500:. Astrometry is responsible for the detection of many record-breaking Solar System objects. To find such objects astrometrically, astronomers use telescopes to survey the sky and large-area cameras to take pictures at various determined intervals. By studying these images, they can detect Solar System objects by their movements relative to the background stars, which remain fixed. Once a movement per unit time is observed, astronomers compensate for the parallax caused by Earth's motion during this time and the heliocentric distance to this object is calculated. Using this distance and other photographs, more information about the object, including its
375:
74:
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20:
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by measuring the displacement the proposed planets cause in their parent star's apparent position on the sky, due to their mutual orbit around the center of mass of the system. Astrometry is more accurate in space missions that are not affected by the distorting effects of the Earth's atmosphere.
313:
satellite took astrometry into orbit, where it could be less affected by mechanical forces of the Earth and optical distortions from its atmosphere. Operated from 1989 to 1993, Hipparcos measured large and small angles on the sky with much greater precision than any previous optical telescopes.
543:
A fundamental aspect of astrometry is error correction. Various factors introduce errors into the measurement of stellar positions, including atmospheric conditions, imperfections in the instruments and errors by the observer or the measuring instruments. Many of these errors can be reduced by
534:
of 48 inches (1.2 m) and the
Palomar-Quest large-area CCD camera. The ability of astronomers to track the positions and movements of such celestial bodies is crucial to the understanding of the Solar System and its interrelated past, present, and future with others in the Universe.
3343:
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302:(CCDs) replaced photographic plates and reduced optical uncertainties to one milliarcsecond. This technology made astrometry less expensive, opening the field to an amateur audience.
109:. In doing so, he also developed the brightness scale still in use today. Hipparchus compiled a catalogue with at least 850 stars and their positions. Hipparchus's successor,
290:
sped the process in the early 20th century. Automated plate-measuring machines and more sophisticated computer technology of the 1960s allowed more efficient compilation of
182:, in which he catalogued 1,019 stars. Like the earlier catalogs of Hipparchus and Ptolemy, Ulugh Beg's catalogue is estimated to have been precise to within approximately 20
355:
3323:
342:, an all-sky catalogue that tracks proper motions, positions, magnitudes and other characteristics for over one billion stellar objects. During the past 50 years, 7,435
624:
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466:, launched in 2013, applies astrometric techniques in its stellar census. In addition to the detection of exoplanets, it can also be used to determine their mass.
81:, a 1980s era study which would have used an interstellar precursor probe to expand the baseline for calculating stellar parallax in support of Astrometry.
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3162:
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2147:
659:
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1191:
156:'s investigations on the motion of the Moon, while his other observations of the motions of the planets Jupiter and Saturn inspired French scholar
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996:
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Being very difficult to measure, only about 60 stellar parallaxes had been obtained by the end of the 19th century, mostly by use of the
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1103:
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338:. The precision was improved by a factor of 100 and enabled the mapping of a billion stars. Today, the catalogue most often used is
89:, which gave astronomers reference points for objects in the sky so they could track their movements. This can be dated back to the
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1229:
718:
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379:
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202:
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880:
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693:
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to improve star mapping could not be finished but made photography a common technique for astrometry. In the 1980s,
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1985:
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3187:
3026:
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1803:
654:
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various techniques, such as through instrument improvements and compensations to the data. The results are then
346:
plates were used to complete several sky surveys that make the data in USNO-B1.0 accurate to within 0.2 arcsec.
