Dieting - Knowledge

1318:, an intermittent fasting regimen might " energy supply to vital organs and tissues... powerfully activates cell-protective and cellular repair pathways, including autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant defenses, which may promote resilience to cellular stress." The effects of decreased serum glucose and depleted hepatic glycogen causing the body to switch to ketogenic metabolism are similar to the effects of reduced carbohydrate-based diets. There is evidence demonstrating profound metabolic benefits of intermittent fasting in rodents. However, evidence is lacking or contradictory in humans and requires further investigation, especially over the long-term. Some evidence suggests that intermittent restriction of caloric intake has no weight-loss advantages over continuous calorie restriction plans. For adults, fasting diets appear to be safe and tolerable, however there is a possibility that periods of fasting and hunger could lead to overeating and to weight regain after the fasting period. Adverse effects of fasting are often moderate and include halitosis, fatigue, weakness, and headaches. Fasting diets may be harmful to children and the elderly. 1470:

such "untreated" participants are typically not included in diet studies, it is possible that diets do result in lower weights in the long-term relative to people who do not diet. Others have suggested that dieting is ineffective as a long-term intervention. For each individual, the results will be different, with some even regaining more weight than they lost, while a few others achieve a tremendous loss, so that the "average weight loss" of a diet is not indicative of the results other dieters may achieve. A 2001 meta-analysis of 29 American studies found that participants of structured weight-loss programs maintained an average of 23% (3 kg) of their initial weight loss after five years, representing a sustained 3.2% reduction in body mass. Unfortunately, patients are generally unhappy with weight loss of <10%, and reductions even as high as 10% are insufficient for changing someone with an "obese" BMI to a "normal weight" BMI.

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loss is an in-person, high-intensity, comprehensive lifestyle intervention: overweight or obese adults should maintain regular (at least monthly) contact with a trained interventionalist who can help them engage in exercise, monitor their body weight, and reduce their calorie consumption. Even with high-intensity, comprehensive lifestyle interventions (consisting of diet, physical exercise, and bimonthly or even more frequent contact with trained interventionists), gradual weight regain of 1–2 kg/year still occurs. For patients at high medical risk, bariatric surgery or medications may be warranted in addition to the lifestyle intervention, as dieting by itself may not lead to sustained weight loss.

1086: 998:, which contained the particular plan for the diet he had successfully followed. His own diet was four meals per day, consisting of meat, greens, fruits, and dry wine. The emphasis was on avoiding sugar, sweet foods, starch, beer, milk and butter. Banting's pamphlet was popular for years to come, and would be used as a model for modern diets. The pamphlet's popularity was such that the question "Do you bant?" referred to his method, and eventually to dieting in general. His booklet remains in print as of 2007. 205: 6145: 6175: 6165: 1306:, causes the body to deplete its glycogen stores. Once glycogen is depleted the body begins to fuel the brain using ketones, while also metabolizing body protein (including but not limited to skeletal muscle) to be used to synthesize sugars for use as energy by the rest of the body. Most experts believe that a prolonged fast can lead to muscle wasting, although some dispute this. The use of short-term fasting, or various forms of 103: 62: 6155: 1591:

multiple weight change procedures, including alternate day fasting and time-restricted feeding but also exercise and overeating, found systematic "energetic errors" for all these procedures. This shows that the body cannot precisely compensate for errors in energy/calorie intake, countering the Set-Point Theory and potentially explaining both

1334:. Therefore, long term implementation of a plant-based diet requires effective counseling and nutritional supplementation as necessary. Plant-based diets are effective for short-term treatment of overweight and obesity, likely due to the high consumption of low energy density foods. However, evidence for long-term efficacy is limited. 1709:

people will lose weight. Those who participated in groups had more treatment time and were more likely to lose enough weight to improve their health. Study authors suggested that one explanation for the difference is that group participants spent more time with the clinician (or whoever delivered the

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Some studies have found that, on average, short-term dieting results in a "meaningful" long-term weight-loss, although limited because of gradual 1 to 2 kg/year weight regain. Because people who do not participate in weight-loss programs also tend to gain weight over time, and baseline data from

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The Set-Point Theory, first introduced in 1953, postulated that each body has a preprogrammed fixed weight, with regulatory mechanisms to compensate. This theory was quickly adopted and used to explain failures in developing effective and sustained weight loss procedures. A 2019 systematic review of

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Intermittent fasting commonly takes the form of periodic fasting, alternate-day fasting, time-restricted feeding, and/or religious fasting. It can be a form of reduced-calorie dieting but pertains entirely to when the metabolism is activated during the day for digestion. The changes to eating habits

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to determine the effectiveness of low-calorie diets. They found that these diets lowered total body mass by 8% in the short term, over 3–12 months. Women doing low-calorie diets should have at least 1,000 calories per day and men should have approximately 1,200 calories per day. These caloric intake

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Low-fat diets involve the reduction of the percentage of fat in one's diet. Calorie consumption is reduced because less fat is consumed. Diets of this type include NCEP Step I and II. A meta-analysis of 16 trials of 2–12 months' duration found that low-fat diets (without intentional restriction

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in people without weight-related health problems. A 2009 meta-analysis of 26 studies found that "intentional weight loss had a small benefit for individuals classified as unhealthy (with obesity-related risk factors), especially unhealthy obese, but appeared to be associated with slightly increased

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The Mediterranean diet is characterized by high consumption of vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole-grain cereals, seafood, olive oil, and nuts. Red meat, dairy and alcohol are only recommended in moderation. Studies show that the Mediterranean diet is associated with short term as well as long term

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The Paleo diet includes foods that were available to our hunter-gatherer ancestors including meat, nuts, eggs, some oils, fresh fruits, and vegetables. Overall, it is high in protein and moderate in fats and carbohydrates. Some limited evidence suggests various health benefits and effective weight

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Due to extreme or unbalanced diets, dietary supplements are sometimes taken in an attempt to replace missing vitamins or minerals. While some supplements could be helpful for people eating an unbalanced diet (if replacing essential nutrients, for example), overdosing on any dietary supplement can

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Long term losses from dieting are best maintained with continuing professional support, long term increases in physical activity, the use of anti-obesity medications, continued use of meal replacements, and additional periods of dieting to undo weight regain. The most effective approach to weight

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Plant-based diets include vegetarian and vegan diets, and can range from the simple exclusion of meat products to diets that only include raw vegetables, fruits, nuts, seeds, legumes, and sprouted grains. Exclusion of animal products can reduce the intake of certain nutrients, which might lead to

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of six randomized controlled trials found no difference between low-calorie, low-carbohydrate, and low-fat diets in terms of short-term weight loss, with a 2–4 kilogram weight loss over 12–18 months in all studies. Diets that severely restrict calorie intake do not lead to long term weight loss.

