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Particles of 0.6 – 60 μm radius can remain cold enough to preserve organic matter during atmospheric entry to planets or moons. Accordingly, each 1 mm, 4.2 × 10 kg capsule captured in the viscous medium can be dispersed into 42,000 delivery microcapsules of 30 μm radius, each weighing 10 kg and containing 100,000 microbes. These objects will not be ejected from the dust cloud by radiation pressure from the star, and will remain mixed with the dust. A fraction of the dust, containing the captured microbial capsules, will be captured by planets or moons, or captured in comets and delivered by them later to planets. The probability of capture,
1612:
suffering among wild animals on this planet is probably a result of the way evolution by natural selection operates, and that evolutionary processes are therefore likely to result, in due time, in similar suffering wherever life evolves. Sivula discusses all sides of the issue and concludes that "... the risk of suffering objection constitutes a serious ethical problem – planetary seeding may be extremely good or it might be a moral disaster – depending on one's moral theory. Until we have identified a satisfying resolution of this predicament, humanity should abstain from any acts of cosmic preservation."
1481:, which in turn help to reproduce the DNA code. Also, shared are the basic mechanisms of energy use and material transport. These self-propagating patterns and processes are the core of organic gene/protein life. Life is unique because of this complexity, and because of the exact coincidence of the laws of physics that allow life to exist. Also unique to life is the pursuit of self-propagation, which implies a human purpose to secure and expand life. These objectives are best secured in space, suggesting a panbiotic ethics aimed to secure this future.
4118:
1708:
1495:
4130:
1694:
990:, can be estimated from similar processes, such as the capture of interplanetary dust particles by planets and moons in our Solar System, where 10 of the Zodiacal cloud maintained by comet ablation, and also a similar fraction of asteroid fragments, is collected by the Earth. The probability of capture of an initially launched capsule by a planet (or astronomical object)
187:(427 ly), that contains clusters of new stars too young to originate local life (425 infrared-emitting young stars aged 100,000 to a million years). Such clouds contain zones with various densities (diffuse cloud < dark fragment < dense core < protostellar condensation < accretion disc) that could selectively capture panspermia capsules of various sizes.
1592:
accretion discs and star-forming clouds, where local life, and especially advanced life, could not have emerged yet. If there is local life that is fundamentally different, the colonizing microorganisms may not harm it. If there is local organic gene/protein life, it may exchange genes with the colonizing microorganisms, increasing galactic
642:
1599:
Another objection is that space should be left pristine for scientific studies, a reason for planetary quarantine. However, directed panspermia may reach only a few, at most a few hundred new stars, still leaving a hundred billion pristine for local life and for research. A technical objection is the
1214:
with transit velocities of 0.0005 c, the known distances to the targets, and the masses of the dust in the target regions then allows calculating the biomass that needs to be launched for probable success. With these parameters, as little as 1 gram of biomass (10 microorganisms) could seed Alpha
263:
The panspermia vehicles would be aimed at moving targets whose locations at the time of arrival must be predicted. This can be calculated using their measured proper motions, their distances, and the cruising speeds of the vehicles. The positional uncertainty and size of the target object then allow
203:
Panspermia missions should deliver microorganisms that can grow in the new habitats. They may be sent in 10 kg, 60 μm diameter capsules that allow intact atmospheric entry at the target planets, each containing 100,000 diverse microorganisms suited to various environments. Both for bundled
1326:
Unfortunately, what they’ve so honestly described is good old honest garbage ... Their methods failed to recognize a well-known functional association in the genetic code; they did not rule out the operation of natural law before rushing to falsely infer design ... We certainly don’t need to invoke
696:
in reverse dynamics of the launch. The sails must be properly oriented at arrival, but orientation control may be avoided using spherical sails. The vehicles must approach the target Sun-like stars at radial distances similar to the launch, about 1 au. After the vehicles are captured in orbit, the
147:
or viscous drag at the target, and capture of the colonizing micro-organisms by planets. A possible objection is potential interference with local life at the targets, but targeting young planetary systems where local life, especially advanced life, could not have started yet, avoids this problem.
962:
The captured panspermia capsules will mix with dust. A fraction of the dust and a proportional fraction of the captured capsules will be delivered to astronomical objects. Dispersing the payload into delivery microcapsules will increase the chance that some will be delivered to habitable objects.
1591:
The main objection to directed panspermia is that it may interfere with local life at the targets. The colonizing microorganisms may out-compete local life for resources, or infect and harm local organisms. However, this probability can be minimized by targeting newly forming planetary systems,
215:
with thicknesses of 10 m and areal densities of 0.0001 kg/m seem feasible, and sail/payload mass ratios of 10:1 will allow exit velocities near the maximum possible for such sails. Sails with about 540 m radius and area of 10 m can impart 10 kg payloads with interstellar
190:
Habitable astronomical objects or habitable zones about nearby stars may be targeted by large (10 kg) missions where microbial capsules are bundled and shielded. Upon arrival, microbial capsules in the payload may be dispersed in orbit for capture by planets. Alternatively, small microbial
1611:
supports this view, and other authors agree or disagree. Unlike the above two objections, which can be minimized by attention to detail, there is no currently-known way to influence from a distance how evolution would progress on a world seeded with life. O'Brien argues that the large amount of
1291:
experiments with meteorites showed that algae, bacteria, fungi and plant cultures can grow in the asteroids in these media. Microorganisms can then spread in the accreting solar nebula, and will be delivered to planets in comets and in asteroids. The microorganisms can grow on nutrients in the
1398:
10 one-kg seeded fragments, and rotating the comet would eject these shielded icy objects in random directions into the galaxy. This increases a trillion-fold the probability of capture in another planetary system, compared with transport by a single comet. Such manipulation of comets is a
1247:
microorganisms with a range of tolerances, including thermophile (high temperature), psychrophile (low temperature), acidophile (high acidity), halophile (high salinity), oligotroph (low nutrient concentration), xerophile (dry environments) and radioresistant (high radiation tolerance)
1198:
must be launched and captured for a reasonable chance to initiate life at the target astronomical object. An optimistic requirement is the capture by the planet of 100 capsules with 100,000 microorganisms each, for a total of 10 million organisms with a total biomass of 10 kg.
946:(1.5 × 10 m s) will be captured when decelerated to 2,000 m s, the typical speed of grains in the cloud. The size of the capsules can be designed to stop at zones with various densities in the interstellar cloud. Simulations show that a 35
1331:
In a later peer-reviewed article, the authors address the operation of natural law in an extensive statistical test, and draw the same conclusion as in the previous article. In special sections they also discuss methodological concerns raised by PZ Myers and some others.
1345:
to produce hardy polyextremophile microorganisms and multicellular organisms, suitable to diverse astronomical objects environments. Hardy polyextremophile anaerobic multicellular eukaryotes with high radiation resistance, that can form a self-sustaining ecosystem with
245:
For missions that do not encounter dense gas zones, such as interstellar transit to mature planets or to habitable zones about stars, the microcapsules can be launched directly from 1 au using 10 kg sails of 1.8 mm radius to achieve velocities of
254:
for capture at the targets. The 1 mm and 30 micrometer radius vehicles and payloads are needed in large numbers for both the bundled and swarm missions. These capsules and the miniature sails for swarm missions can be mass manufactured readily.
