breasts and plumage of swans their mantle.
3974:
3936:
3874:
3868:
3789:
3741:
3709:
3705:
3697:
3630:
3618:
3609:
3322:
3136:
2452:
2179:
2064:
1969:
1939:
1934:
1868:
1843:
1632:
1502:
1345:
1320:
1259:
1144:
1139:
1129:
1071:
995:
955:
950:
881:
806:
741:
726:
628:
572:
557:
503:
483:
396:
391:
228:
150:
6886:
6214:
5990:
after being destroyed on the orders of the Sultan of Kashmir,
13982:
13969:
Fire temple or Agiary or Atashkadeh or Atashgah or Dar-e Mehr
13816:
13716:
13668:
13485:
13452:
13432:
13427:
13381:
13303:
13275:
13270:
13154:
13063:
13013:
13008:
12720:
12695:
12617:
12612:
12597:
12581:
12552:
11264:, Chapters and Sections: "1200 CE – Delhi through Qutb Minar"
9662:
Some Evidence on the Wooden Origins of the Vāstupuruṣamaṇḍala
9062:
9060:
8995:. State University of New York Press. pp. 223–224, 243.
8139:
8091:
8034:
7888:
7850:). Ancient Sanskrit texts use many words for temple, such as
7213:
feeds 4,000 people a week, with as many as 10,000 during the
7040:
6874:
6855:
6394:
6386:
6382:
6252:
6198:
6154:
5943:
5685:
5647:
5348:
4962:
4949:
4891:
4294:
4282:
4235:
4227:
4199:
means the dwelling structure. The Vastu-purusha-mandala is a
4002:
the sound of curleys and the voice of swans for their speech,
3928:
3879:
3856:
3796:
in a sacred space. It represents the triple-knowledge (trayi-
3713:
3665:
3661:
3634:
3622:
3339:
3209:
2974:
2486:
2024:
1893:
1803:
1650:
1604:
1584:
1264:
1249:
1189:
1179:
1164:
1149:
1124:
975:
945:
831:
731:
562:
527:
498:
493:
488:
473:
401:
174:
13961:
11537:. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 87–99.
11505:
11249:, Kunst des Orients, Vol. 12, H. 1/2 (1978/1979), pp. 79-94.
9189:
Stella Kramrisch (1976), The Hindu Temple Volume 1 & 2,
7019:, but not as the house of worship. Hindu temples of ancient
6282:
The north India Nagara style of temple designs often deploy
5994:, in the early 15th century, with demolition lasting a year.
5173:
4914:
13457:
13407:
13371:
13338:
13255:
13179:
13159:
12919:
12884:
12647:
12235:
Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Koeln University, Germany
12174:
11946:"A Journey Through the Most Beautiful South Indian Temples"
11111:, The Hindu Temple. University of Calcutta, Calcutta, 1946.
10146:
Coomaraswamy, Ananda (1928). "Indian Architectural Terms".
9548:
8213:
8163:
7958:
7898:
7282:
7051:
7020:
7000:
6972:
6943:
6618:
6490:
6431:
6415:
style includes space for outer dancing and offering halls.
6131:
5485:
5352:
5299:
A number of ancient Indian texts suggest the prevalence of
4966:
4867:
4521:)). It defines spiritual practice as one's journey towards
4274:
4195:
is universal essence at the core of Hindu tradition, while
3950:
3945:
3916:
3862:
3788:
A Hindu temple reflects a synthesis of arts, the ideals of
3701:
3641:
3626:
3604:
1813:
1594:
1564:
1507:
1254:
1241:
1134:
736:
577:
567:
542:
508:
458:
440:
158:
13782:
12448:. New Delhi: Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. 181–182.
12411:
The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms
12183:"In Line for Blessings and Sweets at Hindu Temple Canteen"
11842:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 151–153.
10698:
The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms
10371:
The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms
9839:
The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms
9057:
8979:(Motilal Banarsidass Publishers), Chapter 25, pp. 435-446.
8898:
The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms
8662:
The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms
8568:
The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms
8417:
The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms
4183:
A Hindu temple design follows a geometrical design called
3889:
In Hindu tradition, there is no dividing line between the
13923:
13721:
11925:
8602:
Susan Lewandowski, "The Hindu Temple in South India", in
8220:
7916:
7107:
There are a number of Hindu temple clusters built by the
7095:
6979:. As the result numerous Hindu temples, locally known as
6150:
When inside the temple, devotees keep both hands folded (
5966:
An 1832 reconstruction of the 1500s temple Akbar funded.
5727:
style, whose accomplishments survive in central India as
5288:
5143:: images that are three-dimensional and completely formed
4000:
The gods always play where rivers have for their braclets
13942:
13904:
11315:, Oxford University Press, pp. 268-269, 306-307, 437-438
10610:
10608:
9242:
9240:
8871:"World's Largest Hindu Temple Being Built in New Jersey"
5453:
referred to the structures at the boundary of a temple.
4119:(literally, manual for planning and building a temple).
3816:, signifies aspects of Asuras and evil; while the inner
13308:
12947:
12894:
11441:
11362:
Cave 16 – Kailasha Hindu Temple, 8th century CE, UNESCO
10586:
10584:
10415:(1998), "Hinduism in the Indian Diaspora in Trinidad",
6734:
Oldest surviving active temple complexes in South India
6209:
5638:
temple, used for Hindu, Sikh, and Zoroastrian worship,
3783:
681:
218:
11269:
World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India
11134:
Carmel Berkson; Wendy Doniger; George Michell (1999).
11102:
10249:
10247:
10245:
9169:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
7281:
and the largest and most-visited Hindu temple outside
6650:
also appear in architecture outside India, especially
6549:
5388:
Many of these ancient shrines were roofless, some had
5186:
inside Hindu temples vary widely in their expression.
3995:
where swans, ducks, curleys and paddy birds are heard,
3993:
whose breasts toss the white lotus hither and thither,
11913:
10605:
10232:
International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences
9237:
8844:
Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia
6033:(the Warangal Gate) built in the 12th century by the
5618:
Ancient Hindu temples outside the Indian subcontinent
5359:
became the preferred material of construction later.
4537:
is itself a symbolic word. In ancient Hindu scripts,
3897:
11407:"The Place of Worship(Special Provisions) Act, 1991"
11326:
11247:
The Mosques of Raichur: A preliminary classification
10581:
9185:
9183:
9181:
9179:
9177:
8865:
8859:
8278:
7187:
Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha
6908:
Angkor Wat is just one of numerous Hindu temples in
5723:
The 4th through 6th century marked the flowering of
4696:
12433:—on Hindu Temple Vimana, Pillars and Śilpa Śastras.
10479:, in Handbook of Oriental Studies, Brill Academic,
10242:
9751:
9749:
7805:
5856:, or parts used to build mosques. There exist both
3824:, signifying human life. All these layers surround
12200:
12044:
11943:
11781:
11675:
11038:Valmiki Ramayana, Ayodhya Khand, Canto 50, Verse 8
10833:
10806:
9991:, Editor: Knut Jacobsen (2010), Volume II, Brill,
9770:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
9720:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
8988:
8555:, State University of New York Press, pp. 268-277.
8232:, also applied to both Hindu and Buddhist temples.
6719:. The Kaveri river flood destroyed the temple and
6389:temples while the third is mainly associated with
5075:, has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage site.
12286:Specifically Hindu cultural contexts such as the
11625:. 1st. New Jersey: Wiley Publishing, 2010, p. 75.
11499:
11047:
10859:
10857:
9949:Bhavasar and Kiem, "Spirituality and Health", in
9445:
9443:
9441:
9439:
9437:
9262:G. D. Vasudev (2001), Vastu, Motilal Banarsidas,
9174:
9085:"Hindu Temple – Vishva Hindu Parishad – Thailand"
6715:, the temple was first built by the Chola ruler,
5067:, with hundreds of art reliefs including many of
14054:
11041:
10783:. Oxford University Press. pp. 20, 33, 39.
10721:
10419:, Vol. 11, Article 5, doi 10.7825/2164-6279.1178
9746:
9127:, The Hindu Temple, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
9107:, The Hindu Temple, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
8946:translated from French to English by Ken Hurry,
8725:Sacred Places Around the World: 108 Destinations
8468:
8385:
7838:, the liturgical language of Hinduism, the word
6794:Brihadeeshwarar temple at Gangaikonda Cholapuram
6177:(priest) are allowed to enter the main sanctum.
4995:Cave temples such as Chandrabhaga, Chalukya and
12117:Hildred Geertz, The Life of a Balinese Temple,
11621:Bain, Keith, Pippa Bryun, and David Allardice.
11496:, Journal of Islamic Studies, 11(3), pp 283-319
11017:Madras, Cornell University Archives, pp. 17-39.
10701:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 59–60.
10640:
10549:
10374:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 58–59.
9932:Jim Funderburk and Peter Scharf (2012); Quote:
9677:This concept has equivalence to the concept of
9576:In addition to a square four-sided layout, the
9331:
9329:
8571:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 61–76.
8420:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 61–62.
5433:. The entrance of the temple is referred to as
4712:Hindu Shiva temple depicted in a coin from the
4377:Large temples also have pillared halls, called
4006:the flowering trees on their banks as earrings,
3832:for darsana. Finally at the very center of the
37:"Mandir" redirects here. For Jain temples, see
11817:. New York: John Wiley and Sons. p. 253.
11608:Narayanan, Vasudha. "The Hindu Tradition". In
11374:"What does the Places of Worship Act protect?"
11371:
10854:
10776:
10694:
10667:
10636:
10634:
10632:
10367:
10128:
10126:
9961:, Crossroads Publishing New York, pp. 319-337;
9810:
9713:
9711:
9434:
9015:
8564:
8464:
8462:
8460:
8458:
8413:
7313:
7144:has many notable Hindu temples including: the
5091:Temple is an example of the former, while The
4430:The ancient texts on Hindu temple design, the
4311:(literally, a sight of knowledge, or vision).
13641:
12523:
12305:Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary,
11653:
11651:
11604:
11602:
11465:
11459:
11233:, pp. 70-77 (Archived by Columbia University)
10942:
10940:
10071:, Vol. 39, No. 3 (Autumn, 1983), pp. 249-250.
10059:
10057:
9928:Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary,
9883:Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
9293:
9291:
9289:
9287:
9285:
8892:
8890:
8888:
8598:
8596:
8594:
8592:
8590:
8588:
8456:
8454:
8452:
8450:
8448:
8446:
8444:
8442:
8440:
8438:
8407:
7408:
6506:
6353:, classifies the spire into three parts, the
6138:: the four main spiritual centers of Hinduism
5758:dynasty, evidence of which survives today at
5465:The 5th-century Ladkhan Shiva Temple, in the
4004:water as their garment, carps for their zone,
3556:
12263:
12180:
11585:. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. p. 3.
11009:
11007:
11005:
11003:
11001:
10916:
10751:
10426:, Vol. 8, No. 2 (January 1966), pp. 211-240.
10363:
10361:
10359:
10357:
10145:
9976:, Crossroads Publishing New York, pp. 64-85.
9898:Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict
9866:, Vol. 39, No. 3 (Autumn 1983), pp. 243-264.
9335:Alice Boner and Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā (1966),
9326:
5554:Plan of the 6th-century main-cave temple at
5384:A raised platform inside a pillared pavilion
5259:अज्ञानं भावनार्थाय प्रतिमाः परिकल्पिताः ॥५९॥
5103:
5095:are representative of the latter style. The
3991:and where clear waterpaths are made by swans
12397:Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture
11227:"Temple desecration and Indo-Muslim states"
11083:
11081:
11079:
11077:
11075:
11073:
11071:
10674:. Cambridge University Press. p. 106.
10629:
10123:
9708:
8944:The Hindu Temple: Deification of Eroticism,
8800:"Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States"
6215:Nagara Architecture of North Indian temples
5845:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
5535:Layout of Cave 3 temple of the 6th-century
4948:The 15th and 16th century Hindu temples at
3939:school of Hinduism, temples are venues for
141:(the world's largest religious structure);
13648:
13634:
12530:
12516:
12272:Hindi and Urdu Since 1800: A Common Reader
11751:Evolution of Temple Architecture in Orissa
11648:
11599:
11532:
10954:, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Summer 1999), pp. 75-80.
10937:
10802:
10800:
10555:
10424:Comparative Studies in Society and History
10084:, Vol. 43, No. 3 (1981–1982), pp. 219-235.
10054:
9282:
9019:The Hindu Temple: Deification of Eroticism
8885:
8585:
8435:
8204:, used both for Hindu or Buddhist temples.
5824:style famously used in Angkor Wat, with a
5372:A raised platform with or without a symbol
3563:
3549:
14045:Sorted alphabetically except the last one
12150:. Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers, Chapter 16.
11831:
11788:. New York: John Wiley and Sons. p.
11780:Ching, Francis D.K.; et al. (2007).
11610:A Concise Introduction to World Religions
11494:Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States
11336:. Lisbon: Grupo Lusofona. pp. 28–30.
10998:
10354:
9522:
9520:
9518:
9516:
9514:
9512:
9506:, The Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta
9413:
9145:
9143:
9141:
8977:Princeton University Readings in Religion
8815:
8768:
8643:
8641:
6298:
6061:. The temple was partly destroyed by the
5885:Temples were not converted into churches.
5770:distinctly different visual expressions.
5381:A raised platform enclosed with a railing
5149:: images that are engraved in half relief
5011:River bank and sea shore temples such as
4952:featured storage spaces (temple granary,
4915:Hospitals, community kitchen, monasteries
4774:
4485:among Hindu temples standing at 344 feet.
4265:gives the temple a local name, such as a
11673:
11582:Darśan: Seeing the Divine Image in India
11068:
10291:
10148:Journal of the American Oriental Society
10101:, Vol. 39, No. 3 (Autumn, 1983), p. 262.
10049:International Journal of Tantric Studies
9784:Journal of the American Oriental Society
9772:, Vol. 59, No. 1 (Mar., 2000), pp. 26-49
9477:
9475:
7130:
7094:
7068:
6991:
6942:temple complex, largest Hindu temple in
6933:
6885:
6860:
6814:
6723:submerged in the island, and later, the
6698:
6679:
6645:; and by the twelfth century, under the
6510:
6417:
6302:
6122:
6118:
5828:spire over the sanctum cell. Indonesian
5257:शिवमात्मनि पश्यन्ति प्रतिमासु न योगिनः ।
5242:A Hindu temple may or may not include a
5206:images are most common in Hindu temples.