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It is estimated that about 1 out of 3 Americans is dieting at any given time. 85% of dieters are women. Approximately sixty billion dollars are spent every year in the USA on diet products, including "diet foods," such as light sodas, gym memberships or specific regimes. 80% of dieters start by

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The concept of crash dieting is to drastically reduce calories, using a very-low-calorie diet. Crash dieting can be highly dangerous because it can cause various kind of issues for the human body. Crash dieting can produce weight loss but without professional supervision all along, the extreme

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in the presence of certain risk factors. A 2006 study found that dieting and unhealthy weight-control behaviors were predictive of obesity and eating disorders five years later, with the authors recommending a "shift away from dieting and drastic weight-control measures toward the long-term

945:. He himself was tremendously overweight and would constantly eat large quantities of rich food and drink. He began a meatless diet, taking only milk and vegetables, and soon regained his health. He began publicly recommending his diet for everyone who was obese. In 1724, he wrote 896:

for people with weight-related health problems, but not for otherwise healthy people. One survey found that almost half of all American adults attempt to lose weight through dieting, including 66.7% of obese adults and 26.5% of normal weight or underweight adults. Dieters who are

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and produce an average loss of 1.5–2.5 kg (3.3–5.5 lb) per week. "2-4-6-8", a popular diet of this variety, follows a four-day cycle in which only 200 calories are consumed the first day, 400 the second day, 600 the third day, 800 the fourth day, and then totally

1449:(low-fat, low-carbohydrate, etc.) have been shown to be no more effective than one another and no more effective than diets that maintain a typical mix of foods with smaller portions and perhaps some substitutions (e.g. low-fat milk, or less salad dressing). A 4738:

Levitsky DA, Sewall A, Zhong Y, Barre L, Shoen S, Agaronnik N, et al. (February 2019). "Quantifying the imprecision of energy intake of humans to compensate for imposed energetic errors: A challenge to the physiological control of human food intake".

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on a regular basis do not have to be severe or absolutely restrictive to see benefits to cardiovascular health, such as improved glucose metabolism, reduced inflammation, and reduced blood pressure. Studies have suggested that for people in

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The British Dietetic Association (BDA) today revealed its much-anticipated annual list of celebrity diets to avoid in 2018. The line-up this year includes Raw Vegan, Alkaline, Pioppi and Ketogenic diets as well as Katie Price's Nutritional

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When the body is expending more energy than it is consuming (e.g. when exercising), the body's cells rely on internally stored energy sources, such as complex carbohydrates and fats, for energy. The first source to which the body turns is

876:, etc.), have been shown to be no more effective than one another. As weight regain is common, diet success is best predicted by long-term adherence. Regardless, the outcome of a diet can vary widely depending on the individual. 3715: 1457:

A major challenge regarding weight loss and dieting relates to compliance. While dieting can effectively promote weight loss in the short term, the intervention is hard to maintain over time and suppresses skeletal muscle

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Many studies overestimate the benefits of calorie restriction because the studies confound exercise and diet (testing the effects of diet and exercise as a combined intervention, rather than the effects of diet alone).

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Low-calorie diets usually produce an energy deficit of 500–1,000 calories per day, which can result in a 0.5 to 1 kilogram (1.1 to 2.2 pounds) weight loss per week. The National Institutes of Health reviewed 34

1698:, while others are quite informal. Some groups advocate certain prepared foods or special menus, while others train dieters to make healthy choices from restaurant menus and while grocery-shopping and cooking. 1636:(or diet journal), lost twice as much weight as those who did not keep a food log, suggesting that if a person records their eating, they are more aware of what they consume and therefore eat fewer calories. 2921:

Low‐carbohydrate diets are of interest for improving glycaemic outcomes in the management of Type 1 diabetes. There is limited evidence to support their routine use in the management of Type 1 diabetes.

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A 2009 review found limited evidence suggesting that encouraging water consumption and substituting energy-free beverages for energy-containing beverages (i.e., reducing caloric intake) may facilitate

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Another kind of diet focuses not on the dieter's health effects, but on its environment. The One Blue Dot plan of the BDA offers recommendations towards reducing diets' environmental impacts, by:

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Partly because diets do not reliably produce long-term positive health outcomes, some argue against using weight loss as a goal, preferring other measures of health such as improvements in

1260:, after which the cycle repeats. There is some evidence that these diets results in considerable weight loss. These diets are not recommended for general use and should be reserved for the 4979: 4654:, Guo J, Story M, Haines J, Eisenberg M (April 2006). "Obesity, disordered eating, and eating disorders in a longitudinal study of adolescents: how do dieters fare 5 years later?". 914: 4296:

Mensinger JL, Calogero RM, Stranges S, Tylka TL (2016). "A weight-neutral versus weight-loss approach for health promotion in women with high BMI: A randomized-controlled trial".

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Seckold R, Fisher E, de Bock M, King BR, Smart CE (March 2019). "The ups and downs of low-carbohydrate diets in the management of Type 1 diabetes: a review of clinical outcomes".

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loss with this diet. However, similar to the plant-based diet, the Paleo diet has potential nutritional deficiency risks, specifically with vitamin D, calcium, and iodine.

1599:. This review was conducted on short-term studies, therefore such a mechanism cannot be excluded in the long term, as evidence is currently lacking on this timeframe. 1576:, which can be used to generate energy. The primary by-products of metabolism are carbon dioxide and water; carbon dioxide is expelled through the respiratory system. 1341:

Gluten-free diets are often used for weight loss but little has been studied about the efficacy of this diet and metabolic mechanism for its effectiveness is unclear.

1462:. Suppressed thermogenesis accelerates weight regain once the diet stops, unless that phase is accompanied by a well-timed exercise intervention, as described by the 1654:. A 2009 article found that drinking 500 ml of water prior to meals for a 12-week period resulted in increased long-term weight reduction. (References given in 1251:

Very low calorie diets provide 200–800 calories per day, maintaining protein intake but limiting calories from both fat and carbohydrates. They subject the body to

3506:"Novel Nutritional and Dietary Approaches to Weight Loss for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Ketogenic Diet, Intermittent Fasting, and Bariatric Surgery" 3291: 5003:"Group versus one-to-one multi-component lifestyle interventions for weight management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials" 3304:'A crash diet is typically a very low-calorie diet, where you eat a very restrictively for a short period of time,' explains Registered Dietician, Helen Bond. 1516:

cause a range of side effects depending on the supplement and dose that is taken. Supplements should not replace foods that are important to a healthy diet.