1271:
microorganisms was a major bottleneck to higher evolution on Earth. Including eukaryote microorganisms in the payload can bypass this barrier. Multicellular organisms are even more desirable, but being much heavier than bacteria, fewer can be sent. Hardy
950:
radius capsule will be captured in a dense core, and a 1 mm radius capsule in a protostellar condensation in the cloud. As for approach to accretion discs about stars, a millimetre size capsule entering the 1000 km thick disc face at 0.0005
139:. Conversely, Mautner and Matloff proposed in 1979, and Mautner examined in detail in 1995 and 1997 the technology and motivation to secure and expand our organic gene/protein life-form by directed panspermia missions to other planetary systems,
1219:, mainly because of its larger distance. A biomass on the order of 300 tons would need to be launched to seed a protostellar condensation or an accretion disc, but two hundred kilograms would be sufficient to seed a young stellar object in the
1340:
Significantly, panspermia missions can be launched by present or near-future technologies. However, more advanced technologies may be also used when these become available. The biological aspects of directed panspermia may be improved by
1157:
depends on the mixing ratio of the capsules with the dust and on the fraction of the dust delivered to planets. These variables can be estimated for capture in planetary accretion discs or in various zones in the interstellar cloud.
1300:
A number of publications since 1979 have proposed the idea that directed panspermia could be demonstrated to be the origin of all life on Earth if a distinctive 'signature' message were found, deliberately implanted into either the
937:
494:
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microbial capsules may be dispersed in a ring orbiting the star, some within the gravitational capture zone of planets. Missions to accretion discs of planets and to star-forming clouds will decelerate by viscous drag at the rate
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bound for interstellar space. This strategy follows the mechanisms of natural panspermia by comets, as suggested by Hoyle and
Wikramasinghe. The microorganisms would be frozen in the comets at interstellar temperatures of a few
227:
At the targets, the microbial payload would decompose into 10 (100 billion) 30 μm capsules to increase the probability of capture. In the swarm strategy to protoplanetary discs and interstellar clouds, 1 mm radius,
1458:
Directed panspermia aims to secure and expand our family of organic gene/protein life. It may be motivated by the desire to perpetuate the common genetic heritage of all terrestrial life. This motivation was formulated as
1230:
are met (e.g.: growth temperature, cosmic radiation shielding, atmosphere and gravity), lifeforms viable on Earth may be chemically nourished by watery asteroid and planetary materials in this and other planetary systems.
1125:
429:
1313:
in the genetic code which, they believe, is evidence for such a signature. This claim has not been substantiated by further study, or accepted by the wider scientific community. One outspoken critic is biologist
49:, to secure and expand its organic gene/protein lifeform. To avoid interference with local life, the targets may be young planetary systems where local life is unlikely. Directed panspermia can be motivated by
1389:
and protected from radiation for eons. It is unlikely that an ejected comet will be captured in another planetary system, but the probability can be increased by allowing the microbes to multiply during warm
1264:, as it happened on Earth. Aerobic organisms in the biological payload may be delivered to the astronomical objects later when the conditions are right, by comets that captured and preserved the capsules.
195:, or zones of various density in interstellar clouds. The microbial swarm provides minimal shielding but does not require high precision targeting, especially when aiming at large interstellar clouds.
1287:
Microorganisms or capsules captured in the accretion disc can be captured along with the dust into asteroids. During aqueous alteration the asteroids contain water, inorganic salts and organics, and
2422:"Planetary resources and astroecology. Planetary microcosm models of asteroid and meteorite interiors: electrolyte solutions and microbial growth. Implications for space populations and panspermia"
41:
on the Earth may have been seeded deliberately by other civilizations. Conversely, Mautner and
Matloff (1979) and Mautner (1995, 1997) proposed that humanity should seed other planetary systems,
121:
speculated that life on Earth may have been seeded through directed panspermia by other civilisations, and, in 1973, Crick and Orgel also discussed the concept. In the controversial documentary
1600:
uncertain survival of the messenger organisms during long interstellar transit. Research by simulations, and the development on hardy colonizers is needed to address these questions.
224:
10 m/s) when launched from 1 au (astronomical unit). At this speed, voyage to the Alpha PsA star will last 50,000 y, and to the Rho
Opiuchus cloud, 824,000 years.
1243:. Some of the new branches of life may develop intelligent beings who will further expand life in the galaxy. The messenger microorganisms may find diverse environments, requiring
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988:
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678:
486:
459:
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Gros, Claudius (January 2019). "Why planetary and exoplanetary protection differ: The case of long duration
Genesis missions to habitable but sterile M-dwarf oxygen planets".
732:
2377:"Planetary bioresources and astroecology. 1. Planetary microcosm bioessays of Martian and meteorite materials: soluble electrolytes, nutrients, and algal and plant responses"
242:. At the target, each capsule decomposes into 4,000 delivery microcapsules of 10 kg and of 30 micrometer radius that allow intact entry to planetary atmospheres.
1429:
period on Earth. Gros argues that the
Genesis project would be realizable within 50–100 years, using low-mass probes equipped with a miniaturized gene laboratory for the
312:
833:
806:
285:
208:
may provide the most simple propulsion for interstellar transit. Spherical sails will avoid orientation control both at launch and at deceleration at the targets.
4041:
779:
637:{\displaystyle P_{\text{target}}={\frac {A_{\text{target}}}{\pi (\delta y)^{2}}}={\frac {4.4\times 10^{25}{r_{\text{target}}}^{2}v^{2}}{{\alpha _{p}}^{2}d^{4}}}}
752:
352:
332:
841:
5089:
1603:
A third argument against engaging in directed panspermia derives from the view that wild animals do not — on the average — have lives worth living, and thus
2126:
Mezger, P. G. (1994). B. F. Burke; J. H. Rahe; E. E. Roettger (eds.). "The search for protostars using millimetre/submillimeter dust emission as a tracer".
1252:
may produce polyextremophile microorganisms with several tolerances. The target atmospheres will probably lack oxygen, so the colonizers should include
2003:
Mautner, Michael N. (1995). "Directed
Panspermia. 2. Technological Advances Toward Seeding Other Solar Systems, and the Foundations of Panbiotic Ethics".
3066:
151:
Directed panspermia may be motivated by the desire to perpetuate the common genetic heritage of all terrestrial life. This motivation was formulated as
647:
To apply these equations, the precision of astrometry of star proper motion of 0.00001 arcsec/year, and the solar sail vehicle velocity of 0.0005
434:
Given the positional uncertainty, the vehicles may be launched with a scatter in a circle about the predicted position of the target. The probability
4469:
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performed laboratory experiments that suggest that many colonizing microorganisms and some plants could obtain most of their chemical nutrients from
4756:
1077:
4168:
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carrier comets and asteroids in the aqueous planetary environments, until they adapt to the local environments and nutrients on the planets.
155:
that value the common gene/protein patterns of self propagation, and as panbiotic ethics that aim to secure and expand life in the universe.
1463:, that value the common gene/protein patterns of organic life, and as panbiotic ethics that aim to secure and expand life in the universe.
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1736:
2739:
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3107:
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of the first microorganisms by our hypothetical progenitor. In 2013 a team of physicists claimed that they had found mathematical and
1634:
must work to complete the penultimate research of his late archaeology professor's career. That professor, Galen, had discovered that
4078:
53:
that value the basic patterns of organic gene/protein life with its unique complexity and unity, and its drive for self-propagation.
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4841:
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1531:
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4512:
3979:
2613:
2317:
Kyte, F. T.; Wasson, J. T. (1989). "Accretion rate of exraterrestrial matter: Iridium deposited 33 to 67 million years ago".
2178:
135:
mentioned directed panspermia as a possible scenario and that scientists may find evidence of it hidden in our chemistry and
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4449:
4209:
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3556:
3541:
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life, arguing that it is more likely that complex life is rare, and not bacterial life. In 2020, the theoretical physicist
3651:
2470:
Olsson-Francis, Karen; Cockell, Charles S. (2010). "Use of cyanobacteria for in-situ resource use in space applications".