5107:
5008:Forest temples such as Kasaun and Kusama
4742:
4543:Nyaya, Vaisesika, Sankhya, Yoga, Mimamsa
4469:
4412:An illustration of Hindu temple Spires (
4081:
3964:
3907:
3806:
3574:
12537:
12426:Essay on the Architecture of the Hindus
12366:
12342:. New Delhi: Aryan Books International.
12269:
11907:"Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam"
11890:Essay on the Architecture of the Hindus
11837:
11773:
11682:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
11506:Robert Bradnock; Roma Bradnock (2000).
11486:
11422:
11372:Venkataramanan, K. (17 November 2019).
10863:
10797:
10752:Fritz, John M; Michell, George (2016).
10647:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 45–46.
10336:Economic life in the Vijayanagar Empire
9781:
9717:
9297:
7279:the world’s second-largest Hindu temple
7179:
6915:
6786:Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple at Srirangam
6709:worlds largest functioning Hindu temple
6323:Bengali terra cotta temple architecture
6188:(circumambulations) around the temple.
6109:-period temple building to survive the
4442:Exceptions to the square grid principle
4420:, and the right one is from Pushkar in
4318:is a superstructure with a dome called
4253:. This space is sometimes known as the
4008:the confluence of rivers as their hips,
3680:, in Southeast Asian countries such as
2440:Sources and classification of scripture
14:
14055:
12452:
12443:
12345:Goel, S. R., and Arun Shourie (1992).
11931:
11919:
11806:
11423:Rautray, Samanwaya (10 October 2002).
10974:
10972:
10925:. University of Hawai'i Press: 23–46.
10872:. University of Hawai'i Press: 56–73.
10180:Vatsyayana, Kamasutra I.3, Jayamangala
10006:
9509:
9171:, Vol. 4, Issue 2, June 1926, pp. 391.
9138:
8651:, Vol. 19 (February 1960), pp. 163-76.
8638:
7220:
7126:
6869:from the other bank of Bagmati river,
5876:, was also known for his intolerance.
5289:Historical development and destruction
5001:Stepwell temple compounds such as the
4763:, still one of the largest temples in
4301:temple, Surya temple, etc. It is this
13655:
13629:
12511:
11969:
11812:
11779:
11764:"Temple Economy in Goa: A Case Study"
11678:Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism
11533:Flueckiger, Joyce Burkhalter (2015).
11350:, Anthropology Today, 1(3), pp. 7-14.
10907:, see Introduction, Chapters 1 and 2.
10728:Concepts of Space, Ancient and Modern
10229:
10210:
9668:, Vol. 46, No. 4 (1985), pp. 305-311.
9472:
9386:
9167:; See critical review by LD Barnett,
8797:
8095:or kō-vill (கோவில்) and occasionally
7858:. Regionally, they are also known as
7236:Hindu Temple Society of North America
7191:Hindu Temple Society of North America
7090:
6377:. The former two are associated with
5868:destroyed a large number of temples;
5585:-style temple ceiling, also in Aihole
3987:The gods always play where lakes are,
1067:Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)
1062:Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)
13886:Heathen hof or Germanic pagan temple
12347:Hindu temples: what happened to them
10952:India International Centre Quarterly
10840:. BRILL Academic. pp. 412–413.
10338:, University of Madras, pp. 490-498.
9589:
9022:. Inner Traditions. pp. 69–71.
8179:In Southeast Asia temples known as:
7780:
7771:
7762:
7737:
7728:
7719:
7710:
7701:
7692:
7683:
7674:
7665:
7656:
7647:
7638:
7629:
7620:
7611:
7602:
7593:
7584:
7575:
7534:
7525:
7500:
7475:
7466:
7457:
7448:
7439:
7388:
7205:, is the oldest Hindu temple in the
6740:. They built various temples around
6671:
6341:
6210:Regional variations in Hindu temples
6045:in the 1300s by the Delhi Sultanate.
5469:Hindu-Jain-Buddhist temple site, in
4754:is gilded with 1500 kg of pure gold.
3784:Significance and meaning of a temple
143:Swaminarayan Akshardham (New Jersey)
12309:"sacred spot, place of pilgrimage".
12137:Vietnam, UNESCO World Heritage Site
11815:A Visual Dictionary of Architecture
11578:
11200:, Vol. 42, No. 1 (1980), pp. 39-99.
10969:
10616:From Temple schools to Universities
10592:From Temple schools to Universities
10536:From Temple schools to Universities
10515:From Temple schools to Universities
10477:From Temple schools to Universities
10272:From Temple schools to Universities
10099:Journal of Anthropological Research
10069:Journal of Anthropological Research
9864:Journal of Anthropological Research
9493:, Bloomsbury Academic, pp. 121-125.
8331:List of Hindu temples outside India
7484:
6841:
6550:South Indian and Sri Lankan temples
6422:Bird's Eye view of one of the four
6006:In the 14th century, the armies of
5375:A raised platform under an umbrella
3612:worship and show their devotion to
24:
11944:earnmyvacation.com (30 May 2023).
10417:Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies
9981:
9567:in various ancient Sanskrit texts.
9504:The Brhat Sanhita of Varaha-mihara
9451:Traditions of the Indian Craftsman
7238:is the oldest Hindu temple in the
7023:bear resemblances with temples of
6926:List of Hindu temples in Indonesia
6798:Airavatesvarar Temple of Darasuram
6613:South Indian temples have a large
6565:A row of gopurams (towers) in the
6157:). The inner sanctuary, where the
5789:are consist of a shaft dug to the
4104:compared to 16 types described in
4059:(literally "science" of dwelling;
3898:Forms and designs of Hindu temples
25:
14079:
13861:Mandi or Mashkhanna or Beth Manda
12474:
12369:Interdisciplinary Science Reviews
8693:, see Introduction and pp. 36-37.
7543:
6821:Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam
6790:Brihadeeshwarar temple at Tanjore
6764:rule created temples such as the
6279:in which the deity is installed.
5974:between 12th and 18th century CE.
5843:In the 12th–16th century, during
5330:extensively describes temples of
4877:
4697:Social functions of Hindu temples
4620:
4481:, is noted for having one of the
145:(the largest U.S. Hindu temple);
13960:
13941:
13922:
13903:
13875:
13852:
13819:
13800:
13790:Jain temple or Derasar or Basadi
13781:
13753:
13734:
13686:
13667:
12492:
12480:
12423:Ram Rāz, Henry Harkness (1834),
12312:
12299:
12238:
12226:
12181:Shivani Vora (28 October 2016).
12161:Hindu and Sikh Faiths in America
12153:
12140:
12128:
12111:
12095:
12083:
12065:
12034:
12025:
12015:
11994:
11963:
11937:
11899:
11878:
11856:
11784:A Global History of Architecture
11756:
11749:Dibishada Brajasundar Garnayak,
11743:
11717:
11700:
11667:
11628:
11615:
11572:
11559:A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism
11551:
11526:
11435:
11416:
11399:
11365:
11353:
11340:
11320:
11284:
11254:A Global History of Architecture
11236:
11225:Richard Eaton (5 January 2001),
11219:
11203:
11190:
11181:
11172:
11163:
11154:
11127:
11114:
11090:
11032:
11020:
10957:
10910:
10893:
10884:
10827:
10770:
10745:
9989:Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism
9968:, Editor: Ewert Cousins (1989),
9953:, Editor: Ewert Cousins (1989),
8829:Islam in the Indian Subcontinent
8746:New Homelands: Hindu Communities
8704:A Global History of Architecture
8295:
8281:
8269:Konark Sun Temple panoramic view
8258:
7804:
7789:
7788:
7779:
7770:
7761:
7746:
7745:
7736:
7727:
7718:
7709:
7700:
7691:
7682:
7673:
7664:
7655:
7646:
7637:
7628:
7619:
7610:
7601:
7592:
7583:
7574:
7558:
7542:
7533:
7524:
7509:
7508:
7499:
7483:
7474:
7465:
7456:
7447:
7438:
7422:
7415:
7366:
7347:
7320:
7290:
7259:
7227:
6987:massive eruption of Mount Merapi
6881:
6705:Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple
6585:
6558:
6471:
6460:
6449:
6349:temple architecture is known as
6241:
6223:
6094:
6078:
6050:
6023:
5999:
5979:
5959:
5927:
5907:
5684:
5666:
5646:
5628:
5590:
5574:
5562:
5547:
5528:
5516:
5496:
5477:
5458:
5172:
5163:
5132:Ancient Sanskrit texts classify
5033:
5022:
4828:
4816:
4802:
4790:
4721:
4705:
4649:
4638:
4629:
4402:
4393:
4347:
4338:
4168:
4156:
3530:
217:
123:
114:
103:
94:
83:
74:
63:
54:
12438:The temples of Himachal Pradesh
12332:
10813:. Greenwood. pp. 126–127.
10715:
10688:
10661:
10528:
10507:
10490:
10469:
10452:
10431:
10388:
10341:
10328:
10285:
10264:
10223:
10204:
10183:
10174:
10139:
10104:
10087:
10074:
10030:
9940:
9922:
9869:
9852:
9841:, University of Chicago Press,
9831:
9820:, Vol. 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
9775:
9762:
9687:
9671:
9654:
9630:
9610:
9583:
9570:
9541:
9496:
9483:Hinduism and the religious arts
9456:
9407:
9380:
9364:
9348:
9273:
9256:
9220:
9199:
9118:
9098:
9077:
9036:
9009:
8982:
8957:
8936:
8927:
8911:
8900:, University of Chicago Press,
8759:
8738:
8717:
8696:
8675:
8664:, University of Chicago Press,
8654:
8617:
7423:
6890:Art relief at the Hindu temple
6567:Srirangam Ranganathaswmy temple
5484:Plan of 5th-century temples in
5005:, Ankol Mata and Huccimallugudi
4612:, as well as the space for the
3872:(virtues, ethical life) and of
12444:Sastri, K.A.Nilakanta (1970).
12440:. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
12270:Shackle, C. (1 January 1990).
12004:, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
11970:Bhatt, Shiva (13 April 2018).
11753:, Orissa Review, November 2007
11252:Mark Jarzombek et al. (2010),
10193:, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
10134:Journal of Aesthetic Education
10120:University of Cologne, Germany
10019:, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
9604:10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.01.028
9152:Town planning in Ancient India
8846:, Princeton University Press,
8558:
8534:
8523:, Vol 2, Motilal Banarsidass,
8510:
8501:
8489:
8379:
8326:List of Hindu temples in India
7395:Archaeological Survey of India
7176:in Bangkok are actively used.
5777:of the 11th- and 12th-century
5378:A raised platform under a tree
4761:Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur
4063:is a composite Sanskrit word;
305:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies
13:
1:
13976:Varying religions and beliefs
12248:in Tamil language also means
11327:Teotonio R. De Souza (2016).
11015:Elements of Hindu Iconography
10966:, UNESCO World Heritage Site.
10964:Rani-ki-vav at Patan, Gujarat
10731:. Abhinav. pp. 198–199.
9428:10.1080/02666030.1997.9628528
9389:Journal of Cultural Geography
8625:Brhat Samhita of Varahamihira
8372:
8341:List of largest Hindu ashrams
8336:List of largest Hindu temples
8316:List of Shiva Temple In India
7823:Major Hindu temple sites for
7136:Sri Mariamman Temple, Bangkok
7103:Hindu temple complex, Vietnam
5938:was destroyed by the army of
5775:Western Chalukya architecture
5043:Hindu deities, stepwell style
4862:Palm-leaf manuscripts called
4218:The 49-grid design is called
4110:Pancaratra Prasada Prasadhana
3361:Other society-related topics:
1057:Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)
13697:Buddhist Monastery or Vihāra
12349:. New Delhi: Voice of India.
12125:, University of Hawaii Press
11813:Ching, Francis D.K. (1995).
11770:2(5), Fall 2013, pp. 97-111.
11512:. McGraw-Hill. p. 959.
11451:. Trübner & co. p.
11137:Elephanta: The Cave of Shiva
10562:. Harman. pp. 202–203.
10466:, pages ix, 158-168, 252-259
10294:The Journal of Asian Studies
8649:The Journal of Asian Studies
8212:in Hindu majority island of
7559:
7111:Kingdoms along the coast of
6784:. The Chola temples include
5511:has a simple, one-cell plan.
5085:Indian rock-cut architecture
4465:
3764:since the 12th century. The
3472:Hinduism and other religions
2269:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati
27:Place of worship in Hinduism
7:
12078:. Aditya Prakashan, Delhi.
11308:, 5th Edition, Agra College
11122:The Gupta Temple at Deogarh
10834:Albertina Nugteren (2005).
10807:Colleen Taylor Sen (2004).
8989:Antonio Rigopoulos (1998).
8839:, Brill Academic, Chapter 1
8274:
7374:Clairwood Shri Shiva Temple
7314:Outside New York/New Jersey
6774:Srivilliputhur Andal Temple
6711:. The temple is present in
5879:The 16th- and 19th-century
3217:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram
3189:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
922:Arishadvargas (six enemies)
866:Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)
861:Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)
32:Devasthana (disambiguation)
10:
14084:
12436:Nagar, Shanti Lal (1990).
12092:UNESCO world heritage site
12090:Prambanan Temple Compounds
11714:, Indiana University Press
11674:Williams, Raymond (2001).
11048:J. L. Brockington (1998).
