896:, the target audience and assumed audience, the historical success of similar films, the actors who might appear in the film, and potential directors. All these factors imply a certain appeal of the film to a possible audience. Not all films make a profit from the theatrical release alone, however, the studio mainly targets the opening weekend and the second weekend to make most domestic profits. Occasionally, a film called a "word of mouth film" does not market strongly but its success spreads by word of mouth. It slowly gains its audience. These are special circumstances and these films may remain in theaters for 5 months while a typical film run is closer to 5 weekends. Further earnings result from
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865:, or WGA. The WGA allows a screenwriter to contract for One Draft, One Revision, and One Polish. Bob Eisle, Writer and Member of the Guild Board, states, "Additional writing requires an extension of contracts and payment for additional work". They are paid 80% of their fee after the First Draft. Preliminary discussions are minimal with studio executives but might be quite detailed with the producer.
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836:, where they develop a "take", a basic story idea that utilizes the concept given by studio executives. Often it is a competition with several pairings meeting with studio executives and "pitching" their "take". Very few writing jobs are from original ideas brought to studios by producers or writers. Perhaps one movie a year will be a "spec" script that was purchased.
1567:. As a result, several companies have emerged to assist filmmakers in getting independent movies seen and sold via mainstream internet marketplaces, often adjacent to popular Hollywood titles. With internet movie distribution, independent filmmakers who choose to forego a traditional distribution deal now have the ability to reach global audiences.
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reviewing the footage with the director and assembling the film out of selected takes. The production sound (dialogue) is also edited; music tracks and songs are composed and recorded if a film is intended to have a score; sound effects are designed and recorded. Any computer-generated visual effects
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and exhibition. The process is nonlinear, as the director typically shoots the script out of sequence, repeats shots as needed, and puts them together through editing later. Filmmaking occurs in a variety of economic, social, and political contexts around the world, and uses a variety of technologies
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Script
Coverage, a freelance job held by recent university graduates, does not feed scripts into the system that are ready for production nor already produced. "Coverage" is a way for young screenwriters to be read and their ideas might make their way up to an executive or famous producer and result
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The executives return from the retreat with fairly well-established instructions. They spread these concepts through the industry community, especially to producers they have deals with (traditional studios will have those producers in offices on their lots). Also, agents for screenwriters are made
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Studios hold general meetings with producers and screenwriters about original story ideas. "In my decade working as a writer, I knew of only a few that were sold and fewer that made it to the screen," relays writer Wayne Powers. Alan Watt, writer-director and
Founder of The LA Writer's Lab confirmed
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A take is over when the director calls "Cut!" and the camera and sound stop recording. The script supervisor will note any continuity issues, and the sound and camera teams log technical notes for the take on their respective report sheets. If the director decides additional takes are required, the
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clip may be released to the press based on raw footage shot for a "making of" documentary, which may include making-of clips as well as on-set interviews separate from those of the production company or distributor. For major films, key personnel are often contractually required to participate in
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Once a screenplay is "green-lit", directors and actors are attached and the film proceeds into the pre-production stage, although sometimes development and pre-production stages will overlap. Projects which fail to obtain a green light may have protracted difficulties in making the transition to
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over a period of several months, or however long it takes. Deadlines are in their contracts but there is no pressure to adhere to them. Again, every writer's process and speed vary. The screenwriter may rewrite the script several times to improve dramatization, clarity, structure, characters,
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whole process repeats. Once satisfied, the crew moves on to the next camera angle or "setup", until the whole scene is "covered." When shooting is finished for the scene, the assistant director declares a "wrap" or "moving on", and the crew will "strike", or dismantle, the set for that scene.
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incurred during the filmmaking over the time period from early development through the management of profits and losses after distribution under conditions of different degrees of uncertainty and risk. The practical aspects of filmmaking finance can also be defined as the science of the money
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Writers have different styles and creative processes; some have stronger track records than others. Because of this, how the development process proceeds from there and how much detail a writer returns to the studio to divulge before beginning writing can vary greatly. Screenwriters are often
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technology, the means of production have become more democratized and economically viable. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a film, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing,
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promotional tours in which they appear at premieres and festivals and sit for interviews with many TV, print, and online journalists. The largest productions may require more than one promotional tour, in order to rejuvenate audience demand at each release window.
