Hipparcos - Knowledge

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reference epoch. Middle: their space motions over about four years, with arbitrary proper motion vectors and scale factors; triangles show their positions at a fixed epoch near the end of the interval. Right: the total positional changes including the additional apparent motions due to annual parallax, the four loops corresponding to four Earth orbits around the sun. The parallax-induced motions are in phase for all stars in the same region of sky, so that relative measurements within one field can provide only relative parallaxes. Although the relative separations between the stars change continuously over the measurement period, they are described by just five numerical parameters per star (two components of position, two of proper motion, and the parallax).

1994:(Hp<9 magnitude) exceeded the original mission goals, and are between 0.6 and 1.0 mas. Some 20,000 distances were determined to better than 10%, and 50,000 to better than 20%. The inferred ratio of external to standard errors is ≈1.0–1.2, and estimated systematic errors are below 0.1 mas. The number of solved or suspected double or multiple stars is 23,882. Photometric observations yielded multi-epoch photometry with a mean number of 110 observations per star, and a median photometric precision (Hp<9 magnitude) of 0.0015 magnitude, with 11,597 entries were identified as variable or possibly-variable. 1981: 99: 40: 8492: 7195: 1304: 829: 883: 2507: 1647: 1521: 1402: 1193: 902: 492: 2642: 8516: 2072: 686: 8528: 8504: 722:) from which the phase of the entire pulse train from a star could be derived. The apparent angle between two stars in the combined fields of view, modulo the grid period, was obtained from the phase difference of the two star pulse trains. Originally targeting the observation of some 100,000 stars, with an astrometric accuracy of about 0.002 arc-sec, the final 887:

observation. The curve is the modelled stellar path fitted to all the measurements. The inferred position at each epoch is indicated by a dot, and the residual by a short line joining the dot to the corresponding position line. The amplitude of the oscillatory motion gives the star's parallax, with the linear component representing the star's proper motion.

1711:, i.e. its space motion along the line-of-sight. Whilst critical for an understanding of stellar kinematics, and hence population dynamics, its effect is generally imperceptible to astrometric measurements (in the plane of the sky), and therefore it is generally ignored in large-scale astrometric surveys. In practice, it can be measured as a 1507:

be enhanced in complexity until suitable fits were obtained. A complete orbit, requiring 7 elements, was determined for 45 systems. Orbital periods close to one year can become degenerate with the parallax, resulting in unreliable solutions for both. Triple or higher-order systems provided further challenges to the data processing.

1311:, Tycho-1, and Tycho-2 Catalogues as a function of time. Tycho-1 dependencies are shown for two representative magnitudes. For Tycho-2, a typical proper motion error of 2.5 milliarc-sec applies to both bright stars (positional error at J1991.25 of 7 milliarc-sec) and faint stars (positional error at J1991.25 of 60 milliarc-sec). 2047:

Between 1997 and 2007, investigations into subtle effects in the satellite attitude and instrument calibration continued. A number of effects in the data that had not been fully accounted for were studied, such as scan-phase discontinuities and micrometeoroid-induced attitude jumps. A re-reduction of

1605:. Variable stars were classified as periodic or unsolved variables; the former were published with estimates of their period, variability amplitude, and variability type. In total some 11,597 variable objects were detected, of which 8,237 were newly classified as variable. There are, for example, 273 1299:

stars, and ensures that the catalogue proper motions are, as far as possible, kinematically non-rotating. The determination of the relevant three solid-body rotation angles, and the three time-dependent rotation rates, was conducted and completed in advance of the catalogue publication. This resulted

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The absence of reliable distances for the majority of stars means that the angular measurements made, astrometrically, in the plane of the sky, cannot generally be converted into true space velocities in the plane of the sky. For this reason, astrometry characterises the transverse motions of stars

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is a function of time. The resulting effect of secular or perspective acceleration is the interpretation of a transverse acceleration actually arising from a purely linear space velocity with a significant radial component, with the positional effect proportional to the product of the parallax, the

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proper motion discrepant compared to those established from long temporal baseline proper motion programmes on ground. Higher-order photocentric motions could be represented by a 7-parameter, or even 9-parameter model fit (compared to the standard 5-parameter model), and typically such models could

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since the number of independent geometrical observations per object was large (typically of order 30) compared with the number of unknowns for the standard model (five astrometric unknowns per star), astrometric solutions not complying with this simple five-parameter model could be expanded to take

701:, with an aperture of 29 cm (11 in). A special beam-combining mirror superimposed two fields of view, 58° apart, into the common focal plane. This complex mirror consisted of two mirrors tilted in opposite directions, each occupying half of the rectangular entrance pupil, and providing an 1355:

stars. Although very different in terms of instruments, observational methods and objects involved, the various techniques generally agreed to within 10 milliarc-sec in the orientation and 1 milliarc-sec/year in the rotation of the system. From appropriate weighting, the coordinate axes defined by

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For the main mission results, the data analysis was carried out by two independent scientific teams, NDAC and FAST, together comprising some 100 astronomers and scientists, mostly from European (ESA-member state) institutes. The analyses, proceeding from nearly 1000 Gbit of satellite data acquired

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The second component comprised additional stars selected according to their scientific interest, with none fainter than about magnitude V=13 mag. These were selected from around 200 scientific proposals submitted on the basis of an Invitation for Proposals issued by ESA in 1982, and prioritised by

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Constraints on total observing time, and on the uniformity of stars across the celestial sphere for satellite operations and data analysis, led to an Input Catalogue of some 118,000 stars. It merged two components: first, a survey of around 58,000 objects as complete as possible to the following

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was the result of the critical comparison and merging of the two (NDAC and FAST consortia) analyses, and contains 118,218 entries (stars or multiple stars), corresponding to an average of some three stars per square degree over the entire sky. Median precision of the five astrometric parameters

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Principles of the astrometric measurements. Filled circles and solid lines show three objects from one field of view (about 1° in size), and open circles and dashed lines show three objects from a distinct sky region superimposed by virtue of the large basic angle. Left: object positions at one

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According to a 2012 paper, the anomaly was due to the use of a weighted mean when there is a correlation between distances and distance errors for stars in clusters. It is resolved by using an unweighted mean. There is no systematic bias in the Hipparcos data when it comes to star clusters.

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The path on the sky of one of the Hipparcos Catalogue objects, over a period of three years. Each straight line indicates the observed position of the star at a particular epoch: because the measurement is one-dimensional, the precise location along this position line is undetermined by the

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in angular measure (e.g. arcsec per year) rather than in km/s or equivalent. Similarly, the typical absence of reliable radial velocities means that the transverse space motion (when known) is, in any case, only a component of the complete, three-dimensional, space velocity.

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The satellite observations essentially yielded highly accurate relative positions of stars with respect to each other, throughout the measurement period (1989–1993). In the absence of direct observations of extragalactic sources (apart from marginal observations of quasar

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Although fully superseded by the satellite results, it nevertheless includes supplemental information on multiple system components as well as compilations of radial velocities and spectral types which, not observed by the satellite, were not included in the published

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a somewhat larger number of actual observations per object, of order 110, provided accurate and homogeneous photometric information for each star, from which mean magnitudes, variability amplitudes, and in many cases period and variability type classification could be

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the Scientific Proposal Selection Committee in consultation with the Input Catalogue Consortium. This selection had to balance 'a priori' scientific interest, and the observing programme's limiting magnitude, total observing time, and sky uniformity constraints.

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it is of (marginal) importance only for the nearest stars with the largest radial velocities and proper motions, but was accounted for in the 21 cases for which the accumulated positional effect over two years exceeds 0.1 milliarc-sec. Radial velocities for

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For the star mapper results, the data analysis was carried out by the Tycho Data Analysis Consortium (TDAC). The Tycho Catalogue comprises more than one million stars with 20–30 milliarc-sec astrometry and two-colour (B and V band) photometry.

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A detailed optical calibration model was included to map the transformation from sky to instrumental coordinates. Its adequacy could be verified by the detailed measurement residuals. The Earth's orbit, and the satellite's orbit with respect to the

2131:: the accurate distances and luminosities of 100,000 stars has provided the most comprehensive and accurate data set of fundamental stellar parameters to date, placing constraints on internal rotation, element diffusion, convective motions, and 1715:

of the spectral lines. More strictly, however, the radial velocity does enter a rigorous astrometric formulation. Specifically, a space velocity along the line-of-sight means that the transformation from tangential linear velocity to (angular)

641:. The underlying scientific motivation was to determine the physical properties of the stars through the measurement of their distances and space motions, and thus to place theoretical studies of stellar structure and evolution, and studies of 1356:

the published catalogue are believed to be aligned with the extragalactic radio frame to within ±0.6 milliarc-sec at the epoch J1991.25, and non-rotating with respect to distant extragalactic objects to within ±0.25 milliarc-sec/yr.

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the two viewing directions of the satellite, separated by a large and suitable angle (58°), resulted in a rigid connection between quasi-instantaneous one-dimensional observations in different parts of the sky. In turn, this led to

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provided considerable complications to the observations (due to the finite size and profile of the detector's sensitive field of view) and to the data analysis. The data processing classified the astrometric solutions as follows:

2819: 741:. The positions of these latter stars were to be determined to a precision of 0.03 arc-sec, which is a factor of 25 less than the main mission stars. Originally targeting the observation of around 400,000 stars, the resulting 705:

field of view of about 1° × 1°. The telescope used a system of grids, at the focal surface, composed of 2688 alternate opaque and transparent bands, with a period of 1.208 arc-sec (8.2 micrometre). Behind this grid system, an

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Equirectangular plot of declination vs right ascension of stars brighter than apparent magnitude 5 on the Hipparcos Catalogue, coded by spectral type and apparent magnitude, relative to the modern constellations and the

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This has led to improved astrometric accuracies for stars brighter than Hp=9.0 magnitude, reaching a factor of about three for the brightest stars (Hp<4.5 magnitude), while also underlining the conclusion that the

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The satellite observations relied on a pre-defined list of target stars. Stars were observed as the satellite rotated, by a sensitive region of the image dissector tube detector. This pre-defined star list formed the

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the provision of an accurate reference frame: this has allowed the consistent and rigorous re-reduction of historical astrometric measurements, including those from Schmidt plates, meridian circles, the 100-year-old

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positions from the ground was running into essentially insurmountable barriers to improvements in accuracy, especially for large-angle measurements and systematic terms. Problems were dominated by the effects of the

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If a binary star has a long orbital period such that non-linear motions of the photocentre were insignificant over the short (3-year) measurement duration, the binary nature of the star would pass unrecognised by

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and the dynamical structure of the solar neighbourhood, ranging from the presence and evolution of clusters, associations and moving groups, the presence of resonance motions due to the Galaxy's central bar and

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A more extensive analysis of the star mapper (Tycho) data extracted additional faint stars from the data stream. Combined with old photographic plate observations made several decades earlier as part of the

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Hipparcos Science Team: Uli Bastian, Pierluigi Bernacca, Michel Crézé, Francesco Donati, Michel Grenon, Michael Grewing, Erik Høg, Jean Kovalevsky, Floor van Leeuwen, Lennart Lindegren, Hans van der Marel,

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cluster, established both from the original catalogue as well as from the revised analysis. This has been contested by various other recent work, placing the mean cluster distance at around 130 parsecs.