10948:"The stepwells of Gujarat"
10439:Metropolitan Museum of Art
10349:The Economic Weekly Annual
9885:, 2nd Edition, Routledge,
9345:, E.J. Brill (Netherlands)
8804:Journal of Islamic Studies
7409:Etymology and nomenclature
6919:
6804:World Heritage Sites. The
6756:in Mamallapuram, a UNESCO
6515:Saptakoteshwar Temple, Goa
6507:Temples of Goa and Konkani
5292:
4125:Isanasivagurudeva paddhati
4048:
3901:
3608:, is a sacred place where
3093:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
1778:Gurus, sants, philosophers
1714:Akshar Purushottam Darshan
902:Uparati (self-settledness)
36:
29:
14040:
13975:
13956:
13937:
13918:
13899:
13867:
13848:
13815:
13796:
13777:
13749:
13730:
13682:
13663:
13597:
13557:
13506:
13499:
13473:
13400:
13354:
13284:
13233:
13132:
12966:
12928:
12839:
12754:
12686:
12633:
12626:
12545:
12446:Advanced History of India
12389:10.1179/isr.1985.10.3.248
12233:Sanskrit words for Temple
11887:, Henry Harkness (1834),
11866:. Encyclopædia Britannica
11120:Madho Sarup Vats (1952),
10756:. Jaico. pp. 61–63.
9693:Stella Kramrisch (1976),
9636:Datta and Beynon (2011),
9616:Stella Kramrisch (1976),
9530:, Anthony D. King (ed.),
9449:Stella Kramrisch (1958),
9401:10.1080/08873639809478319
9054:, Chapter 6, pp. 102-103.
8756:, Oxford University Press
8606:, Anthony D. King (Ed.),
8531:, pp. 346-357 and 423-424
8469:Stella Kramrisch (1946).
8386:Stella Kramrisch (1946).
8346:Hindu temple architecture
8250:
7847:
6953:Ancient Hindu temples in
6629:. They are topped by the
6569:, a typical South Indian
6085:Exterior wall reliefs at
5781:region of modern central
5622:
5295:Hindu temple architecture
5104:Arts inside Hindu temples
4989:Mountain temples such as
4980:
4784:
4674:
4518:
3971:Bhutanatha temple complex
3904:Hindu temple architecture
3860:(prosperity, wealth), of
3766:Swaminarayanan Akshardham
3581:Hindu temple architecture
2259:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati
917:Samadhana (concentration)
781:Three paths to liberation
288:Tribal religions in India
273:Historical Vedic religion
268:Indus Valley Civilisation
41:. For the 1937 film, see
13950:Taoist temple or Dàoguàn
12159:Harley, Gail M. (2003).
11838:Michell, George (1988).
11304:A.L. Srivastava (1966),
11054:. BRILL. pp. 379–.
10641:Kenneth G. Zysk (1998).
10614:Hartmut Scharfe (2002),
10590:Hartmut Scharfe (2002),
10534:Hartmut Scharfe (2002),
10513:Hartmut Scharfe (2002),
10475:Hartmut Scharfe (2002),
10270:Hartmut Scharfe (2002),
9592:Building and Environment
8367:
8107:means "residence of God"
6967:). Prior to the rise of
6831:and First among the 108
6530:Portuguese architectural
6524:temple styles with some
6481:Jagannath Temple in the
6336:Dakshineswar Kali Temple
6308:Dakshineswar Kali Temple
6161:reside, is known as the
5850:Forms of various deities
4571:Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
4305:which devotees seek for
4139:style of Hindu temples.
4026:1.60.4-8, 6th century CE
3770:Robbinsville, New Jersey
3696:, and countries such as
1093:, sacrifice, and charity
179:Dakshineswar Kali Temple
133:Row-wise from top-left:
13769:Balinese temple or Pura
13676:Baháʼí House of Worship
13558:Fruits and other plants
12459:. Delhi: Shakti Malik.
12274:. Heritage Publishers.
11443:Matthew Atmore Sherring
11346:Marc Gaborieau (1985),
11027:Jabaladarsana Upanishad
10777:Anila Verghese (2002).
10695:George Michell (1977).
10668:Michael Willis (2014).
10368:George Michell (1977).
9914:The Essence of Hinduism
9908:, Academic Press, 2008;
9837:George Michell (1988),
9643:1 November 2018 at the
9538:, Routledge, pp. 68-69.
9481:Heather Elgood (2000),
9074:, Routledge, pp. 71-73.
9046:, Karen Leonard (Ed.),
9016:Alain Daniélou (2001).
8942:Alain Daniélou (2001),
8896:George Michell (1988),
8798:Eaton, Richard (2000).
8660:George Michell (1988),
8565:George Michell (1977).
8414:George Michell (1977).
7298:Sri Venkateswara Temple
7267:Swaminarayan Akshardham
7189:. The Ganesh temple of
7013:archaeological findings
6776:at Srivilliputhur. The
5992:Sikandar the Iconoclast
5936:Kashi Vishwanath Temple
5870:Sikandar the Iconoclast
5785:includes many temples.
5273:Jabaladarsana Upanishad
5120:, intricate designs of
5061:Mata Bhavani's Stepwell
4555:Brihadaranyaka Upanisad
4142:
3956:
3266:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
2479:Timeline of Hindu texts
2384:Siddharameshwar Maharaj
1417:Pumsavana Simantonayana
1072:Śabda (word, testimony)
310:Epic-Puranic chronology
278:Dravidian folk religion
13912:Shinto Shrine or Jinja
13764:Hindu temple or Mandir
12497:Quotations related to
12163:. Facts on File, Inc.
12148:Champa: Ancient Towers
12146:Ngô Vǎn Doanh (2006),
11976:Hindu Temples In Nepal
11579:Eck, Diana L. (2007).
11557:Werner, Karel (1994).
11492:Richard Eaton (2000),
11466:Madhuri Desai (2007).
11429:www.telegraphindia.com
11412:. Government of India.
11311:Vincent Smith (1920),
11245:Elizabeth Merklinger,
10043:10 August 2014 at the
8702:Francis Ching et al.,
8614:, Routledge, Chapter 4
7334:, U.S., welcomes both
7328:Sri Siva Vishnu Temple
7217:(Deepavali) festival.
7138:
7104:
7087:
7007:
6950:
6895:
6878:
6838:
6819:An aerial view of the
6770:Meenakshi Amman Temple
6695:
6685:Padmanabhaswamy Temple
6516:
6442:
6314:
6299:Temples in West Bengal
6139:
6031:Kakatiya Kala Thoranam
5854:converted into mosques
5764:Elephanta cave temples
5503:The early 6th-century
5445:, pillars were called
5313:, mentions male deity
5278:
5125:
4780:Types of Hindu temples
4775:Library of manuscripts
4755:
4576:
4486:
4088:
4029:
3982:
3923:
3841:
3583:
3231:Eighteen Greater Texts
2860:Brahma Vaivarta Purana
2289:Krishnananda Saraswati
1533:Vijayadashami-Dussehra
1047:Pratyakṣa (perception)
907:Titiksha (forbearance)
163:Ranganathaswamy Temple
12453:Sircar, D.C. (1979).
11768:The Macrotheme Review
11762:Padmaja Vijay Kamat,
11729:The Financial Express
11013:Gopinath Rao (1914),
10919:Archives of Asian Art
10866:Archives of Asian Art
10810:Food Culture in India
10578:for its maintenance."
10334:T Mahalingam (1951),
10116:14 March 2016 at the
10036:Michael Rabe (1996),
8635:, Motilal Banarsidass
8321:List of Hindu temples
7401:that administers its
7234:The Ganesh temple of
7134:
7098:
7072:
6997:Pura Ulun Danu Bratan
6995:
6937:
6889:
6864:
6818:
6766:Koodal Azhagar temple
6699:Temples in Tamil Nadu
6683:
6514:
6421:
6306:
6126:
6119:Customs and etiquette
6059:Rudra Mahalaya Temple
5836:built brick temples.
5254:
5111:
4941:(health house) and a
4746:
4559:
4473:
4316:vastu-purusha-mandala
4240:vastu-purusha-mandala
4185:vastu-purusha-mandala
4085:
3984:
3977:, which is next to a
3968:
3911:
3810:
3578:
3347:Varna-related topics:
3238:Eighteen Lesser Texts
2811:Devi Bhagavata Purana
1707:Svabhavika Bhedabheda
1693:Achintya Bheda Abheda
1625:Philosophical schools
927:Ahamkara (attachment)
887:Vairagya (dispassion)
815:Mokṣa-related topics:
12489:at Wikimedia Commons
12395:Meister, Michael W.
12338:Deva, Kṛṣṇa (1995).
10001:Wisdom and Knowledge
9896:Lester Kurtz (Ed.),
9757:The Visual Computer,
9217:, 28(2), pp. 244-264
8867:Frances Kai-Hwa Wang
8817:10.1093/jis/11.3.283
8681:Alice Boner (1990),
8545:A Survey of Hinduism
8080:(పుణ్యక్షేత్రాలయం),
8076:(పుణ్యక్షేత్రం), or
7820:class=notpageimage|
7180:Temples outside Asia
7146:Sri Mariammam temple
7058:temple is known as "
6916:Temples in Indonesia
6867:Pashupatinath Temple
6848:Pashupatinath temple
6800:which are among the
6440:Kalinga Architecture
6428:The Jagannath Temple
6351:Kalinga architecture
6073:in the 15th century.
5889:British colonial era
5261:- जाबालदर्शनोपनिषत्
5122:Hoysala architecture
4432:Vāstu-puruṣa-mandala
4324:in north India, and
3949:, or meditation, or
3866:(pleasure, sex), of
3479:Hinduism and Jainism
2409:Vethathiri Maharishi
2314:Nisargadatta Maharaj
882:Viveka (discernment)
257:(500/200 BCE–300 CE)
171:Pashupatinath Temple
12539:Worship in Hinduism
12381:1985ISRv...10..248M
12214:. 25 September 2023
12052:"Hindu Temple Tour"
10556:D. Dayalan (1992).
9526:Susan Lewandowski,
9416:South Asian Studies
8965:South Asian Studies
8723:Brad Olsen (2004),
7221:New York/New Jersey
7127:Temples in Thailand
6758:World Heritage Site
6087:Hoysaleswara Temple
5834:Champa architecture
5619:
5600:is an 11th-century
5541:Badami cave temples
5118:Hoysaleswara Temple
4933:(maternity house),
4781:
4230:, the sun-god. The
3738:Trinidad and Tobago
3537:Hinduism portal
3416:Hinduism by country
3252:Iraiyanar Akapporul
3196:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
2279:Dayananda Saraswati
2264:Bhaktivinoda Thakur
2170:Sripada Srivallabha
2110:Raghunatha Siromani
2075:Narasimha Saraswati
1052:Anumāṇa (inference)
12958:Om Namo Narayanaya
12352:Kramrisch, Stella
12212:The Indian Express
12187:The New York Times
12000:Stella Kramrisch,
11934:, pp. 18–182.
11635:Indonesia Handbook
11051:The Sanskrit Epics
10986:. 15 February 2016
10754:Hampi Vijayanagara
10413:Marion O'Callaghan
10189:Stella Kramrisch,
9966:Hindu Spirituality
9951:Hindu Spirituality
9816:Stella Kramrisch,
8842:Robert W. Hefner,
8825:Annemarie Schimmel
8771:Anthropology Today
8623:M.R. Bhat (1996),
8541:Klaus Klostermaier
8021:(𑂘𑂍𑂳𑂩𑂥𑂰𑂚𑂲)
7240:Western hemisphere
7207:Western Hemisphere
7139:
7105:
7091:Temples in Vietnam
7088:
7078:temple complex in
7017:tourist attraction
7008:
6951:
6922:Candi of Indonesia
6896:
6879:
6839:
6829:Bhuloka Vaikuntham
6746:Narasimhavarman II
6696:
6689:Thiruvananthapuram
6652:Khmer architecture
6633:, a bulbous stone
6573:temple complex in
6517:
6485:, the magnificent
6443:
6357:(lower limb), the
6315:
6143:offerings for the
6140:
5988:Martand Sun Temple
5818:Khmer architecture
5708:With the start of
5617:
5505:Dashavatara Temple
5126:
4857:Sarasvati-bhandara
4779:
4756:
4557:(4.3.21) recites:
4487:
4089:
3983:
3924:
3842:
3762:Hinduism and Islam
3584:
3431:Caribbean Shaktism
3150:Kanakadhara Stotra
2399:U. G. Krishnamurti
2379:Satyadhyana Tirtha
1975:Gangesha Upadhyaya
1633:Six Astika schools
877:Ānanda (happiness)
856:Anātman (non-self)
14050:
14049:
13809:Synagogue or Shul
13712:Shaolin Monastery
13657:Places of worship
13623:
13622:
13593:
13592:
13584:Tulasi Vrindavana
12835:
12834:
12797:Panchayatana puja
12485:Media related to
12290:'worship' in the
12010:978-81-208-0222-3
11799:978-0-471-26892-5
11731:. 8 December 2019
11693:978-0-521-65422-7
11592:978-81-208-3266-4
11544:978-1-4051-6021-6
11535:Everyday Hinduism
11519:978-0-658-01151-1
11479:978-0-549-52839-5
11147:978-81-208-1284-0
10820:978-0-313-32487-1
10790:978-0-19-565433-2
10763:978-81-8495-602-3
10738:978-81-7017-252-9
10708:978-0-226-53230-1
10681:978-1-107-46016-4
10654:978-81-208-1528-5
10569:978-81-85151-55-7
10407:978-0-7914-4509-9
10381:978-0-226-53230-1
10199:978-81-208-0222-3
10025:978-81-208-0222-3
9999:, see Article on
9997:978-90-04-17893-9
9891:978-0-415-45677-7
9826:978-81-208-0222-3
9598:(12): 4093–4107.