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Fasting is the act of intentional taking a long time interval between meals. Lengthy fasting (multiple days in a week) might be dangerous due to the risk of

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Mann T, Tomiyama AJ, Westling E, Lew AM, Samuels B, Chatman J (April 2007). "Medicare's search for effective obesity treatments: diets are not the answer".

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Mann T, Tomiyama JA, Westling E, Lew AM, Samuels B, Chatman J (April 2007). "Medicare's search for effective obesity treatments: Diets are not the answer".

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Mann T, Tomiyama AJ, Westling E, Lew AM, Samuels B, Chatman J (April 2007). "Medicare's search for effective obesity treatments: diets are not the answer".

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This type of diet is based on the restriction of specific foods or food groups. Examples include gluten-free, Paleo, plant-based, and Mediterranean diets.

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There is a lack of standardization of how much carbohydrate low-carbohydrate diets must have, and this has complicated research. One definition, from the

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or skipping meals, and strategically placed snacks before meals, may be recommendable to reduce cardiovascular risks as part of a broader lifestyle and

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individuals, with diet success most predicted by adherence and little effect resulting from the type or brand of diet. As weight maintenance depends on

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Freire R (January 2020). "Scientific evidence of diets for weight loss: Different macronutrient composition, intermittent fasting, and popular diets".

124: 117: 934:, which represents a notion of a whole way healthy lifestyle including both mental and physical health, rather than a narrow weight-loss regimen. 2600: 215: 6181: 885: 3324: 4788:"Meal Timing and Frequency: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association" 3230: 2822: 4955: 3881:"Long-term effects of 4 popular diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials" 3549: 3831: 824: 2557: 5073:

American Dietetic Association (June 2003). "Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets".

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A meal timing schedule is known to be an important factor of any diet. Recent evidence suggest that new scheduling strategies, such as

1552:). Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate, 65% of which is stored in skeletal muscles and the remainder in the liver (totaling about 2,000 4537:"Weight loss from maximum body weight and mortality: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Linked Mortality File" 1003: 2361: 5046: 1359:

Detox diets are promoted with unsubstantiated claims that they can eliminate "toxins" from the human body. Many of these diets use

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reduction in calories and potential unbalance in the diet's composition can lead to detrimental effects, including sudden death.

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One Year Effectiveness of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone Diets in Decreasing Body Weight and Heart Disease Risk

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The first weight-loss book to promote calorie counting, and the first weight-loss book to become a bestseller, was the 1918

2577: 4042: 3620:"Short-term modified alternate-day fasting: a novel dietary strategy for weight loss and cardioprotection in obese adults" 3008: 1935: 2430: 1302:. During prolonged fasting or very low calorie diets the reduction of blood glucose, the preferred energy source of the 2394: 889:, he outlined the details of a particular low-carbohydrate, low-calorie diet that led to his own dramatic weight loss. 408: 167: 365: 267: 249: 186: 89: 3283: 930: 139: 1755: 1730: 1564:, the mobilization and catabolism of fat stores for energy. In this process fats, obtained from adipose tissue, or 1378:). Detox diets tend to result in short-term weight loss (because of calorie restriction), followed by weight gain. 4838: 1036:. Some people follow a diet to gain weight (such as people who are underweight or who are attempting to gain more 5168: 1667:

themselves, whereas 20% see a professional or join a paid program. The typical dieter attempts 4 tries per year.

817: 593: 3102: 3038: 4486:"Intention to lose weight, weight changes, and 18-y mortality in overweight individuals without co-morbidities" 1190:, where low-carbohydrate diets achieve outcomes similar to other diets, as weight loss is mainly determined by 781: 146: 3346: 5540: 414: 5141: 2844:

Trapp CB, Barnard ND (April 2010). "Usefulness of vegetarian and vegan diets for treating type 2 diabetes".

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In sum, there is little support for the notion that diets lead to lasting weight loss or health benefits.

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There is no good evidence that low-carbohydrate dieting confers any particular health benefits apart from

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of caloric intake) resulted in average weight loss of 3.2 kg (7.1 lb) over habitual eating.

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Matarese LE, Pories WJ (December 2014). "Adult weight loss diets: metabolic effects and outcomes".

1780: 1276:. People attempting these diets must be monitored closely by a physician to prevent complications. 786: 231: 75: 4004:"Low-carbohydrate diets for overweight and obesity: a systematic review of the systematic reviews" 6130: 5461: 5433: 3854: 3316: 1790: 1585: 746: 653: 341: 310: 113: 3920:

Johnston BC, Kanters S, Bandayrel K, Wu P, Naji F, Siemieniuk RA, et al. (September 2014).

2009:"Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates" 6100: 5530: 5342: 4348: 4201: 4069:"Are low-fat diets better than other weight-reducing diets in achieving long-term weight loss?" 2778: 2172: 1526: 1474: 740: 1502:

A number of studies have found that intentional weight loss is associated with an increase in

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Atallah R, Filion KB, Wakil SM, Genest J, Joseph L, Poirier P, et al. (November 2014).

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Promoting tap water and unsweetened tea/coffee as the de facto choice for healthy hydration.

6038: 6013: 5646: 5545: 5352: 5288: 3222: 1765: 1684: 1613: 1478: 1307: 1293: 1183:, specifies low-carbohydrate diets as having less than 20% of calories from carbohydrates. 1153: 1085: 756: 708: 442: 3855:"Environmentally sustainable diets are a Win-Win for the planet and health say dietitians" 2551: 8: 6043: 5510: 5161: 5115:

Dansinger ML, Gleason JL, Griffith JL, Li WJ, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ (12 November 2003).

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Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA, et al. (June 2014).

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Some weight loss groups aim to make money, others work as charities. The former include

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Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, Smith SR, Ryan DH, Anton SD, et al. (February 2009).

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These organizations' customs and practices differ widely. Some groups are modelled on

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programmes rather than receiving one-on-one support may increase the likelihood that

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mortality for healthy individuals, and for those who were overweight but not obese."

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It was estimated that over 1000 weight-loss diets have been developed up to 2014.