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Chiba, M.; Beers, T. C. (2000). "Kinematics of metal-poor stars in the Galaxy. III. Formation of the stellar halo and thick disk as revealed from a large sample of non-kinematically selected stars".

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The spacecraft consisted of two platforms and six vertical panels, all made of aluminum honeycomb. The solar array consisted of three deployable sections, generating around 300 W in total. Two

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the various geometrical scan configurations for each star, at multiple epochs throughout the 3-year observation programme, resulted in a dense network of one-dimensional positions from which the

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was contained in the Input Catalogue. The Input Catalogue was compiled by the INCA Consortium over the period 1982–1989, finalised pre-launch, and published both digitally and in printed form.

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system viewed a beam splitter in the optical path and was used as a star mapper. Its purpose was to monitor and determine the satellite attitude, and in the process, to gather photometric and

6082: 1127:(ESOC) in Germany, the satellite was successfully operated in its geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) for almost 3.5 years. All of the original mission goals were, eventually, exceeded. 2226:

scientific literature between 1997 and 2007 was published in 2009, and a popular account of the project in 2010. Some examples of notable results include (listed chronologically):

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A variety of methods to establish this reference frame link before catalogue publication were included and appropriately weighted: interferometric observations of radio stars by

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mission cost about €600 million (in year 2000 economic conditions), and its execution involved some 200 European scientists and more than 2,000 individuals in European industry.

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of stars from both spacecraft is being used to search for hidden binary companions. Hipparcos-Gaia data is also used to measure the dynamical mass of known binaries, such as

7334: 8085: 633:, which considered it too complex and expensive for a single national programme and recommended that it be proposed in a multinational context. Its acceptance within the 2135:. Combined with theoretical models and other data it yields evolutionary masses, radii, and ages for large numbers of stars covering a wide range of evolutionary states; 1014: 7435: 7932: 6007: 8110: 2100:, and 150 years of Earth-orientation measurements. These, in turn, have yielded a dense reference framework with high-accuracy, long-term proper motions (the 1343:; photographic programmes to determine stellar proper motions with respect to extragalactic objects (Bonn, Kiev, Lick, Potsdam, Yale/San Juan); and comparison of 9110: 7477: 1581:

The highest accuracy photometric data were provided as a by-product of the main mission astrometric observations. They were made in a broad-band visible light

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instrument flexures, and the absence of all-sky visibility. A formal proposal to make these exacting observations from space was first put forward in 1967.

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Famaey, B.; et al. (2005). "Local kinematics of K and M giants from Coravel, Hipparcos, and Tycho-2 data. Revisiting the concept of superclusters".

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data of all stars down to about 11th magnitude. These measurements were made in two broad bands approximately corresponding to B and V in the (Johnson)

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Pinsonneault, M. H.; et al. (1998). "The problem of Hipparcos distances to open clusters. I. Constraints from multicolour main-sequence fitting".

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in a regular precessional motion maintaining a constant inclination between the spin axis and the direction to the Sun. The spacecraft spun around its

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Soderblom, D. R.; et al. (2005). "Confirmation of errors in Hipparcos parallaxes from Hubble Space Telescope FGS astrometry of the Pleiades".

1278:. Residuals were examined to establish limits on any deviations from this general relativistic value, and no significant discrepancies were found. 2060: 1731: 9289: 8969: 7858: 7231: 5963: 2138:

Galactic kinematics and dynamics: the uniform and accurate distances and proper motions have provided a substantial advance in understanding of

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stars, to the extent that they are presently known from independent ground-based surveys, can be found from the astronomical database of the

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over 3.5 years, incorporated a comprehensive system of cross-checking and validation, and is described in detail in the published catalogue.

9165: 8753: 4901:"Precise Dynamical Masses of Directly Imaged Companions from Relative Astrometry, Radial Velocities, and Hipparcos-Gaia DR2 Accelerations" 6057: 1621:. The star mapper observations, constituting the Tycho (and Tycho-2) Catalogue, provided two colours, roughly B and V in the Johnson UBV 1376:(ICRF), and representing the best estimates at the time of the catalogue completion (in 1996). The HCRF is thus a materialisation of the 523:, the accurate measurement of the positions of celestial objects on the sky. This permitted the first high-precision measurements of the 6638: 2203:. The high-precision multi-epoch photometry has been used to measure variability and stellar pulsations in many classes of objects. The 9241: 9106: 7493: 6598: 5671: 5663: 1747:

Principal observational characteristics of the Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues. ICRS is the International Celestial Reference System.

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mapped many stars in the solar neighbourhood with great accuracy, though this represents only a small fraction of stars in the galaxy.

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Optical micrograph of part of the main modulating grid (top) and the star mapper grid (bottom). The period of the main grid is 8.2

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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

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light bending were significant (4 milliarc-sec at 90° to the ecliptic) and corrected for deterministically assuming γ=1 in the

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type detector) with a sensitive field of view of about 38-arc-sec diameter converted the modulated light into a sequence of

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was never achieved. However, with the addition of further ground stations, in addition to ESA operations control centre at

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antennas were located on the top and bottom of the spacecraft, providing an omni-directional downlink data rate of 24

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Helmi, A.; et al. (1999). "Debris streams in the solar neighbourhood as relics from the formation of the Milky Way".

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catalogues are now routinely used to point ground-based telescopes, navigate space missions, and drive public planetaria.

1037:, Switzerland; the image dissector tube and photomultiplier detectors assembled by the Dutch Space Research Organisation ( 7224: 6630: 6494: 6454: 5251: 645:

structure and kinematics, on a more secure empirical basis. Observationally, the objective was to provide the positions,

551:, astrophysicists were able to finally measure all six quantities needed to determine the motion of stars. The resulting 2394:

Identification of two possible "siblings" of the Sun (HIP 87382 and HIP 47399), to be studied for evidence of exoplanets

2151:, discrimination of the disk and halo populations, evidence for halo accretion, and the measurement of space motions of 786:

for attitude determination) ensured correct dynamic attitude control and determination during the operational lifetime.

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Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).

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Kovalevsky, J.; et al. (1997). "The Hipparcos Catalogue as a Realisation of the Extragalactic Reference Frame".

2759: 2554: 2436: 1694: 1568: 1449: 1348: 1240: 949: 657:, a target in practice eventually surpassed by a factor of two. The name of the space telescope, "Hipparcos", was an 5098:

Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues at the CASU Astronomical Data Centre, Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge

3546:"Fine structure of the red giant clump from Hipparcos data, and distance determinations based on its mean magnitude" 2536: 2091:

results have affected a very broad range of astronomical research, which can be classified into three major themes:

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Including an estimate for the scientific activities related to the satellite observations and data processing, the

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Percival, S. M.; et al. (2005). "The distance to the Pleiades. Main sequence fitting in the near infrared".

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linked to extragalactic sources. This allows surveys at different wavelengths to be directly correlated with the

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has provided results in topics as diverse as Solar System science, including mass determinations of asteroids,

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comprised nearly 120,000 stars with a median accuracy of slightly better than 0.001 arc-sec (1 milliarc-sec).

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of more than 2.5 million stars (and fully superseding the original Tycho Catalogue) was published in 2000.

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Smart, R. L.; et al. (1998). "Unexpected stellar velocity distribution in the warped Galactic disk".

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Makarov, V. V.; Murphy, D. W. (2007). "The local stellar velocity field via vector spherical harmonics".

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Corbet, R. H. D. (1999). "The use of gamma-ray bursts as direction and time markers in SETI strategies".

1388:) system, retaining approximately the global orientation of that system but without its regional errors. 1292: 1021:, Germany; the optical filters, the experiment structures and the attitude and orbit control system from 855: 674: 598: 92: 24: 6534: 4298:"Combined astrometric catalogue EOC—3. An improved reference frame for long-term Earth rotation studies" 3476:

Moffat, A. F. J.; et al. (1998). "Wolf-Rayet stars and O-star runaways with Hipparcos Kinematics".

519:(ESA), launched in 1989 and operated until 1993. It was the first space experiment devoted to precision 9315: 8408: 8228: 7821: 7803: 7773: 7683: 7398: 7365: 7339: 6943: 6927: 6656: 6646: 6614: 6542: 6462: 6326: 6245: 5486: 5385: 5227: 2528: 1668: 1542: 1423: 1214: 923: 227: 6042: 4769:"Stellar and substellar companions of nearby stars from Gaia DR2. Binarity from proper motion anomaly" 9448: 8393: 8031: 7697: 7539: 7324: 7198: 7129: 7079: 5559: 5206: 3386:

Provencal, J. L.; et al. (1998). "Testing the white dwarf mass-radius relation with Hipparcos".

2572: 1602: 1069:, Sweden; and the apogee boost motor from SEP in France. Groups from the Institut d'Astrophysique in 557:, a high-precision catalogue of more than 118,200 stars, was published in 1997. The lower-precision 8353: 7160: 7099: 3408: 2517: 2109: 1657: 1531: 1412: 1203: 912: 107: 86: 3217:

Astronomical Applications of Astrometry: Ten Years of Exploitation of the Hipparcos Satellite Data

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Astronomical Applications of Astrometry: Ten Years of Exploitation of the Hipparcos Satellite Data

2793: 2104:). Reduction of current state-of-the-art survey data has yielded the dense UCAC2 Catalogue of the 817:

determinations which are absolute (rather than relative, with respect to some unknown zero-point);

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all-sky visibility permitted a direct linking of the stars observed all over the celestial sphere;

8398: 7920: 7597: 7450: 7386: 6805: 6701: 6693: 6092: 5190: 5107: 2521: 1661: 1626: 1535: 1416: 1207: 916: 8152: 2581:: ESA project scientist (1981–1997), and project manager during satellite operations (1989–1993) 1077:, France, contributed optical performance, calibration and alignment test procedures; Captec in 8368: 7761: 7048: 6975: 6566: 6221: 6062: 5955: 5647: 5353: 3403: 2097: 2018: 1478:

component solutions (Annex C): 13,211 entries, comprising 24,588 components in 12,195 solutions

1340: 1168: 1164: 990: 738: 4968:"The mass of the young planet Beta Pictoris b through the astrometric motion of its host star" 3439:

Perryman, M. A. C.; et al. (1998). "The Hyades: distance, structure, dynamics, and age".