9215:World Archaeology
9165:978-81-8205-487-5
9133:978-81-208-0222-3
9113:978-81-208-0222-3
9029:978-0-89281-854-9
9002:978-0-7914-3696-7
8578:978-0-226-53230-1
8553:978-0-7914-7082-4
8529:978-81-208-0222-3
8482:978-81-208-0223-0
8427:978-0-226-53230-1
8399:978-81-208-0223-0
8103:; the Tamil word
8078:Punyakshetralayam
7812:" Ramappa Temple"
7389:Temple management
7099:Partially ruined
6827:, often known as
6806:Nayaks of Madurai
6672:Temples in Kerala
6660:sanctum sanctorum
6593:Koneswaram Temple
6487:Konark Sun Temple
6483:Balasore District
6408:sanctum sanctorum
6342:Temples in Odisha
6277:sanctum sanctorum
6263:sanctum sanctorum
6249:Sivasagar Sivadol
6101:The 12th-century
5940:Qutb ud-Din Aibak
5874:Sultan of Kashmir
5862:Muslim traditions
5706:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5606:Chaulukya dynasty
5050:Step well temples
4844:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4748:The Golden Temple
4573:, 7th century BCE
4475:Chaturbhuj Temple
3573:
3572:
3424:Balinese Hinduism
2923:Markandeya Purana
2160:Satyanatha Tirtha
2115:Raghuttama Tirtha
2105:Raghavendra Swami
1950:Ramdas Kathiababa
1031:Sources of dharma
897:Dama (temperance)
892:Sama (equanimity)
258:
16:(Redirected from
14075:
13964:
13945:
13926:
13907:
13879:
13856:
13823:
13804:
13785:
13757:
13738:
13690:
13671:
13650:
13643:
13636:
13627:
13626:
13504:
13503:
13392:Pilgrimage sites
12953:Om Namah Shivaya
12802:Prana Pratishtha
12782:Kumbhabhishekham
12631:
12630:
12532:
12525:
12518:
12509:
12508:
12496:
12484:
12470:
12449:
12409:Michell, George
12392:
12340:Temples of India
12326:
12316:
12310:
12303:
12297:
12296:
12267:
12261:
12242:
12236:
12230:
12224:
12223:
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12219:
12204:
12198:
12197:
12195:
12193:
12178:
12172:
12157:
12151:
12144:
12138:
12135:My Son Sanctuary
12132:
12126:
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12109:
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12087:
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12060:
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12042:
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12032:
12029:
12023:
12019:
12013:
12002:The Hindu Temple
11998:
11992:
11991:
11989:
11987:
11982:on 26 March 2023
11978:. Archived from
11967:
11961:
11960:
11958:
11956:
11950:Earn My Vacation
11941:
11935:
11929:
11923:
11917:
11911:
11910:
11903:
11897:
11882:
11876:
11875:
11873:
11871:
11860:
11854:
11853:
11840:The Hindu Temple
11835:
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11810:
11804:
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11777:
11771:
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11754:
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11655:
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11632:
11626:
11619:
11613:
11606:
11597:
11596:
11576:
11570:
11561:. Curzon Press.
11555:
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11118:
11112:
11109:Stella Kramrisch
11106:
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11094:
11088:
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11039:
11036:
11030:
11024:
11018:
11011:
10996:
10995:
10993:
10991:
10976:
10967:
10961:
10955:
10946:Jutta Neubauer,
10944:
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10934:
10914:
10908:
10897:
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10861:
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10723:Kapila Vatsyayan
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10325:
10289:
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10268:
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10251:
10240:
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10227:
10221:
10220:
10213:Social Scientist
10208:
10202:
10191:The Hindu Temple
10187:
10181:
10178:
10172:
10171:
10143:
10137:
10130:
10121:
10108:
10102:
10091:
10085:
10078:
10072:
10061:
10052:
10051:, Vol. 2, No. 2.
10034:
10028:
10017:The Hindu Temple
10013:Stella Kramrisch
10010:
10004:
9985:
9979:
9944:
9938:
9926:
9920:
9879:Julius J. Lipner
9873:
9867:
9856:
9850:
9835:
9829:
9818:The Hindu Temple
9814:
9808:
9807:
9779:
9773:
9766:
9760:
9753:
9744:
9743:
9732:10.2307/25068237
9715:
9706:
9695:The Hindu Temple
9691:
9685:
9675:
9669:
9658:
9652:
9634:
9628:
9618:The Hindu Temple
9614:
9608:
9607:
9587:
9581:
9574:
9568:
9545:
9539:
9524:
9507:
9502:H, Kern (1865),
9500:
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9447:
9432:
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9411:
9405:
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9384:
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9277:
9271:
9260:
9254:
9244:
9235:
9224:
9218:
9203:
9197:
9187:
9172:
9149:BB Dutt (1925),
9147:
9136:
9125:Stella Kramrisch
9122:
9116:
9105:Stella Kramrisch
9102:
9096:
9095:
9093:
9091:
9081:
9075:
9064:
9055:
9044:Immigrant Faiths
9040:
9034:
9033:
9013:
9007:
9006:
8986:
8980:
8961:
8955:
8940:
8934:
8931:
8925:
8915:
8909:
8894:
8883:
8882:
8880:
8878:
8869:(28 July 2014).
8863:
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8636:
8621:
8615:
8600:
8583:
8582:
8562:
8556:
8538:
8532:
8521:The Hindu Temple
8517:Stella Kramrisch
8514:
8508:
8505:
8499:
8493:
8487:
8486:
8472:The Hindu Temple
8466:
8433:
8431:
8411:
8405:
8403:
8389:The Hindu Temple
8383:
8353:-Mandaean Temple
8305:
8300:
8299:
8298:
8291:
8286:
8285:
8262:
8252:
8192:, especially in
8029:
8022:
8011:
8004:
7997:
7990:
7989:( 𑂠𑂵𑂫𑂰𑂪𑂨 )
7983:
7849:
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7807:
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7426:
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7419:
7370:
7354:Hindu temple in
7351:
7324:
7294:
7263:
7231:
7158:Prasat Muang Tam
7148:in Bangkok, the
6842:Temples in Nepal
6810:Meenakshi Temple
6782:Vijayalaya Chola
6750:Thirukadalmallai
6589:
6562:
6475:
6464:
6453:
6438:built using the
6273:circumambulation
6245:
6231:Kedarnath Temple
6227:
6128:Jagannath Temple
6098:
6082:
6054:
6035:Kakatiya dynasty
6027:
6016:Meenakshi Temple
6014:, plundered the
6003:
5983:
5963:
5931:
5911:
5886:
5745:Malaprabha river
5688:
5670:
5650:
5632:
5624:
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5620:
5616:
5594:
5578:
5566:
5551:
5532:
5520:
5500:
5481:
5462:
5305:Valmiki Ramayana
5276:
5176:
5167:
5037:
5026:
4937:(physician), an
4853:Hindu philosophy
4832:
4820:
4806:
4794:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4778:
4725:
4709:
4676:
4659:The 6th-century
4653:
4642:
4633:
4585:shikhara, vimana
4574:
4520:
4414:Shikhara, Vimana
4406:
4397:
4351:
4342:
4172:
4160:
4067:means "reside",
4042:Visnudharmottara
4027:
3931:is mentioned by
3814:Paisachika padas
3590:, also known as
3565:
3558:
3551:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3495:and Christianity
3465:Pilgrimage sites
3395:Reform movements
3273:Vinayagar Agaval
3224:Five Great Epics
3173:Tamil literature
3072:Sushruta Samhita
2867:Bhavishya Purana
2853:Brahmanda Purana
2804:Bhagavata Purana
2732:Other scriptures
2294:Mahavatar Babaji
1874:Satyakama Jabala
1545:Ganesh Chaturthi
1399:Rites of passage
912:Shraddha (faith)
330:Major traditions
256:
221:
198:
197:
147:Jagannath Temple
127:
118:
107:
98:
87:
78:
67:
58:
21:
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14072:
14053:
14052:
14051:
14046:
14036:
13971:
13952:
13933:
13914:
13895:
13873:modern paganism
13863:
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12900:Sandhyavandanam
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12807:Sandhyavandanam
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11732:
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11722:
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11705:
11701:
11694:
11672:
11668:
11656:
11649:
11637:, 3rd edition,
11633:
11629:
11623:Frommer's India
11620:
11616:
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11577:
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11306:Delhi Sultanate
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10602:, pages 173-174
10589:
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10525:, pages 169-171
10512:
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10487:, pages 183-186
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10329:
10306:10.2307/2057102
10290:
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10282:, pages 166-193
10269:
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10118:Wayback Machine
10109:
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10045:Wayback Machine
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9645:Wayback Machine
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8370:
8303:Hinduism portal
8301:
8296:
8294:
8289:Religion portal
8287:
8280:
8277:
8272:
8271:
8270:
8268:
8263:
8125:(ദേവസ്ഥാനം) or
8072:(క్షేత్రాలయం),
8027:
8020:
8009:
8002:
7995:
7988:
7981:
7842:means "house" (
7832:
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7093:
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6932:
6930:Balinese temple
6920:Main articles:
6918:
6884:
6877:
6844:
6772:at Madurai and
6701:
6674:
6627:Dravidian style
6611:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6590:
6582:
6581:
6563:
6552:
6544:Hindu mythology
6509:
6504:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6495:Rajarani Temple
6478:
6477:
6476:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6361:(body) and the
6344:
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6257:
6256:
6255:
6246:
6238:
6237:
6228:
6217:
6212:
6121:
6114:
6111:Goa Inquisition
6099:
6090:
6083:
6074:
6067:Alauddin Khalji
6063:Sultan of Delhi
6055:
6046:
6041:temple complex
6028:
6019:
6008:Delhi Sultanate
6004:
5995:
5984:
5975:
5964:
5955:
5948:Gyanvapi Mosque
5932:
5923:
5912:
5884:
5881:Goa Inquisition
5866:Delhi Sultanate
5822:Temple mountain
5816:. In Cambodia,
5749:Badami Chalukya
5698:
5689:
5680:
5671:
5660:
5651:
5642:
5633:
5613:
5604:, built by the
5595:
5586:
5579:
5570:
5567:
5558:
5552:
5543:
5533:
5524:
5521:
5512:
5509:Deogarh complex
5501:
5492:
5482:
5473:
5463:
5297:
5291:
5277:
5271:
5268:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5169:
5168:
5106:
5097:Elephanta Caves
5093:Elephanta Caves
5047:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5029:
5028:
5027:
4983:
4929:provision of a
4917:
4904:Bhakti movement
4880:
4836:
4835:Seashore temple
4833:
4824:
4823:Mountain temple
4821:
4810:
4807:
4798:
4795:
4777:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4718:
4717:
4714:1st century BCE
4710:
4699:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4635:
4634:
4623:
4575:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4468:
4460:Michael Meister
4428:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4399:
4398:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4344:
4343:
4247:highest reality
4181:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4152:
4151:
4145:
4051:
4028:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3959:
3906:
3900:
3786:
3569:
3531:
3529:
3510:
3509:
3503:
3473:
3439:
3418:
3410:
3400:
3399:
3362:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3278:
3175:
3143:
3065:Charaka Samhita
3044:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
3002:Shilpa Shastras
2981:
2934:
2818:Naradiya Purana
2790:
2785:
2760:
2734:
2693:
2557:
2489:
2473:
2442:
2434:
2424:
2423:
2369:Shirdi Sai Baba
2364:Sathya Sai Baba
2344:Ramana Maharshi
2248:
2215:Vadiraja Tirtha
2210:Vācaspati Miśra
2090:Srinivasacharya
2070:Narahari Tirtha
2050:Matsyendranatha
2035:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa
2000:Jagannatha Dasa
1990:Haridasa Thakur
1909:
1788:
1780:
1770:
1769:
1725:
1686:Vishishtadvaita
1635:
1627:
1617:
1616:
1570:Makar Sankranti
1550:Vasant Panchami
1513:Maha Shivaratri
1497:
1401:
1310:
1244:
1213:
1094:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1041:
935:
872:Prajña (wisdom)
868:
845:
809:
783:
752:
721:
719:Meaning of life
706:God in Hinduism
695:
659:
657:Supreme reality
634:Subtle elements
623:
604:
598:
588:
587:
443:
412:
386:
378:
368:
367:
364:
331:
325:
315:
314:
259:
254:Hindu synthesis
250:
245:
196:
195:
194:
193:
130:
129:
128:
120:
119:
110:
109:
108:
100:
99:
90:
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69:
68:
60:
59:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14081:
14071:
14070:
14065:
14048:
14047:
14041:
14038:
14037:
14035:
14034:
14033:
14032:
14022:
14021:
14020:
14015:
14005:
14000:
13995:
13990:
13985:
13979:
13977:
13973:
13972:
13967:
13965:
13958:Zoroastrianism
13954:
13953:
13948:
13946:
13935:
13934:
13929:
13927:
13916:
13915:
13910:
13908:
13897:
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13516:
13510:
13508:
13501:
13497:
13496:
13494:
13493:
13488:
13483:
13477:
13475:
13474:Sacred animals
13471:
13470:
13468:
13467:
13460:
13455:
13450:
13445:
13440:
13435:
13430:
13425:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13404:
13402:
13398:
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13395:
13394:
13389:
13384:
13379:
13374:
13369:
13367:Dhvajastambham
13364:
13358:
13356:
13352:
13351:
13349:
13348:
13341:
13336:
13331:
13326:
13324:Pillaiyar Suḻi
13321:
13316:
13311:
13306:
13301:
13296:
13290:
13288:
13282:
13281:
13279:
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13258:
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13248:
13243:
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13230:
13228:
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13217:
13212:
13207:
13202:
13197:
13192:
13187:
13182:
13177:
13172:
13167:
13162:
13157:
13152:
13147:
13142:
13136:
13134:
13130:
13129:
13127:
13126:
13121:
13116:
13111:
13106:
13101:
13096:
13091:
13086:
13081:
13076:
13071:
13066:
13061:
13056:
13051:
13046:
13041:
13036:
13031:
13026:
13021:
13016:
13011:
13006:
13001:
12996:
12991:
12986:
12981:
12976:
12970:
12968:
12964:
12963:
12961:
12960:
12955:
12950:
12945:
12940:
12938:Gayatri Mantra
12934:
12932:
12926:
12925:
12923:
12922:
12917:
12912:
12907:
12902:
12897:
12892:
12887:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12867:
12862:
12856:
12854:
12852:
12851:
12846:
12840:
12837:
12836:
12833:
12832:
12830:
12829:
12824:
12819:
12814:
12809:
12804:
12799:
12794:
12789:
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12779:
12774:
12769:
12764:
12758:
12756:
12752:
12751:
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12738:
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12708:
12703:
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12690:
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12655:
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12615:
12610:
12605:
12600:
12595:
12590:
12585:
12575:
12570:
12565:
12560:
12555:
12549:
12547:
12543:
12542:
12535:
12534:
12527:
12520:
12512:
12503:
12502:
12490:
12476:
12475:External links
12473:
12472:
12471:
12465:
12450:
12441:
12434:
12421:
12419:978-0226532301
12407:
12405:978-0195615371
12393:
12375:(3): 248–258.
