472:
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2147:
51:
550:, lacking the physical characteristics to bring down prey; in addition, most hunting carnivores will scavenge when the opportunity arises. Carnivores have comparatively short digestive systems, as they are not required to break down the tough cellulose found in plants.
668:
predators (around 600 Mya – 2 bya, probably around 1 bya) have all been attributed to early predatory behavior, and many very early remains show evidence of boreholes or other markings attributed to small predator species.
1302:
Because grass is not digested within the cat's gastrointestinal (GI) tract, it acts as a local irritant and sometimes stimulates vomiting. Thus, grass eating may serve as a purgative to eliminate hair or other indigestible
545:
Characteristics commonly associated with carnivores include strength, speed, and keen senses for hunting, as well as teeth and claws for capturing and tearing prey. However, some carnivores do not hunt and are
873:
that had adaptations that allowed them to live farther away from water bodies. These amniotes began to evolve both carnivory, which was a natural transition from insectivory requiring minimal adaptation; and
553:
Many hunting animals have evolved eyes facing forward, enabling depth perception. This is almost universal among mammalian predators, while most reptile and amphibian predators have eyes facing sideways.
311:
carnivore. In captivity or domestic settings, obligate carnivores like cats and crocodiles can in principle get all their required nutrients from processed food made from plant and synthetic sources.
1233:
521:, require a diet of primarily animal flesh and organs. Specifically, cats have high protein requirements and their metabolisms appear unable to synthesize essential nutrients such as
196:, and they are so-named because most member species in the group have a carnivorous diet, but the similarity of the name of the order and the name of the diet causes confusion.
435:
also consume both animal and non-animal food, and apart from their more general definition, there is no clearly defined ratio of plant vs. animal material that distinguishes a
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that were dedicated to breaking down other organisms. Incomplete digestion of the prey organisms, some of which survived inside the predators in a form of
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Obligate or "true" carnivores are those whose diet requires nutrients found only in animal flesh in the wild. While obligate carnivores might be able to
1687:
de Muizon, Christian; Lange-Badré, Brigitte (1997). "Carnivorous dental adaptations in tribosphenic mammals and phylogenetic reconstruction".
1180:
3272:
2525:
1150:
1521:
Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J.; Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010). "Rainforest collapse triggered
Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica".
919:"were the first terrestrial vertebrate to develop the curved, serrated teeth that enable a predator to eat prey much larger than itself".
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3486:
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are voracious carnivores; they require more than 7 kilograms of meat daily. A major component of their diet is the meat of large
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Though the theropods were the larger carnivores, several carnivorous mammal groups were already present. Most notable are the
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691:, has been hypothetized to be partly caused by increased predation by newer animals with hardened skeleton and mouthparts.
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653:. Because the earliest fossil record is poor, these first predators could date back anywhere between 1 and over 2.7
585:) predates the rise of commonly recognized carnivores by hundreds of millions (perhaps billions) of years. It began with
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Carnivores may alternatively be classified according to the percentage of meat in their diet. The diet of a
3384:
1856:
567:
1851:
1816:
471:
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2632:
1652:
Cifelli, Richard L.; Madsen, Scott K. (1998). "Triconodont mammals from the medial
Cretaceous of Utah".
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3013:
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1982:
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cells at around 2.7 bya, the rise of multicellular organisms at about 2 bya, and the rise of
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Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia; Cifelli, Richard L.; Luo, Zhe-Xi (2004). "Chapter 12: Metatherians".
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consumes mainly worms and larvae in its environment, but if necessary will consume algae. All wild
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Animals that depend solely on animal flesh for their nutrient requirements in nature are called
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984:, were among the largest mammals in their faunal assemblages, capable of attacking dinosaurs.
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but in contrast required a complex set of adaptations that was necessary for digesting on the
254:, for example, all eat other animals, but are paradoxically members of the almost exclusively
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3126:
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1966:
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739:, quickly became the dominant carnivores of the Cambrian sea. After their decline due to the
30:
This article is about the general concept of a meat-eating animal. For the mammal order, see
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825:. Some of these fish became better adapted for breathing air and eventually giving rise to
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1461:"An ecological theory for the sudden origin of multicellular life in the Late Precambrian"
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amniotes quickly gained dominance as the top terrestrial animals during the subsequent
847:
719:
715:
371:
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Fox, Richard C. (2015). "A revision of the late
Cretaceous–Paleocene eutherian mammal
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Armstrong, P. Jane; Gross, Kathy L.; Becvarova, Iveta; Debraekeleer, Jacques (2010).