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1481:
958:
The Great Star Map, Being a Brief
General Account of the International Project Known as the Astrographic Chart
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3132:
2911:
1755:
1355:
545:
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326:(milliarcseconds). Additional catalogues were compiled for the 23,882 double and multiple stars and 11,597
2786:
898:"On the Spectrum of the Great Nebula in Orion, and on the Motions of Some Stars towards or from the Earth"
3475:
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629:
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1183:
571:
3308:
3303:
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3051:
2711:
2232:
2140:
1922:
1714:
872:
836:
415:
410:, astrometric techniques help identify stellar objects by their unique motions. It is instrumental for
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1831:
1690:
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407:
1221:
426:'s rotation by means of exact astronomical observations. Astrometry is an important step in the
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2098:
1971:
1964:
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427:
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of the Earth's axis. His cataloguing of 3222 stars was refined in 1807 by German astronomer
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1992:
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1126:
909:
756:
515:
157:
686:
Astrometry of fundamental catalogues: the evolution from optical to radio reference frames
366:) could produce changes in position and velocity of the latter as they orbit their common
248:, the father of modern astrometry. He made the first measurement of stellar parallax: 0.3
8:
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2736:
2545:
2540:
2339:
2191:
2133:
1929:
1880:
1776:
1723:
1546:
869:
Encyclopaedia of the
History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
803:
639:
527:
474:
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339:
319:
237:
136:
46:
913:
760:
2879:
2796:
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2671:
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2119:
1824:
1794:
1741:
1676:
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1599:
1455:
1435:
1425:
1214:
1046:
927:
604:
584:
497:
455:
403:
391:
287:
197:, to measure star positions more accurately than previously, with a precision of 15–35
127:
1341:
971:
144:
observed more than 10,000 entries for the Sun's position for many years using a large
134:; furthermore, he provided drawings for each constellation, which are depicted in his
3127:
2761:
2509:
2504:
2453:
2303:
2126:
2112:
1911:
1896:
1873:
1817:
1585:
1445:
1440:
1430:
1256:
1225:
1053:
876:
840:
811:
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689:
609:
359:
331:
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3016:
3006:
2866:
2816:
2706:
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2620:
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2334:
2031:
2010:
1845:
1838:
1073:
917:
772:
764:
523:
501:
399:
279:
245:
229:
194:
78:
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of 118,218 stars were determined with an unprecedented degree of accuracy. A new "
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1707:
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561:
451:
268:
260:
218:
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169:
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explosions. Also, astrometric results are used to determine the distribution of
394:
to report their observations in, astrometry is also fundamental for fields like
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2024:
1957:
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1395:
1347:
777:
649:
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183:
86:
24:
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664:
411:
327:
295:
225:
178:
153:
90:
19:
3137:
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3001:
2898:
2821:
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2458:
2394:
2038:
2017:
1635:
1405:
1390:
1319:
860:
519:
463:
459:
264:
54:
16:
Branch of astronomy involving positioning and movements of celestial bodies
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2435:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2105:
1018:
490:
253:
190:
27:
in the optical wavelength range to determine precise positions of stars.
2801:
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2425:
2404:
2075:
1532:
944:
599:
549:
387:
283:
131:
106:
102:
98:
94:
50:
931:
2484:
2479:
2445:
2430:
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2170:
1497:
1415:
1379:
1331:
1162:
922:
897:
618:
594:
486:
482:
435:
335:
310:
233:
214:
173:
145:
141:
126:
carried out observations on the stars and described their positions,
62:
41:
that involves precise measurements of the positions and movements of
38:
1077:
2874:
768:
431:
256:
115:
454:) (now cancelled) was to utilize astrometric techniques to detect
2886:
149:
110:
1304:. University of Virginia Department of Astronomy. Archived from
152:
were still used centuries later in
Canadian–American astronomer
3197:
2525:
2349:
2284:
2200:
1250:
511:
478:
272:
232:
in 1729. The stellar movement proved too insignificant for his
58:
566:
322:" drew together a database of 1,058,332 stars to within 20-30
2244:
423:
1466:
1184:"Planet-Like Body Discovered at Fringes of Our Solar System"
1187:
496:
Astronomers use astrometric techniques for the tracking of
363:
97:, who around 190 BC used the catalogue of his predecessors
42:
1326:
Planet-Like Body
Discovered at Fringes of Our Solar System
625:
International Earth
Rotation and Reference Systems Service
148:
with a diameter of nearly 1.4 metres. His observations on
3486:
1642:
1450:
1124:
354:
330:
also analyzed during the
Hipparcos mission. In 2013, the
314:
During its 4-year run, the positions, parallaxes, and
119:, giving their location, coordinates, and brightness.