4439:
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4161:
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1425:. The aim of this initiative, the Genesis project, would be to fast forward evolution to a stage equivalent of the
4036:
3911:
3566:
1373:
may provide in-course navigation, may control the reviving of the frozen microbes periodically during transit to
653:(1.5 × 10 m s) may be expected within a few decades. For a chosen planetary system, the area
264:
estimating the probability that the panspermia vehicles will arrive at their targets. The positional uncertainty
2296:
Comets, Asteroids and
Meteorites: Interrelations, Evolution and Origins, A. H. Delsemme, Ed., U. Of Toledo Press
2273:
Comets, Asteroids and
Meteorites: Interrelations, Evolution and Origins, A. H. Delsemme, Ed., U. Of Toledo Press
2250:
Comets, Asteroids and
Meteorites: Interrelations, Evolution and Origins, A. H. Delsemme, Ed., U. Of Toledo Press
1664:
prior, seeded genetic material across many star systems, thus directing the evolution of many humanoid species.
1527:
4596:
4154:
3921:
3866:
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will be captured at 100 km into the disc. Therefore, 1 mm sized objects may be the best for seeding
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3969:
3829:
3641:
3521:
3084:
5049:
4922:
4419:
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2540:
H. Yokoo, T. Oshima (1979). "Is bacteriophage φX174 DNA a message from an extraterrestrial intelligence?".
1731:
4907:
4631:
4103:
4088:
4004:
3681:
3286:"The most controversial alien sci-fi movie on Amazon Prime explores a murky theory on the origin of life"
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175:
and signs of comets and planets. More suitable targets may be identified by space telescopes such as the
3606:
1327:
panspermia. Nothing in the genetic code requires design, and the authors haven’t demonstrated otherwise.
1047:
966:
236:
10 kg with radius of 0.37 m and area of 0.42 m to achieve cruising speeds of 0.0005
4981:
4699:
4621:
3936:
3315:
3285:
2038:
1969:
1220:
1216:
1133:
1020:
993:
656:
464:
437:
184:
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700:
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4374:
4014:
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3436:
3236:"The Cosmic Significance of Directed Panspermia: Should Humanity Spread Life to Other Solar Systems?"
2077:
1638:
fragments seeded into the primordial genetic material of 19 worlds could be rearranged to assemble a
1377:, and may also choose suitable targets. These propulsion methods and robotics are under development.
1239:
The seeding organisms need to survive and multiply in the target environments and establish a viable
102:, first published in 1930. It details the manner in which the last humans, upon discovering that the
2421:
4739:
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1253:
143:
and star-forming clouds. Technological aspects include propulsion by solar sails, deceleration by
2376:
163:
Directed panspermia may be aimed at nearby young planetary systems such as Alpha PsA (25 ly (
4434:
3941:
3707:
3526:
1815:
1672:
1552:
1505:
1358:
290:
1944:
684:, while for interstellar clouds, it may be the sizes of the various density zones of the cloud.
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4956:
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could lead to higher animals, if the rotifers can be hardened to survive interstellar transit.
811:
784:
107:
3099:
1194:–N) critically limit nutrition to many terrestrial lifeforms. For successful missions, enough
267:
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V. I. shCherbak, M. A. Makukov (2013). "The "Wow! signal" of the terrestrial genetic code".
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Makukov, M.A.; shCherbak, V.I. (2017). "SETI in vivo: testing the we-are-them hypothesis".
2701:
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2514:
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Weatherill, G. W. (1977). "Fragmentation of asteroids and delivery of fragments to Earth".
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approach to the Sun, then fragmenting the comet. A 1 km radius comet would yield 4.2
1202:
The required biomass to launch for a successful mission is given by following equation. m
8:
5135:
4744:
4724:
4670:
4636:
4531:
4203:
4191:
4051:
3876:
1656:
1446:
1422:
1342:
1249:
1215:
PsA and 4.5 gram could seed Beta
Pictoris. More biomass needs to be launched to the
1044:
is the probability that the capsule reaches the target accretion disc or cloud zone, and
183:. Alternatively, directed panspermia may aim at star-forming interstellar clouds such as
180:
140:
73:
42:
31:
3661:
3026:
2979:
2827:
2788:
2705:
2652:
2576:
2553:
2518:
2440:
2395:
2330:
2303:
2280:
2257:
2210:
2057:
1921:
1791:
932:{\displaystyle {\frac {dv}{dt}}=-{\frac {3v^{2}}{2\rho _{c}}}{\frac {\rho _{m}}{r_{c}}}}
5019:
4876:
4826:
4616:
4544:
3881:
3216:
3177:
3155:"Towards welfare biology: Evolutionary economics of animal consciousness and suffering"
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2800:
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2108:
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737:
693:
337:
317:
251:
144:
106:
will soon be destroyed, send microscopic "seeds of a new humanity" towards potentially
94:
65:
37:
Historically, Shklovskii and Sagan (1966) and Crick and Orgel (1973) hypothesized that
27:
4652:
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4221:
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4009:
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3220:
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3048:
3040:
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2609:
2602:
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2452:
2342:
2222:
2174:
2155:
2100:
2096:
1954:
1949:
1929:
1888:
1863:
1824:
1466:
1319:
136:
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3181:
2995:
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2721:
2668:
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2112:
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4892:
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4197:
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3208:
3169:
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2709:
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M. A. Makukov, V. I. shCherbak (2014). "Space ethics to test directed panspermia".
2656:
2557:
2522:
2487:
2444:
2399:
2334:
2234:
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2143:
2092:
2039:"Directed panspermia. 3. Strategies and motivation for seeding star-forming clouds"
1925:
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1433:
132:
114:
89:
26:
that implies the deliberate transport of microorganisms into space to be used as
1620:
The discovery of an ancient directed panspermia effort is the central theme of "
5001:
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4292:
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3345:
2713:
2448:
1862:(Unabridged republ. ed.). Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. p. 238.
1713:
1631:
1350:, would combine ideally the features needed for survival and higher evolution.
681:
648:
238:
176:
172:
99:
3252:
3235:
3197:"Directed Panspermia, Wild Animal Suffering, and the Ethics of World-Creation"
2877:
2842:
2796:
2491:
1227:
5129:
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4394:
4384:
4257:
4227:
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2942:
2886:
2843:"Developing ecospheres on transiently habitable planets: the genesis project"
1460:
1403:
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1257:
168:
152:
69:
50:
46:
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1444:
wrote about a similar 3-D printer that can manufacture seeds of life in the
1120:{\displaystyle P_{\text{planet}}=P_{\text{target}}\times P_{\text{capture}}}
287:(m) of the target at arrival time is given by the following equation, where
232:
10 kg microbial capsules are launched from 1 au using sails of 4.2
5109:
5054:
5034:
5029:
5024:
4976:
4851:
4791:
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4389:
3516:
3471:
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3331:
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2403:
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2104:
1726:
1721:
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1604:
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1470:
1306:
1288:
1244:
1171:
103:
77:
5044:
4709:
4517:
4335:
4327:
4233:
3812:
3702:
3421:
3411:
2197:
Anders, E. (1989). "Prebiotic organic matter from comets and asteroids".
1661:
1426:
1273:
205:
57:
4146:
2925:
Boddy, Jessica (2016). "Q&A: Should we seed life on alien worlds?".
2577:"Human DNA, the Ultimate Spot for Secret Messages (Are Some There Now?)"
488:(m) is given by the ratio of the targeting scatter and the target area.
