342:
235:
58:
465:
33:
1100:
Corliss, John O. (May 1974). "Remarks on the
Composition of the Large Ciliate Class Kinetofragmophora de Puytorac et al., 1974, and Recognition of Several New Taxa Therein, with Emphasis on the Primitive Order Primociliatida N. Ord".
444:
within a protective coating. In the laboratory, other environmental stimuli, such as the age of the growth medium or the accumulation of certain metabolic waste products, can also trigger encystment. When the encysted form of
1128:
Gao, S; et al. (Nov–Dec 2008). "Phylogeny of six genera of the subclass
Haptoria (Ciliophora, Litostomatea) inferred from sequences of the gene coding for small subunit ribosomal RNA".
1171:
Vd'aÄŤnĂ˝, Peter; et al. (May 2011). "Phylogeny and
Classification of the Litostomatea (Protista, Ciliophora), with Emphasis on Free-Living Taxa and the 18S rRNA Gene".
600:
3283:
2421:
593:
2714:
621:
614:
586:
2238:
2228:
2750:
2391:
2233:
2182:
2172:
634:
628:
579:
3447:
3300:
2742:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2274:
607:
3435:
3423:
3374:
2996:
2690:
2674:
2670:
2416:
2362:
2187:
3671:
3441:
3418:
3401:
3008:
2746:
2682:
2433:
2428:
2256:
1768:
1433:
3501:
3305:
3271:
3242:
2988:
2917:
2734:
2678:
2177:
2130:
1762:
1427:
1418:
3697:
3493:
3476:
3459:
3410:
3367:
3362:
3312:
2730:
2686:
2403:
2379:
1642:
1528:
3530:
3522:
3468:
2738:
2398:
2337:
1739:
1728:
1438:
545:
259:
148:
700:
3506:
1630:
365:
138:
3481:
3317:
2710:
2409:
3645:
3684:
533:. In 1974, John O. Corliss created the order Haptorida, within the subclass Haptoria, for "rapacious carnivorous forms" such as
3689:
1273:
425:
will actually show a preference for a diet made up of that species, as well as a diminished ability to kill and ingest
778:
3710:
1314:
3702:
1309:
771:
An
Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa: organisms traditionally referred to as protozoa, or newly discovered groups
44:
1393:
1383:
1366:
1552:
276:
257:, an upper band and a lower band just below the midline. This distinguishes them from the related genus
660:
Berger, Jacques (October 1979). "The
Feeding Behavior of Didinium nasutum on an Atypical Prey Ciliate (
1037:
MĂĽller, O.F. Animalcula
Infusoria, Fluvia Tilia et Marina. 1786. Hauniae, Typis N. Mölleri. pp. 268-9.
3715:
744:
57:
1086:
3145:
356:
Much of what has been published about this genus is based on numerous studies of a single species,
298:
is long and may be curved, horseshoe-shaped, or twisted into a shape resembling a figure eight. A
3738:
3385:
2951:
1398:
1266:
313:
3572:
2439:
916:
Beers, C. Dale (March 1927). "Factors involved in encystment in the ciliate didinium nasutum".
708:
496:
401:
3676:
3743:
3194:
1733:
1672:
1594:
1361:
507:, alongside other ciliates which have a ciliary fringe at the anterior of the cell, such as
3632:
2374:
1486:
1180:
994:
Beers, C. Dale (Sep–Oct 1937). "The
Viability of Ten-Year-Old Didinium Cysts (Infusoria)".
968:
870:
769:
Lee, John J.; et al. (2000). John J. Lee; Gordon F. Leedale; Phyllis
Bradbury (eds.).
731:
Urtiere oder
Protozoa I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria) In: Die Tierwelt Deutschlands
389:, it has been shown that the organism will readily devour other ciliate species, including
316:
773:. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Lawrence, Kansas: Society of Protozoologists. pp. 480–1.
341:
8:
2619:
2576:
572:
299:
1184:
972:
874:
3610:
2666:
2466:
1685:
1461:
1378:
1356:
1344:
1319:
1259:
1239:
1153:
1114:
1074:
1019:
1011:
933:
893:
858:
681:
516:
52:
3619:
3355:
2792:
2354:
2192:
2053:
1976:
1547:
1388:
1351:
1339:
1329:
1220:(Stein) with Special Reference to the Feeding Habits and the Function of Trichocysts"
1196:
1145:
1141:
1049:
898:
774:
1157:
1023:
937:
206:, although they will also attack and consume other ciliates. Some species, such as
3230:
2784:
2760:
2756:
2594:
2538:
2035:
1839:
1577:
1303:
1231:
1188:
1137:
1110:
1036:
1003:
976:
925:
888:
878:
673:
556:
3624:
520:
368:
to ensnare and paralyze its ciliate prey. Once captured, the prey is engulfed by
3218:
2796:
2764:
2584:
2580:
2543:
2521:
2486:
2197:
1996:
1928:
1858:
1589:
1582:
1215:
733:. Vol. 1. Allgemeiner teil und Prostomata. Jena: G. Fischer. pp. 123–6.