12364:
12362:978-8120802223
12350:
12343:
12334:
12331:
12328:
12327:
12324:978-0415590389
12311:
12298:
12280:
12262:
12256:can also mean
12237:
12225:
12199:
12173:
12152:
12139:
12127:
12123:978-0824825331
12110:
12107:978-9004098558
12094:
12082:
12076:Lokesh Chandra
12064:
12043:
12033:
12024:
12014:
12012:, pp. 170-172.
11993:
11962:
11936:
11924:
11912:
11898:
11877:
11855:
11848:
11830:
11823:
11805:
11798:
11772:
11755:
11742:
11716:
11712:978-0253344878
11699:
11692:
11666:
11663:978-0470028278
11647:
11643:978-1900949514
11627:
11614:
11598:
11591:
11571:
11550:
11543:
11525:
11518:
11509:India Handbook
11498:
11485:
11478:
11458:
11434:
11415:
11398:
11364:
11352:
11339:
11319:
11317:
11316:
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11302:
11299:978-0521543293
11283:
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11280:
11277:978-0875864839
11265:
11262:978-0470402573
11250:
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11153:
11146:
11126:
11113:
11101:
11089:
11067:
11060:
11040:
11031:
11019:
10997:
10984:Jagranjosh.com
10968:
10956:
10936:
10909:
10905:978-0391022843
10892:
10883:
10853:
10846:
10826:
10819:
10796:
10789:
10769:
10762:
10744:
10737:
10714:
10707:
10687:
10680:
10660:
10653:
10628:
10626:, page 176-182
10624:978-9004125568
10604:
10600:978-9004125568
10580:
10568:
10548:
10544:978-9004125568
10527:
10523:978-9004125568
10506:
10502:978-0824057879
10489:
10485:978-9004125568
10468:
10464:978-9004219007
10451:
10447:978-1588394309
10430:
10428:
10427:
10420:
10410:
10387:
10380:
10353:
10351:, pp. 179-187.
10340:
10327:
10284:
10280:978-9004125568
10263:
10259:978-0226532301
10241:
10222:
10203:
10182:
10173:
10160:10.2307/593145
10138:
10136:, pp. 123-141.
10122:
10103:
10086:
10073:
10053:
10029:
10005:
10003:, pp. 881-884.
9980:
9978:
9977:
9962:
9939:
9937:
9936:
9921:
9919:
9918:
9909:
9906:978-0123695031
9894:
9868:
9858:Edmund Leach,
9851:
9847:978-0226532301
9830:
9809:
9796:10.2307/602657
9790:(2): 204–219.
9774:
9761:
9745:
9707:
9686:
9670:
9653:
9629:
9609:
9582:
9569:
9540:
9536:978-0710202345
9508:
9495:
9491:978-0304707393
9471:
9455:
9433:
9406:
9379:
9363:
9347:
9325:
9306:(4): 266–296.
9281:
9272:
9255:
9252:978-1423601326
9236:
9232:978-0710202345
9219:
9211:978-0557277247
9198:
9173:
9137:
9117:
9097:
9076:
9072:978-0710202345
9056:
9052:978-0759108165
9035:
9028:
9008:
9001:
8981:
8973:978-8120817784
8956:
8954:, pp. 101-127.
8935:
8926:
8910:
8906:978-0226532301
8884:
8858:
8856:
8855:
8852:978-0691050461
8840:
8837:978-9004061170
8822:
8810:(3): 283–319.
8795:
8758:
8754:978-0195391640
8744:Paul Younger,
8737:
8735:, pp. 117-119.
8733:978-1888729108
8716:
8714:, pp. 227-302.
8712:978-0470402573
8695:
8691:978-8120807051
8674:
8670:978-0226532301
8653:
8637:
8633:978-8120810600
8616:
8612:978-0710202345
8584:
8577:
8557:
8533:
8509:
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8488:
8481:
8434:
8426:
8406:
8398:
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8371:
8369:
8366:
8365:
8364:
8359:
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8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
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8313:
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8255:
8239:
8238:
8234:
8233:
8217:
8205:
8177:
8176:
8167:
8133:
8108:
8088:
8064:(దేవస్థానము),
8051:
8050:in Kosali Odia
8031:
8028:(𑂮𑂱𑂫𑂰𑂪𑂰)
8010:(𑂧𑂢𑂹𑂠𑂱𑂩)
8003:( 𑂠𑂵𑂫𑂐𑂩 )
7976:
7967:
7955:
7934:
7930:(ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ) in
7818:
7817:
7811:
7810:
7803:
7802:
7795:
7794:
7787:
7786:
7778:
7777:
7769:
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7759:
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7662:
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7653:
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7515:
7514:
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7506:
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7481:
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7472:
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7326:
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7315:
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7287:
7265:
7258:
7256:
7233:
7226:
7222:
7219:
7181:
7178:
7128:
7125:
7121:Po Klong Garai
7092:
7089:
7084:Southeast Asia
7073:
6917:
6914:
6883:
6880:
6865:
6843:
6840:
6700:
6697:
6673:
6670:
6597:Saivate temple
6591:
6584:
6583:
6564:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6508:
6505:
6480:
6479:
6470:
6469:
6468:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6403:Khakhara Deula
6375:Khakhara Deula
6343:
6340:
6300:
6297:
6247:
6240:
6239:
6229:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6103:Mahadev Temple
6100:
6093:
6091:
6084:
6077:
6075:
6056:
6049:
6047:
6029:
6022:
6020:
6005:
5998:
5996:
5985:
5978:
5976:
5965:
5958:
5956:
5933:
5926:
5924:
5916:Somnath temple
5913:
5906:
5897:Kailasa Temple
5704:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5690:
5683:
5681:
5672:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5652:
5645:
5643:
5634:
5627:
5615:
5614:
5596:
5589:
5587:
5581:A 7th century
5580:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5561:
5559:
5553:
5546:
5544:
5534:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5515:
5513:
5502:
5495:
5493:
5490:Madhya Pradesh
5483:
5476:
5474:
5464:
5457:
5401:(or Prasada),
5386:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5293:Main article:
5290:
5287:
5269:
5264:
5255:
5240:
5239:
5229:
5181:
5180:
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5170:
5162:
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5144:
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5018:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5009:
5006:
4999:
4993:
4982:
4979:
4916:
4913:
4879:
4878:Temple schools
4876:
4842:
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4822:
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4811:
4808:
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4773:
4727:
4720:
4719:
4711:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4661:Brihat samhita
4658:
4657:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4637:
4636:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:Building teams
4619:
4567:
4560:
4483:tallest Vimana
4467:
4464:
4444:
4443:
4411:
4410:
4401:
4400:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4356:
4355:
4346:
4345:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4191:means circle,
4174:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4129:Brihat-samhita
4117:Prasadamandana
4077:Thakkura Pheru
4050:
4047:
4016:
3985:
3958:
3955:
3913:Besakih Temple
3902:Main article:
3899:
3896:
3785:
3782:
3772:, between the
3746:United Kingdom
3579:Elements in a
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3501:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3368:Discrimination
3364:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3259:Abirami Antati
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3145:
3144:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3107:Ramcharitmanas
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3058:Pramana Sutras
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3030:Mimamsa Sutras
3026:
3023:Samkhya Sutras
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2988:Dharma Shastra
2983:
2982:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2622:Shvetashvatara
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2594:Brihadaranyaka
2589:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2404:Upasni Maharaj
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2230:Vedanta Desika
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2150:Samarth Ramdas
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2100:Purandara Dasa
2097:
2092:
2087:
2085:Nimbarkacharya
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2005:Jayanta Bhatta
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1540:Raksha Bandhan
1537:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1422:Simantonnayana
1419:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1371:Carnatic music
1368:
1363:
1358:
1356:Bhagavata Mela
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:Kundalini yoga
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
937:
936:
933:
930:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
863:
858:
853:
847:
846:
843:
840:
839:
834:
829:
824:
818:
817:
811:
810:
805:
802:
801:
796:
791:
785:
784:
779:
776:
775:
770:
765:
760:
754:
753:
750:Stages of life
748:
745:
744:
739:
734:
729:
723:
722:
717:
714:
713:
711:God and gender
708:
703:
697:
696:
693:
690:
689:
684:
679:
678:
677:
672:
661:
660:
655:
652:
651:
646:
644:Gross elements
641:
636:
631:
625:
624:
621:
618:
617:
612:
606:
605:
602:
599:
594:
593:
590:
589:
586:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
519:
518:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
455:
454:
445:
444:
434:
431:
430:
425:
420:
414:
413:
408:
405:
404:
399:
394:
388:
387:
382:
379:
374:
373:
370:
369:
366:
365:
358:
355:
354:
349:
344:
339:
333:
332:
329:
326:
321:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
307:
302:
300:Itihasa-Purana
291:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
246:
243:
242:
239:
238:
237:
236:
231:
223:
222:
214:
213:
207:
206:
187:Somnath Temple
155:Besakih Temple
132:
131:
122:
121:
113:
112:
111:
102:
101:
93:
92:
91:
82:
81:
73:
72:
71:
62:
61:
53:
52:
51:
50:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14080:
14069:
14066:
14064:
14063:Hindu temples
14061:
14060:
14058:
14044:
14039:
14031:
14028:
14027:
14026:
14023:
14019:
14016:
14014:
14011:
14010:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13996:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13980:
13978:
13974:
13970:
13966:
13963:
13959:
13955:
13951:
13947:
13944:
13940:
13936:
13932:
13928:
13925:
13921:
13917:
13913:
13909:
13906:
13902:
13898:
13892:
13889:
13887:
13884:
13883:
13881:
13878:
13874:
13870:
13866:
13862:
13858:
13855:
13851:
13847:
13841:
13838:
13836:
13833:
13831:
13828:
13827:
13825:
13822:
13818:
13814:
13810:
13806:
13803:
13799:
13795:
13791:
13787:
13784:
13780:
13776:
13770:
13767:
13765:
13762:
13761:
13759:
13756:
13752:
13748:
13744:
13740:
13737:
13733:
13729:
13723:
13720:
13718:
13715:
13713:
13710:
13708:
13705:
13703:
13700:
13698:
13695:
13694:
13692:
13689:
13685:
13681:
13677:
13673:
13670:
13666:
13662:
13658:
13651:
13646:
13644:
13639:
13637:
13632:
13631:
13628:
13616:
13613:
13611:
13608:
13606:
13603:
13602:
13600:
13596:
13585:
13581:
13578:
13576:
13573:
13571:
13568:
13566:
13563:
13562:
13560:
13556:
13550:
13549:Sacred groves
13547:
13545:
13542:
13540:
13537:
13535:
13532:
13530:
13527:
13525:
13522:
13520:
13517:
13515:
13512:
13511:
13509:
13505:
13502:
13500:Sacred plants
13498:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13479:
13478:
13476:
13472:
13466:
13465:
13461:
13459:
13456:
13454:
13451:
13449:
13446:
13444:
13441:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13405:
13403:
13399:
13393:
13390:
13388:
13385:
13383:
13380:
13378:
13375:
13373:
13370:
13368:
13365:
13363:
13360:
13359:
13357:
13353:
13347:
13346:
13342:
13340:
13337:
13335:
13332:
13330:
13327:
13325:
13322:
13320:
13317:
13315:
13312:
13310:
13307:
13305:
13302:
13300:
13297:
13295:
13292:
13291:
13289:
13287:
13283:
13277:
13274:
13272:
13269:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13257:
13254:
13252:
13249:
13247:
13244:
13242:
13239:
13238:
13236:
13232:
13226:
13223:
13221:
13218:
13216:
13213:
13211:
13208:
13206:
13203:
13201:
13198:
13196:
13193:
13191:
13188:
13186:
13183:
13181:
13178:
13176:
13173:
13171:
13168:
13166:
13163:
13161:
13158:
13156:
13153:
13151:
13148:
13146:
13143:
13141:
13138:
13137:
13135:
13131:
13125:
13122:
13120:
13117:
13115:
13112:
13110:
13107:
13105:
13102:
13100:
13097:
13095:
13092:
13090:
13087:
13085:
13082:
13080:
13077:
13075:
13072:
13070:
13067:
13065:
13062:
13060:
13057:
13055:
13052:
13050:
13047:
13045:
13042:
13040:
13037:
13035:
13032:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13022:
13020:
13017:
13015:
13012:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13002:
13000:
12997:
12995:
12992:
12990:
12987:
12985:
12982:
12980:
12977:
12975:
12972:
12971:
12969:
12965:
12959:
12956:
12954:
12951:
12949:
12946:
12944:
12941:
12939:
12936:
12935:
12933:
12931:
12927:
12921:
12918:
12916:
12913:
12911:
12908:
12906:
12903:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12893:
12891:
12888:
12886:
12883:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12870:Brahmamuhurta
12868:
12866:
12863:
12861:
12858:
12857:
12855:
12850:
12847:
12845:
12842:
12841:
12838:
12828:
12825:
12823:
12820:
12818:
12815:
12813:
12810:
12808:
12805:
12803:
12800:
12798:
12795:
12793:
12790:
12788:
12785:
12783:
12780:
12778:
12775:
12773:
12770:
12768:
12765:
12763:
12760:
12759:
12757:
12753:
12747:
12744:
12742:
12741:Putrakameshti
12739:
12737:
12734:
12732:
12729:
12727:
12724:
12722:
12719:
12717:
12714:
12712:
12709:
12707:
12704:
12702:
12699:
12697:
12694:
12693:
12691:
12689:
12685:
12679:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12669:
12666:
12664:
12661:
12659:
12656:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12646:
12644:
12641:
12640:
12638:
12636:
12632:
12629:
12625:
12619:
12616:
12614:
12611:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12583:
12579:
12576:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12566:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12550:
12548:
12544:
12540:
12533:
12528:
12526:
12521:
12519:
12514:
12513:
12510:
12506:
12500:
12495:
12491:
12488:
12487:Hindu temples
12483:
12479:
12478:
12468:
12466:9788170170969
12462:
12458:
12457:
12451:
12447:
12442:
12439:
12435:
12432:
12428:
12427:
12422:
12420:
12416:
12412:
12408:
12406:
12402:
12398:
12394:
12390:
12386:
12382:
12378:
12374:
12370:
12365:
12363:
12359:
12355:
12351:
12348:
12344:
12341:
12337:
12336:
12325:
12321:
12315:
12308:
12302:
12295:
12293:
12289:
12283:
12281:9788170261629
12277:
12273:
12266:
12259:
12255:
12251:
12247:
12241:
12234:
12229:
12213:
12209:
12203:
12188:
12184:
12177:
12170:
12169:0-8160-4987-4
12166:
12162:
12156:
12149:
12143:
12136:
12131:
12124:
12120:
12114:
12108:
12104:
12098:
12091:
12086:
12080:
12077:
12073:
12068:
12053:
12047:
12037:
12028:
12018:
12011:
12007:
12003:
11997:
11981:
11977:
11973:
11966:
11951:
11947:
11940:
11933:
11928:
11922:, p. 64.