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Once the producer and writer have sold their approach to the desired subject matter, they begin to work. However, many writers and producers usually pass before a particular concept is realized in a way that is awarded a green light to production. Production of
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In production, the film is created and shot. In this phase, it is key to keep planning ahead of the daily shoot. The primary aim is to stick to the budget and schedule, which requires constant vigilance. More crew will be recruited at this stage, such as the
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will start their equipment, record a verbal slate of the take's information, and announce "sound speed", or just "speed", when they are ready. The AD follows with "roll camera", answered by "speed!" by the camera operator once the camera is recording. The
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will be free to create any unique blend of roles to suit the various responsibilities needed during the production of a film. Communication is key between the location, set, office, production company, distributors and all other parties involved.
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are distributed to the cast and crew to tell them when and where to turn up the next shooting day. Later on, the director, producer, other department heads, and, sometimes, the cast, may gather to watch that day or yesterday's footage, called
1329:, calls "marker!" and slaps it shut. If the take involves extras or background action, the AD will cue them ("action background!"), and last is the director, telling the actors "action!". The AD may echo "action" louder on large sets.
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is procured to protect against accidents. Pre-production also includes working out the shoot location and casting process. The
Producer hires a Line Manager or a Production Manager to create the schedule and budget for the film.
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The assistant director (AD) calls "picture is up!" to inform everyone that a take is about to be recorded, and then "quiet, everyone!" Once everyone is ready to shoot, the AD calls "roll sound" (if the take involves sound), and the
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In pre-production, every step of actually creating the film is carefully designed and planned. This is the phase where one would narrow down all the options of the production. It is where all the planning takes place before the
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took approximately eight years from concept to screen, which, as Powers added, "is average." And most concepts turned into paid screenplays wind up gathering dust on some executive's shelf, never to see production.
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at different times and may not see one another until the film's premiere. Animated films also have different crew, since most physical live-action tasks are either unnecessary or are simulated by various types of
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At the end of the day, the director approves the next day's shooting schedule and a daily progress report is sent to the production office. This includes the report sheets from continuity, sound, and camera teams.
1366:, synchronizing work schedules of key cast and crew members is very important. For many scenes, several cast members and many crew members must be physically present at the same place at the same time (and
1297:, electric and production design crews are typically a step ahead of the camera and sound departments: for efficiency's sake, while a scene is being filmed, they are already preparing the next one.
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broadcast television. The distribution rights for the film are also usually sold for worldwide distribution. The distributor and the production company share profits and manage losses.
770:, actors, and actresses. They choose trending topics from the media and real life, as well as many other sources, to determine their yearly agenda. For example, in a year when
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that completed original screenplays, referred to as "specs", make big news when they sell, but these make up a very small portion of movies that are ultimately given the
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from their previous year and wish to explore a sequel. They will additionally acquire a completed and independently financed and produced film. Such notable examples are
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may need to rush from one project to another). Animated films have different workflow at the production phase, in that voice actors can record their takes in the
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traditional distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. In the past, most independent filmmakers have relied on
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1448:) and distributed in cinemas for exhibition (screening). Press kits, posters, and other advertising materials are published, and the film is advertised and
1402:. Finally, all sound elements are mixed down into "stems", which are synchronized to the images on the screen, and the film is fully completed ("locked").
656:. Filmmaking involves a number of complex and discrete stages, beginning with an initial story, idea, or commission. Production then continues through
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meet and interact on a variety of areas and topics they wish to explore through collaborations with producers and screenwriters, and then ultimately,
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in "meet and greets" where relations with up-and-comers can be formed. But it has not historically yielded ideas studios pursue into production.
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This stage is usually thought of as starting when principal photography ends, but they may overlap. The bulk of post-production consists of the
919:
Analogous to almost any business venture, financing of a film project deals with the study of filmmaking as the management and procurement of
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1355:. When the entire film is "in the can", or in the completion of the production phase, it is customary for the production office to arrange a
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is popular, they may wish to explore that topic in one or more movies. Sometimes, they purchase the rights to articles, bestselling novels,
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Development: Ideas for the film are created, rights to existing intellectual properties are purchased, etc., and the screenplay is written.