413:
291:
ciliates. The dimensions of this protuberance vary among the different species.
1192:
472:
464:
3113:
3029:
2939:
2860:
2800:
2770:
2553:
2497:
2474:
2297:
2058:
2013:
1846:
1826:
1715:
1481:
1334:
1286:
437:
320:
215:
95:
82:
484:
3732:
3379:
3288:
3128:
3077:
3064:
3047:
2971:
2818:
2706:
2627:
2548:
2503:
2491:
2456:
2248:
2159:
2089:
2001:
1984:
1863:
1704:
1691:
1523:
264:
1251:
929:
234:
3595:
3541:
3247:
3235:
3189:
3169:
3118:
3095:
2963:
2946:
2934:
2877:
2865:
2829:
2806:
2700:
2696:
2662:
2604:
2599:
2588:
2572:
2568:
2530:
2385:
2367:
2291:
2101:
2077:
2065:
1907:
1887:
1870:
1851:
1817:
1753:
1637:
1607:
1505:
1200:
1149:
980:
902:
550:
295:
288:
128:
883:
3658:
3604:
3429:
3350:
3333:
3223:
3214:
3151:
3139:
3133:
3038:
2884:
2871:
2644:
2609:
2563:
2558:
2329:
2267:
2118:
2046:
2040:
1989:
1955:
1935:
1803:
1697:
1680:
1660:
1619:
1564:
1535:
1510:
280:
279:
end, a cone-shaped structure protrudes, supported by a palisade of stiff
246:
219:
182:
3650:
3535:
3276:
3181:
3158:
3106:
3100:
3058:
3052:
3001:
2976:
2926:
2853:
2841:
2835:
2811:
2656:
2652:
2632:
2509:
2479:
2309:
2209:
2204:
2147:
2141:
2094:
2082:
2070:
2022:
1895:
1875:
1649:
1612:
1570:
1558:
1469:
1243:
1015:
685:
529:
508:
456:
Didinium cysts have been shown to remain viable for at least 10 years.
385:
245:
are rounded, oval, or barrel-shaped and range in length from 50 to 150
223:
202:
189:
32:
3663:
1069:. Vol. III. Leipzig & Heidelberg: C. F. Winter. p. 1688.
3342:
3253:
3163:
3088:
3070:
3013:
2889:
2823:
2285:
2279:
2261:
2135:
2106:
2030:
1912:
1834:
1773:
1600:
1290:
1282:
560:
512:
504:
373:
303:
284:
108:
69:
3566:
1235:
952:
677:
3589:
3293:
3206:
3082:
2847:
2342:
2303:
2221:
2165:
1966:
1654:
1516:
1493:
1373:
1007:
539:
441:
272:
193:
2215:
2153:
1900:
1792:
1709:
1540:
1498:
1474:
1452:
391:
328:
211:
197:
185:
118:
1624:
859:"Encystment and the Life Cycle in the Ciliate Didinium nasutum"
527:
was removed from among the
Peritrichs, and placed in the order
407:
250:
3637:
178:
453:, it will excyst, reverting to its active, swimming form.
324:
188:
with at least ten accepted species. All are free-living
559:
of Haptorian ciliates has shown that they do not form a
238:
Didinium nasutum CGI illustration by Denis Zarubin, 2021
822:. Vol. 2. London: David Bogue. pp. 638–9.
383:is sometimes described as feeding exclusively upon
666:Transactions of the American Microscopical Society
3730:
1065:Bütschli, Otto (1887–1889). Bronn, H. G. (ed.).
549:. This group has since been placed in the class
863:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
263:, which have only a single band, except during
957:with especial reference to their significance"
283:rods (nematodesmata). This cone encloses the
229:
1281:
1267:
1064:
499:moved the species to the newly created genus
459:
1816:
1761:
1426:
1170:
200:are known. Their diet consists largely of
1801:
1274:
1260:
655:
653:
651:
31:
1051:Der Organismus der Infusionsthiere (1859)
892:
882:
817:
3341:
463:
340:
233:
1099:
729:Kahl, Alfred (1930–35). F. Dahl (ed.).