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later than G5 (b is the Galactic latitude). Stars constituting this survey are flagged in the

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Høg, E.; Petersen, J. O. (1997). "Hipparcos parallaxes and the nature of delta Scuti stars".

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thrusters for course manoeuvres, 20-millinewton cold gas thrusters for attitude control, and

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on the same reference system, and improved astrometric data from recent surveys such as the

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Other hardware components were supplied as follows: the beam-combining mirror from REOSC at

806:, instrumental gravitational flexure and thermal distortions could be obviated or minimised; 9278: 8454: 8158: 8002: 7884: 7652: 7634: 7585: 7408: 7403: 7180: 7069: 6486: 6470: 6213: 5054: 4989: 4922: 4855: 4790: 4725: 4672: 4619: 4566: 4505: 4462: 4425: 4356: 4309: 4262: 4209: 4154: 4097: 4060: 4033: 3996: 3949: 3896: 3843: 3806: 3769: 3720: 3669: 3612: 3567: 3516: 3485: 3458: 3395: 3350: 3309: 3264: 3143: 3091: 3064: 3037: 3010: 2967: 2940: 2898: 2831: 2739: 2614:, Andrew Murray, Michael Perryman (chair), Rudolf Le Poole, Hans Schrijver, Catherine Turon 2296: 2237: 1980: 1614: 1053:, United Kingdom; the structure and reaction control system from Daimler-Benz Aerospace in 871: 4767:

Kervella, Pierre; Arenou, Frédéric; Mignard, François; Thévenin, Frédéric (1 March 2019).

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Gies, D.R.; Helsel, J. W. (2005). "Ice age epochs and the Sun's path through the Galaxy".

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Robichon, N.; Arenou, F. (2000). "HD209458 planetary transits from Hipparcos photometry".

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Classical astrometry concerns only motions in the plane of the sky and ignores the star's

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no valid astrometric solution: 263 entries (of which 218 were flagged as suspected double)

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Melis, C.; et al. (2014). "A VLBI resolution of the Pleiades distance controversy".

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de Zeeuw, P. T.; et al. (1999). "A Hipparcos census of the nearby OB associations".

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Høg, E.; et al. (2000). "The Tycho-2 Catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars".

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Bessell, Michael S. (July 2000). "The Hipparcos and Tycho Photometric System Passbands".

2335: 2266: 2188: 2184: 2168: 1267: 1120: 1104: 1062: 1022: 983: 971: 799: 540: 528: 370: 341: 248: 168: 5058: 4993: 4967: 4926: 4859: 4729: 4676: 4623: 4509: 4496:

Pan, X. P.; et al. (2004). "A distance of 133-137pc to the Pleiades star cluster".

4466: 4360: 4213: 4158: 4101: 4000: 3953: 3900: 3847: 3773: 3724: 3673: 3616: 3571: 3520: 3399: 3354: 3268: 2971: 2835: 2743: 9428: 8542: 8428: 8333: 8140: 8077: 7950: 7834: 7114: 6991: 6813: 6478: 6077: 6017: 5859: 5470: 5462: 5361: 5329: 5219: 5044: 5013: 4979: 4948: 4912: 4881: 4845: 4814: 4780: 4749: 4715: 4688: 4662: 4635: 4609: 4582: 4556: 4529: 4478: 4452: 4372: 4346: 4278: 4252: 4225: 4199: 4172: 4144: 4113: 4087: 3965: 3939: 3912: 3886: 3859: 3833: 3738: 3710: 3659: 3628: 3585: 3557: 3448: 3421: 3368: 3340: 3282: 3254: 2983: 2647: 2245: 2152: 2139: 2117: 2079:

galaxy, showing two prominent spiral arms attached to the ends of a thick central bar.

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11. Some 10,000 nonstellar objects are also included to complement the catalogue data.

1622: 1475:

single-star solutions: 100,038 entries, of which 6,763 were flagged as suspected double

1271: 1263: 1030: 854:

reduction of the totality of observations. The astrometric parameters as well as their

98: 8515: 3758:"Galactic disk dark matter, terrestrial impact cratering and the law of large numbers" 2461:

Another distance debate set-off by Hipparcos is for the distance to the star Polaris.

2403:

One controversial result has been the derived proximity, at about 120 parsecs, of the

752:

The attitude of the spacecraft about its center of gravity was controlled to scan the

745:

comprised just over 1 million stars, with a subsequent analysis extending this to the

9438: 7908: 7809: 7707: 7690: 7668: 6837: 6422: 6414: 6141: 6133: 5992: 5337: 5264: 5198: 5072: 5017: 5005: 4952: 4940: 4885: 4873: 4818: 4806: 4741: 4692: 4521: 4167: 4132: 3782: 3757: 3733: 3698: 3682: 3647: 3580: 3545: 3425: 3363: 3328: 3221: 3194: 3166: 3114: 2987: 2755: 2655: 2590: 2478: 2470: 2309:

Galactic disk dark matter, terrestrial impact cratering and the law of large numbers

2214:

Since 1997, several thousand scientific papers have been published making use of the

2156: 2128: 2124: 2101: 2022: 1116: 1046: 1013:, Switzerland; the mechanism control system and the thermal control electronics from 746: 698: 574: 562: 419: 69: 7890: 5883: 4753: 4639: 4586: 4482: 4376: 4282: 4229: 4176: 4117: 3969: 3589: 3372: 3286: 2584:

Catherine Turon (Observatoire de Paris-Meudon): leader of Input Catalogue Consortium

8637: 8469: 8328: 8053: 7393: 6606: 5377: 5235: 5092: 5062: 4997: 4930: 4863: 4798: 4733: 4680: 4627: 4574: 4533: 4513: 4470: 4364: 4317: 4270: 4217: 4162: 4105: 4004: 3957: 3916: 3904: 3863: 3851: 3777: 3728: 3677: 3632: 3620: 3575: 3524: 3413: 3358: 3272: 2975: 2747: 2611: 2594: 2578: 2231: 2132: 2041: 1606: 1324: 1057:, Germany; the solar arrays and thermal control system from Fokker Space System in 753: 637:'s scientific programme, in 1980, was the result of a lengthy process of study and 326: 6342: 4802: 3742: 3028:

Lindegren, L.; et al. (1997). "Double star data in the Hipparcos Catalogue".

760:

at the rate of 11.25 revolutions/day (168.75 arc-sec/s) at an angle of 43° to the

8285: 8122: 7381: 7170: 6709: 6590: 5539: 5158: 5143: 4578: 4322: 4297: 4274: 3645: 2568: 2482: 2321: 2172: 1708: 1610: 1300:

in an accurate but indirect link to an inertial, extragalactic, reference frame.

1018: 730: 711: 707: 544: 3055:

Van Leeuwen, F.; et al. (1997). "The Hipparcos Mission: Photometric Data".

2435:

derived with other techniques was confirmed by parallax measurements made using

561:

of more than a million stars was published at the same time, while the enhanced

8318: 7519: 7275: 6032: 6012: 5575: 4935: 4900: 4868: 4833: 4416:

Van Leeuwen, F. (1999). "Hipparcos distance calibrations for 9 open clusters".

2603: 2303: 2196: 1712: 1344: 1100: 1041:) in the Netherlands; the refocusing assembly mechanism designed by TNO-TPD in 839: 776: 380: 5001: 4684: 3277: 3242: 2889:

Turon, C.; et al. (1995). "Properties of the Hipparcos Input Catalogue".

2751: 2481:

companions. Hipparcos-Gaia data was used to measure the mass of the exoplanet

2187:

and their host stars; the height of the Sun above the Galactic mid-plane; the

9422: 7662: 7603: 7470: 7293: 5907: 5796: 5510: 5174: 5102: 5076: 5067: 5032: 5009: 4944: 4877: 4810: 4653:

Charles Francis; Erik Anderson (2012). "XHIP-II: Clusters and associations".

2474: 2363: 1717: 1467: 1275: 994: 979: 851: 847: 650: 532: 445: 164: 19:

This article is about the satellite/catalogue. For the Greek astronomer, see

4737: 2331:

evidence of a galaxy merger in the early formation history of the Milky Way

2056:

as originally published is generally reliable within the quoted accuracies.

9383: 9294: 9130: 7646: 7465: 6067: 5891: 5031:

Venner, Alexander; Pearce, Logan A.; Vanderburg, Andrew (1 November 2022).

4745: 4525: 2341: 2270: 2180: 975: 764:. The Z-axis rotated about the Sun-satellite line at 6.4 revolutions/year. 670: 594: 548: 4899:

Brandt, Timothy D.; Dupuy, Trent J.; Bowler, Brendan P. (1 October 2019).

1010: 39: 9332: 9212: 8949: 8775: 8693: 8658: 8403: 8323: 7996: 7992: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7964: 7960: 7677: 7514: 6366: 5502: 5401: 5243: 4614: 4561: 4457: 4391:"Search for Sun's Sibling Could Find Life's Cousin : Discovery News" 4257: 4204: 4149: 4092: 4024:

Söderhjelm, S. (1999). "Visual binary orbits and masses post Hipparcos".

3944: 3891: 3838: 3715: 3664: 3562: 3453: 3345: 3259: 3215: 2707: 2347: 2251: 2176: 2144: 1463: 1270:) made use of the corresponding satellite velocity. Modifications due to 867: 859: 734: 266: 7209: 4517: 2861:

Michael Perryman (December 2008). "The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues".

2447:, the most accurate and precise distance yet presented for the cluster. 9171: 9031: 8418: 8069: 8061: 8037: 8008: 7988: 7970: 7956: 7779: 6845: 6157: 6002: 5711: 5103:

Hipparcos Main Catalogue and Tycho-1 Catalogue at the CDS in Strasbourg

3797:

Comerón, F. (1999). "Vertical motion and expansion of the Gould Belt".

3646:

Oudmaijer, Rene D.; Groenewegen, Martin A. T.; Schrijver, Hans (1998).