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1089:, with a three-cusp anatomy which nevertheless functioned similarly to carnassials.
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eats meat almost exclusively (more than 90% of its diet is meat), almost all other
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2183:
1558:"Carnivorous, pre-dinosaur predator was first to evolve steak knife-like teeth"
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1081:, with a diprodontan dentition completely unlike that of any other mammal; and
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carnivores (see below). Other classes of carnivore are highly variable. The
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led to increased active predation among animals, likely triggering various
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456:
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339:
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1179:
Devlin, Hannah; correspondent, Hannah Devlin
Science (13 September 2023).
865:
The dominance of temnospondyls around the wetland habitats throughout the
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carnivores consuming only animal flesh for their nutritional requirements.
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2015:
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In the early-to-mid-Cenozoic, the dominant predator forms were mammals:
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less than 30%, with the balance consisting of non-animal foods, such as
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ocean forced other fish to venture into other niches, and one clade of
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661:
495:
351:
296:
216:
537:; thus, in nature, they must consume flesh to supply these nutrients.
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1587:
Mammals from the Age of
Dinosaurs: Origins, evolution, and structure
1234:"Crocodiles in Zimbabwe fed vegetarian diet to make better handbags"
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3921:
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2959:
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935:
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803:
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578:
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502:
it. Some obligate carnivorous mammals will ingest vegetation as an
432:
343:
258:
251:
224:
1748:
1731:(in Spanish). Eating Encyclopedia. 2 February 2017. Archived from
3982:
3789:
3659:
3654:
3281:
3229:
2889:
2534:
2415:
2101:
2081:
2005:
1841:
1805:
1798:
1689:
1049:
906:
882:
870:
818:
530:
522:
514:
510:
347:
295:(there are no clear distinctions). A carnivore at the top of the
212:
204:
200:
199:
Many but not all carnivorans are meat eaters; a few, such as the
50:
330:
Outside the animal kingdom, there are several genera containing
2420:
2410:
1077:
and even similar tooth replacement patterns. Most aberrant are
1021:
890:
862:, became terrestrial apex predators that hunt other tetrapods.
665:
503:
479:
367:
318:
Members of the plant kingdom can live on meat too, such as the
149:
141:
137:
125:
1181:"Cats may get health benefits from vegan diet, study suggests"
506:, a food that upsets their stomachs, to self-induce vomiting.
1589:. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. pp. 425–262.
426:
422:
279:, whilst those which also consume non-animal food are called
129:
105:
1725:"Animales carnivoros. Ejemplos, alimentacion y curiosidades"
92:
80:
1584:
1516:
1514:
1052:
to the present, the dominant carnivorous mammals have been
475:
397:
220:
161:
117:
54:
334:(predominantly insectivores) and several phyla containing
41:"Carnivorous" redirects here. For the Hawkwind album, see
1580:
1578:
1060:
654:
86:
1749:
Glen, Alistair & Dickman, Christopher, eds. (2014).
1680:
1511:
1267:
1317:"Differences between cats and dogs: A nutritional view"
944:
are thought probably to have been obligate carnivores.
494:
small amounts of plant matter, they lack the necessary
299:(adults not preyed upon by other animals) is termed an
238:
Dietary carnivory is not a distinguishing trait of the
1575:
27:
Organism that eats mostly or exclusively animal tissue
83:
77:
1686:
743:, the niches of large carnivores were taken over by
89:
1645:
1405:
1403:
1349:
1178:
74:
1717:
1314:
242:. Many mammals with highly carnivorous diets are
4069:
1549:
1409:
1400:
540:
362:Carnivores are sometimes characterized by their
1555:
1308:
641:, which engulfed and "swallowed" other smaller
509:Obligate carnivores are diverse. The amphibian
3266:
2519:
1967:
1783:
1651:
357:
1377:
1355:
1130:
1128:
1069:, share several dental adaptations, such as
1452:
878:, which took advantage of the abundance of
3487:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
3273:
3259:
2526:
2512:
1974:
1960:
1790:
1776:
1412:"Origins and early evolution of predation"
1020:carnivores in the northern continents and
557:
413:consists of more than 70% meat, that of a
1494:
1484:
1332:
1252:
1143:
1125:
3385:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
3024:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
1603:
470:
450:
313:
49:
3417:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
1458:
1448:from the original on 10 September 2008.