728:
648:
3731:
659:
3571:
3570:
1255:
1047:
993:
915:
856:
1213:
950:
844:
832:
805:
793:
449:is exposed to a vigorous culture of
267:. The pectinelles are used to move
249:. The cell body is encircled by two
1127:
818:Kent, William Saville (1881–1882).
768:
737:
503:, which he placed within the order
364:uses specialized structures called
334:
13:
1130:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
1115:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1974.tb03643.x
1103:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
701:"Didinium gargantua Meunier, 1910"
566:
515:. Later in the century, under the
352:. Illustration by S. O. Mast, 1909
306:are in the posterior of the cell.
287:, or "mouth" opening, as in other
275:the cell around its axis. At the
14:
3755:
698:
483:was discovered by the naturalist
1142:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00360.x
56:
16:Genus of single-celled organisms
1164:
1121:
1093:
1058:
1041:
1030:
987:
961:Journal of Experimental Zoology
953:"Conjugation and encystment in
944:
909:
850:
838:
192:. Most are found in fresh and
857:Beers, C. Dale (15 Sep 1925).
826:
811:
799:
787:
762:
722:
692:
1:
1214:Mast, S. O. (February 1909).
641:
210:, also feeds on non-ciliate
7:
1193:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.016
638:(MĂĽller, 1773) Stein, 1859
230:Appearance and reproduction
10:
3760:
460:History and classification
3579:
3521:
3492:
3467:
3458:
3409:
3400:
3332:
3264:
3205:
3180:
3037:
3028:
2987:
2962:
2925:
2916:
2912:
2783:
2643:
2618:
2529:
2520:
2465:
2454:
2353:
2328:
2247:
2126:
2117:
2021:
2012:
1975:
1964:
1953:
1923:
1886:
1825:
1812:
1790:
1752:
1726:
1671:
1460:
1451:
1417:
1413:
1297:
1048:Stein, Friedrich (1859).
951:Mast, S. O. (July 1917).
820:A Manual of the Infusoria
417:. Moreover, strains of
53:Scientific classification
51:
39:
30:
23:
1054:. Leipzig: W. Engelmann.
553:Small & Lynn, 1981.
432:In the absence of food,
360:. A voracious predator,
196:water, but three marine
2952:Vitrella brassicaformis
996:The American Naturalist
930:10.1002/jmor.1050430208
601:Didinium chlorelligerum
981:10.1002/jez.1400230206
497:Samuel Friedrich Stein
476:
402:Tetrahymena pyriformis
353:
239:
1673:Postciliodesmatophora
1067:ERSTER BAND. PROTOZOA
918:Journal of Morphology
884:10.1073/pnas.11.9.523
745:"Didinium Morphology"
589:Fabre-Domergue, 1888
487:and described in his
479:In the 18th century,
467:
344:
237:
2375:Eleutheroschizonidae
1487:Cariacothrix caudata
594:Didinium bosphoricum
489:Animalcula Infusoria
2620:Blastogregarinorina
2577:Oligochaetocystinae
1224:Biological Bulletin
1185:2011MolPE..59..510V
1173:Mol Phylogenet Evol
973:1917JEZ....23..335M
875:1925PNAS...11..523B
573:Didinium alveolatum
309:Like all ciliates,
300:contractile vacuole
2715:Amphiplatysporidae
2667:Cephaloidophoridae
2467:Archigregarinorida
1462:Intramacronucleata
1216:"The Reactions of
705:www.zooplankton.cn
662:Colpidium campylum
622:Didinium impressum
615:Didinium gargantua
587:Didinium balbianii
519:scheme created by
477:
423:Colpidium campylum
397:Colpidium campylum
354:
240:
43:as illustrated by
3726:
3725:
3573:Taxon identifiers
3564:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3517:
3516:
3396:
3395:
3328:
3327:
3024:
3023:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2793:Schizogregarinina
2779:
2778:
2450:
2449:
2355:Protococcidiorida
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2239:Selenococcidiidae
2229:Elleipsisomatidae
2193:Cryptosporidiidae
2054:Haemogregarinidae
1977:Agamococcidiorida
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1748:
1747:
1548:Oligohymenophorea
1447:
1446:
835:, pp. 96–112
699:Kypke, Reinhard.