424:{\displaystyle \delta y={\frac {1.5\times 10^{-13}\alpha _{p}d^{2}}{v}}}
5059:
4937:
4856:
4300:
3789:
3476:
3212:
3173:
2147:
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1667:
Some variation of directed panspermia was also included in the plot of
1643:
1519: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1374:
1277:
959:
about new stars and protostellar condensations in interstellar clouds.
314:
is the resolution of proper motion of the target object (arcsec/year),
212:
164:
118:
88:
An early example of the idea of directed panspermia dates to the early
61:
23:
5079:
4816:
4811:
4626:
4601:
4308:
3926:
3783:
3744:
3722:
3196:
2218:
1773:"Life in the cosmological future: Resources, biomass and populations"
1437:
1411:
1361:
accelerated by Earth-based lasers can achieve speeds up to 0.01
1310:
1268:
1261:
1240:
1167:
128:
3035:
3010:
1970:"A technical and ethical evaluation of seeding nearby solar systems"
1494:
1436:
of the microbes. The Genesis project extends directed panspermia to
4801:
4776:
4688:
4681:
4576:
4507:
3984:
3974:
3906:
3697:
3671:
3646:
2970:
2859:
2779:
2735:
1707:
1441:
1315:
1281:
1175:
2696:
2643:
2248:
Morrison, D. (1977). "Sizes and albedos of the larger asteroids".
1642:. Amid competition (and, later, with begrudging cooperation) from
4586:
4561:
4265:
3840:
3666:
3270:
THE POSTMODERN THEOLOGY OF NEON GENESIS EVANGELION AS A CRITICISM
3130:"If we're alone in the Universe, should we do anything about it?"
1651:
1647:
1478:
1260:
may later establish atmospheric oxygen that is needed for higher
1195:
1187:
3011:"'Minimal' cell raises stakes in race to harness synthetic life"
1817:
Seeding the Universe with Life: Securing Our Cosmological Future
80:
projections suggest that life in space can then have a future.
56:
Directed panspermia is becoming possible due to developments in
5069:
4581:
4489:
4083:
3656:
3626:
3616:
3576:
3300:
1386:
1381:
1370:
1302:
947:
2681:
2628:
3999:
3871:
2604:
The Eerie Silence: Renewing Our Search for Alien Intelligence
1945:"Attack of the Super-Intelligent Purple Space Squid Creators"
1668:
1469:
shows complex patterns common to all cellular life, a common
1179:
2171:
Solar Sails : A Novel Approach to Interplanetary Flight
942:
A vehicle entering the cloud with a velocity of 0.0005
4351:
3946:
1410:
initiative may be utilized in a second step to establish a
1182:
materials. However, the scientists noted that phosphate (PO
1071:
is the probability of capture from this zone by a planet.
191:
capsules may be sent in large swarms to habitable planets,
38:
3073:. July 15, 2002. Archived from the original on 2021-06-09.
2902:"Seeding the Milky Way with life using 'Genesis missions'"
1908:
Crick, F. H.; Orgel, L. E. (1973). "Directed panspermia".
4042:
Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets
1660:
crew discovers that an alien progenitor race had indeed,
1635:
692:
Solar sail missions to Sun-like stars can decelerate by
1654:
expeditions also exploring Galen's research clues, the
2740:"The Genetic Code is not a synonym for the Bible Code"
2168:
1276:(water-bears) may be suitable but they are similar to
211:
For bundled shielded missions to nearby star systems,
179:
that will identify nearby star systems with habitable
5090:
Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact
2469:
2271:
Sekanina, Z. (1977). "Meteor streams in the making".
2128:
Planetary Systems: Formation, Evolution and Detection
1380:
Microbial payloads may be also planted on hyperbolic
1136:
1080:
1050:
1023:
996:
969:
844:
814:
787:
760:
740:
703:
659:
497:
467:
440:
363:
340:
320:
293:
270:
2608:. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
2078:"Life-centered ethics and the human future in space"
1689:
2817:
2539:
2601:
2568:
2169:Vulpetti, G.; Johnson, L.; Matloff, G. L. (2008).
1484:
1406:has proposed that the technology developed by the
1149:
1119:
1063:
1036:
1009:
982:
931:
827:
800:
773:
746:
726:
672:
636:
480:
453:
423:
346:
326:
306:
279:
204:large mass missions and microbial capsule swarms,
4470:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
4460:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
3562:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
3552:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
1764:
461:for a capsule to hit the target area with radius
5127:
4757:Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence
2764:
2415:
2413:
3487:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
1882:
734:as determined by the following equation, where
1967:
4162:
3316:
2820:Lifecloud: The Origin of Life in the Universe
2410:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1780:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
3467:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
3002:
2361:
1737:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
1280:and would lead to insects. The body-plan of
1166:After determining the composition of chosen
5065:History of the extraterrestrial life debate
4762:Gauss's Pythagorean right triangle proposal
3194:
2071:
2069:
2067:
687:
354:is the velocity of the vehicle (m s).
258:
4380:Planetary habitability in the Solar System
4169:
4155:
3892:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability
3323:
3309:
3283:
2316:
2293:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1907:
1843:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1798:
4176:
4079:European Astrobiology Network Association
3251:
3067:"Complex Life Elsewhere in the Universe?"
3034:
2969:
2918:
2876:
2858:
2778:
2695:
2642:
2192:
2190:
1857:
1579:Learn how and when to remove this message
334:d is the distance from the Earth (m) and
158:
83:
4807:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
4475:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
3572:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
3008:
2899:
2834:
2505:G. Marx (1979). "Message through time".
2270:
2247:
2064:
1453:
198:
4612:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
3990:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
3266:
2574:
2504:
2419:
2374:
2075:
2036:
2015:
2002:
1987:
1961:
1813:
1770:
1295:
1161:
5128:
3233:
2818:Hoyle, F.; Wickramasinghe, C. (1978).
2599:
2196:
2187:
2125:
1942:
1226:Consequently, as long as the required
1017:is given by the equation below, where
835:is the density of the medium.
16:Interplanetary introduction of species
4513:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
4150:
3980:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
3304:
3127:
2924:
2767:International Journal of Astrobiology
2734:
1883:Shklovskii, I. S.; Sagan, C. (1966).
1749:, the same concept but non-deliberate
1615:
1605:spreading life would be morally wrong
1234:
781:the radius of the spherical capsule,
4465:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
4450:Habitability of neutron star systems
4210:Viking lander biological experiments
4129:
3557:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
3542:Habitability of neutron star systems
3097:
2955:
2840:
1968:Mautner, M.; Matloff, G. L. (1979).
1676:and Ridley Scott's 2012 sci-fi film
1517:adding citations to reliable sources
1488:
4440:Habitability of binary star systems
4415:Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems
3532:Habitability of binary star systems
2900:Williams, Matt (January 21, 2019).
1335:
171:(63.4 ly), both of which show
13:
5075:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
4918:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
4445:Habitability of natural satellites
4094:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
3537:Habitability of natural satellites
3462:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
3152:
1064:{\displaystyle P_{\text{capture}}}
983:{\displaystyle P_{\text{capture}}}
14:
5152:
4455:Habitability of red dwarf systems
4074:Center for Life Detection Science
3995:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
3547:Habitability of red dwarf systems
3284:Yarlagadda, Tara (May 20, 2022).
1150:{\displaystyle P_{\text{planet}}}
1037:{\displaystyle P_{\text{target}}}
1010:{\displaystyle P_{\text{planet}}}
673:{\displaystyle A_{\text{target}}}
481:{\displaystyle r_{\text{target}}}
454:{\displaystyle P_{\text{target}}}
216:cruise velocities of 0.0005
124:Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed
4607:Life Investigation For Enceladus
4128:
4117:
4116:
4099:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
3932:Life Investigation For Enceladus
3452:Extraterrestrial sample curation
3330:
2575:Overbye, Dennis (26 June 2007).