1425:. Cambridge University Press: 289–318.
1110:
869:forced other amphibians to evolve into
463:and strong jaws reveal its place as an
366:. For example, animals that eat mainly
14:
4070:
3225:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
1981:
1315:Velegrand-Defretin, Veronique (1994).
446:
185:The technical term for mammals in the
3254:
2507:
1955:
1771:
1276:"Introduction to Feeding Normal Cats"
802:. The dominance of placoderms in the
632:
564:Predation § Evolutionary history
3240:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
1321:Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
1016:, representing a great diversity of
909:period. Some scientists assert that
858:), and one group in particular, the
814:, became the dominant carnivores of
741:Cambrian-Ordovician extinction event
597:other cells, and later evolved into
3690:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
1753:. Melbourne, AU: CSIRO Publishing.
1609:
1556:Foley, James A. (7 February 2014).
1380:"Nutrient requirements: Carnivores"
1364:. Mammals. CRC Press. p. 591.
832:. These early tetrapods were large
264:
24:
3443:Ecological effects of biodiversity
1742:
1711:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1997.tb00481.x
1654:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1619:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1419:The Paleontological Society Papers
1258:
1134:
1116:
683:, who were mostly bottom-dwelling
25:
4109:
2779:Generalist and specialist species
1410:Bengtson, Stefan (October 2002).
895:Carboniferous rainforest collapse
893:-rich plant materials. After the
303:, regardless of whether it is an
3502:Occupancy–abundance relationship
2145:
1292:from the original on 12 May 2021
672:The sudden disappearance of the
215:, for example: while the Arctic
70:
3522:Relative abundance distribution
3235:Plant defense against herbivory
3102:Competitive exclusion principle
2814:Mesopredator release hypothesis
1283:Small Animal Clinical Nutrition
1135:Ullrey, Duane E. "Carnivores".
1059:Most carnivorous mammals, from
338:(preying mostly on microscopic
180:
175:
3107:Consumer–resource interactions
1674:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011068
1384:Encyclopedia of Animal Science
1362:Encyclopedia of Animal Science
1261:Encyclopedia of Animal Science
1259:Ullrey, Duane E. "Omnivores".
1226:
1172:
1137:Encyclopedia of Animal Science
1119:Encyclopedia of Animal Science
781:carnivores appeared after the
714:that contributed to the rapid
383:, while those that eat mainly
13:
1:
3953:Biological data visualization
3780:Environmental niche modelling
3507:Population viability analysis
1117:Ullrey, Duane E. "Nutrient".
1104:
708:Cambrian substrate revolution
541:Characteristics of carnivores
3438:Density-dependent inhibition
1036:saw the presence of several
694:
637:The earliest predators were
568:Evolutionary history of life
124:meaning "to devour"), is an
7:
4088:Animals by eating behaviors
3907:Liebig's law of the minimum
3742:Resource selection function
2633:Metabolic theory of ecology
1092:
987:
922:
729:, which produced the first
425:, other plant material, or
10:
4114:
3807:Niche apportionment models
3527:Relative species abundance
2731:Primary nutritional groups
2628:List of feeding behaviours
1867:Behavior-altering parasite
1386:. CRC Press. p. 670.
1159:World Wide Fund for Nature
577:(the eating of one living
561:
358:Subcategories of carnivory
40:
36:Carnivore (disambiguation)
29:
4056:
3988:Ecosystem based fisheries
3930:
3830:
3755:
3628:
3600:Interspecific competition
3565:
3492:Minimum viable population
3425:
3350:Maximum sustainable yield
3335:Intraspecific competition
3330:Effective population size
3293:
3210:Anti-predator adaptations
3195:
3074:
3001:
2958:
2880:
2847:
2744:
2721:Photosynthetic efficiency
2656:
2550:
2493:Category:Eating behaviors
2468:
2314:
2238:
2217:
2154:
2143:
2110:
2074:
1998:
1989:
1877:Host–parasite coevolution
1812:
1431:10.1017/S1089332600001133
1360:. In Pond, Wilson (ed.).