493:Vorticella nasuta
469:Vorticella nasuta
327:after undergoing
271:through water by
170:
169:
166:
3751:
3719:
3718:
3706:
3705:
3693:
3692:
3680:
3679:
3667:
3666:
3654:
3653:
3641:
3640:
3628:
3627:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3568:
3567:
3465:
3464:
3407:
3406:
3339:
3338:
3231:Duboscquellaceae
3035:
3034:
2923:
2922:
2914:
2913:
2785:Neogregarinorida
2761:Actinocephalidae
2757:Stylocephaloidea
2751:Trichorhynchidae
2595:Schaudinnellidae
2539:Aikinetocystidae
2527:
2526:
2463:
2462:
2392:Eleutheroschizon
2234:Lankesterellidae
2183:Calyptosporiidae
2173:Atoxoplasmatidae
2124:
2123:
2036:Dactylosomatidae
2019:
2018:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1961:
1823:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1799:
1798:
1759:
1758:
1578:Parablepharismea
1553:Ichthyophthirius
1458:
1457:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1326:
1306:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1218:Didinium nasutum
1205:
1204:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1070:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1027:
991:
985:
984:
955:Didinium nasutum
948:
942:
941:
913:
907:
906:
896:
886:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
823:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
785:
784:
766:
760:
759:
757:
755:
741:
735:
734:
726:
720:
719:
717:
716:
707:. Archived from
696:
690:
689:
657:
635:Didinium nasutum
629:Didinium minimum
580:Didinium armatum
557:Genetic analysis
358:Didinium nasutum
346:Didinium nasutum
336:Didinium nasutum
164:
61:
60:
41:Didinium nasutum
35:
21:
20:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3714:
3709:
3701:
3696:
3688:
3683:
3675:
3670:
3662:
3657:
3649:
3644:
3636:
3631:
3623:
3618:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3575:
3565:
3548:
3513:
3488:
3454:
3448:Rhizellobiopsis
3392:
3324:
3301:Pronoctilucidae
3260:
3219:Amoebophryaceae
3201:
3176:
3127:Without theca:
3020:
2983:
2958:
2896:
2797:Caulleryellidae
2775:
2765:Stylocephalidae
2743:Sphaerocystidae
2727:Dactylophoridae
2723:Cnemidosporidae
2719:Brustiophoridae
2639:
2614:
2585:Stomatophorinae
2581:Rhynchocystinae
2544:Allantocystidae
2522:Eugregarinorida
2516:
2487:Selenidioididae
2459:
2446:
2349:
2316:
2275:Toxoplasmatinae
2243:
2198:Cryptosporidium
2113:
2008:
1997:Rhytidocystidae
1969:
1958:
1941:
1929:Cardiosporidium
1919:
1882:
1859:Leucocytozoidae
1806:
1795:
1778:
1744:
1722:
1667:
1590:Phyllopharyngea
1583:Parablepharisma
1443:
1409:
1408:
1324:
1302:
1293:
1280:
1250:
1236:10.2307/1536126
1209:
1208:
1169:
1165:
1126:
1122:
1098:
1094:
1082:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1031:
992:
988:
949:
945:
914:
910:
855:
851:
843:
839:
831:
827:
816:
812:
804:
800:
796:, pp. 92–3
792:
788:
781:
767:
763:
753:
751:
743:
742:
738:
727:
723:
714:
712:
697:
693:
678:10.2307/3225898
658:
649:
644:
632:
626:
619:
612:
608:Didinium faurei
605:
597:
591:
584:
577:
569:
567:List of Species
491:under the name
462:
414:Lacrymaria olor
339:
232:
216:dinoflagellates
163:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3757:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3739:Ciliate genera
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3707:
3694:
3681:
3668:
3655:
3642:
3629:
3616:
3601:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3527:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3498:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3473:
3471:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3436:Parallobiopsis
3424:Elliobiocystis
3415:
3413:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3375:Rastromonadida
3372:
3360:
3347:
3345:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3310:
3298:
3286:
3281:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3240:
3228:
3211:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3156:
3124:
3123:
3114:Prorocentrales
3111:
3093:
3075:
3046:With a theca:
3043:
3041:
3032:
3030:Dinoflagellata
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3006:
2997:Alphamonadidae
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2944:
2940:Chromera velia
2931:
2929:
2920:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2882:
2861:Schizocystidae
2858:
2816:
2804:
2801:Ophryocystidae
2789:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2771:Blabericolidae
2768:
2754:
2704:
2694:
2691:Uradiophoridae
2675:Didymophoridae
2671:Cephalolobidae
2660:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2554:Enterocystidae
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2498:Meroselenidium
2484:
2475:Exoschizonidae
2471:
2469:
2460:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2426:
2417:Mackinnoniidae
2414:
2396:
2372:
2363:Angeiocystidae
2359:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2298:Nephroisospora
2272:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2202:
2190:
2188:Caryotrophidae
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2059:Haemogregarina
2051:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2016:
2014:Eucoccidiorida
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1994:
1981:
1979:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1905:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1868:
1856:
1847:Haemoproteidae
1844:
1831:
1829:
1827:Haemospororida
1820:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1767:
1765:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1716:Tracheloraphis
1702:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1647:
1635:
1617:
1605:
1587:
1575:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1503:
1491:
1482:Cariacotrichea
1479:
1466:
1464:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1432:
1430:
1421:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:Mesomycetozoea
1396:
1391:
1381:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1335:Diaphoretickes
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1256:
1249:
1248:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1163:
1120:
1109:(2): 207–220.