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While the crew prepares their equipment, the actors do their costumes and attend the hair and make-up departments. The actors rehearse the
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who at an early stage attempts to choose a slate of concepts that are likely to have market appeal and find potential financial success.
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in the late 1970s, most major films have followed a pattern of having several distinct release windows. A film may first be released to
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to make theatrical films, episodic films for television and streaming platforms, music videos, and promotional and educational films.
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with the director, and the camera and sound crews rehearse with them and make final tweaks. Finally, the action is shot in as many
1047:: finds and manages film locations. Nearly all pictures feature segments that are shot in the controllable environment of a studio
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management of all phases involved in filmmaking. Film finance aims to price assets based on their risk level and their expected
1130:: the head of the sound department during the production stage of filmmaking. They record and mix the audio on set – dialogue,
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and logistics of the production, among other tasks. There are several types of AD, each with different responsibilities.
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700:. Today, filmmaking refers to the process of crafting an audio-visual story commercially for distribution or broadcast.
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Makeup and hair designer: works closely with the costume designer in order to create a certain look for a character.
1079:: creates the clothing for the characters in the film working closely with the actors, as well as other departments.
1002:: creates visual images to help the director and production designer communicate their ideas to the production team.
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The nature of the film, and the budget, determine the size and type of crew used during filmmaking. Many
Hollywood
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With workdays often lasting fourteen or eighteen hours in remote locations, film production tends to create a
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739:: The images, sound, and visual effects of the recorded film are edited and combined into a finished product.
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Production: The raw footage and other elements of the film are recorded during the film shoot, including
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1100:: creates and coordinates the movement and dance – typically for musicals. Some films also credit a
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Director: is primarily responsible for the storytelling, creative decisions and acting of the film.
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has allowed for the relatively inexpensive distribution of independent films on websites such as
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may be made by a "skeleton crew" of eight or nine (or fewer). These are typical crew positions:
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A typical day shooting begins with the crew arriving on the set/location by their call time.
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1559:) to get their films noticed and sold for distribution and production. However, the
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722:: Arrangements and preparations are made for the shoot, such as hiring cast and
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as the director wishes. Most
American productions follow a specific procedure:
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Filmmaking also takes place outside of the mainstream and is commonly called
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1065:: the one who creates the visual conception of the film, working with the
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The development stage contains both general and specific components. Each
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is drawn up to plan expenditures for the film. For major productions,
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can take many hours or even days, they are often set up in advance.
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usually have their own separate call times. Since set construction,
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established. The film is pre-visualized by the director and may be
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provider. The film is duplicated as required (either onto film or
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Distribution is the last stage, where the film is released in
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based upon anticipated profits and protection against losses.
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sales to establish worldwide distribution gross of a film.
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List of people considered a founder in a
Humanities field
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employ a cast and crew of hundreds, while a low-budget,
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rolls and sets the overall vision of the project. The
1270:. These are the most common roles in filmmaking; the
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The
Complete Idiot's Guide to Independent Filmmaking
1359:, to thank all the cast and crew for their efforts.
1522:Sound recordist Curtis Choy (left) on location for
912:for extended period of time or until developmental
832:aware. This results in a pairing of producers with
692:Although filmmaking originally involved the use of
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3542:Cinematographer / director of photography
1876:. New York and London: Focal Press. p. 176.
1837:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 52.
1325:, who is already in front of the camera with the
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1830:
1683:Movie production incentives in the United States
908:pre-production and enter a phase referred to as
30:"Filmmaker" redirects here. For other uses, see
1824:
1797:by Tomlinson Holman (Focal Press) 2005 (p. 162)
708:Film production consists of five major stages:
1834:IFP/Los Angeles Independent Filmmaker's Manual
3891:
3211:
3043:
2865:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
2492:
1960:
1863:
927:that are required to fund the filmmaking and
828:to be produced by the president of a studio.
726:, selecting locations, and constructing sets.
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1831:Wurmfeld, Eden H.; Laloggia, Nicole (2004).