113:, included a catalogue of 1,022 stars in his work the
85:
The history of astrometry is linked to the history of
1127:"Discovery of a candidate inner Oort cloud planetoid"
1125:
Trujillo, Chadwick; Rabinowitz, David (1 June 2007).
1159:"Discovery: Largest Solar System Object Since Pluto"
830:
635:
Methods of detecting extrasolar planets - Astrometry
334:
satellite was launched and improved the accuracy of
1282:
Astrometry
Department of the U.S. Naval Observatory
441:Astrometry has also been used to support claims of
1213:
1045:
793:
213:using the "observational clock" he invented. When
3163:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
3158:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
1220:. Springer Science & Business Media. p.
831:Kovalevsky, Jean; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (2004).
660:United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station
386:Apart from the fundamental function of providing
358:Diagram showing how a smaller object (such as an
3556:
2782:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
1377:
1251:Kovalevsky, Jean; Seidelman, P. Kenneth (2004).
1104:"Infant exoplanet weighed by Hipparcos and Gaia"
294:. Started in the late 19th century, the project
1023:"Gaia : the first 3D map of the milky way"
2260:
1482:
1363:
1337:Scientific Paper describing Sedna's discovery
1287:USNO Astrometric Catalog and related Products
711:Star maps: history, artistry, and cartography
1322:high-precision astrometry library for C/C++.
895:
859:
562:XParallax viu (Free application for Windows)
552:to compute data estimates and error ranges.
122:In the 10th century, the Iranian astronomer
1017:
994:
193:used improved instruments, including large
2267:
2253:
1489:
1475:
1370:
1356:
1211:
1043:
902:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
745:"Great Inequalities of Jupiter and Saturn"
2325:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters
921:
776:
211:Constantinople Observatory of Taqi ad-Din
3193:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
1072:Nature 462, 705 (2009) 8 December 2009
972:"The Hipparcos Space Astrometry Mission"
791:
572:Astrometry.net (Online blind astrometry)
373:
353:
72:
18:
481:, it is possible to put a limit on the
189:In the 16th century, Danish astronomer
3557:
1342:The Hipparcos Space Astrometry Mission
1181:
742:
683:
590:Barycentric celestial reference system
567:Astrometrica (Application for Windows)
362:) orbiting a larger object (such as a
271:of several prominent stars, including
3501:Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets
2248:
1470:
1351:
1194:from the original on 30 November 2007
1156:
1090:"ESA - Space Science - Gaia overview"
969:
945:CERN paper on plate measuring machine
853:
800:History of astronomy: an encyclopedia
708:
469:Astrometric measurements are used by
3183:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
3173:Habitability of neutron star systems
2228:
1157:Britt, Robert Roy (7 October 2002).
1139:from the original on 26 October 2007
555:
434:distance estimates for stars in the
3526:Sudarsky's gas giant classification
3153:Habitability of binary star systems
382:of solar system relative to the Sun
13:
3511:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
3168:Habitability of natural satellites
1277:MPC Guide to Minor Body Astrometry
1244:
619:Hipparcos Space Astrometry Mission
458:orbiting 200 or so of the nearest
166:Inequalities of Jupiter and Saturn
14:
3591:
3178:Habitability of red dwarf systems
1270:
477:. By measuring the velocities of
3275:Stars with proto-planetary discs
3239:NASA Star and Exoplanet Database
3229:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia
2717:Extraterrestrial sample curation
2348:
2227:
2216:
2215:
1986:Southern African Large Telescope
526:and others at Caltech using the
236:, but he instead discovered the
3188:Habitable zone for complex life
2626:Ultra-short period planet (USP)
2330:Methods of detecting exoplanets
1212:Kovalevsky, Jean (2002-01-22).
1205:
1182:Clavin, Whitney (15 May 2004).