1092:
1057:
1040:
1029:
1008:10.1086/280739
1002:(736): 521–4.
986:
943:
924:(2): 499–520.
908:
849:
837:
825:
810:
798:
786:
779:
761:
749:www.nies.go.jp
736:
721:
691:
646:
645:
643:
640:
568:
565:
461:
458:
338:
333:
321:binary fission
231:
228:
168:
167:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
99:
98:
93:
86:
85:
83:Diaphoretickes
80:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
49:
48:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3756:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3442:Thalassomyces
3438:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3419:Ellobiopsidae
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3402:Protalveolata
3399:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3380:Parvilucifera
3376:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3289:Oxyrrhinaceae
3287:
3285:
3284:Ichthyodinium
3282:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3129:Gymnodiniales
3126:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3078:Gonyaulacales
3076:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3065:Ornithocercus
3061:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3048:Dinophysiales
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3009:Voromonadidae
3007:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2972:Colpodellidae
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2819:Lipotrophidae
2817:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2747:Stenophoridae
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2707:Stenophoricae
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2683:Hirmocystidae
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2628:Siedleckiidae
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:Diplocystidae
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2504:Selenidioides
2500:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2492:Merogregarina
2488:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2457:Gregarinasina
2453:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2434:Myriosporides
2430:
2429:Myriosporidae
2427:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2257:Sarcocystinae
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2249:Sarcocystidae
2246:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2160:Pseudoklossia
2156:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2090:Klossiellidae
2088:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2003:
2002:Rhytidocystis
1998:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1985:Gemmocystidae
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:Leucocytozoon
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1769:Colponemadida
1766:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1705:Karyorelictea
1703:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1692:Climacostomum
1688:
1687:
1682:
1681:Heterotrichea
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1524:Muranotrichea
1522:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1434:Acavomonadida
1431:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1362:Stramenopiles
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1325:(major groups
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1230:(3): 91–118.
1229:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1212:
1211:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:(2): 510–22.
1178:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1076:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1038:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
956:
947:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
912:
904:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
853:
847:, p. 114
846:
841:
834:
829:
821:
814:
807:
802:
795:
790:
782:
780:1-891276-22-0
776:
772:
765:
750:
746:
740:
732:
725:
711:on 2016-12-21
710:
706:
702:
695:
687:
683:
679:
675:
672:(4): 487–94.
671:
667:
663:
656:
654:
652:
647:
639:
637:
636:
631:
630:
624:
623:
618:Meunier, 1910
617:
616:
610:
609:
603:
602:
598:
596:Hovasse, 1932
595:
590:
588:
582:
581:
575:
574:
564:
562:
558:
554:
552:
548:
547:
542:
541:
536:
532:
531:
526:
522:
521:Otto BĂĽtschli
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
474:
470:
466:
457:
454:
452:
448:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:
410:
409:
408:Coleps hirtus
404:
403:
398:
394:
393:
388:
387:
382:
377:
375:
372:s expandible
371:
367:
363:
359:
351:
347:
343:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
315:
312:
307:
305:
304:anal aperture
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:cell division
262:
261:
256:
252:
248:
244:
236:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:
180:
176:
175:
162:
161:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
64:
59:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