846:, which earned Oscars for its Director/Star
1809:by John Purcell (Focal Press) 2007 (p. 148)
1051:, while outdoor sequences call for filming
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892:distributors consider factors such as the
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127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1785:Sound-On-Film by Vincent LoBrutto (1994)
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900:purchases, foreign market purchases and
1210:in Sri Lanka, during the production of
716:for the project is sought and obtained.
14:
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2952:National Endowment for the Humanities
2937:Humanities, arts, and social sciences
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1948:
1870:Hayes, Derek; Webster, Chris (2013).
1740:"The New World of Digital Filmmaking"
1673:Motion Picture Association of America
762:has a yearly retreat where their top
2947:Moscow University for the Humanities
2918:Arts and Humanities Research Council
2875:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1873:Acting and Performance for Animation
1807:Dialogue Editing for Motion Pictures
1678:Motion picture content rating system
1557:Toronto International Film Festivals
1213:Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
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65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
1623:Filmmaking technique of Luis Buñuel
1116:of the entire film, supervises all
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27:Process of making a motion picture
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1851:from the original on 22 July 2023
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1658:Glossary of motion picture terms
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2995:Humanities in the United States
2843:American Journal of Archaeology
1890:from the original on 2023-04-09
1819:Film Sound: Theory and Practice
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52:needs additional citations for
2870:Journal of Controversial Ideas
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1772:. Alpha Books. pp. 26–28.
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1744:Film Connection Film Institute
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1524:Dim Sum: a Little Bit of Heart
1258:, assistant directors, stills
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1110:Director of photography (DOP)
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2890:Revue des Études Arméniennes
1534:. Since the introduction of
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861:protected by the union, the
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3995:Film and video technology
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2985:Criticism of mass culture
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1982:
1926:Resources in your library
1348:, and review their work.
1227:during the production of
1023:: hires the film's crew.
3646:Utility sound technician
2990:Educational essentialism
2627:Interdisciplinary fields
1158:supervising sound editor
863:Writers Guild of America
235:Breaking down the script
3946:Unit still photographer
3631:Director of audiography
3360:Unit production manager
1795:Sound for Digital Video
1603:Experimental filmmaking
1490:in-flight entertainment
1472:, may go directly into
1166:director of audiography
1027:Unit production manager
780:remaking of older films
354:Daily production report
3636:Production sound mixer
3365:Production coordinator
3185:List of artistic media
2778:Liberal arts education
1768:Steiff, Josef (2005).
1545:Sundance Film Festival
1532:independent filmmaking
1527:
1508:Independent filmmaking
1318:production sound mixer
1246:
1234:
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1128:Production sound mixer
3906:Visual effects editor
3901:VFX creative director
3370:Production accountant
2854:History of Humanities
2175:Principal photography
1521:
1241:A film production in
1240:
1223:
1202:
1195:Principal photography
731:principal photography
361:Daily progress report
333:Film inventory report
314:Principal photography
3980:Cinematic techniques
3825:Intimacy coordinator
3395:Production assistant
3010:Renaissance humanism
2942:Master of Humanities
2413:Guerrilla filmmaking