2097:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00688.x
1943:Bailey, Ronald (July 15, 2008).
1885:Intelligent life in the universe
1706:
1692:
1493:
1399:speculative long-term prospect.
727:{\displaystyle {\frac {dv}{dt}}}
4037:Astrobiology Society of Britain
3912:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
3567:Habitable zone for complex life
3277:
3260:
3227:
3188:
3146:
3121:
3110:from the original on 2020-11-29
3091:
3059:
2988:10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.01.005
2949:
2893:
2822:. London: J. M. Dent and Sons.
2811:
2758:
2728:
2684:Life Sciences in Space Research
2675:
2622:
2593:
2533:
2498:
2463:
2310:
2287:
2264:
2241:
2162:
2119:
1504:needs additional citations for
1485:Objections and counterarguments
1210:Using the above equations for P
4597:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
3922:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
2847:Astrophysics and Space Science
1936:
1901:
1876:
1851:
1627:Star Trek: The Next Generation
1418:on otherwise only transiently
808:is density of the capsule and
537:
527:
1:
4730:Berkeley SETI Research Center
4430:Extraterrestrial liquid water
3970:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
3522:Extraterrestrial liquid water
3201:Journal of Applied Philosophy
3195:O'Brien, Gary David. (2021).
2339:10.1126/science.232.4755.1225
2046:J. British Interplanetary Soc
2005:J. British Interplanetary Soc
1977:J. British Interplanetary Soc
1758:
5050:Extraterrestrials in fiction
4923:Interplanetary contamination
4420:Circumstellar habitable zone
4304:(unusual light fluctuations)
4296:(unusual light fluctuations)
4288:(unusual light fluctuations)
4104:Spanish Astrobiology Center
3512:Circumstellar habitable zone
3267:Rayhert, Konstantin (2018).
2661:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.02.017
2562:10.1016/0019-1035(79)90094-0
2527:10.1016/0094-5765(79)90158-9
2420:Mautner, Michael N. (2002).
2375:Mautner, Michael N. (2002).
2076:Mautner, Michael N. (2009).
2037:Mautner, Michael N. (1997).
1930:10.1016/0019-1035(73)90110-3
1814:Mautner, Michael N. (2000).
1771:Mautner, Michael N. (2005).
1732:Interplanetary contamination
45:or star-forming clouds with
7:
4908:Extraterrestrial hypothesis
4089:NASA Astrobiology Institute
3128:Kaçar, Betül (2020-11-20).
2472:Planetary and Space Science
1685:
1228:physical range of tolerance
307:{\displaystyle \alpha _{p}}
10:
5157:
4622:Mars sample-return mission
3937:Mars sample return mission
2714:10.1016/j.lssr.2014.07.003
2600:Davies, Paul C.W. (2010).
2449:10.1089/153110702753621349
1473:and a common mechanism to
1221:Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex
1217:Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex
185:Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex
5010:
4946:
4885:
4840:
4698:
4498:
4403:
4375:Earliest known life forms
4367:
4320:
4277:
4250:
4243:
4184:
4112:
4027:
4015:Terrestrial Planet Finder
3960:
3859:
3821:
3805:
3773:
3690:
3599:
3590:
3500:
3437:Earliest known life forms
3404:
3338:
3253:10.1017/S095382082100042X
3083:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2878:10.1007/s10509-016-2911-0
2797:10.1017/S1473550417000210
2492:10.1016/j.pss.2010.05.005
828:{\displaystyle \rho _{m}}
801:{\displaystyle \rho _{c}}
4740:Breakthrough Initiatives
4047:Breakthrough Initiatives
3098:Loeb, Avi (2020-11-29).
1858:Stapledon, Olaf (2008).
1254:anaerobic microorganisms
688:Deceleration and capture
680:may be the width of the
280:{\displaystyle \delta y}
259:Astrometry and targeting
4844:extraterrestrial beings
4435:Galactic habitable zone
3708:Mars Science Laboratory
3527:Galactic habitable zone
3234:Sivula, Oskari (2022).
3009:Callaway, Ewen (2016).
2935:10.1126/science.aah7285
2869:2016Ap&SS.361..324G
2841:Gros, Claudius (2016).
2484:2010P&SS...58.1279O
2140:1994Ap&SS.212..197M
1673:Neon Genesis Evangelion
1375:repair radiation damage
1359:beam-powered propulsion
1353:For advanced missions,
1256:. Colonizing anaerobic
110:areas of the universe.
4992:Planetarium hypothesis
4982:Hart–Tipler conjecture
4967:Dark forest hypothesis
4957:Aestivation hypothesis
4676:Venus In Situ Explorer
4480:Planetary habitability
4269:(misidentified quasar)
4261:(misidentified pulsar)
3887:Enceladus Life Finder
3867:Breakthrough Enceladus
3391:Planetary oceanography
3162:Biology and Philosophy
2404:10.1006/icar.2002.6841
2173:. New York: Springer.
1329:
1151:
1121:
1065:
1038:
1011:
984:
933:
829:
802:
775:
748:
728:
674:
638:
482:
455:
425:
348:
328:
308:
281:
159:Strategies and targets
84:History and motivation
5095:Post-detection policy
4997:Rare Earth hypothesis
4822:Voyager Golden Record
4715:Allen Telescope Array
4550:Enceladus Life Finder
4485:Superhabitable planet
4178:Extraterrestrial life
4062:Breakthrough Starshot
3662:Lunar Micro Ecosystem
3582:Superhabitable planet
3447:Extraterrestrial life
3071:Astrobiology Magazine
1742:Old Earth creationism
1528:"Directed panspermia"
1454:Motivation and ethics
1408:Breakthrough Starshot
1402:The German physicist
1357:or solar sails using
1324:
1318:who said, writing in
1152:
1122:
1066:
1039:
1012:
985:
934:
830:
803:
776:
774:{\displaystyle r_{c}}
749:
729:
675:
639:
483:
456:
426:
349:
329:
309:
282:
250:to be decelerated by
199:Propulsion and launch
5085:Planetary protection
4972:Firstborn hypothesis
4962:Berserker hypothesis
4933:Mediocrity principle
4750:Breakthrough Message
4368:Life in the Universe
4069:Carl Sagan Institute
4057:Breakthrough Message
3897:Enceladus Orbilander
3632:Biosatellite program
3482:Planetary protection
3366:Evolutionary biology
3356:Atmospheric sciences
2744:Freethoughtblogs.com
1753:Planetary protection
1513:improve this article
1423:astronomical objects
1416:unicellular microbes
1296:Signal in the genome
1162:Biomass requirements
1134:
1078:
1048:
1021:
994:
967:
957:protoplanetary discs
842:
812:
785:
758:
738:
701:
657:
495:
465:
438:
361:
338:
318:
291:
268:
193:protoplanetary discs
181:astronomical objects
141:protoplanetary discs
43:protoplanetary discs
32:astronomical objects
4898:Directed panspermia
4877:Reptilian humanoids
4745:Breakthrough Listen
4725:Arecibo Observatory
4671:Titan Mare Explorer
4244:Signals of interest
4204:Murchison meteorite
4192:Shergotty meteorite
4052:Breakthrough Listen
3104:Scientific American
3027:2016Natur.531..557C
2980:2019AcAau.157..263G
2828:1978lolu.book.....H
2789:2018IJAsB..17..127M
2706:2014LSSR....3...10M
2653:2013Icar..224..228S
2554:1979Icar...38..148Y
2519:1979AcAau...6..221M
2441:2002AsBio...2...59M
2396:2002Icar..158...72M
2331:1986Sci...232.1225K
2325:(4755): 1225–1229.