3744:Litostomatea
3580:
3542:Platyproteum
3540:
3534:
3505:
3502:Chilovoridae
3480:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3384:
3378:
3366:
3354:
3316:
3306:Pronoctiluca
3304:
3292:
3275:
3272:Acrocoelidae
3252:
3248:Hematodinium
3246:
3243:Syndiniaceae
3236:Duboscquella
3234:
3222:
3193:
3190:Noctilucales
3170:Symbiodinium
3168:
3162:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3119:Prorocentrum
3117:
3105:
3099:
3096:Peridiniales
3087:
3081:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3012:
3000:
2989:Voromonadida
2975:
2964:Colpodellida
2950:
2947:Vitrellaceae
2938:
2935:Chromeraceae
2918:Apicomonadea
2888:
2878:Schizocystis
2876:
2870:
2866:Lymphotropha
2864:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2830:Farinocystis
2828:
2822:
2810:
2807:Gigaductidae
2735:Monoductidae
2701:Porosporidae
2697:Porosporicae
2679:Gregarinidae
2663:Gregarinicae
2631:
2605:Thiriotiidae
2600:Selenidiidae
2589:Zygocystinae
2573:Monocystinae
2569:Monocystidae
2531:Aseptatorina
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2478:
2438:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2402:
2390:
2386:Defretinella
2384:
2378:
2368:Angeiocystis
2366:
2341:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2292:Hyaloklossia
2290:
2284:
2278:
2266:
2260:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2196:
2178:Barrouxiidae
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2131:Aggregatidae
2105:
2102:Legerellidae
2093:
2081:
2078:Karyolysidae
2069:
2066:Hepatozoidae
2057:
2045:
2039:
2000:
1988:
1934:
1927:
1911:
1908:Theileriidae
1899:
1888:Piroplasmida
1874:
1871:Plasmodiidae
1862:
1852:Haemoproteus
1850:
1838:
1818:Aconoidasida
1772:
1763:Colponemadea
1754:Colponemidia
1738:
1732:
1714:
1708:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1659:
1653:
1650:Spirotrichea
1641:
1638:Protocruziea
1629:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1595:Chilodonella
1593:
1581:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1509:
1506:Litostomatea
1497:
1485:
1473:
1437:
1428:Acavomonadea
1419:Acavomonidia
1384:Opisthokonta
1227:
1223:
1217:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1136:(6): 562–6.
1133:
1129:
1123:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1066:
1060:
1050:
1043:
1032:
999:
995:
989:
964:
960:
954:
946:
921:
917:
911:
866:
862:
852:
840:
828:
819:
813:
808:, p. 92
801:
789:
770:
764:
752:. Retrieved
748:
739:
730:
724:
713:. Retrieved
709:the original
704:
694:
669:
665:
661:
633:
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
592:
585:
583:Penard, 1922
578:
571:
570:
561:monophyletic
555:
551:Litostomatea
544:
538:
534:
528:
524:
500:
495:. In 1859,
492:
488:
480:
478:
473:O. F. MĂĽller
468:
455:
450:
446:
433:
431:
426:
422:
421:raised on a
418:
412:
406:
400:
396:
390:
384:
380:
378:
369:
361:
357:
355:
349:
348:consuming a
345:
335:
310:
308:
296:macronucleus
293:
281:microtubular
268:
258:
254:
242:
241:
220:cryptomonads
214:, including
208:D. gargantua
207:
201:
173:
172:
171:
159:
158:
129:Litostomatea
102:
89:
76:
40:
24:
18:
3659:iNaturalist
3605:Wikispecies
3494:Chilovorida
3477:Algovoridae
3460:Myzomonadea
3430:Ellobiopsis
3411:Ellobiopsea
3386:Rastrimonas
3368:Phagodinium
3363:Phagodinida
3351:Perkinsidae
3334:Perkinsozoa
3313:Psammosidae
3224:Amoebophyra
3215:Syndiniales
3152:Karlodinium
3140:Gymnodinium
3134:Amphidinium
3039:Dinokaryota
2885:Syncystidae
2872:Machadoella
2731:Leidyanidae
2687:Metameridae
2645:Septatorina
2610:Urosporidae
2564:Lecudinidae
2559:Ganymedidae
2422:Mackinnonia
2404:Coelotropha
2380:Coelotropha
2330:Ixorheorida
2268:Sarcocystis
2119:Eimeriorina
2047:Dactylosoma
2041:Babesiosoma
1990:Gemmocystis
1956:Conoidasida
1936:Nephromyces
1804:Apicomplexa
1698:Blepharisma
1661:Stylonychia
1643:Protocruzia
1620:Prostomatea
1608:Plagiopylea
1565:Tetrahymena
1536:Nassophorea
1529:Muranothrix
1511:Balantidium
1083:|work=
517:taxonomical
485:O.F. MĂĽller
329:conjugation
255:pectinelles
247:micrometres
224:green algae
183:unicellular
165:Stein, 1859
45:Schewiakoff
3733:Categories
3536:Filipodium
3531:Squirmidae
3523:Squirmidea
3469:Algovorida
3277:Acrocoelus
3182:Noctilucea
3159:Suessiales
3107:Peridinium
3101:Pfiesteria
3059:Histioneis
3053:Dinophysis
3002:Alphamonas
2977:Colpodella
2927:Chromerida
2854:Menzbieria
2842:Lipocystis
2836:Lipotropha
2812:Gigaductus
2739:Monoicidae
2657:Fusionidae
2653:Fusionicae
2633:Siedleckia
2510:Veloxidium
2480:Exoschizon
2440:Myriospora
2399:Grelliidae
2338:Ixorheidae
2310:Toxoplasma
2210:Cyclospora
2205:Eimeriidae
2148:Merocystis
2142:Grasseella
2095:Klossiella
2083:Karyolysus
2071:Hepatozoon
2023:Adeleorina
1896:Babesiidae
1876:Plasmodium
1740:Myrionecta
1734:Mesodinium
1729:Mesodiniea
1613:Plagiopyla
1571:Vorticella
1559:Paramecium
1470:Armophorea
1453:Ciliophora
1439:Acavomonas
967:(2): 340.