5741: 5709: 5626: 5555: 5550: 5405: 5372: 5316: 5177: 4956:"Group programmes for weight loss may be more effective than one-to-one sessions" 4804: 4502: 4088: 3588: 2996: 2384: 1923: 1770: 1531: 1129: 1040:). Diets can also be used to maintain a stable body weight or to improve health. 1037: 991: 981: 917: 880: 678: 633: 583: 533: 510: 504: 447: 419: 223: 4752: 4309: 3755: 3738: 3671: 2573: 1310:, have been used as a form of dieting to circumvent the issues of long fasting. 6202: 6148: 6110: 5833: 5694: 5443: 5438: 5154: 4706: 4667: 4362: 4215: 4003: 3687: 3521: 3449:"Health effects of intermittent fasting: hormesis or harm? A systematic review" 3378:"Health effects of intermittent fasting: hormesis or harm? A systematic review" 3133: 2977: 2186: 1904: 1549: 1530:, George Hsu concludes that dieting is likely to lead to the development of an 1503: 1315: 1209: 1197: 791: 618: 528: 467: 384: 4627: 4610: 4169: 4152: 3803: 2857: 2794: 2747: 2270: 2253: 2217: 2215: 1330:

nutritional deficiencies of protein, iron, zinc, calcium, and vitamins D and B

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in the urine) Rollo worked out a diet that had success for what is now called

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Perspectives on everyday life : a cross disciplinary cultural analysis

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Joslin's Diabetes Mellitus: Edited by C. Ronald Kahn ... [et Al.]

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A low-fat, plant-based diet has been found to improve control of weight,

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St-Onge MP, Ard J, Baskin ML, Chiuve SE, Johnson HM, Kris-Etherton P,

4022: 3672:"Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets" 3191: 3174: 2978:"Is There an Optimal Diet for Weight Management and Metabolic Health?" 2900: 1905:"Is There an Optimal Diet for Weight Management and Metabolic Health?" 6125: 6018: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5876: 5843: 5798: 5788: 5727: 5704: 5699: 5641: 5631: 5595: 5232: 5212: 1785: 1688: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1371: 1237:

values vary depending on additional factors, such as age and weight.

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Calories & corsets : a history of dieting over 2,000 years

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naming it one of the "top five worst celeb diets to avoid" in 2018.

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An example of a low-carbohydrate dish, cooked kale and poached eggs

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popularized one of the first weight loss diets in the 19th century.

849: 683: 514: 500: 3573:"Role of ketones, ketogenic diets and intermittent fasting in ICU" 3570: 2117:"Long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studies" 913: 6120: 6080: 5970: 5868: 5828: 5808: 5793: 5758: 5362: 5237: 5207: 3618:

Varady KA, Bhutani S, Church EC, Klempel MC (30 September 2009).

3571:

Gunst J, Casaer MP, Langouche L, Van den Berghe G (August 2021).

3317:"Crash diets can cause transient deterioration in heart function" 3061: 3033: 3031: 3029: 2550: 1706: 1596: 1442: 1438: 1368: 1289: 1257: 1157: 977: 960:

in 1797. It described the benefits of a meat diet for those with

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Never Satisfied: A Cultural History of Diets, Fantasies, and Fat

6028: 5993: 5929: 5921: 5858: 5838: 5813: 5222: 4150: 2642:. New York: Faber & Faber, Incorporated. pp. 185–189. 1364: 1145: 841: 761: 4483: 4394:"Weight science: evaluating the evidence for a paradigm shift" 4295: 4247:"Weight science: evaluating the evidence for a paradigm shift" 3026: 2969: 1556:

in the whole body). It is created from the excess of ingested

987:

The first popular diet was "Banting", named after the English

5072: 3736: 3504:

Becker A, Gaballa D, Roslin M, Gianos E, Kane J (July 2021).

2115:

Anderson JW, Konz EC, Frederich RC, Wood CL (November 2001).

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may have an increased mortality rate as a result of dieting.

543: 4649: 4244: 4002:

Churuangsuk C, Kherouf M, Combet E, Lean M (December 2018).

4001: 868:

diets, such as those emphasising particular macronutrients (

6058: 5415: 5367: 5227: 4691:"Mitochondrial ion channels: gatekeepers of life and death" 4484:

Sørensen TI, Rissanen A, Korkeila M, Kaprio J (June 2005).

3737:

Agoulnik D, Lalonde MP, Ellmore GS, McKeown NM (May 2021).

1958: 1956: 1553: 1535:

implementation of healthful eating and physical activity".

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food in a regulated way to decrease, maintain, or increase

558: 5114: 4798:(9). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): e96–e121. 3919: 3617: 2574:"WILLIAM BANTING: The Father of the Low-Carbohydrate Diet" 1345:

weight loss in addition to health and metabolic benefits.

5102:

Cheraskin E (1993). "The Breakfast/Lunch/Dinner Ritual".

5001:

Abbott S, Smith E, Tighe B, Lycett D (28 December 2020).

3503: 2880: 2114: 1466:. Most diet studies do not assess long-term weight loss. 1414:

Reducing high fat, sugar and salty foods overconsumption.

1411:

Promoting seasonal locally sourced fruits and vegetables.

1117: 4737: 3878: 3786:

Obert J, Pearlman M, Obert L, Chapin S (December 2017).

3785: 3115: 2886: 2251: 1953: 1454:

Extreme diets may, in some cases, lead to malnutrition.

4688: 4338: 4191: 3446: 3375: 2779:"Low-Fat/Calorie Foods: Current State and Perspectives" 2162: 5000: 4781: 3447:

Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL (1 August 2015).

2061:

Wadden TA, Webb VL, Moran CH, Bailer BA (March 2012).

1374:. Detox diets can include fasting or exclusion (as in 5176: 4901:"Planning to Go on a Diet? One Word of Advice: Don't" 4839:"Using food diaries doubles weight loss, study shows" 4109: 3253:"Take the test: Is an 800-calorie diet right for me?" 3116:

Finkler E, Heymsfield SB, St-Onge MP (January 2012).

2776: 2605:. USA: New York: Cosimo Classics. pp. 64 pages. 2060: 1268:

such as loss of lean muscle mass, increased risks of

1200:

was first established as a medical diet for treating

3739:"Part 1: The Origin and Evolution of the Paleo Diet" 3376:

Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL (August 2015).

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programme) than those receiving one-on-one support.