11921:
11916:
11908:
11902:
11896:
11892:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11865:
11859:
11851:
11849:0-226-53230-5
11845:
11841:
11834:
11826:
11824:0-471-28451-3
11820:
11816:
11809:
11801:
11795:
11791:
11786:
11785:
11776:
11769:
11765:
11759:
11752:
11746:
11730:
11726:
11720:
11713:
11709:
11703:
11695:
11689:
11685:
11680:
11679:
11670:
11664:
11660:
11654:
11652:
11644:
11640:
11636:
11631:
11624:
11618:
11611:
11605:
11603:
11594:
11588:
11584:
11583:
11575:
11568:
11567:0-7007-1049-3
11564:
11560:
11554:
11546:
11540:
11536:
11529:
11521:
11515:
11511:
11510:
11502:
11495:
11489:
11481:
11475:
11471:
11470:
11462:
11454:
11450:
11449:
11444:
11438:
11430:
11426:
11419:
11408:
11402:
11387:
11383:
11379:
11375:
11368:
11361:
11356:
11349:
11343:
11332:
11331:
11323:
11314:
11310:
11307:
11303:
11300:
11296:
11292:
11291:
11287:
11278:
11274:
11270:
11266:
11263:
11259:
11255:
11251:
11248:
11244:
11243:
11239:
11232:
11228:
11222:
11216:
11215:0-8122-7840-2
11212:
11206:
11199:
11198:Artibus Asiae
11193:
11184:
11175:
11166:
11157:
11149:
11143:
11139:
11138:
11130:
11123:
11117:
11110:
11105:
11098:
11093:
11084:
11082:
11080:
11078:
11076:
11074:
11072:
11063:
11061:90-04-10260-4
11057:
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11044:
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11028:
11023:
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10858:
10849:
10847:90-04-14601-6
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10493:
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10455:
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10444:
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10425:
10421:
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10411:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10399:Harold Coward
10396:
10395:
10391:
10383:
10377:
10373:
10372:
10364:
10362:
10360:
10358:
10350:
10344:
10337:
10331:
10323:
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10315:
10311:
10307:
10303:
10299:
10295:
10288:
10281:
10277:
10273:
10267:
10261:, pages 58-60
10260:
10256:
10250:
10248:
10246:
10238:(5): 162–176.
10237:
10233:
10226:
10219:(7/8): 43–54.
10218:
10214:
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10200:
10196:
10192:
10186:
10177:
10169:
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10161:
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10142:
10135:
10129:
10127:
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10115:
10112:
10107:
10100:
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10090:
10083:
10082:Artibus Asiae
10077:
10070:
10066:
10060:
10058:
10050:
10046:
10042:
10039:
10033:
10026:
10022:
10018:
10014:
10009:
10002:
9998:
9994:
9990:
9987:Gavin Flood,
9984:
9975:
9974:0-8245-0755-X
9971:
9967:
9963:
9960:
9959:0-8245-0755-X
9956:
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9805:
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9793:
9789:
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9778:
9771:
9765:
9759:5(4), 243-258
9758:
9752:
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9733:
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9725:
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9714:
9712:
9704:
9703:81-208-0223-3
9700:
9696:
9690:
9684:
9680:
9674:
9667:
9666:Artibus Asiae
9663:
9660:V.S. Pramar,
9657:
9650:
9646:
9642:
9639:
9633:
9627:
9626:81-208-0223-3
9623:
9619:
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9605:
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9586:
9579:
9578:Brhat Samhita
9573:
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9377:
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9361:
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9351:
9344:
9340:
9339:
9332:
9330:
9321:
9317:
9313:
9309:
9305:
9301:
9300:Artibus Asiae
9294:
9292:
9290:
9288:
9286:
9276:
9269:
9268:81-208-1605-6
9265:
9259:
9253:
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9243:
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9233:
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9212:
9208:
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9195:81-208-0223-3
9192:
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9004:
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8974:
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8966:
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8953:
8952:0-89281-854-9
8949:
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8609:
8605:
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8593:
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8478:
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8473:
8465:
8463:
8461:
8459:
8457:
8455:
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8449:
8447:
8445:
8443:
8441:
8439:
8429:
8423:
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8395:
8391:
8390:
8382:
8378:
8363:
8360:
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8332:
8329:
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8319:
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8309:
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8279:
8267:
8261:
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8236:
8235:
8231:
8227:
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8222:
8218:
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8206:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8186:
8182:
8181:
8180:
8175:
8171:
8168:
8165:
8162:(મંદિર), and
8161:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:(ദേവാലയം) in
8128:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8109:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8093:
8089:
8087:
8084:(మందిరము) in
8083:
8079:
8075:
8074:Punyakshetram
8071:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8052:
8049:
8045:
8041:
8037:
8036:
8032:
8026:
8019:
8015:
8008:
8001:
7994:
7987:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7962:
7960:
7956:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7929:
7926:
7925:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7918:
7913:
7912:
7907:
7906:
7901:
7900:
7895:
7891:
7890:
7885:
7881:
7880:punyakshetram
7877:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7828:
7827:
7821:
7798:
7755:
7568:
7552:
7518:
7493:
7432:
7418:
7406:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7369:
7364:
7361:
7357:
7350:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7323:
7318:
7317:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7293:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7262:
7257:
7253:
7252:New York City
7249:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7230:
7225:
7224:
7218:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7203:New York City
7200:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7177:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7162:Sdok Kok Thom
7159:
7155:
7154:Erawan Shrine
7151:
7147:
7143:
7137:
7133:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7102:
7097:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7048:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6988:
6984:
6983:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6913:
6911:
6906:
6904:
6900:
6893:
6888:
6882:Khmer Temples
6876:
6872:
6868:
6863:
6859:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6837:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6817:
6813:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6623:Hindu temples
6620:
6616:
6606:
6602:
6601:Tirukonamalai
6598:
6594:
6588:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6561:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6513:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6474:
6463:
6452:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6420:
6416:
6414:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6400:
6397:temples. The
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6339:
6337:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6296:
6294:
6289:
6285:
6280:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6269:
6264:
6254:
6250:
6244:
6236:
6232:
6226:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6200:
6195:
6189:
6187:
6183:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6156:
6153:
6148:
6146:
6137:
6134:, one of the
6133:
6129:
6125:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6097:
6092:
6088:
6081:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6053:
6048:
6044:
6043:was destroyed
6040:
6039:Warangal Fort
6036:
6032:
6026:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6002:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5986:Ruins of the
5982:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5968:James Prinsep
5962:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5930:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5910:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5882:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5820:favoured the
5819:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5798:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5771:
5767:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5710:Gupta dynasty
5697:
5693:
5687:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5664:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5649:
5644:
5641:
5637:
5631:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5611:
5608:, located in
5607:
5603:
5599:
5593:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5572:
5565:
5560:
5557:
5550:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5531:
5526:
5519:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5499:
5494:
5491:
5487:
5480:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5461:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5435:dvarakosthaka
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5302:
5296:
5286:
5284:
5283:arca vigraha,
5274:
5267:
5262:
5253:
5250:
5245:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5175:
5166:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5130:
5123:
5119:
5116:sculpture at
5115:
5110:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5049:
5048:
5036:
5025:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4969:(Odisha) and
4968:
4965:(Karnataka),
4964:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4912:
4910:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4831:
4826:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4809:Forest temple
4805:
4800:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4772:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4724:
4715:
4708:
4694:
4692:
4686:
4682:
4680:
4672:
4662:
4652:
4641:
4632:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4463:
4461:
4458:, Rajasthan.
4457:
4453:
4449:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:Vastu Śāstras
4433:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4405:
4396:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4373:
4368:
4350:
4341:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4171:
4159:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4106:Silpa Prakasa
4103:
4099:
4094:
4093:Silpa Prakasa
4084:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4046:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4033:Brhat Samhita
4025:
4024:Brhat Samhita
4021:
4014:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3895:
3892:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3822:Manusha padas
3819:
3815:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3750:United States
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3654:Vāstu Śāstras
3651:
3650:Bṛhat Saṃhitā
3647:
3643:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3597:
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3582:
3577:
3566:
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3552:
3547:
3546:
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3516:
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3492:
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3477:
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3470:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
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3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3438:Hindu culture
3436:
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3429:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3390:Organisations
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
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3365:
3359:
3358:
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3321:
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3309:
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3302:
3299:
3298:
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3275:
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3270:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3256:
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3235:
3233:
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3211:
3207:
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3200:
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3179:
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3152:
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3147:
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3142:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3114:Yoga Vasistha
3111:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3079:Natya Shastra
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3048:
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3041:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3016:Brahma Sutras
3013:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:Sthapatyaveda
2959:
2957:
2956:
2955:Gandharvaveda
2952:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2916:Varaha Purana
2913:
2911:
2910:
2909:Skanda Purana
2906:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2878:
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2875:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2846:Brahma Purana
2843:
2841:
2840:
2839:Garuda Purana
2836:
2834:
2833:
2832:Matsya Purana
2829:
2827:
2826:
2825:Vāmana Purana
2822:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2797:Vishnu Purana
2794:
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2784:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2775:
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2769:
2768:
2764:
2763:
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2754:
2751:
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2745:
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2742:
2741:Bhagavad Gita
2738:
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2733:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
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2697:
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2679:
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2500:
2498:
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2397:
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2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2324:Radhakrishnan
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:Narayana Guru
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:Jaggi Vasudev
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:Chinmayananda
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
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2245:
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2238:
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2208:
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2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
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2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2135:Ramprasad Sen
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:Gorakshanatha
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:Allama Prabhu
1928:
1926:
1925:Akka Mahadevi
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:Abhinavagupta
1913:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
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1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:Prashastapada
1862:
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1734:
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1728:
1724:Other schools
1722:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1700:Shuddhadvaita
1697:
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1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:Kalaripayattu
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
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1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1316:Bharatanatyam
1314:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
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1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:Nritta-Nritya
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
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1141:
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1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
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1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
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1087:
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1073:
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1036:
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1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
932:
931:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
842:
841:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
819:
816:
813:
812:
808:
804:
803:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
782:
778:
777:
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771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
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747:
746:
743:
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738:
735:
733:
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728:
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724:
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712:
709:
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699:
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692:
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688:
685:
683:
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673:
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663:
662:
658:
654:
653:
650:
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637:
635:
632:
630:
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620:
619:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
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592:
591:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
517:
514:
513:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
453:
451:
447:
446:
442:
438:
433:
432:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
411:
407:
406:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
385:
381:
380:
377:
372:
371:
363:
362:
357:
356:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
328:
327:
324:
319:
318:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
296:
295:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
255:
252:
251:
249:
241:
240:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
225:
224:
220:
216:
215:
212:
209:
208:
204:
200:
199:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
126:
117:
106:
97:
86:
77:
66:
57:
48:
44:
43:Mandir (film)
40:
33:
19:
14042:
14008:Sacred space
13993:Architecture
13891:Magic circle
13763:
13732:Christianity
13665:Baháʼí Faith
13615:Temple dance
13534:Kalpavriksha
13462:
13386:
13343:
13124:Yajnopavitam
13099:Prayer beads
12943:Hare Krishna
12880:Jai Shri Ram
12736:Purushamedha
12653:Panchamakara
12504:
12501:at Wikiquote
12499:Hindu temple
12455:
12445:
12437:
12431:Google Books
12424:
12410:
12396:
12372:
12368:
12354:Hindu Temple
12353:
12346:
12339:
12333:Bibliography
12314:
12301:
12291:
12287:
12285:
12271:
12265:
12258:king's house
12257:
12253:
12249:
12245:
12240:
12228:
12216:. Retrieved
12211:
12202:
12190:. Retrieved
12186:
12176:
12160:
12155:
12147:
12142:
12130:
12113:
12097:
12085:
12067:
12055:. Retrieved
12046:
12036:
12027:
12017:
12001:
11996:
11984:. Retrieved
11980:the original
11975:
11965:
11953:. Retrieved
11949:
11939:
11927:
11915:
11901:
11895:Google Books
11888:
11880:
11868:. Retrieved
11858:
11839:
11833:
11814:
11808:
11783:
11775:
11767:
11758:
11745:
11733:. Retrieved
11728:
11719:
11702:
11677:
11669:
11634:
11630:
11622:
11617:
11609:
11581:
11574:
11558:
11553:
11534:
11528:
11508:
11501:
11488:
11468:
11461:
11447:
11437:
11428:
11418:
11401:
11389:. Retrieved
11377:
11367:
11360:Ellora Caves
11355:
11342:
11329:
11322:
11312:
11286:
11271:, Volume 1,
11268:
11253:
11238:
11230:
11221:
11205:
11197:
11192:
11183:
11174:
11165:
11156:
11136:
11129:
11116:
11104:
11092:
11050:
11043:
11034:
11022:
10988:. Retrieved
10983:
10959:
10951:
10922:
10918:
10912:
10895:
10886:
10869:
10865:
10836:
10829:
10809:
10779:
10772:
10753:
10747:
10727:
10717:
10697:
10690:
10670:
10663:
10643:
10615:
10591:
10575:
10558:
10551:
10535:
10530:
10514:
10509:
10492:
10476:
10471:
10454:
10433:
10423:
10416:
10390:
10370:
10348:
10343:
10335:
10330:
10297:
10293:
10287:
10271:
10266:
10235:
10231:
10225:
10216:
10212:
10206:
10190:
10185:
10176:
10151:
10147:
10141:
10133:
10106:
10098:
10089:
10081:
10076:
10068:
10048:
10032:
10016:
10008:
10000:
9988:
9983:
9965:
9950:
9942:
9924:
9913:
9897:
9882:
9871:
9863:
9854:
9849:, pp. 21-22.