869:(9): 525.
754:25 October
715:2016-12-13
642:References
625:Kahl, 1926
611:Kahl, 1930
604:Kahl, 1935
576:Kahl, 1930
546:Spathidium
530:Holotricha
509:Vorticella
505:Peritricha
451:Paramecium
447:D. nasutum
434:D. nasutum
386:Paramecium
381:D. nasutum
362:D. nasutum
350:Paramecium
314:reproduces
260:Monodinium
253:bands, or
203:Paramecium
190:carnivores
149:Didiniidae
119:Ciliophora
3507:Chilovora
3356:Perkinsus
3343:Perkinsea
3254:Syndinium
3195:Noctiluca
3164:Polarella
3089:Gonyaulax
3071:Oxyphysis
3014:Voromonas
2890:Syncystis
2824:Apicystis
2286:Hammondia
2280:Besnoitia
2262:Frenkelia
2136:Aggregata
2107:Legerella
2031:Adeleidae
1913:Theileria
1835:Garniidae
1774:Colponema
1631:Holophrya
1601:Tokophrya
1379:Amoebozoa
1357:Alveolata
1345:Cryptista
1320:Eukaryota
1291:Alveolata
1283:Eukaryota
1085:ignored (
1075:cite book
845:Mast 1909
833:Mast 1909
806:Mast 1909
794:Mast 1909
513:Cothurnia
427:Paramecia
374:cytostome
370:Didinium'
366:toxicysts
317:asexually
289:haptorian
285:cytostome
139:Haptorida
109:Alveolata
70:Eukaryota
3611:Didinium
3590:Wikidata
3581:Didinium
3482:Algovora
3318:Psammosa
3294:Oxyrrhis
3207:Syndinea
3083:Ceratium
2848:Mattesia
2711:Acutidae
2343:Ixorheis
2304:Neospora
2222:Isospora
2166:Selysina
1967:Coccidia
1655:Euplotes
1517:Dileptus
1494:Colpodea
1374:Amorphea
1352:Rhizaria
1340:Hacrobia
1330:Excavata
1315:Bacteria
1201:21333743
1158:41417127
1150:19120803
1024:83784747
938:83902868
903:16576909
540:Dileptus
535:Didinium
525:Didinium
501:Didinium
481:Didinium
440:, lying
419:Didinium
325:sexually
277:anterior
273:rotating
269:Didinium
212:protists
194:brackish
186:ciliates
174:Didinium
160:Didinium
145:Family:
115:Phylum:
66:Domain:
25:Didinium
3677:1293814
3651:7857530
3146:Karenia
2410:Grellia
2216:Eimeria
2154:Ovivora
1901:Babesia
1793:Myzozoa
1710:Loxodes
1686:Stentor
1541:Nassula
1499:Colpoda
1475:Metopus
1389:Animals
1310:Archaea
1244:1536126
1181:Bibcode
1016:2457306
969:Bibcode
894:1086111
871:Bibcode
686:3225898
563:group.
471:, from
442:dormant
392:Colpoda
311:Didinia
251:ciliary
243:Didinia
198:species
155:Genus:
135:Order:
125:Class:
47:, 1896
3716:341301
3664:746889
3596:Q93422
1840:Garnia
1625:Coleps
1367:Plants
1304:Domain
1242:
1199:
1156:
1148:
1022:
1014:
936:
901:
891:
777:
684:
543:, and
475:, 1786
438:encyst
411:, and
379:While
222:, and
3711:WoRMS
3690:46278
3672:IRMNG
3638:61465
3265:Other
1394:Fungi
1240:JSTOR
1154:S2CID
1020:S2CID
1012:JSTOR
934:S2CID
682:JSTOR
436:will
179:genus
177:is a
103:Clade
90:Clade
77:Clade
3703:5996
3698:NCBI
3685:ITIS
3646:GBIF
3625:456D
1197:PMID
1146:PMID
1087:help
899:PMID
775:ISBN
756:2019
664:)".