5142:

Diet reviews by the Harvard School of Public Health

4112:"PGC-1α and exercise in the control of body weight" 3284:"Are crash diets ever a good idea for weight loss?" 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2006: 1204:. It became a popular diet for weight loss through 901:(but not obese), who are normal weight, or who are 2110: 2108: 2106: 879:The first popular diet was "Banting", named after 3676:Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 3122:Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 3041:. British Dietetic Association. 7 December 2017. 2354:"Products - Data Briefs - Number 313 - July 2018" 2252:Harrington M, Gibson S, Cottrell RC (June 2009). 6194: 3885:Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 3669: 2484:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 3. 2286: 1481:(HAES) approach or a "weight neutral" approach. 4689:O'Rourke B, Cortassa S, Aon MA (October 2005). 4534: 4385: 2661: 2659: 2103: 4238: 3960: 2783:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2665: 1381: 1032:is most commonly pursued by those who want to 976:. By means of Dobson's testing procedure (for 5162: 4391: 4110:Summermatter S, Handschin C (November 2012). 3913: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2221: 1196:One form of low-carbohydrate diet called the 996:Letter on Corpulence, Addressed to the Public 886:Letter on Corpulence, Addressed to the Public 818: 212:The examples and perspective in this article 5075:Journal of the American Dietetic Association 4656:Journal of the American Dietetic Association 4151:Harrington M, Gibson S, Cottrell RC (2009). 3954: 3670:Melina V, Craig W, Levin S (December 2016). 3347:"How crash diets harm your health - CNN.com" 2843: 2656: 2376: 2056: 2054: 2052: 4449:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 3872: 3067: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1497: 1433:Several diets are effective for short-term 1156:), as well as low carbohydrate foods (e.g. 848:, or to prevent and treat diseases such as 90:Learn how and when to remove these messages 15: 5169: 5155: 4144: 3624:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 3453:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 3382:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 3179:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 3039:"Top 5 worst celeb diets to avoid in 2018" 2932: 2539: 2240: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2121:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1632:showed that dieters who kept a daily food 825: 811: 16: 5101: 4962:(Plain English summary). 27 August 2021. 4813: 4803: 4714: 4626: 4552: 4511: 4501: 4460: 4419: 4409: 4352: 4272: 4262: 4205: 4168: 4127: 3978: 3937: 3896: 3754: 3635: 3464: 3393: 3190: 3149: 3088: 2329: 2269: 2226:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood. p. 11. 2176: 2132: 2086: 2049: 2032: 1980: 1852: 1004:Diet and Health: With Key to the Calories 268:Learn how and when to remove this message 250:Learn how and when to remove this message 187:Learn how and when to remove this message 5007:Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 4867: 4836: 3172: 2975: 2545: 2382: 1965:"JAMA patient page. Healthy weight loss" 1902: 1826: 1402:Promoting fish from sustainable sources. 1396:Reducing meat to 70g per person per day. 1084: 912: 24:This is an accepted version of this page 5130:. New York: Free Press/Macmillan, 1986. 4775: 4611:"Can dieting cause an eating disorder?" 4442: 4245:Bacon L, Aphramor L., Aphramor (2011). 4066: 2598: 2149: 2002: 2000: 1869: 1829:"Diet in the management of weight loss" 1809: 1691:and groups run by local organizations. 1630:American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14: 6195: 4929: 4048:from the original on 23 September 2019 3961:Zarraga IG, Schwarz ER (August 2006). 2777:Sandrou DK, Arvanitoyannis IS (2000). 2733: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2640:Candy: A Century of Panic and Pleasure 2637: 2592: 2571: 2565: 2511: 2477: 1510: 123:Please improve this article by adding 5150: 4911:from the original on 11 November 2019 4898: 4574: 4572: 4535:Ingram DD, Mussolino ME (June 2010). 3665: 3663: 3428:from the original on 10 November 2022 3281: 3233:from the original on 22 November 2017 2957:from the original on 13 February 2020 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2364:from the original on 12 December 2020 1670: 1408:Focusing on wholegrain starchy foods. 1181:American Academy of Family Physicians 1104:. Foods high in carbohydrates (e.g., 994:. In 1863, he wrote a booklet called 892:Some guidelines recommend dieting to 51:Regulation of the consumption of food 6154: 4392:Bacon L, Aphramor L (January 2011). 3995: 3045:from the original on 6 February 2020 2403:from the original on 14 January 2023 1997: 1962: 1100:consumption relative to the average 1007:by American physician and columnist 198: 96: 55: 6096:Fruits & Veggies – More Matters 4880:from the original on 14 August 2021 4608: 3852: 2459:from the original on 20 August 2021 2013:The New England Journal of Medicine 1586:Energy homeostasis § Imbalance 1579: 1519: 1240: 1069: 48: 5104:Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine 5065: 4870:"The Heavy Price of Losing Weight" 4849:from the original on 14 March 2012 4590:from the original on 24 April 2021 4569: 3660: 3327:from the original on 29 April 2022 2694: 2322:10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee 2312:(Professional society guideline). 1492: 1445:intake, diets emphasising certain 409:Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome 49: 6214: 5135: 5049:from the original on 22 June 2022 4982:from the original on 22 June 2022 3980:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.603910 3552:from the original on 1 March 2024 3263:from the original on 18 June 2022 3014:from the original on 19 July 2018 2825:from the original on 15 June 2022 2580:from the original on 11 June 2011 2433:from the original on 30 June 2022 2079:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.039453 1941:from the original on 19 July 2018 1321: 71:This article has multiple issues. 6173: 6163: 6153: 6144: 6143: 4541:International Journal of Obesity 4462:10.1097/00005768-199908000-00007 4116:International Journal of Obesity 3834:from the original on 7 July 2022 3792:Current Gastroenterology Reports 3718:from the original on 7 July 2022 3357:from the original on 19 May 2022 3294:from the original on 7 July 2022 3070:"Dietary therapies for epilepsy" 2933:Last AR, Wilson SA (June 2006). 2224:Obesity (Biographies of Disease) 1756:National Weight Control Registry 1731:Dietary Guidelines for Americans 1428: 1075:This section is an excerpt from 964:, basing this recommendation on 947:An Essay of Health and Long Life 203: 101: 60: 4994: 4948: 4923: 4892: 4861: 4830: 4731: 4682: 4643: 4602: 4528: 4477: 4436: 4332: 4289: 4185: 4103: 4060: 3898:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000723 3846: 3779: 3730: 3611: 3564: 3497: 3440: 3410: 3369: 3339: 3309: 3275: 3245: 3215: 3166: 3109: 2926: 2837: 2770: 2631: 2518:. Laurence Chalem. p. 39. 