1175:
1150:
1118:
1096:
1082:
1066:
1037:
1011:
988:
963:
950:
655:United States Naval Observatory
473:to constrain certain models in
349:
3369:Discovered exoplanets by year
2274:
1332:Mike Brown's Caltech Home Page
1302:"Hall of Precision Astrometry"
1255:. Cambridge University Press.
1052:. Berlin; New York: Springer.
938:
896:Higgins, William (1871–1872).
889:
824:
785:
736:
727:
702:
677:
615:— launched December 2013
462:. The European Space Agency's
259:. In 1872, British astronomer
1:
3496:Extrasolar planets in fiction
3143:Extraterrestrial liquid water
1496:
671:
538:
3570:Astronomical sub-disciplines
3516:Planets in globular clusters
3133:Circumstellar habitable zone
1236:error correction astrometry.
448:Space Interferometry Mission
7:
3476:Exoplanet naming convention
2586:Planet/Brown dwarf boundary
630:List of astrometric solvers
577:
443:extrasolar planet detection
168:. In the 15th century, the
53:and physical origin of the
23:Illustration of the use of
10:
3596:
2712:Extraterrestrial materials
2346:
1253:Fundamentals of Astrometry
970:Staff (27 February 2019).
873:Kluwer Academic Publishers
837:Cambridge University Press
833:Fundamentals of Astrometry
522:discovered in this way by
68:
3539:Discoveries of exoplanets
3534:
3463:
3252:
3211:
3113:
3025:
2932:
2865:
2742:Interplanetary dust cloud
2638:
2518:
2444:
2370:
2357:
2312:
2280:
2210:
2002:
1979:Large Binocular Telescope
1944:Extremely Large Telescope
1937:Extremely large telescope
1910:
1793:
1733:
1654:
1616:
1577:
1570:
1504:
1386:
1132:. European Space Agency.
1044:Kovalevsky, Jean (1995).
997:"From Hipparchus to Gaia"
713:. Springer. p. 109.
506:Asteroid impact avoidance
162:Obliquity of the Ecliptic
140:. Egyptian mathematician
29:Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech
3244:Open Exoplanet Catalogue
3219:Nearby Habitable Systems
3105:Transit-timing variation
1951:Gran Telescopio Canarias
749:The Astronomical Journal
684:Walter, Hans G. (2000).
518:are two trans-Neptunian
3521:Small planet radius gap
3224:Exoplanet Data Explorer
3148:Galactic habitable zone
2722:Giant-impact hypothesis
2046:Astrology and astronomy
1756:Gravitational radiation
1421:Extragalactic astronomy
792:Lankford, John (1997).
532:Samuel Oschin telescope
508:is among the purposes.
430:because it establishes
408:observational astronomy
228:first tried to measure
3481:Exoplanet phase curves
3319:Terrestrial candidates
3270:Multiplanetary systems
3234:NASA Exoplanet Archive
2917:Mean-motion resonances
2727:Gravitational collapse
2677:Circumstellar envelope
1965:Hubble Space Telescope
743:Lovett, E. O. (1895).
688:. New York: Springer.
428:cosmic distance ladder
383:
371:
300:charge-coupled devices
82:
31:
3356:Potentially habitable
3261:Exoplanetary systems
3203:Superhabitable planet
2962:F/Yellow-white dwarfs
2847:Sample-return mission
2747:Interplanetary medium
2069:Astroparticle physics
1804:Australian Aboriginal
976:European Space Agency
645:Celestial cartography
377:
357:
307:European Space Agency
124:Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi
76:
22:
3575:Astrological aspects
3491:Extragalactic planet
3471:Carl Sagan Institute
2752:Interplanetary space
2667:Circumplanetary disk
2340:Planet-hosting stars
2061:Astronomers Monument
1993:Very Large Telescope
1540:Astronomical symbols
995:Jatan Mehta (2019).
804:Taylor & Francis
709:Kanas, Nick (2007).