3505:"Hipparcos subdwarf parallaxes: metal-rich clusters and the thick disk" 2372: 2313: 1303: 1066: 998: 828: 803: 702: 690: 666: 619: 590: 524: 520: 65: 20: 2116:. Implicit in the high-accuracy reference frame is the measurement of 966:

satellite was financed and managed under the overall authority of the

882: 44:

Hipparcos satellite in the Large Solar Simulator, ESTEC, February 1988

8459: 8433: 8358: 8181: 8023: 7944: 7610: 7252: 5923: 5623: 5438: 2733: 2490: 2486: 2356: 2290:

unexpected stellar velocity distribution in the warped Galactic disk

2284: 2076: 1074: 1002: 783: 779: 654: 512: 491: 5097: 2506: 2383:

local kinematics of K and M giants and the concept of superclusters

2120:

and the detection and characterisation of double and multiple stars;

1646: 1520: 1401: 1192: 1061:, Netherlands; the data handling and telecommunications system from 1034: 1026: 901: 653:

for some 100,000 stars with an unprecedented accuracy of 0.002

609:

By the second half of the 20th century, the accurate measurement of

9135: 7850: 7785: 7715: 7524: 7288: 7283: 6797: 6733: 6574: 6350: 6286: 6047: 5947: 5939: 5843: 5780: 5591: 5454: 5280: 5272: 5112: 5049: 4984: 4917: 4850: 4785: 4631: 4474: 4368: 4221: 4109: 4009: 3984: 3961: 3855: 3529: 3504: 3417: 2979: 2404: 2277: 1582: 1363:

and Tycho Catalogues were then constructed such that the resulting

1097: 1093: 843: 821: 814: 646: 638: 536: 237: 4720: 4667: 4351: 3908: 3624: 1721:

proper motion, and the radial velocity. At the accuracy levels of

1370:(HCRF) coincides, to within observational uncertainties, with the 1070: 8749: 8423: 8298: 8291: 8273: 8267: 8205: 8199: 8193: 7914: 7640: 7440: 7420: 7360: 7265: 7020: 6951: 6789: 6438: 6398: 6294: 6205: 6197: 6189: 6181: 6173: 6165: 5867: 5835: 5033:"An edge-on orbit for the eccentric long-period planet HR 5183 b" 3001:

Perryman, M.A.C.; et al. (1997). "The Hipparcos Catalogue".

2775:

Lacroute, P. (1967). "Proceedings of the 13th General Assembly".

2456: 2388:

an improved reference frame for long-term Earth rotation studies

2377: 2071: 1328: 1050: 685: 665:, and it also reflected the name of the ancient Greek astronomer 658: 623: 582: 4834:"The Hipparcos-Gaia Catalog of Accelerations: Gaia EDR3 Edition" 3985:"Stellar encounters with the Oort Cloud based on Hipparcos data" 2415:

In August 2014, the discrepancy between the cluster distance of

2048:

the associated steps of the analysis was eventually undertaken.

2009:

were completed in August 1996. The catalogues were published by

123: 9373: 9368: 9321: 9284: 9273: 9120: 9091: 8975: 8876: 8834: 8764: 8759: 8703: 8413: 8045: 7815: 7749: 7579: 7124: 6861: 6717: 6430: 6374: 6334: 6257: 6237: 5827: 5804: 5703: 5679: 5518: 5345: 5305: 5182: 3243:"Galactic kinematics of Cepheids from Hipparcos proper motions" 1320: 1288: 1108: 1082: 1078: 1058: 1054: 1006: 772: 768: 757: 715: 642: 629:

The mission was originally proposed to the French space agency

479: 468: 252: 1826: • with associated photometry 1818: • with associated astrometry 8255: 7926: 7842: 7791: 7737: 7094: 7089: 6892: 6829: 6749: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6651: 6582: 6446: 6406: 6358: 6318: 6310: 5915: 5288: 4766: 2113: 1381: 1259: 1042: 719: 615: 539:

of stars, enabling better calculations of their distance and

360: 350: 256: 4652: 1879: • with only Hipparcos data 1291:) the resulting rigid reference frame was transformed to an 1092:

satellite was launched (with the direct broadcast satellite

870:, or non-linear photocentric motions ascribed to unresolved 622:, but were compounded by complex optical terms, thermal and 8388: 8363: 8343: 7134: 7084: 7042: 7015: 6935: 6526: 5931: 5615: 2960:

The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

2325: 1316: 1038: 630: 610: 203: 3165:. Sky Publishing Corporation & European Space Agency. 1380:(ICRS) in the optical domain. It extends and improves the 697:

The spacecraft carried a single all-reflective, eccentric

3113:. Noordwijk, the Netherlands: ESA Publications Division. 1385: 761: 8572: 3160: 993:, France; the spherical, folding and relay mirrors from 775:. An attitude and orbit-control subsystem (comprising 5- 3826:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

3696: 1871: • based on Tycho data 1073:, Belgium and the Laboratoire d'Astronomie Spatiale in 850:, could be solved for in what was effectively a global 794:

Some key features of the observations were as follows:

5030: 2738:. Astronomers' Universe. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 2606:: chair of the observing programme selection committee 2013:(ESA) on behalf of the scientific teams in June 1997. 1797: • deviation from inertial (3 axes) 1085:

contributed to the on-board software and calibration.

3240: 3108: 2623:

Dietmar Heger: ESA/ESOC spacecraft operations manager

891: 589:

and also a reference to the ancient Greek astronomer

4966:

Snellen, I. A. G.; Brown, A. G. A. (1 August 2018).

4336: 3082:

Høg, E.; et al. (1997). "The Tycho Catalogue".

2830:. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico: 441–447. 2817: 2777:

Transactions of the International Astronomical Union

2637: 2626:

Michel Bouffard: Matra Marconi Space project manager

2469:

Hipparcos data is recently being used together with

2398: 1789: • coincidence with ICRS (3 axes) 3326: 2708:"HIPPARCOS Satellite details 1989-062B NORAD 20169" 2280:parallaxes: metal-rich clusters and the thick disk 1351:(VLBI) and by ground-based optical observations of 1111:, French Guiana, on 8 August 1989. Launched into a 1045:, Netherlands; the electrical power subsystem from 1029:, France; the instrument switching mechanisms from 4393:. News.discovery.com. 9 April 2012. Archived from 4050: 3299: 2918:Hipparcos Input Catalogue, ESA SP-1136 (7 volumes) 2371:the local density of matter in the Galaxy and the 5037:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 4898: 4295: 4189: 4137:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 4133:"The local density of matter mapped by Hipparcos" 4130: 4077: 3762:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 3703:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 3652:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 3648:"The Lutz-Kelker bias in rigonometric parallaxes" 3550:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 3333:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 3247:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 2485:and is sometimes used to study other long-period 2059:All catalogue data are available online from the 1487:variability-induced movers (Annex V): 288 entries 1481:acceleration solutions (Annex G): 2,622 solutions 9420: 7335:Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre 2860: 2617:Franco Emiliani: ESA project manager (1981–1985) 1001:, Germany; the external straylight baffles from 798:through observations from space, the effects of 2732:Perryman, Michael (2010). Khanna, Ramon (ed.). 2391:the local stellar velocity field in the Galaxy 7345:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility 3982: 3329:"Local stellar kinematics from Hipparcos data" 2600:Jean Kovalevsky: leader of the FAST Consortium 1167:earlier than G5, and V<7.3 + 1.1sin|b| for 1163:limiting magnitudes: V<7.9 + 1.1sin|b| for 8558: 7225: 5128: 5093:The Hipparcos Space Astrometry Mission at ESA 2620:Hamid Hassan: ESA project manager (1985–1989) 2380:epochs and the Sun's path through the Galaxy 2287:clump and associated distance determinations 2147:, determination of the parameters describing 2061:Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg 1732:Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg 1490:stochastic solutions (Annex X): 1,561 entries 4965: 4442: 3191:Hipparcos, the New Reduction of the Raw Data 1462:Whilst of enormous astronomical importance, 1391: 1137: 970:(ESA). The main industrial contractors were 663:High Precision Parallax Collecting Satellite 593:of Nicaea, who is noted for applications of 587:HIgh Precision PARallax COllecting Satellite 565:of 2.5 million stars was published in 2000. 4838:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 4415: 3220:. Cambridge University Press. p. 692. 3188: 3054: 2535:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2040:: an all-sky atlas of one million stars to 1675:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1549:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1510: 1430:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1221:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 930:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 8565: 8551: 7494:European Launcher Development Organisation 7232: 7218: 5135: 5121: 5108:Hipparcos Astrometry Catalogue as CSV file 4023: 3699:"Refining the Oort and Galactic constants" 3161:Sinnott, Roger; Perryman, Michael (1997). 2930: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2629:Bruno Strim: Alenia Spazio project manager 1911: Completeness to 99.9 per cent 1009:, Spain; the modulating grid from CSEM in 718:counts (with a sampling frequency of 1200 97: 16:European Space Agency scientific satellite 7557: 7239: 5066: 5048: 4983: 4934: 4916: 4867: 4849: 4784: 4719: 4666: 4613: 4599: 4560: 4456: 4350: 4321: 4256: 4203: 4166: 4148: 4091: 4008: 3943: 3890: 3837: 3781: 3732: 3714: 3697:Olling, R. P.; Merrifield, M. R. (1998). 3681: 3663: 3579: 3561: 3528: 3452: 3407: 3385: 3362: 3344: 3276: 3258: 3027: 2735:The Making of History's Greatest Star Map 2555:Learn how and when to remove this message 1695:Learn how and when to remove this message 1593:. The median photometric precision, for H 1569:Learn how and when to remove this message 1450:Learn how and when to remove this message 1241:Learn how and when to remove this message 950:Learn how and when to remove this message 677:(due to the Earth wobbling on its axis). 4546: 3983:Garcia Sanchez, J.; et al. (1999). 3929: 3755: 3438: 3213: 3000: 2774: 2731: 2201:search for extraterrestrial intelligence 2070: 1979: 1971: Completeness to 99 per cent 1963: Completeness to 90 per cent 1903: Completeness to 90 per cent 1484:orbital solutions (Annex O): 235 entries 1378:International Celestial Reference System 1302: 881: 827: 684: 680: 3796: 3543: 3241:Feast, M. W.; Whitelock, P. A. (1997). 2957: 2849: 2587:Erik Høg: leader of the TDAC Consortium 2575:): proposer of space astrometry in 1967 2473:data. Especially the comparison of the 1741: 1373:International Celestial Reference Frame 9421: 4831: 4242: 3823: 3475: 3184: 3182: 2916:Turon, Catherine; et al. (1992). 2668: 597:to astronomy and his discovery of the 8546: 7556: 7456:Space Situational Awareness Programme 7213: 5116: 4705: 3876: 3602: 2915: 2888: 2788: 2786: 2727: 2725: 2312:vertical motion and expansion of the 2222:catalogues. A detailed review of the 2066: 8503: 7499:European Space Research Organisation 7315:Space Research and Technology Centre 5142: 3502: 2794:"The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues" 2676:"The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues" 2658:, follow-up mission launched in 2013 2533:adding citations to reliable sources 2500: 2163:Associated with these major themes, 1673:adding citations to reliable sources 1640: 1636: 1547:adding citations to reliable sources 1514: 1428:adding citations to reliable sources 1395: 1339:(CCD), photographic plates, and the 1219:adding citations to reliable sources 1186: 928:adding citations to reliable sources 895: 8527: 4495: 3179: 3133: 3081: 2700: 669:, who is considered the founder of 365:35,797.5 km (22,243.5 mi) 13: 4832:Brandt, Timothy D. (1 June 2021). 3327:Dehnen, W.; Binney, J. J. (1998). 3111:The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues 2783: 2722: 2257:the structure and dynamics of the 2230:studies of Galactic rotation from 1281: 1182: 892:Development, launch and operations 14: 9470: 7166:List of proposed space telescopes 5852:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope 5086: 3544:Girardi, L.; et al. (1998). 2464: 2399:The Pleiades distance controversy 2340:close approaches of stars to the 2324:as direction and time markers in 1349:Very-long-baseline interferometry 1119:failed to fire, and the intended 9444:European Space Agency satellites 8526: 8514: 8502: 8491: 8490: 7320:ESA Centre for Earth Observation 7194: 7193: 4296:Vondrák, J.; Stefka, V. (2007). 4168:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.02905.x 4131:Holmberg, J.; Flynn, C. (2000). 3783:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.02001.x 3734:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01577.x 3683:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01409.x 3581:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.02011.x 3364:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01600.x 2820:"Hipparcos, The Input Catalogue" 2681:. ESA. June 1997. Archived from 2640: 2597:): leader of the NDAC Consortium 2505: 1955: • at b=±90° 1947: • at b=±30° 1645: 1519: 1400: 1191: 1125:European Space Operations Centre 900: 490: 437:1.4 m (4 ft 7 in) 38: 6073:Nautilus Deep Space Observatory 5024: 4959: 4892: 4825: 4760: 4699: 4646: 4593: 4540: 4489: 4436: 4409: 4383: 4330: 4289: 4236: 4183: 4124: 4071: 4044: 4017: 3976: 3923: 3870: 3817: 3790: 3749: 3690: 3639: 3596: 3537: 3496: 3469: 3432: 3379: 3320: 3293: 3234: 3207: 3154: 3127: 3102: 3075: 3048: 3021: 2994: 2951: 2924: 2818:Gomez, A.E.; Torra, J. (1987). 2159:, and many other types of star. 1895: Limiting magnitude 1842: Limiting magnitude 1765: Measurement period 1307:Typical accuracies of the FK5, 8339:Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer 3109:European Space Agency (1997). 2909: 2882: 2811: 2768: 2199:rates; and strategies for the 1939: • at b=0° 1932: Mean sky density: 1924: Number of entries 1863: Number of entries 1810: Number of entries 1147:(HIC): each star in the final 527:(compared to the less precise 392: 178:1,140 kg (2,510 lb) 109: 1: 7176:List of heliophysics missions 2662: 1887: Mean sky density 1834: Mean sky density 1781: Reference system 789: 604: 355:500.3 km (310.9 mi) 124:http://sci.esa.int/hipparcos/ 4549:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4418:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4302:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4245:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4053:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4026:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3799:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3478:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3441:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3302:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3136:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3084:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3057:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3030:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3003:Astronomy & Astrophysics 2933:Astronomy & Astrophysics 2891:Astronomy & Astrophysics 2870:. Cambridge University Press 2175:; the internal structure of 1773: Catalogue epoch 1597:<9 magnitude, was 0.0015 1113:geostationary transfer orbit 866:into account the effects of 862:were derived in the process; 749:of about 2.5 million stars. 496:Legacy ESA insignia for the 337:Geostationary transfer orbit 7: 9459:Spacecraft launched in 1989 7156:Great Observatories program 4803:10.1051/0004-6361/201834371 3189:Van Leeuwen, Floor (2007). 2824:Rev Mexicana Astron. Astrof 2633: 1293:inertial frame of reference 675:precession of the equinoxes 599:precession of the equinoxes 581:The word "Hipparcos" is an 186:635 kg (1,400 lb) 25:Hipparchus (disambiguation) 10: 9475: 8409:Mars sample return mission 8229:European Data Relay System 7909:Meteosat Second Generation 7822:James Webb Space Telescope 7684:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer 7366:European Data Relay System 7340:Concurrent Design Facility 6647:Orbiting Solar Observatory 4773:Astronomy and Astrophysics 4579:10.1051/0004-6361:20041694 4323:10.1051/0004-6361:20065846 4275:10.1051/0004-6361:20041272 3214:Perryman, Michael (2009). 2454: 2450: 2183:; the characterisation of 1745: 1603:variable star designations 842:coordinate direction, the 673:and the discoverer of the 18: 9454:Satellites orbiting Earth 9434:Space astrometry missions 9402: 9361: 9303: 9255: 9149: 9078: 9009: 8937: 8868: 8827: 8737: 8651: 8597: 8482: 8447: 8309: 8238: 8168: 8100: 8032:Meteosat Third Generation 7891:Meteosat First Generation 7877: 7726: 7621: 7572: 7565: 7552: 7540:Planetary Science Archive 7507: 7486: 7374: 7353: 7325:European Astronaut Centre 7302: 7274: 7251: 7247: 7199:Category:Space telescopes 7189: 7148: 7003: 6904: 6873: 6126: 5983: 5820: 5723: 5538: 5429: 5263: 5218: 5157: 5150: 5002:10.1038/s41550-018-0561-6 4685:10.1134/S1063773712110023 2752:10.1007/978-3-642-11602-5 2573:Observatory of Strasbourg 2496: 2362:formation of the stellar 1918: 1857: 1850: Completeness 1804: 1759: 1392:Double and multiple stars 1368:celestial reference frame 1145:Hipparcos Input Catalogue 1138:Hipparcos Input Catalogue 1081:. Ireland, and Logica in 1015:Dornier Satellite Systems 489: 485: 474: 464: 459: 455: 451: 441: 433: 425: 415: 410: 406: 402: 389: 379: 369: 359: 349: 332: 322: 317: 313: 309: 301: 293: 288: 284: 280: 272: 262: 244: 233: 222: 217: 213: 209: 198: 194:210 kg (460 lb) 190: 182: 174: 160: 152: 147: 143: 139: 129: 119: 106: 85: 75: 61: 57: 49: 37: 7161:List of space telescopes 4936:10.3847/1538-3881/ab04a8 4905:The Astronomical Journal 4869:10.3847/1538-4365/abf93c 3756:Stothers, R. B. (1998). 