2505: 2471: 2453:"The Ethics of Diet - A Catena" 2445: 2415: 2346: 952:The Scottish military surgeon, 79:or discuss these issues on the 2668:Nutrition in Clinical Practice 2512:Chalem LD (5 September 2009). 2423:"History's weirdest fad diets" 1628:A 2008 study published in the 1607: 1220: 782:Social determinants of obesity 13: 1: 4868:Williams G (2 January 2013). 3887:(Systematic review of RCTs). 2515:Essential Diabetes Leadership 2222:Petrelli J, Wolin KY (2009). 1802: 1701:Attending group meetings for 1623: 415:Metabolically healthy obesity 125:secondary or tertiary sources 4805:10.1161/cir.0000000000000476 4503:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020171 3589:10.1097/MCC.0000000000000841 3282:Bonet A (28 November 2018). 3068:Kossoff EH, Wang HS (2013). 2997:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.056 1924:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.056 1646:Weight loss effects of water 1538: 1399:Prioritising plant proteins. 1264:as they are associated with 1234:randomized controlled trials 1214:British Dietetic Association 856:. As weight loss depends on 572:Obesity-associated morbidity 7: 6106:Latin American Diet Pyramid 6086:Dairy Council of California 5541:Gluten-free and casein-free 4753:10.1016/j.appet.2018.11.017 4310:10.1016/j.appet.2016.06.006 4067:Schooff M (February 2003). 3756:10.1097/NT.0000000000000482 3422:Jefferson Health New Jersey 2976:Thom G, Lean M (May 2017). 1903:Thom G, Lean M (May 2017). 1827:Strychar I (January 2006). 1713: 1405:Moderate dairy consumption. 1388:Environmental vegetarianism 1382:Environmentally sustainable 767:Obesity and the environment 226:, discuss the issue on the 10: 6219: 6116:Mediterranean Diet Pyramid 5571:Low-fiber/low-residue diet 4837:Hellmich N (8 July 2008). 4707:10.1152/physiol.00020.2005 4668:10.1016/j.jada.2006.01.003 4443:Gaesser GA (August 1999). 4363:10.1037/0003-066x.62.3.220 4216:10.1037/0003-066x.62.3.220 3688:10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025 3522:10.1007/s11886-021-01515-1 3510:Current Cardiology Reports 3134:10.1016/j.jada.2011.08.034 2258:Nutrition Research Reviews 2187:10.1037/0003-066x.62.3.220 1776:Nutritional rating systems 1661: 1643: 1602: 1583: 1385: 1352: 1287: 1283: 1244: 1224: 1074: 1047: 1043: 1021: 908: 6182:Health and fitness portal 6139: 6071: 5969: 5867: 5749: 5740: 5718: 5675: 5609: 5501: 5480: 5452: 5424: 5381: 5330: 5307: 5281: 5260: 5251: 5188: 4899:Brown H (24 March 2015). 4628:10.1017/S0033291797004753 4341:The American Psychologist 4170:10.1017/S0954422409990035 4073:American Family Physician 3804:10.1007/s11894-017-0603-8 2939:American Family Physician 2858:10.1007/s11892-010-0093-7 2795:10.1080/10408690091189211 2748:10.1016/j.nut.2019.07.001 2316:(25 Suppl 2): S102–S138. 2271:10.1017/S0954422409990035 2165:The American Psychologist 1963:Guth E (September 2014). 1475:cardiovascular biomarkers 390:Classification of obesity 5462:Bodybuilding supplements 4934:. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. 3853:BDA (20 November 2018). 3173:Fock KM, Khoo J (2013). 3090:10.4103/2319-4170.107152 2935:"Low-carbohydrate diets" 2846:Current Diabetes Reports 2680:10.1177/0884533614550251 1781:Online weight loss plans 1639: 1595:and weight gain such as 1498:Increased mortality rate 1348: 1017: 958:Notes of a Diabetic Case 883:. In his 1863 pamphlet, 787:Social stigma of obesity 31:latest accepted revision 6131:Vegetarian Diet Pyramid 5434:Ovo-lacto vegetarianism 5087:10.1053/jada.2003.50142 3939:10.1001/jama.2014.10397 3637:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28380 3466:10.3945/ajcn.115.109553 3395:10.3945/ajcn.115.109553 2558:Encyclopædia Britannica 1982:10.1001/jama.2014.10929 1791:Table of food nutrients 1568:, are broken down into 941:was the English doctor 747:Fat acceptance movement 654:Anti-obesity medication 342:Gestational weight gain 6101:Healthy eating pyramid 5647:Time Restricted Eating 5531:Fluid restriction diet 4615:Psychological Medicine 4411:10.1186/1475-2891-10-9 4264:10.1186/1475-2891-10-9 1527:Psychological Medicine 1274:electrolyte imbalances 1094:Low-carbohydrate diets 1090: 921: 112:relies excessively on 5601:Specific carbohydrate 5493:Very-low-calorie diet 4194:American Psychologist 4013:(Systematic review). 2134:10.1093/ajcn/74.5.579 2025:10.1056/NEJMoa0804748 1683:. The latter include 1477:, sometimes called a 1262:management of obesity 1247:Very low calorie diet 1206:celebrity endorsement 1088: 1077:Low-carbohydrate diet 1064:cardiovascular health 928:comes from the Greek 916: 772:Obesity and sexuality 647:Management of obesity 523:Binge eating disorder 483:Waist-to-height ratio 5546:Intermittent fasting 4650:Neumark-Sztainer D, 4343:. Eating Disorders. 4196:. Eating Disorders. 2602:Letter on Corpulence 2069:(Narrative review). 1766:Nutrition psychology 1696:twelve-step programs 1685:Overeaters Anonymous 1614:intermittent fasting 1524:In an editorial for 1479:Health at Every Size 1367:and other juicy low- 1308:intermittent fasting 1294:Intermittent fasting 1266:adverse side effects 1172:, and other fibrous 757:Health at Every Size 709:Weight loss coaching 443:Body adiposity index 232:create a new article 224:improve this article 214:may not represent a 5511:Calorie restriction 4968:10.3310/alert_47460 4609:Hsu LK (May 1997). 4554:10.1038/ijo.2010.41 4129:10.1038/ijo.2012.12 3577:Curr Opin Crit Care 3323:. 2 February 2018. 2599:Banting W (2005) . 2576:. Second Opinions. 2383:Foxcroft L (2014). 1845:10.1503/cmaj.045037 1511:Dietary supplements 1227:Calorie restriction 1192:calorie restriction 840:is the practice of 777:Sedentary lifestyle 589:Fatty liver disease 553:Starvation response 453:Body fat percentage 400:Genetics of obesity 21:Page version status 5426:Semi-vegetarianism 4930:Berger AA (2018). 3077:Biomedical Journal 2552:"Corpulence" 2478:Joslin EP (2005). 2429:. 2 January 2013. 1671:Weight loss groups 1464:Summermatter cycle 1091: 1060:blood sugar levels 922: 614:Obesity and cancer 495:Related conditions 405:Metabolic syndrome 27: 6190: 6189: 6067: 6066: 5736: 5735: 5309:Sustainable diets 5019:10.1111/jhn.12853 4941:978-3-319-99794-0 4786:(February 2017). 4398:Nutrition Journal 4122:(11): 1428–1435. 4023:10.1111/obr.12744 4017:(12): 1700–1718. 3928:(Meta-analysis). 3682:(12): 1970–1980. 3229:. 27 April 2018. 3192:10.1111/jgh.12407 2945:(11): 1942–1948. 2901:10.1111/dme.13845 2889:Diabetic Medicine 2649:978-0-86547-756-8 2638:Kawash S (2013). 2612:978-1-59605-085-3 2572:Groves B (2002). 2525:978-1-4392-4566-8 2491:978-0-7817-2796-9 2389:. Profile Books. 2233:978-0-313-35275-1 1741:High residue diet 1652:weight management 974:diabetes mellitus 937:One of the first 835: 834: 664:Bariatric surgery 473:Relative Fat Mass 362:Childhood obesity 352:Weight management 293:Human body weight 278: 277: 270: 260: 259: 252: 234:, as appropriate. 