2387:Digital distribution
2330:Digital intermediate
2170:Cinematic techniques
1593:Cinematic techniques
1553:Cannes Film Festival
1549:Venice Film Festival
1498:satellite television
1466:a few select cinemas
1460:Since the advent of
1230:The Splendor of Love
805:Little Miss Sunshine
687:cinematic techniques
531:Guerrilla filmmaking
61:improve this article
3589:Lighting technician
3445:Production designer
2929:Geisteswissenschaft
2895:Teaching Philosophy
2674:Abductive reasoning
2135:Production schedule
1668:List of film topics
1102:fight choreographer
1063:Production designer
1035:production schedule
811:The English Patient
764:creative executives
275:Production schedule
3883:Technical director
3656:Re-recording mixer
3385:Script coordinator
3375:Assistant director
3314:Executive producer
3016:Studia Humanitatis
2448:First-dollar gross
1528:
1420:or, occasionally,
1247:
1235:
1218:
1112:: the head of the
1011:(AD): manages the
1009:Assistant director
957:production company
910:developmental hell
884:The studio is the
282:One liner schedule
18:Development (film)
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1912:Library resources
1663:Housekeeping deal
1643:Film title design
1608:Film colorization
1470:tests well enough
1412:Film distribution
1364:live-action films
1272:production office
1256:script supervisor
1039:studio executives
1031:production budget
1013:shooting schedule
1000:Storyboard artist
977:production budget
967:with the help of
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959:is created and a
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2125:Production board
2086:Script breakdown
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1225:Mahmoud Zulfikar
1206:(standing) with
1204:Steven Spielberg
1122:camera operators
1118:cinematographers
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1077:Costume designer
1045:Location manager
993:independent film
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1216:(released 1984)
1208:Chandran Rutnam
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1512:Main article:
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1418:movie theaters
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1264:picture editor
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848:Clint Eastwood
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78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3868:Sound editor
3835:Stunt double
3830:Stage combat
3810:Talent agent
3780:Acting coach
3703:Orchestrator
3698:Music editor
3661:Foley artist
3552:Focus puller
3450:Art director
3304:Screenwriter
3230:
3126:
3090:Computer art
3070:Architecture
3014:
2978:Philistinism
2973:Antihumanism
2927:
2899:
2885:Nova Religio
2852:
2770:
2750:Hermeneutics
2705:
2698:
2605:
2522:Anthropology
2458:
2360:Film release
2340:Distribution
2283:Re-recording
2278:Film editing
2190:Videographer
2156:
2051:Film finance
2009:Step outline
1975:
1916:
1892:. Retrieved
1872:
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1833:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1769:
1763:
1752:. Retrieved
1743:
1734:
1708:
1707:
1648:Film trailer
1638:Film studies
1529:
1523:
1486:pay-per-view
1474:wide release
1459:
1415:
1406:Distribution
1392:
1361:
1350:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1327:clapperboard
1314:
1299:
1292:
1277:
1260:photographer
1248:
1228:
1211:
1067:art director
989:blockbusters
986:
969:illustrators
965:storyboarded
949:
918:
906:
883:
879:
870:screenwriter
867:
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851:
841:
838:
830:
822:
815:
809:
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800:blockbusters
757:
743:Distribution
707:
691:
682:film release
645:
641:
640:
541:
521:Film history
476:Film release
470:Distribution
463:Distribution
405:Re-recording
398:Film editing
373:Sound report
203:Film finance
179:Step outline
151:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
76:"Filmmaking"
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3863:Film editor
3785:Body double
3666:Voice foley
3574:Second unit
3534:Photography
3515:Illustrator
3502:Visual arts
3482:Set dresser
3467:Hairdresser
3436:Production
3291:Cameo actor
3261:Voice actor
3147:Printmaking
3142:Photography
3122:Digital art
3059:Visual arts
2827:Work of art
2795:Metaphysics
2756:Historicism
2601:Visual arts