217:became commonplace,
209:of the stars at the
105:to discover Earth's
77:Concept art for the
2832:Protoplanetary disk
2812:Planetary migration
2767:Interstellar medium
2546:Circumtriple planet
2541:Circumbinary planet
2134:List of astronomers
1547:Astronomical object
1378:Major subfields of
914:1872Natur...6..231H
778:2027/uva.x004243084
761:1895AJ.....15..113L
733:p. 110, Kanas 2007.
640:Spherical astronomy
550:statistical methods
528:Palomar Observatory
504:, can be obtained.
475:celestial mechanics
456:terrestrial planets
418:is essentially the
396:celestial mechanics
288:photographic plates
286:using astronomical
238:aberration of light
224:English astronomer
137:Book of Fixed Stars
2797:Nebular hypothesis
2772:Interstellar space
2757:Interstellar cloud
2737:Internal structure
2672:Circumstellar disc
2120:Physical cosmology
1436:Physical cosmology
1426:Galactic astronomy
1292:2015-08-26 at the
1025:. pourlascience.fr
956:H.H. Turner, 1912
605:Geodetic astronomy
585:Astrometric binary
498:near-Earth objects
404:galactic astronomy
384:
372:
230:stellar parallaxes
221:sped measurements
201:. Ottoman scholar
83:
49:. It provides the
32:
3552:
3551:
3128:Astrooceanography
2762:Interstellar dust
2634:
2633:
2510:Ultra-hot Neptune
2505:Ultra-hot Jupiter
2454:Eccentric Jupiter
2304:Planetary science
2242:
2241:
2127:Quantum cosmology
2113:Planetary geology
1906:
1905:
1617:Celestial subject
1464:
1463:
1456:Stellar astronomy
1446:Planetary science
1441:Planetary geology
1431:Orbital mechanics
1231:978-3-540-42380-5
1216:Modern Astrometry
1048:Modern Astrometry
720:978-0-387-71668-8
556:Computer programs
360:extrasolar planet
195:mural instruments
3587:
3506:Neptunian desert
2892:Tidally detached
2827:Planet formation
2817:Planetary system
2707:Exozodiacal dust
2697:Disrupted planet
2621:Ultra-cool dwarf
2551:Disrupted planet
2536:Chthonian planet
2368:
2367:
2352:
2335:Planetary system
2269:
2262:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2203:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2148:Medieval Islamic
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2032:Astroinformatics
2027:
2020:
2013:
2011:Archaeoastronomy
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1972:Keck Observatory
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1899:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1867:Medieval Islamic
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1726:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1686:
1684:
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1665:
1645:
1638:
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1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1575:
1574:
1563:
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1549:
1542:
1535:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1266:
1239:
1238:
1219:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1131:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1106:. 20 August 2018
1100:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1051:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
992:
986:
985:
983:
982:
967:
961:
954:
948:
942:
936:
935:
925:
923:10.1038/006231a0
908:(142): 379–394.
893:
887:
886:
857:
851:
850:
839:. pp. 2–3.
828:
822:
821:
797:
789:
783:
782:
780:
740:
734:
731:
725:
724:
706:
700:
699:
681:
524:Michael E. Brown
502:orbital elements
460:solar-type stars
422:synchronized to
400:stellar dynamics
280:filar micrometer
246:Friedrich Bessel
47:celestial bodies
3595:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3544:Search projects
3530:
3459:
3248:
3207:
3109:
3081:Radial velocity
3021:
2977:K/Orange dwarfs
2967:G/Yellow dwarfs
2928:
2922:Titius–Bode law
2861:
2792:Molecular cloud
2692:Detached object
2643:
2641:
2630:
2616:Toroidal planet
2606:Sub-brown dwarf
2514:
2440:
2412:(Super-Mercury)
2385:Coreless planet
2361:
2359:
2353:
2344:
2308:
2276:
2273:
2243:
2238:
2226:
2214:
2206:
2199:
2190:
2183:
2178:X-ray telescope
2176:
2169:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1902:
1895:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1789:
1784:Multi-messenger
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1729:
1722:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1650:
1641:
1634:
1623:
1612:
1607:Space telescope
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1500:
1495:
1465:
1460:
1451:Solar astronomy
1382:
1376:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1294:Wayback Machine
1273:
1263:
1247:
1245:Further reading
1242:
1232:
1210:
1206:
1197:
1195:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1078:10.1038/462705a
1071:
1067:
1060:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
993:
989:
980:
978:
968:
964:
955:
951:
943:
939:
894:
890:
883:
858:
854:
847:
829:
825:
818:
790:
786:
741:
737:
732:
728:
721:
707:
703:
696:
682:
678:
674:
669:
580:
558:
541:
493:in the galaxy.