197: 196: 189: 171: 94: 39:25 September 2024 18: 6210: 6177: 6167: 6157: 6156: 6147: 6146: 5747: 5746: 5581:Monotrophic diet 5561:Low-carbohydrate 5526:Elimination diet 5472:Therapeutic food 5467:Meal replacement 5454:Supplement diets 5322:Planetary health 5258: 5257: 5194: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5148: 5147: 5124:Schwartz, Hillel 5120: 5111: 5098: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4817: 4807: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4718: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4630: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4576: 4567: 4566: 4556: 4547:(6): 1044–1050. 4532: 4526: 4525: 4515: 4505: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4464: 4455:(8): 1118–1128. 4440: 4434: 4433: 4423: 4413: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4356: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4276: 4266: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4209: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4172: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4131: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4087:. 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Archived from 2596: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2554: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2333: 2301: 2284: 2283: 2273: 2249: 2238: 2237: 2219: 2210: 2209: 2180: 2160: 2147: 2146: 2136: 2112: 2101: 2100: 2090: 2073:(9): 1157–1170. 2058: 2047: 2046: 2036: 2004: 1995: 1994: 1984: 1960: 1951: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1940: 1918:(7): 1739–1751. 1912:Gastroenterology 1909: 1900: 1867: 1866: 1856: 1824: 1746:Intuitive eating 1726:Carbon footprint 1703:weight reduction 1580:Set-Point Theory 1520:Eating disorders 1241:Very low-calorie 1070:Low-carbohydrate 1009:Lulu Hunt Peters 968:'s discovery of 874:low-carbohydrate 827: 820: 813: 704:Weight loss camp 699:Obesity medicine 579:Arteriosclerosis 463:Corpulence index 458:Body Shape Index 425:Set point theory 395:Exercise paradox 379:Medical concepts 347:Diet (nutrition) 301:General concepts 280: 279: 273: 266: 255: 248: 244: 241: 235: 207: 206: 199: 192: 185: 181: 178: 172: 170: 129: 105: 97: 86: 64: 63: 56: 6218: 6217: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6135: 6073: 6063: 5965: 5941: 5933: 5925: 5917: 5909: 5901: 5893: 5885: 5863: 5732: 5714: 5671: 5605: 5503: 5497: 5481:Non-solid diets 5476: 5448: 5420: 5406:Milk substitute 5385: 5377: 5331:Religious diets 5326: 5303: 5277: 5247: 5192: 5184: 5178:Human nutrition 5175: 5138: 5133: 5068: 5066:Further reading 5063: 5062: 5052: 5050: 4999: 4995: 4985: 4983: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4942: 4928: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4897: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4866: 4862: 4852: 4850: 4835: 4831: 4780: 4776: 4736: 4732: 4687: 4683: 4648: 4644: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4578: 4577: 4570: 4533: 4529: 4482: 4478: 4441: 4437: 4390: 4386: 4354:10.1.1.666.7484 4337: 4333: 4294: 4290: 4243: 4239: 4207:10.1.1.666.7484 4190: 4186: 4149: 4145: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4092: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4011:Obesity Reviews 4006: 4000: 3996: 3959: 3955: 3918: 3914: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3851: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3784: 3780: 3743:Nutrition Today 3735: 3731: 3721: 3719: 3668: 3661: 3616: 3612: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3502: 3498: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3374: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3297: 3295: 3280: 3276: 3266: 3264: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3236: 3234: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3171: 3167: 3114: 3110: 3105:on 1 June 2018. 3072: 3066: 3062: 3048: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3011: 2980: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2931: 2927: 2885: 2881: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2775: 2771: 2732: 2695: 2664: 2657: 2650: 2636: 2632: 2622: 2620: 2613: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2570: 2566: 2544: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2436: 2434: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2406: 2404: 2397: 2381: 2377: 2367: 2365: 2360:. 7 June 2019. 2352: 2351: 2347: 2302: 2287: 2250: 2241: 2234: 2220: 2213: 2178:10.1.1.666.7484 2161: 2150: 2113: 2104: 2059: 2050: 2005: 1998: 1961: 1954: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1907: 1901: 1870: 1825: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1771:Nutrition scale 1716: 1677:Weight Watchers 1673: 1664: 1648: 1642: 1626: 1610: 1605: 1588: 1582: 1541: 1532:eating disorder 1522: 1513: 1500: 1495: 1493:Adverse effects 1431: 1390: 1384: 1357: 1351: 1333: 1324: 1296: 1288:Main articles: 1286: 1249: 1243: 1229: 1223: 1218: 1217: 1210:adverse effects 1194:and adherence. 1080: 1072: 1052: 1046: 1026: 1020: 992:William Banting 982:type 2 diabetes 931:δίαιτα (diaita) 918:William Banting 911: 881:William Banting 866:calorie-reduced 862:different kinds 831: 802: 801: 727: 719: 718: 679:Caloric deficit 649: 639: 638: 634:Type 2 diabetes 584:Atherosclerosis 574: 564: 563: 534:Hyperthyroidism 511:Eating disorder 496: 488: 487: 478:Waist–hip ratio 448:Body mass index 438: 430: 429: 420:Obesity paradox 380: 372: 371: 302: 274: 263: 262: 261: 256: 245: 239: 236: 221: 208: 204: 193: 182: 176: 173: 130: 128: 122: 118:primary sources 106: 65: 61: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 6216: 6206: 6205: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6171: 6161: 6151: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6111:French paradox 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6077: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5975: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5873: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5834:Selenocysteine 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5755: 5753: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5730: 5724: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5695:Master Cleanse 5692: 5687: 5681: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5507: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5458: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5430: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5313: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5285: 5283: 5282:Regional diets 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5264: 5262: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5174: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5137: 5136:External links 5134: 5132: 5131: 5121: 5112: 5099: 5081:(6): 748–765. 5069: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5013:(3): 485–493. 