9838:
9833:
9828:, pp. 10-11.
9817:
9812:
9787:
9783:
9777:
9769:
9764:
9756:
9726:(1): 26–49.
9723:
9719:
9694:
9689:
9683:satcitananda
9673:
9665:
9656:
9648:
9632:
9620:, Volume 1,
9617:
9612:
9595:
9591:
9585:
9577:
9572:
9564:
9560:
9556:
9543:
9527:
9498:
9482:
9458:
9422:(1): 87–97.
9419:
9415:
9409:
9395:(2): 27–41.
9392:
9388:
9382:
9366:
9350:
9343:Google Books
9336:
9303:
9299:
9275:
9270:, pp. 74-92.
9258:
9222:
9214:
9201:
9168:
9157:Google Books
9150:
9120:
9100:
9088:. Retrieved
9079:
9043:
9038:
9018:
9011:
8991:
8984:
8976:
8964:
8959:
8943:
8938:
8929:
8913:
8897:
8875:. Retrieved
8861:
8854:, pp. 28-29.
8843:
8828:
8807:
8803:
8774:
8770:
8761:
8745:
8740:
8724:
8719:
8703:
8698:
8682:
8677:
8672:, pp. 58-65.
8661:
8656:
8648:
8624:
8619:
8603:
8567:
8560:
8544:
8536:
8520:
8512:
8503:
8491:
8471:
8416:
8409:
8388:
8381:
8242:
8240:
8237:Temple sites
8219:
8216:, Indonesia.
8207:
8183:
8178:
8172:(মন্দির) in
8169:
8135:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8113:(ക്ഷേത്രം),
8110:
8104:
8096:
8090:
8081:
8077:
8073:
8070:Kshetralayam
8069:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8047:
8042:(ମନ୍ଦିର) in
8039:
8033:
8024:
8017:
8006:
7999:
7992:
7985:
7982:( 𑂠𑂵𑂫𑂪 )
7978:
7970:Devro/Mindar
7969:
7961:/Raul/Mandir
7957:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7927:
7922:
7915:
7909:
7903:
7897:
7893:
7887:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7839:
7833:
7824:
7796:
7753:
7566:
7550:
7516:
7491:
7430:
7392:
7382:South Africa
7342:worshippers.
7271:Robbinsville
7183:
7140:
7106:
7064:
7049:
7025:South Indian
7015:and also as
7009:
6989:in 1006 CE.
6980:
6964:
6958:
6952:
6907:
6897:
6892:Banteay Srei
6845:
6836:Divya Desams
6828:
6754:Shore Temple
6742:Kancheepuram
6733:
6729:Killivalavan
6725:early Cholas
6720:
6716:
6708:
6702:
6675:
6663:
6630:
6612:
6539:
6533:
6518:
6412:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6363:Cuḷa/Mastaka
6362:
6358:
6354:
6345:
6316:
6281:
6276:
6266:
6262:
6260:
6197:
6190:
6179:
6168:
6162:
6149:
6141:
6105:is the only
6071:Ahmed Shah I
5952:Ranjit Singh
5901:
5878:
5842:
5838:
5799:
5772:
5768:
5753:
5729:Ajanta caves
5724:
5722:
5717:
5707:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5396:
5389:
5387:
5364:
5361:
5344:
5340:Arthashastra
5335:
5331:
5318:
5314:
5308:
5300:
5298:
5282:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5256:
5248:
5243:
5241:
5235:
5231:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5211:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5152:
5146:
5140:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5082:
5079:Cave temples
5056:
5053:
5003:Mata Bhavani
4984:
4974:
4958:dharmashalas
4957:
4953:
4947:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4931:prasutishala
4930:
4925:
4920:
4918:
4908:
4899:
4895:
4890:, where the
4887:
4883:
4881:
4872:Banteay Srei
4861:
4856:
4848:
4845:
4769:
4757:
4737:Burton Stein
4734:
4687:
4683:
4668:
4660:
4613:
4609:
4605:Devika padas
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4589:Edmund Leach
4584:
4581:Brahma pada,
4580:
4577:
4561:
4554:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4522:
4510:
4495:polytheistic
4492:
4488:
4445:
4435:
4431:
4429:
4413:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4363:
4325:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4306:
4303:garbha-griya
4262:
4258:
4255:garbha-griya
4254:
4250:
4244:
4239:
4231:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4213:Brahma padas
4212:
4205:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4182:
4136:
4133:Varāhamihira
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4090:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:Vastu-Sastra
4054:
4052:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4023:
4020:Varāhamihira
3986:
3960:
3944:
3925:
3888:
3883:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3845:
3843:
3837:
3834:Brahma padas
3833:
3829:
3826:Brahma padas
3825:
3821:
3818:Devika padas
3817:
3813:
3793:
3787:
3778:Philadelphia
3726:South Africa
3658:
3639:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3588:Hindu temple
3587:
3585:
3497: /
3493: /
3489: /
3485: /
3483:and Buddhism
3481: /
3445:Architecture
3408:Other topics
3346:
3329:
3301:Four varnas:
3300:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3086:Panchatantra
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3037:Nyāya Sūtras
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2995:Artha Śastra
2993:
2986:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2902:Kūrma Purana
2900:
2895:Linga Purana
2893:
2888:Shiva Purana
2886:
2879:
2874:Padma Purana
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2772:
2765:
2750:s (Hinduism)
2747:
2739:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2660:Atharvaveda:
2659:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2524:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2374:Shraddhanand
2349:Ravi Shankar
2329:R. D. Ranade
2190:Śyāma Śastri
2185:Swaminarayan
2145:Rupa Goswami
2055:Morya Gosavi
2015:Jiva Goswami
1920:Adi Shankara
1746:Pratyabhijña
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1477:Samavartanam
1457:Vidyāraṃbhaṃ
1442:Annaprashana
1366:Dandiya Raas
1341:Mohiniyattam
1234:Nididhyāsana
1119:
1039:Epistemology
971:Brahmacharya
851:Ātman (self)
814:
758:Brahmacharya
687:Saccidānanda
639:Panchikarana
515:
448:
439: /
435:Other major
359:
293:
292:
247:
47:
13605:Firewalking
13570:Kusha grass
13514:Akshayavata
13377:Temple tank
13286:Iconography
13234:Instruments
13190:Panchagavya
13084:Panchamrita
12989:Banana leaf
12746:Viraja Homa
12678:Pushpanjali
12658:Panchamrita
12546:Main topics
12041:University)
11932:Sastri 1970
11920:Sircar 1979
11735:28 December
11391:28 December
11267:Ali Javid,
11097:Subhash Kak
10990:28 December
10576:vidya-bhoga
9911:MK Gandhi,
9234:, Chapter 4
8908:, Chapter 1
8496:Subhash Kak
8138:(मंदिर) in
8123:Devasthanam
8099:(ஆலயம்) in
8062:Devasthanam
8060:(దేవాలయం),
7963:(मंदिर) in
7894:devasthanam
7492:Rameshwaram
7336:Vaishnavite
7302:Bridgewater
7277:, U.S., is
7170:Phanom Rung
7166:Phanom Rung
6957:are called
6894:in Cambodia
6833:Vaishnavate
6717:Dharmavarma
6571:Vaishnavate
6522:Hemadpanthi
6499:Bhubaneswar
6413:Pidha Deula
6405:houses the
6399:Rekha Deula
6371:Pidha Deula
6367:Rekha Deula
6319:West Bengal
6235:Uttarakhand
6186:pradakshina
6164:garbhagriha
6012:Malik Kafur
5795:temple tank
5791:water table
5779:Tungabhadra
5762:and in the
5598:Rani ki Vav
5182:Images and
5153:Chitrabhasa
5065:Rani ki vav
4943:viprasattra
4939:arogyashala
4797:Cave temple
4679:Atharvaveda
4499:pantheistic
4372:pradakshina
4176:philosophy.
4102:Nataka-stri
4087:creativity.
3838:Garbhagriha
3758:New Zealand
3722:Netherlands
3596:Devasthanam
3491:and Judaism
3487:and Sikhism
3455:Iconography
3380:Nationalism
3373:Persecution
3157:Shiva Stuti
3051:Yoga Sutras
2881:Agni Purana
2783:Other texts
2774:Mahabharata
2517:Atharvaveda
2414:Vivekananda
2339:Rama Tirtha
2334:Ramakrishna
2309:Nigamananda
2299:Mahesh Yogi
2175:Sripadaraja
2165:Siddheshwar
2060:Mukundarāja
2040:Madhusūdana
2030:Kanaka Dasa
1955:Chakradhara
1899:Yajnavalkya
1889:Vishvamitra
1758:Pancharatra
1656:Vaisheshika
1612:Ratha Yatra
1560:Janmashtami
1555:Rama Navami
1472:Ritushuddhi
1447:Chudakarana
1437:Nishkramana
1407:Garbhadhana
1376:Pandav Lila
1285:Bhakti yoga
1170:Prāyaścitta
941:Niti śastra
789:Bhakti yoga
768:Vānaprastha
583:Vishvakarma
516:Post-Vedic:
352:Vaishnavism
294:Traditional
183:West Bengal
39:Jain temple
14057:Categories
14030:Sun temple
14003:Cult image
13314:Panchaloha
13294:Ashtadhatu
13039:Agarabattī
12974:Puja thali
12860:Ajapa japa
12849:Meditation
12787:Nityakarma
12777:Karmakāṇḍa
12772:Ashvamedha
12726:Kamyakarma
12711:Agnikaryam
12701:Agnicayana
12192:29 October
11870:20 January
10546:, page 175
10504:, page 350
10027:, pp. 8-9.
9930:क्षैत्रज्ञ
9697:, Vol. 1,
9135:, page 5-6
8877:3 December
8873:. NBC News
8373:References
8202:Indonesian
8117:(അമ്പലം),
8038:(ଦେଉଳ) or
8018:Thakurbari
7974:Rajasthani
7928:Devasthana
7360:Seychelles
7306:New Jersey
7275:New Jersey
7209:, and its
7174:Devasathan
7150:Devasathan
7080:Yogyakarta
7033:Yogyakarta
6899:Angkor Wat
6748:built the
6713:Tamil Nadu
6656:Angkor Wat
6595:, a Tamil
6579:Tamil Nadu
6424:Char Dhams
6411:while the
6327:terracotta
6288:matryoshka
5893:Tamil Nadu
5787:Step-wells
5654:Angkor Wat
5640:Azerbaijan
5443:ayagasabha
5423:devakulika
5407:mahasthana
5394:and roof.
5336:Mahabhasya
5324:Mahabhasya
5310:Astadhyayi
5275:, verse 59
5147:Chitrardha
4765:Tamil Nadu
4601:rakshashas
4519:क्षैत्रज्ञ
4511:kṣaitrajña
4450:Mandir in
4314:Above the
4232:Surya pada
3670:Bangladesh
3646:Upanishads
3331:Varna-less
3203:Tiruppukal
3164:Vayu Stuti
3128:Panchadasi
3121:Swara yoga
3009:Kama Sutra
2948:Dhanurveda
2608:Taittiriya
2586:Yajurveda:
2578:Kaushitaki
2555:Upanishads
2547:Upanishads
2471:Scriptures
2319:Prabhupada
2235:Vidyaranya
2120:Ram Charan
2095:Prabhākara
2010:Jayatīrtha
1965:Dadu Dayal
1960:Chāngadeva
1819:Bharadwaja
1809:Ashtavakra
1575:Kumbh Mela
1523:Durga Puja
1452:Karnavedha
1432:Nāmakaraṇa
1361:Yakshagana
1290:Karma yoga
1280:Jnana yoga
1275:Hatha yoga
1212:Meditation
1185:Tirthadana
966:Aparigraha
822:Paramātman
807:Liberation
799:Karma yoga
794:Jnana yoga
523:Dattatreya
323:Traditions
248:Historical
167:Tamil Nadu
135:Angkor Wat
14013:Sanctuary
13901:Shintoism
13850:Mandaeism
13329:Shaligram
13266:Mridangam
13251:Karatalas
13246:Harmonium
13195:Rudraksha
13133:Materials
13049:Kamandalu
12984:Banalinga
12915:Third eye
12905:Śaktipāta
12767:Ashirvada
12731:Pravargya
12706:Agnihotra
12663:Parikrama
12643:Abhisheka
12573:Festivals
12244:The word
12218:1 October
11645:, pp. 38.
11386:0971-751X
11378:The Hindu
11301:, pp. 168
11256:, Wiley,
11231:Frontline
10449:, page 19
10409:, 219–237
10322:154068714
10201:, pp. 11.
10093:E Leach,
10063:E Leach,
9561:Bhekapada
8923:0903.3252
8706:, Wiley,
8190:Indonesia
8131:Malayalam
8127:Devalayam
8121:(കോവിൽ),
8082:Mandiramu
8068:(కోవెల),
8058:Devalayam
7551:Badrinath
7399:committee
7076:Prambanan
7029:Prambanan
7005:Indonesia
6955:Indonesia
6948:Indonesia
6871:Kathmandu
6852:Kathmandu
6825:Srirangam
6605:Sri Lanka
6575:Srirangam
6540:ocher art
6535:Kavi kala
6331:Bishnupur
6136:Char Dham
6010:, led by
5920:Aurangzeb
5814:Indonesia
5783:Karnataka
5743:. In the
5725:Vidharbha
5678:Indonesia
5674:Prambanan
5583:Chalukyan
5556:Elephanta
5537:Chalukyan
5471:Karnataka
5332:Dhanapati
5328:Patanjali
5124:are seen.