471:astrophysicists
452:SIM PlanetQuest
446:NASA's planned
392:reference frame
352:
292:star catalogues
269:radial velocity
267:to measure the
261:William Huggins
219:setting circles
207:right ascension
87:star catalogues
71:
37:is a branch of
17:
12:
11:
5:
3593:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3093:Transit method
3090:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3040:Direct imaging
3037:
3031:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2857:Star formation
2854:
2852:Scattered disc
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2702:Excretion disk
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2657:Accretion disk
2654:
2648:
2646:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2566:Eyeball planet
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2365:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2224:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2025:Astrochemistry
2021:
2014:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1958:Hale Telescope
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1704:
1697:
1691:Visible-light
1687:
1673:
1666:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1632:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1581:
1579:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1513:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1411:Cosmochemistry
1408:
1403:
1398:
1396:Astrochemistry
1393:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1344:— on ESA
1339:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1279:
1272:
1271:External links
1269:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1204:
1174:
1149:
1117:
1095:
1081:
1065:
1058:
1036:
1010:
987:
962:
949:
937:
888:
881:
852:
845:
823:
816:
784:
769:10.1086/102265
735:
726:
719:
701:
694:
675:
673:
670:
668:
667:
662:
657:
652:
650:Star catalogue
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
616:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
581:
579:
576:
575:
574:
569:
564:
557:
554:
540:
537:
368:center of mass
351:
348:
344:Schmidt camera
328:variable stars
316:proper motions
184:minutes of arc
79:TAU spacecraft
70:
67:
25:interferometry
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3592:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3017:Yellow giants
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Merging stars
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Asteroid belt
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2637:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:Pulsar planet
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2556:Double planet
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:Super-Neptune
2493:
2491:
2490:Super-Jupiter
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2465:Helium planet
2463:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:Hycean planet
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:Desert planet
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:Carbon planet
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2356:
2351:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2234:
2225:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:Constellation
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:Other methods
1732:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:Submillimetre
1667:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1629:Extragalactic
1626:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1593:Observational
1590:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1558:
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1499:
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1399:
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1373:
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1359:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1308:on 2006-08-26
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1262:0-521-64216-7
1258:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1208:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1164:
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1153:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1105:
1099:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1061:
1059:3-540-42380-X
1055:
1050:
1049:
1040:
1024:
1020:
1014:
998:
991:
977:
973:
966:
960:(John Murray)
959:
953:
947:USNO StarScan
946:
941:
933:
929:
924:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
892:
884:
882:0-7923-4066-3
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:"Taqi al-Din"
862:
856:
848:
846:0-521-64216-7
842:
838:
834:
827:
819:
817:0-8153-0322-X
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
788:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
739:
730:
722:
716:
712:
705:
697:
695:3-540-67436-5
691:
687:
680:
676:
666:
665:Time standard
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:(ESA—1989-93)
620:
617:
614:
612:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
553:
551:
547:
536:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:dwarf planets
517:
513:
509:
507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
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461:
457:
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397:
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389:
381:
376:
369:
365:
361:
356:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:Tycho catalog
317:
312:
308:
305:In 1989, the
303:
301:
297:
296:Carte du Ciel
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:James Bradley
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:measured the
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
185:
181:
180:
179:Zij-i-Sultani
176:compiled the
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:Simon Newcomb
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
125:
120:
118:
117:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:ancient Greek
88:
80:
75:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
30:
26:
21:
3361:Proper names
3138:Earth analog
3123:Astrobiology
3115:Habitability
3052:Microlensing
3034:
3012:White dwarfs
2982:M/Red dwarfs
2972:Herbig Ae/Be
2957:Brown dwarfs
2899:Rogue planet
2880:Interstellar
2822:Planetesimal
2591:Planetesimal
2571:Giant planet
2561:Ecumenopolis
2459:Mini-Neptune
2395:Dwarf planet
2059:
2052:
2039:Astrophysics
2018:Astrobiology
1682:Far-infrared
1636:Local system
1571:Astronomy by
1561:... in space
1406:Astrophysics
1400:
1391:Astrobiology
1328:(2004-03-15)
1310:. Retrieved
1306:the original
1252:
1235:
1215:
1207:
1196:. Retrieved
1177:
1166:. Retrieved
1152:
1141:. Retrieved
1120:
1108:. Retrieved
1098:
1084:
1068:
1047:
1039:
1027:. Retrieved
1013:
1001:. Retrieved
999:. thewire.in
990:
979:. Retrieved
965:
957:
952:
940:
905:
901:
891:
868:
861:Sevim Tekeli
855:
832:
826:
799:
795:"Astrometry"
787:
752:
748:
738:
729:
710:
704:
685:
679:
610:
542:
510:
495:
468:
464:Gaia Mission
440:
412:keeping time
385:
370:(red cross).
350:Applications
304:
277:
265:spectroscopy
223:
188:
177:
165:
161:
135:
121:
114:
84:
55:Solar System
34:
33:
28:
3580:Measurement
3373:before 2000
3289:Discoveries
3064:Polarimetry
2952:Binary star
2842:Rubble pile
2837:Ring system
2807:Outer space
2777:Kuiper belt
2732:Hills cloud
2687:Debris disk
2682:Cosmic dust
2611:Sub-Neptune
2596:Protoplanet
2531:Brown dwarf
2519:Other types
2475:Hot Neptune
2470:Hot Jupiter
2461:(Gas dwarf)
2436:Super-Earth
2421:Ocean world
2416:Lava planet
2410:Iron planet
2372:Terrestrial
2313:Main topics
2106:Planetarium
1763:High-energy
1749:Cosmic rays
1701:Ultraviolet
1019:Carme Jordi
491:dark matter
420:atomic time
388:astronomers
284:Astrographs
254:binary star
203:Taqi al-Din
191:Tycho Brahe
172:astronomer
93:astronomer
3565:Astrometry
3559:Categories
3284:Exoplanets
3265:Host stars
3212:Catalogues
3035:Astrometry
2997:Subdwarf B
2934:Host stars
2907:Retrograde
2802:Oort cloud
2640:Formation
2576:Mesoplanet
2500:Super-puff
2426:Mega-Earth
2405:Ice planet
2290:Definition
2275:Exoplanets
2099:Photometry
2076:Binoculars
2053:Astrometry
1914:telescopes
1811:Babylonian
1655:EM methods
1533:Astronomer
1401:Astrometry
1320:SuperNOVAS
1312:2006-08-10
1198:2007-12-06
1168:2007-12-06
1143:2007-12-06
1029:27 January
1003:27 January
981:2007-12-06
806:. p.