2527:Archaeology
2515:Disciplines
2438:Film rights
2428:Filmography
2185:Videography
2113:Scenography
2024:spec script
1984:Development
1633:Film school
1628:Film poster
1588:Audiography
1502:free-to-air
1468:, or if it
1395:film editor
1353:team spirit
1339:Call sheets
1191:Audiography
1114:photography
1053:on location
1049:sound stage
929:liabilities
921:investments
826:green light
760:film studio
754:Development
583:Spec script
526:Filmography
379:Cost report
321:Videography
215:Green-light
172:Development
3975:Filmmaking
3969:Categories
3941:Swing gang
3911:Compositor
3845:Under-five
3606:Dolly grip
3415:Storyboard
3231:filmmaking
3172:Street art
3152:Public art
3127:Filmmaking
2788:Quadrivium
2713:Creativity
2679:Aesthetics
2606:Filmmaking
2591:Philosophy
2547:Literature
2508:Humanities
2443:Turnaround
2408:Box office
2293:Soundtrack
2288:Sync sound
2246:Editor log
2223:Production
2157:Production
2103:Storyboard
2063:Greenlight
2014:Screenplay
2002:scriptment
1976:Filmmaking
1936:Filmmaking
1917:Filmmaking
1894:2023-03-19
1754:2021-10-07
1726:References
1698:Television
1578:35 mm film
1462:home video
1357:wrap party
1185:See also:
1181:Production
944:See also:
914:turnaround
894:film genre
874:screenplay
843:Unforgiven
792:comic book
788:fairy tale
784:video game
747:home video
642:Filmmaking
417:Soundtrack
412:Sync sound
301:Production
247:Storyboard
196:Screenplay
191:Scriptment
153:Filmmaking
117:April 2023
87:newspapers
3921:Rendering
3736:Animation
3683:Subtitles
3562:Steadicam
3462:Greensman
3286:Bit actor
3227:Film crew
3162:Sculpture
3132:Light art
2860:Humanitas
2772:Humanitas
2761:Historism
2723:Criticism
2616:Sculpture
2165:Film crew
2145:one-liner
2118:Rehearsal
1543:(such as
1377:animators
1162:Bollywood
981:insurance
890:Hollywood
872:writes a
768:directors
724:film crew
714:Financing
563:Film crew
3878:Animator
3873:Colorist
3815:Stand-in
3754:Modeling
3744:Animator
3688:Composer
3596:Key grip
3157:Rock art
3137:Painting
3085:Ceramics
2911:Academia
2880:Leonardo
2848:Daedalus
2836:Journals
2800:Ontology
2689:The arts
2611:Painting
2557:Rhetoric
2382:Roadshow
2298:Timecode
2233:Progress
1997:Producer
1888:Archived
1849:Archived
1748:Archived
1571:See also
1561:internet
1450:promoted
1306:blocking
1288:lighting
1284:dressing
1172:Composer
1144:ambience
1140:monaural
1132:presence
1092:audition
868:Next, a
670:shooting
654:produced
552:See also
543:Glossary
503:Roadshow
144:a series
142:Part of
3759:Rigging
3673:Dubbing
3117:Drawing
3080:Cartoon
2966:Related
2901:more...
2783:Trivium
2733:Culture
2707:Bildung
2649:Medical
2634:Digital
2584:Theatre
2537:History
2401:Related
2375:delayed
2370:limited
2108:Casting
2091:process
2019:process
1855:28 June
1583:3D film
1565:YouTube
1438:Blu-ray
1345:dailies
834:writers
696:, most
662:casting
493:delayed
488:limited
101:scholar
3773:Talent
3579:Gaffer
3438:design
3112:Design
2822:Wisdom
2754:
2694:Beauty
2667:Themes
2654:Public
2644:Health
2552:Poetry
2318:visual
2039:Option
1940:Curlie
1914:about
1880:
1841:
1555:, and
1482:retail
1478:rental
1454:B-roll
1400:artist
1302:script
1280:Actors
1266:, and
1193:, and
953:camera
925:assets
814:, and
778:, the
772:action
440:visual
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3934:Other
3805:Extra
3623:Sound
3256:Actor
3095:Craft
2579:Music
2574:Dance
2313:sound
2303:Music
2238:Sound
2056:pitch
1500:, or
1452:. A
1310:takes
1245:2022.
1243:Ystad
1160:. On
776:plays
573:Pitch
435:sound
422:Music
108:JSTOR
94:books
3611:Grip
2738:High
2423:Film
2365:wide
2353:list
2242:Cost
2034:Hook
1878:ISBN
1857:2023
1839:ISBN
1304:and
1295:grip
1293:The
1286:and
1142:and
1134:and
1120:and
1071:sets
1033:and
975:. A
971:and
817:Roma
694:film
685:and
568:Hook
558:Film
483:wide
80:news
3678:ADR
3075:Art
2564:Law
1938:at
1434:DVD
1430:VCD
1426:VHS
1138:in
902:DVD
652:is
644:or
63:by
3971::
1886:.
1847:.
1778:^
1742:.
1551:,
1547:,
1536:DV
1496:,
1492:,
1488:,
1484:,
1480:,
1436:,
1432:,
1428:,
1379:.
1262:,
1254:,
1189:,
1073:.
916:.
820:.
808:,
794:,
790:,
786:,
676:,
672:,
668:,
664:,
660:,
146:on
3233:)
3229:(
3219:e
3212:t
3205:v
3051:e
3044:t
3037:v
2500:e
2493:t
2486:v
1968:e
1961:t
1954:v
1897:.
1859:.
1757:.
1424:(
1168:.
1124:.
1104:.
1055:.
733:.
630:e
623:t
616:v
495:)
481:(
442:)
433:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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