2920:. European Space Agency. 2299:of parallax measurement 2110:Sloan Digital Sky Survey 2075:Artist's concept of the 2036:were used to create the 1511:Photometric observations 868:double or multiple stars 860:correlation coefficients 578:, was launched in 2013. 226:8 August 1989, 23:25:53 7451:Living Planet Programme 7310:Space Operations Centre 4795:2019A&A...623A..72K 4738:10.1126/science.1256101 4571:2005A&A...429..887P 4430:1999A&A...341L..71V 4314:2007A&A...463..783V 4267:2005A&A...430..165F 4065:2000A&A...355..295R 4038:1999A&A...341..121S 3811:1999A&A...351..506C 3490:1998A&A...331..949M 3463:1998A&A...331...81P 3314:1997A&A...323..827H 3278:10.1093/mnras/291.4.683 3193:. Springer, Dordrecht. 3148:2000A&A...355L..27H 3096:1997A&A...323L..57H 3069:1997A&A...323L..61V 3042:1997A&A...323L..53L 3015:1997A&A...323L..49P 2945:1997A&A...323..620K 2903:1995A&A...304...82T 2306:and Galactic constants 1627:spectral classification 1347:parameters obtained by 1327:(VLA); observations of 1105:Centre Spatial Guyanais 1096:as co-passenger) on an 429:29 cm (11 in) 249:Centre Spatial Guyanais 7762:Hubble Space Telescope 7330:Space Astronomy Centre 6487:HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.) 5068:10.1093/mnras/stac2430 2283:fine structure of the 2106:U.S. Naval Observatory 2098:Astrographic Catalogue 2084: 2019:Astrographic Catalogue 1986: 1619:eclipsing binary stars 1502:, but could show as a 1341:Hubble Space Telescope 1312: 991:Saint-Pierre-du-Perray 888: 834: 739:UBV photometric system 694: 525:intrinsic brightnesses 23:. For other uses, see 7559:Projects and missions 7241:European Space Agency 6108:Space Solar Telescope 4445:Astrophysical Journal 4192:Astrophysical Journal 3388:Astrophysical Journal 3163:Millennium Star Atlas 2421:1.5 parsecs (pc) 2254:mass–radius relation 2238:Delta Scuti variables 2193:initial mass function 2118:gravitational lensing 2074: 2038:Millennium Star Atlas 2011:European Space Agency 1983: 1805:Hipparcos Catalogue: 1631:effective temperature 1615:Delta Scuti variables 1337:charge-coupled device 1306: 968:European Space Agency 885: 831: 688: 681:Satellite and payload 635:European Space Agency 543:. When combined with 517:European Space Agency 323:Reference system 148:Spacecraft properties 8581:Orbital launches in 8159:European Robotic Arm 8003:Sentinel-5 Precursor 7181:List of planetariums 6083:NRO donation to NASA 4602:Astronomical Journal 4339:Astronomical Journal 4080:Astronomical Journal 3989:Astronomical Journal 3932:Astronomical Journal 3509:Astronomical Journal 3503:Reid, I. N. (1998). 2710:. N2YO. 16 June 2015 2529:improve this section 2427:and the distance of 1742:Published catalogues 1669:improve this section 1543:improve this section 1424:improve this section 1272:general relativistic 1215:improve this section 924:improve this section 872:astrometric binaries 8484:Future missions in 7530:European Space Camp 7261:Guiana Space Centre 6877:(Mission completed) 5159:Radio and Microwave 5059:2022MNRAS.516.3431V 4994:2018NatAs...2..883S 4927:2019AJ....158..140B 4860:2021ApJS..254...42B 4730:2014Sci...345.1029M 4714:(6200): 1029–1032. 4677:2012AstL...38..681F 4624:2005AJ....129.1616S 4518:10.1038/nature02296 4510:2004Natur.427..326P 4467:1998ApJ...504..170P 4361:2007AJ....134..367M 4214:2005ApJ...626..844G 4159:2000MNRAS.313..209H 4102:2000AJ....119.2843C 4001:1999AJ....117.1042G 3954:1999AJ....117..354D 3901:1999Natur.402...53H 3848:1999PASP..111..881C 3774:1998MNRAS.300.1098S 3725:1998MNRAS.297..943O 3674:1998MNRAS.294L..41O 3617:1998Natur.392..471S 3572:1998MNRAS.301..149G 3521:1998AJ....115..204R 3400:1998ApJ...494..759P 3355:1998MNRAS.298..387D 3269:1997MNRAS.291..683F 2972:2000PASP..112..961B 2836:1987RMxAA..14..441G 2744:2010mhgs.book.....P 2359:planetary transits 2189:age of the Universe 2185:extra-solar planets 2054:Hipparcos Catalogue 1991:Hipparcos Catalogue 1919:Tycho 2 Catalogue: 1748: 1728:Hipparcos Catalogue 1173:Hipparcos Catalogue 1157:Hipparcos Catalogue 1149:Hipparcos Catalogue 1121:geostationary orbit 1103:, flight V33, from 1063:Saab Ericsson Space 1023:Matra Marconi Space 984:Thales Alenia Space 972:Matra Marconi Space 846:, and the object's 800:astronomical seeing 724:Hipparcos Catalogue 572:follow-up mission, 554:Hipparcos Catalogue 541:tangential velocity 529:apparent brightness 342:Geostationary orbit 169:Matra Marconi Space 133:2.5 years (planned) 34: 8334:Ceres Polar Lander 8169:Telecommunications 6814:Suzaku (Astro-EII) 6639:OAO-3 (Copernicus) 6623:Mikhailo Lomonosov 6471:Hinotori (Astro-A) 6078:New Worlds Mission 2648:Spaceflight portal 2350:orbits and masses 2246:stellar kinematics 2140:stellar kinematics 2085: 2067:Scientific results 2034:Tycho-1 Catalogues 1987: 1746: 1623:photometric system 1589:, and designated H 1313: 1268:stellar aberration 1264:special relativity 1117:apogee boost motor 1115:(GTO), the Mage-2 1031:Oerlikon-Contraves 889: 835: 695: 547:measurements from 318:Orbital parameters 135:4 years (achieved) 30: 9414: 9413: 8540: 8539: 8478: 8477: 8096: 8095: 7878:Earth observation 7708:Comet Interceptor 7699:Rosalind Franklin 7671:Trace Gas Orbiter 7622:Planetary science 7548: 7547: 7461:Science Programme 7207: 7206: 7105:SIM & SIMlite 6479:Hisaki (SPRINT-A) 6439:Hakucho (CORSA-b) 5998:Astro-1 Telescope 5816: 5815: 4655:Astronomy Letters 4504:(6972): 326–328. 3611:(6675): 471–473. 3227:978-0-521-51489-7 3200:978-1-4020-6341-1 3172:978-0-933346-83-3 3120:978-92-9092-399-2 2591:Lennart Lindegren 2565: 2564: 2557: 2244:studies of local 2232:Cepheid variables 2157:globular clusters 2149:galactic rotation 2129:stellar evolution 2125:stellar structure 2102:Tycho-2 Catalogue 2023:Tycho-2 Catalogue 1978: 1977: 1858:Tycho Catalogue: 1705: 1704: 1697: 1637:Radial velocities 1607:Cepheid variables 1579: 1578: 1571: 1460: 1459: 1452: 1251: 1250: 1243: 1047:British Aerospace 960: 959: 952: 747:Tycho-2 Catalogue 699:Schmidt telescope 563:Tycho-2 Catalogue 511:was a scientific 504: 503: 420:Schmidt telescope 345: 9466: 9449:Space telescopes 8954:DFS Kopernikus 1 8638:Intelsat VA F-15 8586: 8585: 8584: 8567: 8560: 8553: 8544: 8543: 8530: 8529: 8518: 8506: 8505: 8494: 8493: 8470:Schiaparelli EDM 8329:Calathus Mission 8153:Georges Lemaître 8111:ISS contribution 7570: 7569: 7554: 7553: 7249: 7248: 7234: 7227: 7220: 7211: 7210: 7197: 7196: 6996: 6992:Hitomi (Astro-H) 6988: 6980: 6972: 6964: 6956: 6948: 6940: 6932: 6924: 6916: 6897: 6889: 6878: 6866: 6858: 6850: 6842: 6834: 6826: 6818: 6810: 6802: 6794: 6786: 6778: 6770: 6762: 6754: 6746: 6738: 6730: 6722: 6714: 6706: 6698: 6643: 6635: 6627: 6619: 6611: 6603: 6595: 6587: 6579: 6571: 6563: 6555: 6547: 6539: 6531: 6523: 6515: 6507: 6499: 6491: 6483: 6475: 6467: 6459: 6451: 6443: 6435: 6427: 6419: 6411: 6403: 6395: 6387: 6379: 6371: 6363: 6355: 6347: 6339: 6331: 6323: 6315: 6307: 6299: 6291: 6283: 6275: 6267: 6242: 6234: 6226: 6218: 6210: 6202: 6194: 6186: 6178: 6170: 6162: 6154: 6146: 6138: 5976: 5968: 5960: 5952: 5944: 5936: 5928: 5920: 5912: 5904: 5896: 5888: 5880: 5872: 5864: 5856: 5848: 5840: 5832: 5809: 5801: 5793: 5785: 5777: 5769: 5761: 5753: 5745: 5737: 5726:or unclassified) 5716: 5708: 5700: 5692: 5684: 5676: 5668: 5660: 5652: 5644: 5636: 5628: 5620: 5612: 5604: 5596: 5588: 5580: 5572: 5564: 5556: 5531: 5523: 5515: 5507: 5499: 5491: 5483: 5475: 5471:Hinode (Solar-B) 5467: 5459: 5451: 5443: 5422: 5414: 5406: 5398: 5390: 5382: 5374: 5366: 5362:Hinode (Solar-B) 5358: 5350: 5342: 5334: 5326: 5318: 5310: 5302: 5294: 5285: 5277: 5256: 5248: 5240: 5232: 5211: 5203: 5195: 5187: 5179: 5171: 5155: 5154: 5144:Space telescopes 5137: 5130: 5123: 5114: 5113: 5081: 5080: 5070: 5052: 5043:(3): 3431–3446. 5028: 5022: 5021: 4987: 4972:Nature Astronomy 4963: 4957: 4956: 4938: 4920: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4871: 4853: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4788: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4723: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4670: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4617: 4615:astro-ph/0412093 4608:(3): 1616–1624. 4597: 4591: 4590: 4564: 4562:astro-ph/0409362 4544: 4538: 4537: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4460: 4458:astro-ph/9803233 4440: 4434: 4433: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4397:on 11 April 2012 4387: 4381: 4380: 4354: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4260: 4258:astro-ph/0409579 4240: 4234: 4233: 4207: 4205:astro-ph/0503306 4187: 4181: 4180: 4170: 4152: 4150:astro-ph/9812404 4128: 4122: 4121: 4095: 4093:astro-ph/0003087 4086:(6): 2843–2865. 4075: 4069: 4068: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4012: 3995:(2): 1042–1055. 3980: 3974: 3973: 3947: 3945:astro-ph/9809227 3927: 3921: 3920: 3894: 3892:astro-ph/9911041 3874: 3868: 3867: 3841: 3839:astro-ph/9904268 3832:(761): 881–885. 3821: 3815: 3814: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3768:(4): 1098–1104. 3753: 3747: 3746: 3736: 3718: 3716:astro-ph/9802034 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3667: 3665:astro-ph/9801093 3643: 3637: 3636: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3583: 3565: 3563:astro-ph/9805127 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3456: 3454:astro-ph/9707253 3436: 3430: 3429: 3411: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3366: 3348: 3346:astro-ph/9710077 3324: 3318: 3317: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3280: 3262: 3260:astro-ph/9706293 3238: 3232: 3231: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3186: 3177: 3176: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3025: 3019: 3018: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2966:(773): 961–965. 