1085:like gobiconodontids and
970:. Many of these, such as
3978:Ecological stoichiometry
3943:Alternative stable state
681:end-Ediacaran extinction
651:digested them internally
396:. Those that eat mainly
231:, is nearly exclusively
140:requirements are met by
4078:Biological interactions
3822:Ontogenetic niche shift
3685:Ideal free distribution
3595:Ecological facilitation
3345:Malthusian growth model
3315:Consumer-resource model
3172:Paradox of the plankton
3137:Energy systems language
2857:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
2824:Optimal foraging theory
2799:Heterotrophic nutrition
2473:Antipredator adaptation
1802:biological interactions
1751:Carnivores of Australia
1459:Stanley, S. M. (1973).
1040:predators, such as the
712:evolutionary arms races
599:multicellular organisms
587:single-celled organisms
558:Prehistory of carnivory
227:, and one species, the
3968:Ecological forecasting
3912:Marginal value theorem
3710:Landscape epidemiology
3645:Cross-boundary subsidy
3580:Biological interaction
2930:Microbial intelligence
2618:Green world hypothesis
1639:10.1139/cjes-2015-0113
1486:10.1073/pnas.70.5.1486
487:
468:
417:30–70%, and that of a
327:
287:facultative carnivores
62:
34:. For other uses, see
3973:Ecological humanities
3872:Ecological energetics
3817:Niche differentiation
3680:Habitat fragmentation
3448:Ecological extinction
3395:Small population size
3147:Feed conversion ratio
3127:Ecological succession
3059:San Francisco Estuary
2973:Ecological efficiency
2915:Microbial cooperation
1378:Ullrey, D.E. (2004).
1356:Ullrey, D.E. (2004).
1151:"What do pandas eat?"
1032:were dominant, while
657:(billion years ago).
474:
454:
437:facultative carnivore
317:
246:members of the order
53:
3998:Evolutionary ecology
3963:Ecological footprint
3958:Ecological economics
3882:Ecological threshold
3877:Ecological indicator
3747:Source–sink dynamics
3700:Land change modeling
3695:Insular biogeography
3547:Species distribution
3286:Modelling ecosystems
2945:Microbial metabolism
2784:Intraguild predation
2573:Biogeochemical cycle
2539:Modelling ecosystems
1892:Parasitic castration
1832:Deception in animals
1735:on 24 February 2019.
1285:. pp. 371–372.
796:such as the massive
609:, might have led to
201:large and small cats
4048:Theoretical ecology
4023:Natural environment
3887:Ecosystem diversity
3857:Ecological collapse
3847:Bateman's principle
3802:Limiting similarity
3715:Landscape limnology
3537:Species homogeneity
3375:Population modeling
3370:Population dynamics
3187:Trophic state index
2488:Carnivorous protist
2342:Intraguild predator
1703:1997Letha..30..353D
1666:1998JVPal..18..403C
1631:2015CaJES..52.1137F
1535:2010Geo....38.1079S
1477:1973PNAS...70.1486S
1334:10.1079/pns19940004
850:arthropods (mainly
699:The degradation of
447:Obligate carnivores
277:obligate carnivores
43:Carnivorous (album)
4059:Outline of ecology
4008:Industrial ecology
4003:Functional ecology
3867:Ecological deficit
3812:Niche construction
3775:Ecosystem engineer
3552:Species–area curve
3473:Introduced species
3288:: Other components
3220:Deimatic behaviour
3122:Ecological network
3054:North Pacific Gyre
3039:hydrothermal vents
2978:Ecological pyramid
2925:Microbial food web
2736:Primary production
2681:Foundation species
2483:Carnivorous fungus
2133:Sexual cannibalism
2118:Animal cannibalism
1983:Feeding behaviours
1931:Cleaning symbiosis
1218:has generic name (
913:synapsids such as
720:Cambrian explosion
633:Proterozoic origin
613:that gave rise to
517:, including feral
498:required to fully
488:
469:
332:carnivorous plants
328:
164:, whether through
63:
4065:
4064:
3948:Balance of nature
3705:Landscape ecology
3590:Community ecology
3532:Species diversity
3468:Indicator species
3463:Gradient analysis
3340:Logistic function
3248:
3247:
3205:Animal coloration
3182:Trophic mutualism
2920:Microbial ecology
2711:Photoheterotrophs
2696:Myco-heterotrophy
2608:Ecosystem ecology
2593:Carrying capacity
2558:Abiotic component
2501:
2500:
2478:Carnivorous plant
2354:Aquatic predation
2141:
2140:
2123:Human cannibalism
1949:
1948:
1760:978-0-643-10310-8
1625:(12): 1137–1149.
1562:Nature World News
1529:(12): 1079–1082.