2304:1977cami.coll..283W
2281:1977cami.coll..159S
2258:1977cami.coll..177M
2211:1989Natur.342..255A
2058:1997JBIS...50...93M
1922:1973Icar...19..341C
1823:. Washington D. C.
1792:2005JBIS...58..167M
1447:Scientific American
1343:genetic engineering
1267:The development of
1250:Genetic engineering
74:genetic engineering
64:, the discovery of
20:Directed panspermia
5020:Ancient astronauts
4617:Mars Geyser Hopper
4545:Enceladus Explorer
4185:Events and objects
3882:Enceladus Explorer
3213:10.1111/japp.12538
3174:10.1007/bf00852469
3100:"Noah's Spaceship"
2581:The New York Times
2148:10.1007/BF00984524
1887:. New York: Dell.
1860:Last and first men
1640:computer algorithm
1616:In popular culture
1235:Biological payload
1147:
1117:
1061:
1034:
1007:
980:
929:
825:
798:
771:
744:
724:
694:radiation pressure
670:
634:
478:
451:
421:
344:
324:
304:
277:
252:radiation pressure
145:radiation pressure
95:Last and First Men
66:extrasolar planets
28:introduced species
5123:
5122:
4653:SpaceX Red Dragon
4568:Rosalind Franklin
4363:
4362:
4222:Allan Hills 84001
4216:Allan Hills 77005
4144:
4143:
4023:
4022:
3847:Rosalind Franklin
3760:Trace Gas Orbiter
3417:Allan Hills 84001
3396:Planetary science
3021:(7596): 557–558.
2958:Acta Astronautica
2738:(15 March 2013).
2615:978-0-547-13324-9
2507:Acta Astronautica
2478:(10): 1279–1285.
2205:(6247): 255–257.
2180:978-0-387-34404-1
1955:Reason Foundation
1624:," an episode of
1589:
1588:
1581:
1563:
1467:Molecular biology
1311:semiotic patterns
1144:
1114:
1101:
1088:
1058:
1031:
1004:
977:
927:
903:
863:
754:is the velocity,
747:{\displaystyle v}
722:
667:
632:
580:
547:
520:
505:
475:
448:
419:
347:{\displaystyle v}
327:{\displaystyle d}
137:molecular biology
5148:
5100:San Marino Scale
5040:Brookings Report
4987:Neocatastrophism
4893:Cosmic pluralism
4867:Little green men
4842:Types of alleged
4767:Astrolinguistics
4356:
4348:
4347:(unknown origin)
4344:Fast radio burst
4340:
4332:
4313:
4312:(unknown origin)
4309:HD 164595 signal
4305:
4297:
4289:
4270:
4262:
4248:
4247:
4198:Nakhla meteorite
4171:
4164:
4157:
4148:
4147:
4132:
4131:
4120:
4119:
3597:
3596:
3492:Yamato meteorite
3325:
3318:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3159:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3082:
3074:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3038:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2973:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2862:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2782:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2699:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2646:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2607:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2513:(1–2): 221–225.
2502:
2496:
2495:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2426:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2381:
2372:
2359:
2358:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2219:10.1038/342255a0
2194:
2185:
2184:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2134:(1–2): 208–220.
2123:
2117:
2116:
2082:
2073:
2062:
2061:
2043:
2034:
2013:
2012:
2000:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1834:
1822:
1811:
1796:
1795:
1777:
1768:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1702:
1700:Astronomy portal
1697:
1696:
1695:
1630:. In the story,
1584:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1521:
1497:
1489:
1397:
1368:
1336:Concept missions
1248:microorganisms.
1156:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1130:The probability
1126:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1032:
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1014:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1002:
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930:
928:
926:
925:
916:
915:
906:
904:
902:
901:
900:
887:
886:
885:
872:
864:
862:
854:
846:
834:
832:
831:
826:
824:
823:
807:
805:
804:
799:
797:
796:
780:
778:
777:
772:
770:
769:
753:
751:
750:
745:
733:
731:
730:
725:
723:
721:
713:
705:
679:
677:
676:
671:
669:
668:
665:
643:
641:
640:
635:
633:
631:
630:
629:
620:
619:
614:
613:
612:
600:
599:
598:
589:
588:
583:
582:
581:
578:
570:
569:
553:
548:
546:
545:
544:
522:
521:
518:
512:
507:
506:
503:
487:
485:
484:
479:
477:
476:
473:
460:
458:
457:
452:
450:
449:
446:
430:
428:
427:
422:
420:
415:
414:
413:
404:
403:
394:
393:
374:
353:
351:
350:
345:
333:
331:
330:
325:
313:
311:
310:
305:
303:
302:
286:
284:
283:
278:
235:
231:
223:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5115:Xenoarchaeology
5105:Technosignature
5006:
4942:
4928:Kardashev scale
4881:
4843:
4836:
4832:Xenolinguistics
4797:Project Phoenix
4787:Project Cyclops
4772:Lincos language
4735:Bracewell probe
4720:Arecibo message
4701:
4694:
4592:Icebreaker Life
4494:
4406:
4399:
4359:
4354:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4316:
4311:
4303:
4295:
4287:
4273:
4268:
4260:
4239:
4180:
4175:
4145:
4140:
4108:
4029:
4019:
3962:
3956:
3917:Icebreaker Life
3855:
3817:
3801:
3775:
3769:
3686:
3592:
3586:
3503:
3496:
3400:
3376:Geomicrobiology
3334:
3329:
3299:
3282:
3278:
3265:
3261:
3232:
3228:
3193:
3189:
3157:
3153:Ng, Y. (1995).
3151:
3147:
3138:
3136:
3126:
3122:
3113:
3111:
3096:
3092:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3036:10.1038/531557a
3007:
3003:
2954:
2950:
2923:
2919:
2910:
2908:
2898:
2894:
2839:
2835:
2816:
2812:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2733:
2729:
2680:
2676:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2598:
2594:
2585:
2583:
2573:
2569:
2538:
2534:
2503:
2499:
2468:
2464:
2424:
2418:
2411:
2379:
2373:
2362:
2315:
2311:
2292:
2288:
2269:
2265:
2246:
2242:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2167:
2163:
2124:
2120:
2080:
2074:
2065:
2041:
2035:
2016:
2001:
1988:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1941:
1937:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1856:
1852:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1820:
1812:
1799:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1662:4 billion years
1618:
1585:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1522:
1520:
1510:
1498:
1487:
1456:
1395:
1366:
1338:
1298:
1237:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1193:
1185:
1172:astroecologists
1164:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1001:
997:
995:
992:
991:
974:
970:
968:
965:
964:
921:
917:
911:
907:
905:
896:
892:
888:
881:
877:
873:
871:
855:
847:
845:
843:
840:
839:
819:
815:
813:
810:
809:
792:
788:
786:
783:
782:
765:
761:
759:
756:
755:
739:
736:
735:
714:
706:
704:
702:
699:
698:
690:
664:
660:
658:
655:
654:
625:
621:
615:
608:
604:
603:
602:
601:
594:
590:
584:
577:
573:
572:
571:
565:
561:
554:
552:
540:
536:
523:
517:
513:
511:
502:
498:
496:
493:
492:
472:
468:
466:
463:
462:
445:
441:
439:
436:
435:
409:
405:
399:
395:
386:
382:
375:
373:
362:
359:
358:
339:
336:
335:
319:
316:
315:
298:
294:
292:
289:
288:
269:
266:
265:
261:
233:
229:
221:
201:
173:accretion discs
161:
133:Richard Dawkins
90:science fiction
86:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5154:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5016:
5014:
5012:Related topics
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
5002:Zoo hypothesis
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4953:
4951:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4903:Drake equation
4900:
4895:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4848:
4846:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4782:Pioneer plaque
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4706:
4704:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4655:
4650:
4642:
4634:
4632:Northern Light
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4559:
4556:Europa Clipper
4552:
4547:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4500:Space missions
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4355:(radio signal)
4349:
4341:
4339:(inconclusive)
4333:
4331:(radio source)
4324:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4306:
4298:
4293:EPIC 204278916
4290:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4263:
4254:
4252:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4174:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4151:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4126:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4005:Northern Light
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3961:Cancelled and
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3838:
3836:Europa Clipper
3833:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3787:
3779:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3742:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3705:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3432:Drake equation
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3371:Exoplanetology
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3346:Astrochemistry
3342:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3305:
3298:
3297:
3276:
3259:
3246:(2): 178–194.