2955: 2949: 2948: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2869: 2858: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2798: 2790: 2781: 2780: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2729: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2687: 2680: 2672: 2650: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2612:Francois Mignard 2595:Lund Observatory 2579:Michael Perryman 2560: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2540: 2509: 2501: 2446: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2334:study of nearby 2322:gamma-ray bursts 2297:Lutz–Kelker bias 2267:Wolf–Rayet stars 2179:; the masses of 2169:Earth's rotation 2133:asteroseismology 2042:visual magnitude 2007:Tycho Catalogues 1942:≈150 per sq deg 1749: 1700: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1680: 1649: 1641: 1625:, important for 1611:RR Lyr variables 1574: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1554: 1523: 1515: 1455: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1435: 1404: 1396: 1325:Very Large Array 1246: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1226: 1195: 1187: 955: 948: 944: 941: 935: 904: 896: 754:celestial sphere 571: 494: 395: 394: 351:Perigee altitude 340: 327:Geocentric orbit 218:Start of mission 130:Mission duration 111: 102: 101: 95: 42: 35: 29: 9474: 9473: 9469: 9468: 9467: 9465: 9464: 9463: 9419: 9418: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9398: 9357: 9348:Molniya-3 No.46 9299: 9295:Intelsat VI F-2 9251: 9247:Gorizont No.31L 9228:Molniya-1 No.69 9183:Resurs-F1 No.48 9145: 9074: 9042:Resurs-F1 No.47 9027:Gorizont No.27L 9017:Nadezhda No.403 9005: 9001:Resurs-F1 No.46 8964:Molniya-3 No.45 8933: 8908:Resurs-F1 No.45 8864: 8823: 8733: 8709:Molniya-1 No.84 8647: 8628:Gorizont No.29L 8593: 8592: 8582: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8571: 8541: 8536: 8474: 8443: 8311: 8305: 8286:LISA Pathfinder 8243: 8241: 8234: 8164: 8147:Albert Einstein 8135:Johannes Kepler 8092: 7873: 7731: 7729: 7722: 7617: 7561: 7544: 7503: 7482: 7370: 7349: 7298: 7276:Launch vehicles 7270: 7243: 7238: 7208: 7203: 7185: 7171:X-ray telescope 7144: 7026:Constellation-X 6999: 6994: 6986: 6978: 6970: 6962: 6954: 6946: 6938: 6930: 6922: 6914: 6900: 6895: 6887: 6876: 6875: 6869: 6864: 6862:Yokoh (Solar-A) 6856: 6848: 6840: 6832: 6830:Tenma (Astro-B) 6824: 6816: 6808: 6800: 6792: 6784: 6776: 6768: 6760: 6752: 6744: 6736: 6728: 6720: 6712: 6704: 6696: 6641: 6633: 6625: 6617: 6609: 6601: 6593: 6591:LISA Pathfinder 6585: 6577: 6569: 6561: 6553: 6545: 6537: 6529: 6521: 6513: 6505: 6497: 6489: 6481: 6473: 6465: 6457: 6449: 6447:HALCA (MUSES-B) 6441: 6433: 6425: 6423:Ginga (Astro-C) 6417: 6409: 6401: 6393: 6385: 6377: 6369: 6361: 6353: 6345: 6337: 6329: 6321: 6313: 6305: 6297: 6289: 6281: 6273: 6265: 6240: 6232: 6224: 6216: 6208: 6200: 6192: 6184: 6176: 6168: 6160: 6152: 6144: 6142:Akari (Astro-F) 6136: 6122: 5979: 5974: 5966: 5958: 5950: 5942: 5934: 5926: 5918: 5910: 5902: 5894: 5886: 5878: 5870: 5862: 5854: 5846: 5838: 5830: 5812: 5807: 5799: 5791: 5783: 5775: 5767: 5759: 5751: 5743: 5735: 5725: 5724:Other (particle 5719: 5714: 5706: 5698: 5690: 5682: 5674: 5666: 5658: 5650: 5642: 5634: 5626: 5618: 5610: 5602: 5594: 5586: 5578: 5570: 5562: 5554: 5534: 5529: 5521: 5513: 5505: 5497: 5489: 5481: 5473: 5465: 5457: 5449: 5441: 5425: 5420: 5412: 5404: 5396: 5388: 5380: 5372: 5364: 5356: 5348: 5340: 5332: 5324: 5316: 5308: 5300: 5292: 5283: 5275: 5259: 5254: 5246: 5238: 5230: 5214: 5209: 5201: 5193: 5185: 5177: 5169: 5146: 5141: 5089: 5084: 5029: 5025: 4978:(11): 883–886. 4964: 4960: 4897: 4893: 4830: 4826: 4765: 4761: 4704: 4700: 4661:(11): 681–693. 4651: 4647: 4598: 4594: 4545: 4541: 4494: 4490: 4441: 4437: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4335: 4331: 4294: 4290: 4241: 4237: 4188: 4184: 4129: 4125: 4076: 4072: 4049: 4045: 4022: 4018: 3981: 3977: 3928: 3924: 3885:(6757): 53–55. 3875: 3871: 3822: 3818: 3795: 3791: 3754: 3750: 3695: 3691: 3644: 3640: 3601: 3597: 3542: 3538: 3501: 3497: 3474: 3470: 3437: 3433: 3384: 3380: 3325: 3321: 3298: 3294: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3187: 3180: 3173: 3159: 3155: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3107: 3103: 3080: 3076: 3053: 3049: 3026: 3022: 2999: 2995: 2956: 2952: 2929: 2925: 2914: 2910: 2887: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2816: 2812: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2784: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2730: 2723: 2713: 2711: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2688:on 16 June 2015 2685: 2678: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2569:Pierre Lacroute 2561: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2526: 2510: 2499: 2483:Beta Pictoris b 2467: 2459: 2453: 2442: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2423:as measured by 2418: 2416: 2401: 2366:and thick disk 2336:OB associations 2295:confirming the 2173:Chandler wobble 2123:constraints on 2069: 2021:programme, the 1958:≈25 per sq deg 1950:≈50 per sq deg 1744: 1709:radial velocity 1701: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1666: 1650: 1639: 1633:determination. 1596: 1592: 1575: 1564: 1558: 1555: 1540: 1524: 1513: 1456: 1445: 1439: 1436: 1421: 1405: 1394: 1284: 1282:Reference frame 1247: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1212: 1196: 1185: 1183:Data reductions 1140: 1019:Friedrichshafen 956: 945: 939: 936: 921: 905: 894: 856:standard errors 820:the continuous 792: 743:Tycho Catalogue 731:photomultiplier 712:photomultiplier 708:image dissector 683: 607: 569: 559:Tycho Catalogue 545:radial velocity 495: 390: 361:Apogee altitude 339: 273:Entered service 238:Ariane 44LP H10 167: 134: 96: 91: 68: 45: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9472: 9462: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9412: 9411: 9407:Crewed flights 9403: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9365: 9363: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9318: 9313: 9307: 9305: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9270: 9265: 9259: 9257: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9249: 9244: 9238:Interkosmos 24 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9168: 9163: 9153: 9151: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9116:Resurs-F2 No.4 9113: 9104: 9088: 9082: 9080: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9013: 9011: 9007: 9006: 9004: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8947: 8941: 8939: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8931: 8918: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8872: 8870: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8831: 8829: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8821: 8816: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8756: 8747: 8741: 8739: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8731: 8729:Meteor-2 No.22 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8661: 8655: 8653: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8601: 8599: 8595: 8594: 8588: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8562: 8555: 8547: 8538: 8537: 8535: 8534: 8524: 8512: 8500: 8483: 8480: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8451: 8449: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8349:Darwin Mission 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8315: 8313: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8295: 8294:(2019–present) 8289: 8283: 8277: 8276:(2013–present) 8271: 8270:(2009–present) 8265: 8259: 8258:(2001–present) 8253: 8246: 8244: 8239: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8232: 8231:(2016–present) 8226: 8221: 8220:(2014–present) 8215: 8214:(2011–present) 8209: 8208:(2010–present) 8203: 8202:(2008–present) 8197: 8196:(2005–present) 8191: 8190:(2001–present) 8185: 8179: 8172: 8170: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8156: 8150: 8144: 8141:Edoardo Amaldi 8138: 8132: 8131:(2010–present) 8126: 8120: 8119:(2008–present) 8114: 8113:(1998–present) 8107: 8105: 8098: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8090: 8082: 8074: 8066: 8058: 8050: 8042: 8028: 8020: 8012: 8011:(2018–present) 8006: 8005:(2017–present) 8000: 7999:(2016–present) 7986: 7985:(2015–present) 7968: 7967:(2014–present) 7954: 7953:(2013–present) 7948: 7947:(2010–present) 7942: 7941:(2009–present) 7936: 7930: 7929:(2006–present) 7924: 7918: 7912: 7911:(2002–present) 7906: 7900: 7894: 7888: 7887:(1988–present) 7881: 7879: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7871: 7863: 7855: 7847: 7839: 7831: 7830:(2023–present) 7825: 7824:(2021–present) 7819: 7818:(2019–present) 7813: 7812:(2013–present) 7807: 7801: 7795: 7789: 7788:(2002–present) 7783: 7782:(1999–present) 7777: 7771: 7765: 7764:(1990–present) 7759: 7753: 7747: 7741: 7734: 7732: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7712: 7704: 7695: 7687: 7681: 7680:(2018–present) 7675: 7674:(2016–present) 7666: 7660: 7650: 7649:(2003–present) 7644: 7638: 7632: 7625: 7623: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7615: 7607: 7606:(2020–present) 7601: 7595: 7594:(1995–present) 7589: 7583: 7576: 7574: 7567: 7563: 7562: 7550: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7520:ESA Television 7517: 7511: 7509: 7508:Related topics 7505: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7496: 7490: 7488: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7475: 7474: 7473: 7468: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7390: 7389: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7363: 7357: 7355: 7354:Communications 7351: 7350: 7348: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7306: 7304: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7280: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7268: 7263: 7257: 7255: 7245: 7244: 7237: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7214: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7201: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7007: 7005: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6989: 6981: 6973: 6965: 6957: 6949: 6941: 6933: 6925: 6917: 6908: 6906: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6890: 6881: 6879: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6867: 6859: 6851: 6843: 6835: 6827: 6819: 6811: 6803: 6795: 6787: 6779: 6771: 6763: 6755: 6747: 6739: 6731: 6723: 6715: 6707: 6699: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6644: 6636: 6628: 6620: 6612: 6604: 6596: 6588: 6580: 6572: 6564: 6556: 6548: 6540: 6532: 6524: 6516: 6508: 6500: 6492: 6484: 6476: 6468: 6460: 6452: 6444: 6436: 6428: 6420: 6412: 6404: 6396: 6388: 6380: 6372: 6364: 6356: 6348: 6340: 6332: 6324: 6316: 6308: 6303:Compton (CGRO) 6300: 6292: 6284: 6276: 6268: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6235: 6230:ASCA (Astro-D) 6227: 6219: 6211: 6203: 6195: 6187: 6179: 6171: 6163: 6155: 6147: 6139: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6033:Hypertelescope 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6013:Fresnel Imager 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5989: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5969: 5961: 5953: 5945: 5937: 5929: 5921: 5913: 5905: 5897: 5889: 5881: 5873: 5865: 5857: 5849: 5841: 5833: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5810: 5802: 5794: 5786: 5778: 5770: 5762: 5754: 5746: 5738: 5729: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5709: 5701: 5693: 5685: 5677: 5669: 5661: 5653: 5648:Max Valier Sat 5645: 5637: 5629: 5621: 5613: 5605: 5597: 5589: 5584:HXMT (Insight) 5581: 5576:Einstein Probe 5573: 5565: 5560:Chandra (AXAF) 5557: 5548: 5546: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5524: 5516: 5508: 5500: 5492: 5484: 5476: 5468: 5460: 5452: 5444: 5435: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5415: 5407: 5399: 5391: 5383: 5375: 5367: 5359: 5351: 5343: 5335: 5327: 5319: 5311: 5303: 5295: 5291:constellation 5286: 5278: 5269: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5249: 5241: 5233: 5224: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5204: 5196: 5188: 5180: 5172: 5163: 5161: 5152: 5148: 5147: 5140: 5139: 5132: 5125: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5088: 5087:External links 5085: 5083: 5082: 5023: 4958: 4891: 4824: 4759: 4698: 4645: 4632:10.1086/427860 4592: 4555:(3): 887–894. 4539: 4488: 4475:10.1086/306077 4451:(1): 170–191. 4435: 4408: 4382: 4369:10.1086/518242 4345:(1): 367–375. 4329: 4308:(2): 783–788. 4288: 4251:(1): 165–186. 4235: 4222:10.1086/430250 4198:(2): 844–848. 4182: 4143:(2): 209–216. 4123: 4110:10.1086/301409 4070: 4043: 4016: 4010:10.1086/300723 3975: 3962:10.1086/300682 3938:(1): 354–399. 3922: 3869: 3856:10.1086/316395 3816: 3789: 3748: 3709:(3): 943–952. 3689: 3658:(3): L41–L46. 3638: 3595: 3556:(1): 149–160. 3536: 3530:10.1086/300167 3515:(1): 204–228. 3495: 3468: 3431: 3418:10.1086/305238 3409:10.1.1.44.7051 3394:(2): 759–767. 3378: 3339:(2): 387–394. 3319: 3292: 3253:(4): 683–693. 