4993: 4947: 4940: 4922: 4905:Slate Magazine 4891: 4860: 4829: 4774: 4730: 4701:(5): 303–315. 4681: 4662:(4): 559–568. 4642: 4621:(3): 509–513. 4601: 4584:ods.od.nih.gov 4568: 4527: 4476: 4435: 4384: 4347:(3): 220–233. 4331: 4288: 4237: 4200:(3): 220–233. 4184: 4143: 4102: 4091:on 15 May 2008 4079:(3): 507–508. 4059: 3994: 3973:(9): 961–973. 3953: 3932:(9): 923–933. 3912: 3891:(6): 815–827. 3871: 3859:www.bda.uk.com 3845: 3778: 3729: 3659: 3610: 3583:(4): 385–389. 3563: 3496: 3459:(2): 464–470. 3439: 3409: 3388:(2): 464–470. 3368: 3338: 3308: 3274: 3244: 3214: 3165: 3108: 3060: 3025: 2968: 2925: 2895:(3): 326–334. 2879: 2852:(2): 152–158. 2836: 2789:(5): 427–447. 2769: 2693: 2674:(6): 759–767. 2655: 2648: 2630: 2619:on 8 July 2011 2611: 2591: 2564: 2549:, ed. (1911). 2538: 2524: 2504: 2490: 2470: 2444: 2414: 2396:978-1847654588 2395: 2375: 2345: 2285: 2239: 2232: 2211: 2171:(3): 220–233. 2148: 2127:(5): 579–584. 2102: 2048: 2019:(9): 859–873. 1996: 1952: 1868: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1672: 1669: 1663: 1660: 1644:Main article: 1641: 1638: 1625: 1622: 1618:dietary change 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1581: 1578: 1558:macronutrients 1550:glycogenolysis 1540: 1537: 1521: 1518: 1512: 1509: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1447:macronutrients 1430: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1383: 1380: 1353:Main article: 1350: 1347: 1331: 1323: 1322:Exclusion Diet 1320: 1316:intensive care 1285: 1282: 1245:Main article: 1242: 1239: 1225:Main article: 1222: 1219: 1198:ketogenic diet 1081: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1048:Main article: 1045: 1042: 1022:Main article: 1019: 1016: 966:Matthew Dobson 910: 907: 833: 832: 830: 829: 822: 815: 807: 804: 803: 800: 799: 794: 792:Weight cutting 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 734: 728: 726:Social aspects 725: 724: 721: 720: 717: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 681: 676: 666: 661: 656: 650: 645: 644: 641: 640: 637: 636: 631: 626: 621: 619:Osteoarthritis 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 575: 570: 569: 566: 565: 562: 561: 556: 546: 541: 536: 531: 529:Food addiction 526: 508: 497: 494: 493: 490: 489: 486: 485: 480: 475: 470: 468:Lean body mass 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 439: 436: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 422: 417: 412: 402: 397: 392: 387: 385:Adipose tissue 381: 378: 377: 374: 373: 370: 369: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 289: 288: 276: 275: 258: 257: 240:September 2020 218:of the subject 216:worldwide view 211: 209: 202: 195: 194: 177:September 2020 109: 107: 100: 95: 69: 68: 66: 59: 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6215: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6183: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6160: 6152: 6150: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6070: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5936: 5934: 5928: 5926: 5920: 5918: 5912: 5910: 5904: 5902: 5896: 5894: 5888: 5886: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5824:Phenylalanine 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5784:Glutamic acid 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5774:Aspartic acid 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5720:List of diets 5717: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5667:U.S. military 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5521:Diabetic diet 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5401:Meat analogue 5399: 5397: 5396:Fruitarianism 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5384: 5383:Vegetarianism 5380: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5294:Mediterranean 5292: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5193:Main articles 5191: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5182:healthy diets 5179: 5172: 5167: 5165: 5160: 5158: 5153: 5152: 5149: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5070: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4960:NIHR Evidence 4957: 4951: 4943: 4937: 4933: 4926: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4573: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4490:PLOS Medicine 4487: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4163:(1): 93–108. 4162: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4005: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3749:(3): 94–104. 3748: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3664: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3305: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3223:"How to diet" 3218: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3064: 3057: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2972: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2660: 2651: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2595: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2560: 2559: 2553: 2548: 2542: 2527: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2508: 2493: 2487: 2483: 2482: 2474: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2418: 2402: 2398: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2379: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2264:(1): 93–108. 2263: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2235: 2229: 2225: 2218: 2216: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2003: 2001: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1959: 1957: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1808: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1761:Nutrigenomics 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1751:List of diets 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1668: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1587: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1517: 1508: 1505: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1460:thermogenesis 1455: 1452: 1451:meta-analysis 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1429:Effectiveness 1423: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1379: 1377: 1376:juice fasting 1373: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1356: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1327: 1319: 1317: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1295: 1291: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1248: 1238: 1235: 1228: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1028:A restricted 1025: 1024:List of diets 1015: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1005: 999: 997: 993: 990: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 950: 948: 944: 943:George Cheyne 940: 935: 933: 932: 927: 919: 915: 906: 904: 900: 895: 890: 888: 887: 882: 877: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 828: 823: 821: 816: 814: 809: 808: 806: 805: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 752:Fat fetishism 750: 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