672:References
613:spacecraft
600:Equatorium
539:Statistics
414:, in that
380:barycenter
378:Motion of
215:telescopes
132:star color
128:magnitudes
107:precession
103:Aristillus
99:Timocharis
95:Hipparchus
51:kinematics
45:and other
35:Astrometry
3378:2000–2009
3344:1501–2000
3339:1001–1500
3027:Detection
2992:Red giant
2652:Accretion
2644:evolution
2485:Ice giant
2480:Gas giant
2431:Sub-Earth
2320:Exoplanet
2171:Telescope
1777:Spherical
1724:Gamma-ray
1693:(optical)
1498:Astronomy
1416:Cosmology
1380:astronomy
1163:SPACE.com
1110:21 August
595:Ephemeris
487:supernova
483:asymmetry
436:Milky Way
340:USNO-B1.0
336:Hipparcos
311:Hipparcos
234:telescope
174:Ulugh Beg
146:astrolabe
142:Ibn Yunus
63:Milky Way
57:and this
39:astronomy
3334:501–1000
3314:Heaviest
3294:Extremes
3002:Subgiant
2875:Exocomet
2221:Category
1930:Category
1825:Egyptian
1742:Neutrino
1677:Infrared
1625:Galactic
1600:Sidewalk
1554:Glossary
1524:Timeline
1290:Archived
1192:Archived
1134:Archived
1021:(2019).
863:(1997).
578:See also
546:analyzed
432:parallax
257:61 Cygni
252:for the
242:nutation
240:and the
150:eclipses
116:Almagest
3309:Largest
3304:Nearest
3007:T Tauri
2903:Orbits
2887:Exomoon
2867:Systems
2581:Planemo
2446:Gaseous
2233:Commons
2185:history
2155:Russian
2003:Related
1912:Optical
1897:Tibetan
1881:Serbian
1874:Persian
1818:Chinese
1795:Culture
1715:History
1586:Amateur
1517:History
1510:Outline
910:Bibcode
757:Bibcode
755:: 113.
479:pulsars
390:with a
170:Timurid
158:Laplace
111:Ptolemy
69:History
3324:Kepler
3299:Firsts
3198:Tholin
3069:Timing
2987:Pulsar
2912:Trojan
2526:Blanet
2285:Planet
2201:Zodiac
2141:French
1846:Indian
1839:Hebrew
1578:Manner
1259:
1228:
1056:
932:113159
930:
879:
843:
814:
717:
692:
548:using
512:Quaoar
273:Sirius
250:arcsec
199:arcsec
61:, the
59:galaxy
3464:Other
3329:1–500
3254:Lists
2363:types
2358:Sizes
2192:lists
2162:Women
1853:Inuit
1832:Greek
1770:Radar
1708:X-ray
1663:Radio
1643:Solar
1137:(PDF)
1130:(PDF)
928:JSTOR
516:Sedna
424:Earth
406:. In
263:used
43:stars
3453:2024
3448:2023
3443:2022
3438:2021
3433:2020
3428:2019
3423:2018
3418:2017
3413:2016
3408:2015
3403:2014
3398:2013
3393:2012
3388:2011
3383:2010
3098:list
3086:list
3074:list
3057:list
3045:list
2642:and
2360:and
1923:List
1888:folk
1860:Maya
1257:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1188:NASA
1112:2018
1054:ISBN
1031:2020
1005:2020
877:ISBN
841:ISBN
812:ISBN
715:ISBN
690:ISBN
611:Gaia
514:and
402:and
364:star
332:Gaia
164:and
130:and
101:and
2295:IAU
2090:IAU
1222:166
1074:doi
918:doi
773:hdl
765:doi
530:'s
485:of
416:UTC
324:mas
309:'s
160:'s
3561::
3351:K2
1627:/
1234:.
1224:.
1190:.
1186:.
1161:.
974:.
926:.
916:.
906:20
904:.
900:.
875:.
871:.
867:.
835:.
810:.
808:49
802:.
798:.
771:.
763:.
753:15
751:.
747:.
438:.
398:,
282:.
275:.
186:.
65:.
2947:B
2942:A
2268:e
2261:t
2254:v
1685:)
1679:(
1490:e
1483:t
1476:v
1371:e
1364:t
1357:v
1315:.
1265:.
1201:.
1171:.
1146:.
1114:.
1092:.
1076::
1062:.
1033:.
1007:.
984:.
934:.
920::
912::
885:.
849:.
820:.
781:.
775::
767::
759::
723:.
698:.
450:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