4507:atheistic
4466:Symbolism
4422:Rajasthan
4418:Karnataka
4220:Sthandila
4098:Saurastra
3979:waterfall
3935:. In the
3921:Indonesia
3802:brahmaṇḍa
3754:Australia
3718:Mauritius
3694:Indonesia
3678:Sri Lanka
3505:Criticism
3499:and Islam
3460:Mythology
3313:Kshatriya
3245:Athichudi
3182:Tirumurai
3100:Tirumurai
2709:Vyākaraṇa
2645:Chandogya
2637:Samaveda:
2525:Divisions
2503:Yajurveda
2463:Ātmatuṣṭi
2419:Yogananda
2394:Trailanga
2389:Sivananda
2254:Aurobindo
2240:Vyasaraja
2205:Tyagaraja
2155:Sankardev
2125:Ramananda
2020:Jñāneśvar
1995:Harivansh
1980:Gaudapada
1945:Chaitanya
1884:Vashistha
1854:Patanjali
1834:Jamadagni
1753:Vaishnava
1741:Pashupata
1518:Navaratri
1495:Festivals
1462:Upanayana
1427:Jatakarma
1412:Pumsavana
1331:Kuchipudi
1326:Kathakali
1295:Rāja yoga
1229:Samādhāna
1110:Prarthana
1084:Practices
1011:Svādhyāya
615:Mythology
610:Cosmology
603:Worldview
548:Kartikeya
479:Prajapati
418:Saraswati
13931:Gurdwara
13869:Paganism
13751:Hinduism
13684:Buddhism
13610:Samskara
13598:See also
13539:Parijata
13438:Sannyasa
13423:Purohita
13334:Swastika
13220:Turmeric
13175:Marigold
13140:Agarwood
13114:Tilakamu
13054:Khirapat
13004:Dhunachi
12875:Jagarana
12827:Upakarma
12762:Achamana
12716:Aupasana
11864:"gopura"
11445:(1868).
10931:20062576
10878:20111117
10725:(1991).
10114:Archived
10041:Archived
9740:25068237
9641:Archived
9468:71801033
9376:42718271
9360:68138877
9115:, page 4
9090:13 April
8275:See also
8247:Sanskrit
8230:Thailand
8226:Cambodia
8194:Javanese
8160:Gujarati
8158:(ਮੰਦਰ),
8148:Kashmiri
8111:Kshetram
8056:(గుడి),
8014:Bhojpuri
8000:Devaghar
7986:Devalaya
7949:Assamese
7945:Dewaaloy
7856:niketana
7844:Sanskrit
7836:Sanskrit
7797:Tirupati
7754:Amarnath
7517:Varanasi
7403:finances
7356:Victoria
7340:Shaivite
7332:Maryland
7244:Flushing
7195:Flushing
7142:Thailand
7045:Ramayana
7035:, now a
6910:Cambodia
6796:and the
6738:Pallavas
6654:, as at
6643:Pallavas
6493:and the
6391:Chamunda
5954:in 1835.
5810:Malaysia
5802:Cambodia
5741:Mahesvar
5694:temple,
5692:Po Nagar
5676:temple,
5658:Cambodia
5636:Ateshgah
5602:stepwell
5449:, while
5447:kumbhaka
5419:devakula
5415:devagrha
5411:devalaya
5270:—
5228:kingdom.
5112:Dancing
4971:Tirupati
4909:Anyonyam
4884:Ghatikas
4675:शिल्पिन्
4671:Sanskrit
4593:mandapas
4568:—
4515:Sanskrit
4503:monistic
4321:Shikhara
4297:temple,
4293:temple,
4289:temple,
4285:temple,
4281:temple,
4279:Narayana
4277:temple,
4273:temple,
4269:temple,
4224:Prakaras
4121:Manasara
4017:—
3774:New York
3734:Tanzania
3730:Suriname
3690:Malaysia
3682:Cambodia
3674:Pakistan
3518:Glossary
3450:Calendar
3385:Hindutva
3308:Brahmana
2979:samhitas
2971:Shastras
2941:Ayurveda
2932:Upavedas
2767:Ramayana
2758:Itihasas
2724:Jyotisha
2691:Vedangas
2675:Mandukya
2571:Aitareya
2563:Rigveda:
2542:Aranyaka
2537:Brahmana
2510:Samaveda
2225:Valluvar
2220:Vallabha
2200:Tulsidas
2130:Ramanuja
2080:Nayanars
2065:Namadeva
1907:Medieval
1849:Kashyapa
1765:Charvaka
1736:Kapalika
1600:Puthandu
1590:Vaisakhi
1487:Antyesti
1467:Keshanta
1391:Adimurai
1386:Silambam
1351:Sattriya
1336:Manipuri
1021:Mitahara
1001:Santosha
961:Achourya
773:Sannyasa
763:Gṛhastha
622:Ontology
596:Concepts
384:Trimurti
347:Smartism
342:Shaktism
337:Shaivism
211:Hinduism
203:a series
201:Part of
139:Cambodia
18:Devalaya
14068:Temples
13920:Sikhism
13840:Gongbei
13798:Judaism
13779:Jainism
13702:Chaitya
13582: (
13529:Kadamba
13464:more...
13448:Satguru
13345:more...
13261:Manjira
13225:Vibhuti
13205:Sindūra
13200:Candana
13185:Panakam
13170:Kumkuma
13165:Incense
13150:Camphor
13119:Utsavar
13109:Shankha
13104:Rangoli
13069:Mulavar
13044:Kalasha
13029:Garland
12999:Coconut
12967:Objects
12930:Mantras
12822:Tarpana
12812:Shuddhi
12673:Prasada
12668:Pranāma
12627:Rituals
12580: (
12568:Deities
12563:Darshan
12377:Bibcode
12307:क्षेत्र
12057:23 July
11885:Ram Raz
10314:2057102
10154:: 269.
9705:, p. 8.
9679:Acintya
9557:Manduka
9320:3249613
8791:3033123
8311:Dambana
8251:क्षेत्र
8174:Bengali
8156:Punjabi
8152:Marathi
8115:Ambalam
8097:Aalayam
8040:Mandira
8007:Mandira
7965:Marathi
7953:Bengali
7951:and in
7932:Kannada
7876:ambalam
7868:kshetra
7860:prasada
7840:mandira
7431:Somnath
7211:canteen
7113:Vietnam
6977:Sumatra
6963:(read:
6940:Besakih
6762:Pandyas
6721:vimanam
6707:is the
6665:vimanam
6631:kalasam
6625:of the
6615:gopuram
6526:British
6312:Kolkata
6284:fractal
6268:darśana
6175:pujaris
6170:darśana
6152:namaste
6107:Kadamba
5972:mosques
5806:Vietnam
5737:Mandhal
5714:dharmic
5696:Vietnam
5539:-style
5507:in the
5427:ayatana
5391:toranas
5114:Ganesha
5073:avatars
5013:Somnath
4975:prasada
4954:kottara
4752:Vellore
4614:Purusa,
4547:Vedanta
4539:darsana
4535:Darsana
4529:darsana
4452:Gwalior
4383:mandapa
4379:mandapa
4308:darsana
4299:Hanuman
4291:Ganesha
4287:Lakshmi
4271:Krishna
4251:purusha
4209:Brahman
4193:Purusha
4189:Mandala
4049:Manuals
4037:Puranas
3891:secular
3836:is the
3686:Vietnam
3614:deities
3523:Outline
3318:Vaishya
3286:Society
3137:Stotras
2788:Puranas
2714:Nirukta
2704:Chandas
2699:Shiksha
2682:Prashna
2668:Mundaka
2532:Samhita
2496:Rigveda
2359:Samarth
2195:Tukaram
2140:Ravidas
1879:Valmiki
1829:Jaimini
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1794:Agastya
1786:Ancient
1672:Advaita
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1661:Mīmāṃsā
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1528:Ramlila
1270:Sādhanā
1160:Tarpana
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1140:Bhajana
1091:Worship
1016:Shaucha
991:Akrodha
837:Saṃsāra
701:Ishvara
670:Nirguna
665:Brahman
629:Tattvas
553:Krishna
538:Hanuman
533:Ganesha
469:Chandra
464:Ashvins
428:Parvati
423:Lakshmi
410:Tridevi
376:Deities
283:Śramaṇa
263:History
244:Origins
234:History
191:Gujarat
14025:Temple
14018:Shrine
13998:Asylum
13939:Taoism
13871:&
13835:Dargah
13830:Mosque
13743:Church
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13580:Tulasi
13544:Peepal
13524:Banyan
13519:Ashoka
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13413:Pandit
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13355:Places
13299:Lingam
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13215:Tulasi
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13074:Paduka
13034:Ghanta
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12994:Biruda
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12890:Kirtan
12865:Bhajan
12844:Prayer
12817:Śrauta
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12608:Utsava
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12588:Kirtan
12558:Bhajan
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11955:1 June
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7101:Mỹ Sơn
7054:, the
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6965:chandi
6928:, and
6903:Angkor
6802:UNESCO
6788:, the
6778:Cholas
6760:. The
6744:, and
6693:Kerala
6647:Pandya
6641:kings
6635:finial
6436:Odisha
6379:Vishnu
6347:Odisha
6321:, the
6204:sarong
6194:Kerala
6159:murtis
6037:; the
5858:Indian
5760:Ellora
5756:Maurya
5733:Pavnar
5718:Purusa
5467:Aihole
5451:vedika
5431:harmya
5399:Pasada
5365:murtis
5345:murtis
5319:murtis
5301:murtis
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5232:Shanta
5225:murtis
5217:Raudra
5204:Saumya
5200:saumya
5196:Shanta
5188:Raudra
5184:murtis
5141:Chitra
5134:murtis
5089:Ellora
5071:deity
5069:Vishnu
5057:murtis
4997:Ellora
4991:Masrur
4981:Styles
4935:vaidya
4921:mathas
4888:Mathas
4864:lontar
4849:mathas
4691:Odisha
4597:asuras
4524:moksha
4479:Orchha
4456:Jaipur
4448:Telika
4367:murtis
4327:Vimana
4267:Vishnu
4259:murti,
4249:, the
4201:yantra
4137:Nagara
4073:Sastra
4061:vas-tu
3975:Badami
3937:Bhakti
3933:Pāṇini
3929:images
3884:Purusa
3875:moksha
3869:dharma
3847:Tirtha
3794:Puruṣa
3790:dharma
3748:, the
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3720:, the
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3706:France
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3633:, and
3631:moksha
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3610:Hindus
3592:Mandir
3323:Shudra
3141:stutis
2977:, and
2975:sutras
2629:Maitri
2354:Ramdas
2247:Modern
2180:Surdas
2045:Madhva
1970:Eknath
1940:Basava
1935:Alvars
1869:Raikva
1859:Pāṇini
1844:Kapila
1839:Kanada
1824:Gotama
1731:Shaiva
1679:Dvaita
1580:Pongal
1503:Diwali
1482:Vivaha
1346:Odissi
1321:Kathak
1260:Yogini
1224:Dhyana
1175:Tirtha
1130:Bhakti
1120:Temple
1115:Śrauta
996:Arjava
956:Ahimsa
951:Niyama
934:Ethics
742:Moksha
727:Dharma
675:Saguna
573:Shakti
558:Kubera
504:Varuna
484:Pushan
397:Vishnu
392:Brahma
229:Hindus
151:Odisha
14043:Note:
13983:Altar
13817:Islam
13717:Stupa
13575:Lotus
13507:Trees
13486:Horse
13453:Swami
13433:Sadhu
13428:Rishi
13401:Roles
13382:Matha
13319:Pindi
13304:Murti
13276:Veena
13271:Tabla
13155:Charu
13094:Pinda
13079:Palki
13064:Kolam
13059:Kindi
13014:Dhupa
13009:Dhuni
12979:Altar
12755:Other
12721:Dhuni
12696:Yajna
12618:Yatra
12613:Vrata
12598:Murti
12582:Yajna
12553:Ārati
12254:kovil
11410:(PDF)
11334:(PDF)
11290:See:
11242:See:
10927:JSTOR
10874:JSTOR
10780:Hampi
10394:See:
10318:S2CID
10310:JSTOR
10164:JSTOR
9875:See:
9800:JSTOR
9736:JSTOR
9647:, in
9565:Ajira
9316:JSTOR
8919:arXiv
8787:JSTOR
8368:Notes
8351:Mandi
8198:Malay
8185:Candi
8140:Hindi
8119:Kovil
8105:Kovil
8101:Tamil
8092:Kovil
8035:Deula
7959:Deval
7905:candi
7899:kovil
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7041:Shiva
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6960:Candi
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6856:Nepal
6727:King
6639:Tamil
6619:Koils
6489:near
6395:Durga
6387:Shiva
6383:Surya
6359:Ganḍi
6253:Assam
6199:Mundu
6182:pujas
6155:mudra
5944:Akbar
5830:candi
5826:prang
5610:Patan
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5326:" of
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4892:Vedas
4610:murti
4505:, or
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4283:Shiva
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4228:Surya
4197:Vastu
3880:deity
3857:artha
3830:murti
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3714:Kenya
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3662:India
3642:Vedas
3635:karma
3623:artha
3602:, or
3340:Dalit
3293:Varna
3210:Kural
2748:Agama
2719:Kalpa
2615:Katha
2487:Vedas
2458:Ācāra
2453:Smṛti
2448:Śruti
2432:Texts
2025:Kabir
1894:Vyasa
1804:Aruni
1651:Nyaya
1605:Vishu
1585:Ugadi
1265:Asana
1250:Sadhu
1219:Tapas
1190:Matha
1180:Yatra
1165:Vrata
1150:Yajna
1125:Murti
1006:Tapas
981:Damah
976:Satya
946:Yamas
832:Karma
732:Artha
649:Guṇas
563:Radha
528:Durga
499:Ushas
494:Surya
489:Rudra
474:Indra
450:Vedic
441:Devis
437:Devas
402:Shiva
175:Nepal
13988:Cult
13565:Bael
13491:Nāga
13458:Yogi
13443:Sant
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13339:Yoni
13256:Khol
13210:Soma
13180:Milk
13160:Ghee
13145:Alta
13019:Diya
12920:Yoga
12885:Japa
12688:Homa
12648:Bhog
12635:Puja
12578:Homa
12461:ISBN
12415:ISBN
12401:ISBN
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12320:ISBN
12288:pūjā
12276:ISBN
12250:king
12220:2023
12194:2016
12165:ISBN
12119:ISBN
12103:ISBN
12059:2019
12022:2012
12006:ISBN
11988:2018
11957:2023
11872:2008
11844:ISBN
11819:ISBN
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11737:2019
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11688:ISBN
11659:ISBN
11639:ISBN
11587:ISBN
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11539:ISBN
11514:ISBN
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11393:2019
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10992:2019
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9372:OCLC
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9092:2021
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