1371:978-0-8247-5496-9
941:Tyrannosaurus rex
603:specialized cells
336:carnivorous fungi
324:carnivorous plant
16:(Redirected from
4105:
3765:Ecological niche
3737:selection theory
3557:Umbrella species
3542:Species richness
3478:Invasive species
3458:Flagship species
3365:Population cycle
3360:Overexploitation
3325:Ecological yield
3275:
3268:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3157:Mesotrophic soil
3097:Climax community
3029:Marine food webs
2968:Biomagnification
2769:Chemoorganotroph
2623:Keystone species
2583:Biotic component
2528:
2521:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2347:Pursuit predator
2149:
2128:Self-cannibalism
1996:
1995:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1940:
1933:
1919:
1912:
1887:Kleptoparasitism
1872:Brood parasitism
1792:
1785:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1737:
1736:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1616:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1543:10.1130/G31182.1
1518:
1509:
1508:
1498:
1488:
1471:(5): 1486–1489.
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1375:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1280:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1071:carnassialiforme
844:ambush predators
821:formed by early
812:lobe-finned fish
535:arachidonic acid
265:Carnivorous diet
99:
98:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
21:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4052:
4038:Systems ecology
3926:
3897:Extinction debt
3862:Ecological debt
3852:Bioluminescence
3833:
3826:
3795:marine habitats
3770:Ecological trap
3751:
3631:
3624:
3567:
3561:
3517:Rapoport's rule
3512:Priority effect
3453:Endemic species
3421:
3380:Population size
3296:
3289:
3279:
3249:
3244:
3197:
3191:
3177:Trophic cascade
3087:Bioaccumulation
3070:
2997:
2954:
2876:
2843:
2740:
2652:
2613:Ecosystem model
2546:
2532:
2502:
2497:
2464:
2455:Surplus killing
2327:Ambush predator
2310:
2234:
2213:
2150:
2137:
2106:
2070:
1985:
1980:
1950:
1945:
1936:
1929:
1915:
1908:
1808:
1796:
1761:
1745:
1743:Further reading
1740:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1685:
1681:
1650:
1646:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1583:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1554:
1550:
1519:
1512:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1414:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1376:
1372:
1354:
1350:
1313:
1309:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1278:
1272:
1268:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1215:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1133:
1126:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1095:
1066:deltatheridiums
1054:carnivoramorphs
990:
962:deltatheroidans
949:gobiconodontids
925:
911:sphenacodontoid
716:diversification
697:
677:Ediacaran biota
635:
617:and eukaryotic
581:by another for
570:
562:Main articles:
560:
543:
482:, such as this
449:
360:
272:hypercarnivores
267:
183:
178:
120:or "flesh" and
73:
69:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4111:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4018:Microecosystem
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3917:Thorson's rule
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3842:Assembly rules
3838:
3836:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3727:
3725:Patch dynamics
3722:
3720:Metapopulation
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3615:Storage effect
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3497:Neutral theory
3494:
3489:
3484:
3482:Native species
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3355:Overpopulation
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3291:
3290:
3278:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3162:Nutrient cycle
3159:
3154:
3152:Feeding frenzy
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3132:Energy quality
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3092:Cascade effect
3089:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2935:Microbial loop
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2900:Lithoautotroph
2897:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2882:Microorganisms
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2839:Prey switching
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2716:Photosynthesis
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2671:Chemosynthesis
2668:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2563:Abiotic stress
2560:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2430:Hypercarnivore
2427:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2406:Cattle feeding
2403:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2389:Feeding frenzy
2386:
2381:
2376:
2374:Suction feeder
2371:
2366:
2361:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2184:Seed predation
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1716:
1697:(4): 353–366.
1679:
1660:(2): 403–411.