511:and
319:via
302:and
294:The
3633:EoL
3620:CoL
1287:SAR
1232:doi
1189:doi
1138:doi
1111:doi
1004:doi
977:doi
926:doi
889:PMC
879:doi
674:doi
323:or
181:of
96:SAR
3735::
3713::
3700::
3687::
3674::
3661::
3648::
3635::
3622::
3607::
3592::
3539:,
3445:,
3439:,
3433:,
3427:,
3383:,
3251:,
3217::
3167:,
3149:,
3143:,
3137:,
3104:,
3086:,
3068:,
3062:,
3056:,
2875:,
2869:,
2851:,
2845:,
2839:,
2833:,
2827:,
2799:,
2763:,
2749:,
2745:,
2741:,
2737:,
2733:,
2729:,
2725:,
2721:,
2717:,
2713:,
2689:,
2685:,
2681:,
2677:,
2673:,
2669:,
2587:,
2583:,
2579:,
2575:,
2507:,
2501:,
2495:,
2437:,
2407:,
2389:,
2383:,
2307:,
2301:,
2295:,
2289:,
2283:,
2265:,
2219:,
2213:,
2163:,
2157:,
2151:,
2145:,
2139:,
2044:,
1737:,
1713:,
1695:,
1689:,
1658:,
1628:,
1598:,
1568:,
1562:,
1556:,
1514:,
1289::
1285::
1238:.
1228:16
1226:.
1222:.
1195:.
1187:.
1177:59
1175:.
1152:.
1144:.
1134:55
1132:.
1107:21
1105:.
1079::
1077:}}
1073:{{
1018:.
1010:.
1000:71
998:.
975:.
965:23
963:.
959:.
932:.
922:43
920:.
897:.
887:.
877:.
867:11
865:.
861:.
747:.
703:.
680:.
670:98
668:.
650:^
537:,
523:,
429:.
405:,
399:,
395:,
376:.
331:.
226:.
218:,
105::
92::
79::
3545:)
3533:(
3510:)
3504:(
3485:)
3479:(
3451:)
3421:(
3389:)
3377:(
3371:)
3365:(
3359:)
3353:(
3321:)
3315:(
3309:)
3303:(
3297:)
3291:(
3280:)
3274:(
3257:)
3245:(
3239:)
3233:(
3227:)
3221:(
3198:)
3192:(
3173:)
3161:(
3155:)
3131:(
3122:)
3116:(
3110:)
3098:(
3092:)
3080:(
3074:)
3050:(
3017:)
3011:(
3005:)
2999:(
2980:)
2974:(
2955:)
2949:(
2943:)
2937:(
2893:)
2887:(
2881:)
2863:(
2857:)
2821:(
2815:)
2809:(
2803:)
2795:(
2767:)
2759:(
2753:)
2709:(
2703:)
2699:(
2693:)
2665:(
2659:)
2655:(
2636:)
2630:(
2591:)
2571:(
2513:)
2489:(
2483:)
2477:(
2443:)
2431:(
2425:)
2419:(
2413:)
2401:(
2395:)
2377:(
2371:)
2365:(
2346:)
2340:(
2313:)
2277:(
2271:)
2259:(
2225:)
2207:(
2201:)
2195:(
2169:)
2133:(
2110:)
2104:(
2098:)
2092:(
2086:)
2080:(
2074:)
2068:(
2062:)
2056:(
2050:)
2038:(
2005:)
1999:(
1993:)
1987:(
1916:)
1910:(
1904:)
1898:(
1879:)
1873:(
1867:)
1861:(
1855:)
1849:(
1843:)
1837:(
1777:)
1771:(
1743:)
1731:(
1719:)
1707:(
1701:)
1683:(
1664:)
1652:(
1646:)
1640:(
1634:)
1622:(
1616:)
1610:(
1604:)
1592:(
1586:)
1580:(
1574:)
1550:(
1544:)
1538:(
1532:)
1526:(
1520:)
1508:(
1502:)
1496:(
1490:)
1484:(
1478:)
1472:(
1442:)
1436:(
1401:)
1275:e
1268:t
1261:v
1246:.
1234::
1203:.
1191::
1183::
1160:.
1140::
1117:.
1113::
1089:)
1026:.
1006::
983:.
979::
971::
940:.
928::
905:.
881::
873::
783:.
758:.
718:.
688:.
676::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