3226:
3187:
3168:(3): 255–285.
3145:
3120:
3090:
3058:
3001:
2948:
2917:
2892:
2833:
2810:
2757:
2727:
2674:
2637:(1): 228–242.
2621:
2614:
2592:
2567:
2548:(1): 148–153.
2532:
2497:
2462:
2409:
2360:
2309:
2286:
2263:
2240:
2186:
2179:
2161:
2118:
2091:(8): 433–440.
2063:
2014:
1986:
1960:
1935:
1916:(3): 341–346.
1900:
1894:978-1892803023
1893:
1875:
1869:978-0486466828
1868:
1850:
1830:978-0476003309
1829:
1797:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1714:Biology portal
1703:
1687:
1684:
1632:Captain Picard
1617:
1614:
1587:
1586:
1501:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1455:
1452:
1434:cell synthesis
1369:10 m/s).
1337:
1334:
1297:
1294:
1236:
1233:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1191:
1183:
1163:
1160:
1140:
1128:
1127:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1054:
1027:
1000:
973:
940:
939:
924:
920:
914:
910:
899:
895:
891:
884:
880:
876:
870:
867:
861:
858:
853:
850:
822:
818:
795:
791:
768:
764:
743:
720:
717:
712:
709:
689:
686:
682:habitable zone
663:
645:
644:
628:
624:
618:
611:
607:
597:
593:
587:
576:
568:
564:
560:
557:
551:
543:
539:
535:
532:
529:
526:
516:
510:
501:
471:
444:
432:
431:
418:
412:
408:
402:
398:
392:
389:
385:
381:
378:
372:
369:
366:
343:
323:
301:
297:
276:
273:
260:
257:
200:
197:
177:Kepler mission
160:
157:
100:Olaf Stapledon
85:
82:
72:and microbial
47:microorganisms
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5153:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:Fermi paradox
4945:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4913:Fermi paradox
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4872:Nordic aliens
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:Energy beings
4850:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4702:communication
4697:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4402:
4396:
4395:Life on Titan
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4385:Life on Venus
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4342:
4337:
4334:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4310:
4307:
4302:
4299:
4294:
4291:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4267:
4264:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:Misidentified
4249:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4228:Yamato 000593
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4167:
4165:
4160:
4158:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4137:
4136:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4026:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3902:Europa Lander
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
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3555:
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3535:
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3528:
3525:
3523:
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3507:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3490:
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3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3457:Extremophiles
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3392:
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3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3321:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3263:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3207:(1): 87–102.
3206:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3086:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2776:
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2768:
2761:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2698:
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2689:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
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2611:
2606:
2605:
2596:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2555:
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2547:
2543:
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2371:
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2328:
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2320:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1727:Extremophiles
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1690:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
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1623:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
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1583:
1580:
1572:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530: –
1529:
1525:
1524:Find sources:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1502:This section
1500:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1461:biotic ethics
1451:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:Claudius Gros
1400:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:ion thrusters
1351:
1349:
1348:cyanobacteria
1344:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1258:cyanobacteria
1255:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1206:(kg) = 10 / P
1200:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1138:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1052:
1025:
998:
971:
960:
958:
954:
949:
945:
922:
918:
912:
908:
897:
893:
889:
882:
878:
874:
868:
865:
859:
856:
851:
848:
838:
837:
836:
820:
816:
793:
789:
766:
762:
741:
718:
715:
710:
707:
695:
685:
683:
661:
652:
651:
626:
622:
616:
609:
605:
595:
591:
585:
574:
566:
562:
558:
555:
549:
541:
533:
530:
524:
514:
508:
499:
491:
490:
489:
469:
442:
416:
410:
406:
400:
396:
390:
387:
383:
379:
376:
370:
367:
364:
357:
356:
355:
341:
321:
299:
295:
274:
271:
256:
253:
249:
243:
241:
240:
225:
219:
214:
209:
207:
196:
194:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:Beta Pictoris
166:
156:
154:
153:biotic ethics
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:
91:
81:
79:
75:
71:
70:extremophiles
67:
63:
59:
54:
52:
51:biotic ethics
48:
44:
40:
35:
33:
29:
25:
22:is a type of
21:
5141:Astrobiology
5110:UFO religion
5055:Extremophile
5035:Biosignature
5030:Astroecology
5025:Astrobiology
4977:Great Filter
4897:
4792:Project Ozma
4700:Interstellar
4687:
4680:
4658:
4646:Perseverance
4645:
4637:
4567:
4554:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4425:Earth analog
4407:habitability
4390:Life on Mars
4133:
4121:
4030:and programs
4028:Institutions
3846:
3828:
3806:Heliocentric
3794:
3782:
3750:
3737:
3729:Perseverance
3728:
3713:
3517:Earth analog
3504:habitability
3472:Ocean planet
3442:Earth analog
3427:Biosignature
3386:Paleontology
3381:Microbiology
3361:Biochemistry
3351:Astrophysics
3332:Astrobiology
3289:
3279:
3269:
3262:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3165:
3161:
3148:
3137:. Retrieved
3133:
3123:
3112:. Retrieved
3103:
3093:
3070:
3061:
3018:
3014:
3004:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2926:
2920:
2909:. Retrieved
2905:
2895:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2819:
2813:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2748:. Retrieved
2746:. Pharyngula
2743:
2730:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2603:
2595:
2584:. Retrieved
2580:
2570:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2435:(1): 59–76.
2432:
2429:Astrobiology
2428:
2390:(1): 72–86.
2387:
2383:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2295:
2289:
2272:
2266:
2249:
2243:
2202:
2198:
2170:
2164:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2088:
2084:
2049:
2045:
2008:
2004:
1980:
1976:
1963:
1948:
1938:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1884:
1878:
1859:
1853:
1816:
1783:
1779:
1766:
1722:Astrobiology
1677:
1671:
1666:
1655:
1625:
1619:
1609:Yew-Kwang Ng
1602:
1598:
1594:biodiversity
1590:
1575:
1569:October 2022
1566:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1523:
1511:Please help
1506:verification
1503:
1471:genetic code
1465:
1457:
1445:
1430:
1401:
1379:
1362:
1352:
1339:
1330:
1325:
1307:genetic code
1299:
1289:astroecology
1286:
1266:
1245:extremophile
1238:
1225:
1201:
1165:
1129:
961:
952:
943:
941:
691:
649:
646:
433:
262:
247:
246:0.0005
244:
237:
226:
217:
210:
202:
189:
167:) away) and
162:
150:
122:
112:
104:Solar System
93:
87:
78:Cosmological
55:
36:
19:
18:
5045:Exotheology
4857:Grey aliens
4710:Active SETI
4638:Opportunity
4518:BioSentinel
4336:Wow! signal
4285:KIC 8462852
4234:CI1 fossils
3963:undeveloped
3813:BioSentinel
3703:Fobos-Grunt
3600:Earth orbit
3422:Biomolecule
3412:Abiogenesis
3405:Main topics
3339:Disciplines
2964:: 263–267.