1644:
1602:
1595:
1574:
1548:
1510:
1451:
1399:
1392:
1370:
1348:
1307:
1266:
1251:
1240:. 8 April 2014
1225:
1171:
1142:
1124:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1083:eutriconodonts
1079:thylacoleonids
1046:thylacoleonids
989:
986:
924:
921:
731:apex predators
704:microbial mats
696:
693:
685:filter feeders
639:microorganisms
634:
631:
559:
556:
542:
539:
457:Bengal tiger's
448:
445:
411:hypercarnivore
359:
356:
282:mesocarnivores
266:
263:
259:hooved mammals
182:
179:
177:
174:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4110:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4043:Urban ecology
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3902:Kleiber's law
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3675:Foster's rule
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2993:Trophic level
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2950:Phage ecology
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2940:Microbial mat
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:Bacteriophage
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2862:Decomposition
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:Mesopredators
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:Apex predator
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2734:
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2591:
2589:
2588:Biotic stress
2586:
2584:
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2470:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:Mesocarnivore
2438:
2436:
2435:Hypocarnivore
2433:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2394:Filter feeder
2392:
2390:
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2385:
2384:Bottom feeder
2382:
2380:
2377:
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2370:
2367:
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2357:
2356:
2355:
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2333:
2332:Apex predator
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2320:
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2317:
2313:
2307:
2304:
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2222:
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2207:
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2202:
2200:
2197:
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2192:
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2187:
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2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:cannibalistic
2109:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:Breastfeeding
2095:
2093:
2092:Placentophagy
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
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2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:Egg predation
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1939:
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1932:
1928:
1927:
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1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1898:
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1883:
1882:Hyperparasite
1880:
1878:
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1828:
1825:
1823:
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1807:
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1800:
1799:Inter-species
1793:
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1640:
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1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:(Marsh, 1889)
1613:
1606:
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1596:0-231-11918-6
1592:
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1393:9780824754969
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1239:
1238:The Telegraph
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1160:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1100:
1099:Mesocarnivore
1097:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:dasyuromorphs
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:sparassodonts
1027:
1026:South America
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:ptolemaiidans
1003:
999:
995:
985:
983:
979:
975:
974:
969:
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963:
959:
958:
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953:triconodontid
950:
945:
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934:
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918:
917:
912:
908:
904:
900:
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892:
888:
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868:
867:Carboniferous
863:
861:
860:temnospondyls
857:
853:
849:
845:
842:
838:
835:
831:
828:
824:
820:
817:
813:
809:
805:
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800:
795:
792:
789:, especially
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
769:
765:
764:
763:Jaekelopterus
759:
755:
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749:
746:
742:
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728:
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721:
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628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:symbiogenesis
608:
607:endosymbiosis
604:
600:
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588:
584:
580:
576:
575:
569:
565:
555:
551:
549:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:domestic cats
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
485:
481:
477:
473:
466:
465:apex predator
462:
458:
453:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
428:
424:
420:
419:hypocarnivore
416:
415:mesocarnivore
412:
407:
405:
404:
399:
395:
394:
389:
388:invertebrates
386:
382:
381:
376:
373:
369:
365:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:invertebrates
337:
333:
325:
321:
320:Venus flytrap
316:
312:
310:
306:
302:
301:apex predator
298:
294:
293:
288:
284:
283:
278:
274:
273:
262:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
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222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
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173:
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127:
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119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
97:
68:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
4028:Regime shift
4013:Macroecology
3734:
3730:
3670:Edge effects
3640:Biogeography
3585:Commensalism
3433:Biodiversity
3310:Allee effect
3049:kelp forests
3002:Example webs
2867:Detritivores
2763:
2706:Organotrophs
2686:Kinetotrophs
2638:Productivity
2460:Trophallaxis
2364:Pivot feeder
2359:Lunge feeder
2337:Egg predator
2225:Phagocytosis
2075:reproductive
2046:Myrmecophagy
2036:Molluscivore
1990:
1909:
1822:Commensalism
1750:
1733:the original
1728:
1719:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1605:
1586:
1565:. Retrieved
1561:
1551:
1526:
1522:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1422:
1418:
1383:
1361:
1358:"Carnivores"
1351:
1327:(1): 15–24.
1324:
1320:
1310:
1301:
1294:. Retrieved
1282:
1269:
1260:
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1237:
1228:
1216:|last2=
1196:. Retrieved
1185:The Guardian
1184:
1174:
1162:. Retrieved
1154:
1145:
1136:
1118:
1112:
1086:
1073:teeth, long
1064:
1058:
1014:mesonychians
1010:arctocyonids
991:
981:
977:
971:
965:
955:
946:
939:
926:
914:
864:
834:semi-aquatic
799:Dunkleosteus
797:
776:
761:
751:
736:Anomalocaris
734:
698:
671:
660:The rise of
659:
647:phagocytosis
636:
591:phagocytozed
572:
571:
552:
544:
508:
489:
440:
436:
431:
408:
401:
391:
380:insectivores
378:
370:and similar
364:type of prey
361:
329:
308:
304:
290:
286:
280:
276:
270:
268:
256:plant-eating
243:
237:
223:species are
208:
198:
193:
184:
181:Mammal order
176:Nomenclature
158:soft tissues
121:
113:
109:
101:
66:
64:
47:
3665:Disturbance
3568:interaction
3390:Recruitment
3320:Depensation
3112:Copiotrophs
2983:Energy flow
2905:Lithotrophy
2849:Decomposers
2829:Planktivore
2804:Insectivore
2794:Heterotroph
2759:Bacterivore
2726:Phototrophs
2676:Chemotrophs
2648:Restoration
2598:Competition
2281:Planktivore
2266:Detritivore
2261:Coprophagia
2251:Bacterivore
2246:Microbivory
2230:Myzocytosis
2189:Nectarivore
2179:Graminivore
2026:Lepidophagy
2021:Insectivore
2016:Hematophagy
1857:Synnecrosis
1837:Inquilinism
1827:Competition
1048:. From the
1002:entelodonts
994:hyaenodonts
973:Repenomamus
880:coal forest
848:terrestrial
823:land plants
766:during the
758:eurypterids
753:Cameroceras
748:cephalopods
718:during the
706:due to the
674:precambrian
400:are called
390:are called
385:soft-bodied
377:are called
372:terrestrial
352:springtails
309:facultative
233:herbivorous
229:giant panda
142:consumption
112:, genitive
4072:Categories
4033:Sexecology
3610:Parasitism
3575:Antibiosis
3410:Resistance
3405:Resilience
3295:Population
3215:Camouflage
3167:Oligotroph
3082:Ascendency
3044:intertidal
3034:cold seeps
2988:Food chain
2789:Herbivores
2764:Carnivores
2691:Mixotrophs
2666:Autotrophs
2545:components
2445:Parasitism
2379:Bait balls
2369:Ram feeder
2301:Plastivore
2296:Lithotroph
2286:Saprophagy
2209:Osteophagy
2199:Palynivore
2156:Herbivores
2087:Paedophagy
2061:Spongivore
2051:Ophiophagy
1991:Carnivores
1938:Mycorrhiza
1917:Intraguild
1897:Parasitoid
1862:Parasitism
1852:Neutralism
1817:Amensalism
1612:Cimolestes
1296:17 January
1263:. Mammals.
1164:6 December
1139:. Mammals.
1105:References
982:Cimolestes
967:Cimolestes
916:Dimetrodon
846:that hunt
837:piscivores
816:freshwater
794:placoderms
787:jawed fish
779:vertebrate
777:The first
768:Ordovician
756:and later
727:arthropods
662:eukaryotic
619:autotrophs
615:eukaryotes
548:scavengers
496:physiology
403:piscivores
393:vermivores
375:arthropods
342:, such as
297:food chain
225:omnivorous
217:polar bear
194:carnivoran
170:scavenging
156:and other
144:of animal
116:, meaning
102:meat-eater
18:Carnivores
4083:Carnivory
3938:Allometry
3892:Emergence
3620:Symbiosis
3605:Mutualism
3400:Stability
3305:Abundance
3117:Dominance
3075:Processes
3064:tide pool
2960:Food webs
2834:Predation
2819:Omnivores
2746:Consumers
2701:Mycotroph
2658:Producers
2603:Ecosystem
2568:Behaviour
2450:Scavenger
2322:Predation
2291:Xenophagy
2271:Geophagia
2256:Fungivore
2204:Xylophagy
2194:Mellivory
2174:Frugivore
2169:Florivore
2066:Vermivore
2056:Piscivore
2041:Mucophagy
2031:Man-eater
1925:Symbiosis
1910:Carnivore
1904:Predation
1847:Mutualism
1439:1089-3326
1303:material.
1208:cite news
1193:0261-3077
1155:panda.org
1087:Jugulator
1038:marsupial
1034:Australia
1018:eutherian
998:oxyaenids
978:Jugulator
957:Jugulator
936:dinosaurs
903:sauropsid
887:cellulose
876:herbivory
856:myriopods
852:arachnids
830:tetrapods
827:amphibian
808:bony fish
783:evolution
774:periods.