2853:(10): 324.
2298:: 283–291.
2275:: 159–169.
2252:: 177–183.
1786:: 167–180.
1427:precambrian
1274:tardigrades
213:solar sails
206:solar sails
165:light-years
58:solar sails
5136:Panspermia
5130:Categories
5080:Noogenesis
5060:Hemolithin
4938:Panspermia
4886:Hypotheses
4862:Insectoids
4827:Water hole
4328:SHGb02+14a
4301:VVV-WIT-07
4010:Red Dragon
3790:OSIRIS-REx
3774:Comets and
3477:Panspermia
3139:2020-12-11
3114:2021-02-18
2971:1901.02286
2911:2019-01-25
2860:1608.06087
2780:1707.03382
2773:(2): 127.
2586:2014-10-09
2052:: 93–102.
2011:: 435–440.
1983:: 419–423.
1759:References
1747:Panspermia
1679:Prometheus
1657:Enterprise
1644:Cardassian
1539:newspapers
1438:eukaryotic
1392:perihelion
1320:Pharyngula
1278:arthropods
1168:meteorites
115:Shklovskii
62:astrometry
60:, precise
24:panspermia
4950:solutions
4817:setiQuest
4812:SETI@home
4627:Mars 2020
4602:Laplace-P
4539:Dragonfly
4524:Curiosity
4405:Planetary
3927:Laplace-P
3830:Dragonfly
3784:Hayabusa2
3776:asteroids
3745:Tianwen-1
3723:Mars 2020
3714:Curiosity
3647:Eu:CROPIS
3502:Planetary
3221:237774241
3045:0028-0836
2943:0036-8075
2887:0004-640X
2736:Myers, PZ
2697:1407.5618
2690:: 10–17.
2644:1303.6739
2156:189854999
2085:Bioethics
1839:cite book
1622:The Chase
1475:translate
1420:habitable
1412:biosphere
1269:eukaryote
1262:evolution
1241:biosphere
1105:×
909:ρ
894:ρ
869:−
817:ρ
790:ρ
606:α
559:×
531:δ
525:π
397:α
388:−
380:×
365:δ
296:α
272:δ
129:Ben Stein
127:starring
113:In 1966,
108:habitable
30:on other
4802:SERENDIP
4777:NIROSETI
4689:Viking 2
4682:Viking 1
4587:Foton-M3
4577:ExoLance
4508:Beagle 2
4123:Category
3985:Kazachok
3975:Beagle 3
3907:ExoLance
3860:Proposed
3698:Beagle 2
3672:OREOcube
3652:EXOSTACK
3593:missions
3240:Utilitas
3182:59407458
3108:Archived
3079:cite web
3053:27029256
2996:57721174
2906:Phys.org
2805:44826721
2750:16 April
2722:85022083
2669:16507813
2457:12449855
2355:40998130
2347:17810743
2227:11536617
2113:25203457
2105:19077128
1686:See also
1479:proteins
1477:it into
1442:Avi Loeb
1316:PZ Myers
1282:rotifers
1180:cometary
1176:asteroid
4666:Tanpopo
4562:ExoMars
4266:CTA-102
4258:CP 1919
4135:Commons
3952:Trident
3942:Oceanus
3841:ExoMars
3822:Planned
3796:Rosetta
3751:Zhurong
3739:Phoenix
3677:Tanpopo
3667:O/OREOS
3612:BIOCORE
3291:Inverse
3023:Bibcode
2976:Bibcode
2927:Science
2865:Bibcode
2824:Bibcode
2785:Bibcode
2702:Bibcode
2649:Bibcode
2550:Bibcode
2515:Bibcode
2480:Bibcode
2437:Bibcode
2392:Bibcode
2327:Bibcode
2319:Science
2300:Bibcode
2277:Bibcode
2254:Bibcode
2235:4242121
2207:Bibcode
2136:Bibcode
2054:Bibcode
1918:Bibcode
1788:Bibcode
1652:Romulan
1648:Klingon
1553:scholar
1431:in situ
1387:kelvins
1305:or the
1204:biomass
1196:biomass
1188:nitrate
1113:capture
1057:capture
976:capture
948:μm
5070:MERMOZ
4659:Spirit
4582:EXPOSE
4532:Darwin
4490:Tholin
4236:(2011)
4230:(2000)
4224:(1984)
4218:(1977)
4212:(1976)
4206:(1969)
4200:(1911)
4194:(1865)
4084:MERMOZ
3877:CAESAR
3765:Viking
3682:VEGGIE
3657:EXPOSE
3637:E-MIST
3627:BIOPAN
3617:Biolab
3577:Tholin
3219:
3180:
3051:
3043:
3015:Nature
2994:
2941:
2885:
2803:
2720:
2667:
2631:Icarus
2612:
2542:Icarus
2455:
2384:Icarus
2353:
2345:
2233:
2225:
2199:Nature
2177:
2154:
2111:
2103:
1950:Reason
1910:Icarus
1891:
1866:
1827:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1526:
1382:comets
1371:Robots
1303:genome
1212:target
1208:planet
1186:) and
1143:planet
1100:target
1087:planet
1030:target
1003:planet
666:target
579:target
519:target
504:target
474:target
447:target
4661:rover
4648:rover
4640:rover
4570:rover
4526:rover
4321:Other
4278:Stars
4000:MELOS
3872:BRUIE
3849:rover
3753:rover
3731:rover
3716:rover
3591:Space
3217:S2CID
3178:S2CID
3158:(PDF)
2992:S2CID
2966:arXiv
2855:arXiv
2801:S2CID
2775:arXiv
2718:S2CID
2692:arXiv
2665:S2CID
2639:arXiv
2425:(PDF)
2380:(PDF)
2351:S2CID
2231:S2CID
2152:S2CID
2109:S2CID
2081:(PDF)
2042:(PDF)
1973:(PDF)
1821:(PDF)
1776:(PDF)
1669:anime
1560:JSTOR
1546:books
119:Sagan
92:work
4352:BLC1
3947:THEO
3691:Mars
3622:Bion
3134:Aeon
3085:link
3049:PMID
3041:ISSN
2939:ISSN
2883:ISSN
2752:2017
2610:ISBN
2453:PMID
2343:PMID
2223:PMID
2175:ISBN
2101:PMID
1889:ISBN
1864:ISBN
1845:link
1825:ISBN
1650:and
1532:news
1178:and
220:(1.5
117:and
39:life
3642:ERA
3607:BIO
3248:doi
3209:doi
3170:doi
3031:doi
3019:531
2984:doi
2962:157
2931:doi
2873:doi
2851:361
2793:doi
2710:doi
2657:doi
2635:224
2558:doi
2523:doi
2488:doi
2445:doi
2400:doi
2388:158
2335:doi
2323:232
2215:doi
2203:342
2144:doi
2132:212
2093:doi
1926:doi
1636:DNA
1515:by
1414:of
1190:(NO
556:4.4
377:1.5
228:4.2
98:by
34:.
5132::
3288:.
3244:34
3242:.
3238:.
3215:.
3205:39
3203:.
3199:.
3176:.
3166:10
3164:.
3160:.
3132:.
3106:.
3102:.
3081:}}
3077:{{
3069:.
3047:.
3039:.
3029:.
3017:.
3013:.
2990:.
2982:.
2974:.
2960:.
2937:.
2929:.
2904:.
2881:.
2871:.
2863:.
2849:.
2845:.
2799:.
2791:.
2783:.
2771:17
2769:.
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