745:nautiloid
724:Radiodont
695:Paleozoic
627:red algae
583:nutrition
574:Predation
433:Omnivores
344:nematodes
292:omnivores
252:Cetaceans
248:Carnivora
190:Carnivora
166:predation
134:nutrition
67:carnivore
32:Carnivora
4093:Ethology
3993:Endolith
3922:Xerosere
3834:networks
3650:Ecocline
3196:Defense,
2872:Detritus
2774:Foraging
2643:Resource
2401:Browsing
2276:Omnivore
2218:Cellular
2164:Folivore
1729:Que Come
1505:16592084
1443:Archived
1287:Archived
1093:See also
988:Cenozoic
938:such as
933:theropod
929:Mesozoic
923:Mesozoic
899:synapsid
871:amniotes
841:riparian
819:wetlands
804:Devonian
772:Silurian
760:such as
750:such as
733:such as
701:seafloor
621:such as
595:digested
579:organism
527:arginine
441:omnivore
439:from an
305:obligate
209:obligate
148:(mainly
59:obligate
3983:Ecopath
3790:Habitat
3660:Ecotype
3655:Ecotone
3632:ecology
3630:Spatial
3566:Species
3426:Species
3297:ecology
3282:Ecology
3230:Mimicry
3198:counter
3142:f-ratio
2890:Archaea
2578:Biomass
2551:General
2543:Trophic
2535:Ecology
2416:Grazing
2315:Methods
2102:Weaning
2082:Oophagy
2006:Avivore
1842:Mimicry
1806:ecology
1699:Bibcode
1690:Lethaia
1662:Bibcode
1627:Bibcode
1531:Bibcode
1523:Geology
1473:Bibcode
1343:8029223
1244:6 April
1198:6 April
1075:canines
1050:Miocene
931:, some
927:In the
907:Permian
897:, both
883:foliage
791:armored
689:grazers
679:at the
531:taurine
523:retinol
511:axolotl
484:buffalo
480:mammals
461:canines
368:insects
348:amoebae
205:Felidae
146:tissues
3014:Rivers
2910:Marine
2421:Forage
2411:Fodder
2239:Others
1757:
1593:
1503:
1496:433525
1493:
1437:
1390:
1368:
1341:
1191:
1022:Africa
960:, the
951:, the
891:lignin
889:- and
810:, the
666:motile
649:) and
645:(i.e.
566:, and
533:, and
515:felids
504:emetic
500:digest
492:ingest
459:large
423:fruits
350:, and
213:ursids
207:) are
150:muscle
138:energy
132:whose
126:animal
122:vorare
114:carnis
3931:Other
3832:Other
3785:Guild
3757:Niche
3009:Lakes
1999:adult
1567:3 May
1446:(PDF)
1415:(PDF)
1290:(PDF)
1279:(PDF)
1024:. In
643:cells
623:green
601:with
589:that
476:Lions
427:fungi
289:, or
285:, or
240:order
187:order
160:) as
130:plant
106:Latin
100:, or
55:Lions
4098:Meat
3019:Soil
2306:Pica
1755:ISBN
1591:ISBN
1569:2014
1501:PMID
1465:PNAS
1435:ISSN
1388:ISBN
1366:ISBN
1339:PMID
1298:2022
1246:2024
1220:help
1200:2024
1189:ISSN
1166:2021
1061:dogs
1044:and
1012:and
980:and
964:and
901:and
854:and
839:and
770:and
687:and
625:and
593:and
455:The
398:fish
322:, a
221:bear
162:food
136:and
118:meat
110:caro
57:are
1804:in
1707:doi
1670:doi
1635:doi
1617:".
1539:doi
1491:PMC
1481:doi
1427:doi
1329:doi
1063:to
785:of
655:bya
354:).
307:or
275:or
244:not
192:is
168:or
154:fat
128:or
93:ɔːr
81:ɑːr
4074::
3480:/
3284::
2541::
2537::
1727:.
1705:.
1695:30
1693:.
1668:.
1658:18
1656:.
1633:.
1623:52
1621:.
1577:^
1560:.
1537:.
1527:38
1525:.
1513:^
1499:.
1489:.
1479:.
1469:70
1467:.
1463:.
1441:.
1433:.
1421:.
1417:.
1402:^
1382:.
1337:.
1325:53
1323:.
1319:.
1300:.
1281:.
1236:.
1212::
1210:}}
1206:{{
1187:.
1183:.
1157:.
1153:.
1127:^
1056:.
1028:,
1008:,
1004:,
1000:,
996:,
976:,
722:.
629:.
529:,
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406:.
346:,
261:.
250:.
235:.
172:.
152:,
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3733:/
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1975:e
1968:t
1961:v
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