3233: 3226: 3206: 3199: 3178: 3171: 3153: 3126: 3119: 3101: 3074: 3047: 3020: 2993: 2980:10.1086/316598 2950: 2923: 2908: 2881: 2848: 2810: 2782: 2767: 2760: 2721: 2699: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2659: 2652: 2651: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2607: 2604:Adriaan Blaauw 2601: 2598: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2576: 2563: 2562: 2545:September 2012 2513: 2511: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2466: 2465:Hipparcos-Gaia 2463: 2455:Main article: 2452: 2449: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2381: 2375: 2368: 2367: 2360: 2352: 2351: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2317: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2300: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2281: 2274: 2273: 2265:kinematics of 2262: 2261: 2259:Hyades cluster 2255: 2248: 2241: 2240: 2236:the nature of 2234: 2197:star formation 2191:; the stellar 2161: 2160: 2136: 2121: 2068: 2065: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1890:25 per sq deg 1888: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1853:V=7.3–9.0 mag 1851: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1837:≈3 per sq deg 1835: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1768:1989.8–1993.2 1766: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1743: 1740: 1703: 1702: 1685:September 2012 1653: 1651: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1594: 1590: 1585:, specific to 1577: 1576: 1559:September 2012 1527: 1525: 1518: 1512: 1509: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1468:multiple stars 1458: 1457: 1440:September 2012 1408: 1406: 1399: 1393: 1390: 1345:Earth rotation 1283: 1280: 1249: 1248: 1231:September 2012 1199: 1197: 1190: 1184: 1181: 1169:spectral types 1165:spectral types 1139: 1136: 1101:launch vehicle 958: 957: 940:September 2012 908: 906: 899: 893: 890: 880: 879: 875: 863: 826: 825: 818: 810: 807: 791: 788: 729:An additional 682: 679: 651:proper motions 606: 603: 533:proper motions 502: 501: 487: 486: 483: 482: 476: 472: 471: 466: 462: 461: 457: 456: 453: 452: 449: 448: 443: 439: 438: 435: 431: 430: 427: 423: 422: 417: 413: 412: 411:Main telescope 408: 407: 404: 403: 400: 399: 396: 387: 386: 383: 377: 376: 373: 367: 366: 363: 357: 356: 353: 347: 346: 334: 330: 329: 324: 320: 319: 315: 314: 311: 310: 307: 306: 303: 299: 298: 297:decommissioned 295: 291: 290: 289:End of mission 286: 285: 282: 281: 278: 277: 274: 270: 269: 264: 260: 259: 246: 242: 241: 235: 231: 230: 224: 220: 219: 215: 214: 211: 210: 207: 206: 200: 196: 195: 192: 188: 187: 184: 180: 179: 176: 172: 171: 162: 158: 157: 154: 150: 149: 145: 144: 141: 140: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 113: 104: 103: 89: 83: 82: 77: 73: 72: 63: 59: 58: 55: 54: 51: 47: 46: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9471: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9417: 9408: 9401: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9366: 9364: 9360: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9328: 9324: 9323: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9302: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9290:Meteor-3 No.4 9288: 9286: 9283: 9280: 9276: 9275: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9254: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9173: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9148: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9108: 9105: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9093: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9077: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9008: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8971: 8970:Okean-O1 No.4 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8936: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8883: 8879: 8878: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8867: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8826: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8766: 8762: 8761: 8757: 8755: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8736: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8650: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8596: 8591: 8587: 8576: 8568: 8563: 8561: 8556: 8554: 8549: 8548: 8545: 8533: 8525: 8523: 8522: 8517: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8489: 8488: 8487: 8481: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8446: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8308: 8301: 8300: 8296: 8293: 8290: 8287: 8284: 8281: 8278: 8275: 8272: 8269: 8266: 8263: 8260: 8257: 8254: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8242:demonstrators 8237: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8219: 8216: 8213: 8210: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8198: 8195: 8192: 8189: 8186: 8183: 8180: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8167: 8160: 8157: 8154: 8151: 8148: 8145: 8142: 8139: 8136: 8133: 8130: 8127: 8124: 8121: 8118: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8099: 8088: 8087: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8043: 8040: 8039: 8034: 8033: 8029: 8026: 8025: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8013: 8010: 8007: 8004: 8001: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7987: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7969: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7955: 7952: 7949: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7934: 7931: 7928: 7925: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7904: 7901: 7898: 7895: 7892: 7889: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7876: 7869: 7868: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7832: 7829: 7826: 7823: 7820: 7817: 7814: 7811: 7808: 7805: 7802: 7799: 7796: 7793: 7790: 7787: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7775: 7772: 7769: 7766: 7763: 7760: 7757: 7754: 7751: 7748: 7745: 7742: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7728:Astronomy and 7725: 7718: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7667: 7664: 7663:Venus Express 7661: 7658: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7636: 7633: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7620: 7613: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7604:Solar Orbiter 7602: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7573:Solar physics 7571: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7555: 7551: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7506: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7485: 7479: 7476: 7472: 7471:Cosmic Vision 7469: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7352: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7273: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7235: 7230: 7228: 7223: 7221: 7216: 7215: 7212: 7200: 7192: 7191: 7188: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6993: 6990: 6985: 6982: 6977: 6974: 6969: 6966: 6961: 6958: 6953: 6950: 6945: 6942: 6937: 6934: 6929: 6926: 6921: 6918: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6903: 6894: 6891: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6872: 6863: 6860: 6855: 6852: 6847: 6844: 6839: 6836: 6831: 6828: 6823: 6822:Taiyo (SRATS) 6820: 6815: 6812: 6807: 6804: 6799: 6796: 6791: 6788: 6783: 6780: 6775: 6772: 6767: 6764: 6759: 6756: 6751: 6748: 6743: 6740: 6735: 6732: 6727: 6724: 6719: 6716: 6711: 6708: 6703: 6700: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6645: 6640: 6637: 6632: 6629: 6624: 6621: 6616: 6613: 6608: 6605: 6600: 6597: 6592: 6589: 6584: 6581: 6576: 6573: 6568: 6565: 6560: 6557: 6552: 6549: 6544: 6541: 6536: 6533: 6528: 6525: 6520: 6517: 6512: 6509: 6504: 6501: 6496: 6493: 6488: 6485: 6480: 6477: 6472: 6469: 6464: 6461: 6456: 6453: 6448: 6445: 6440: 6437: 6432: 6429: 6424: 6421: 6416: 6413: 6408: 6405: 6400: 6397: 6392: 6389: 6384: 6381: 6376: 6373: 6368: 6365: 6360: 6357: 6352: 6349: 6344: 6341: 6336: 6333: 6328: 6325: 6320: 6317: 6312: 6309: 6304: 6301: 6296: 6293: 6288: 6285: 6280: 6277: 6272: 6269: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6231: 6228: 6223: 6220: 6215: 6212: 6207: 6204: 6199: 6196: 6191: 6188: 6183: 6180: 6175: 6172: 6167: 6164: 6159: 6156: 6151: 6148: 6143: 6140: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5973: 5970: 5965: 5962: 5957: 5954: 5949: 5946: 5941: 5938: 5933: 5930: 5925: 5922: 5917: 5914: 5909: 5908:Solar-C EUVST 5906: 5901: 5898: 5893: 5890: 5885: 5882: 5877: 5874: 5869: 5866: 5861: 5858: 5853: 5850: 5845: 5842: 5837: 5834: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5806: 5803: 5798: 5797:Solar Orbiter 5795: 5790: 5787: 5782: 5779: 5774: 5771: 5766: 5763: 5758: 5755: 5750: 5747: 5742: 5739: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5722: 5713: 5710: 5705: 5702: 5697: 5694: 5689: 5686: 5681: 5678: 5673: 5670: 5665: 5662: 5657: 5654: 5649: 5646: 5641: 5638: 5633: 5630: 5625: 5622: 5617: 5614: 5609: 5606: 5601: 5598: 5593: 5590: 5585: 5582: 5577: 5574: 5569: 5566: 5561: 5558: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5528: 5525: 5520: 5517: 5512: 5511:Solar Orbiter 5509: 5504: 5501: 5496: 5493: 5488: 5485: 5480: 5477: 5472: 5469: 5464: 5461: 5456: 5453: 5448: 5445: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5419: 5416: 5411: 5408: 5403: 5400: 5395: 5392: 5387: 5384: 5379: 5376: 5371: 5368: 5363: 5360: 5355: 5352: 5347: 5344: 5339: 5336: 5331: 5328: 5323: 5320: 5315: 5312: 5307: 5304: 5299: 5296: 5290: 5287: 5282: 5279: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5253: 5250: 5245: 5242: 5237: 5234: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5208: 5205: 5200: 5197: 5192: 5189: 5184: 5181: 5176: 5175:Solar Orbiter 5173: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5133: 5131: 5126: 5124: 5119: 5118: 5115: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3909:10.1038/46980 3906: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3625:10.1038/33096 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3229: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3210: 3202: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3183: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3122: 3116: 3112: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2927: 2919: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2866: 2865: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2795: 2789: 2787: 2778: 2771: 2763: 2761:9783642116018 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2728: 2726: 2709: 2703: 2684: 2677: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2638: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2559: 2556: 2548: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2514:This section 2512: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2475:proper motion 2472: 2462: 2458: 2448: 2439:, which gave 2438: 2426: 2413: 2409: 2406: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2364:Galactic halo 2361: 2358: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302:refining the 2301: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2271:runaway stars 2268: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2153:runaway stars 2150: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2064: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2049: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1982: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1800:±0.25 mas/yr 1799: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1739: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1718:proper motion 1714: 1713:Doppler shift 1710: 1699: 1696: 1688: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1654:This section 1652: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1588: 1584: 1573: 1570: 1562: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1528:This section 1526: 1522: 1517: 1516: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1454: 1451: 1443: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1409:This section 1407: 1403: 1398: 1397: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1279: 1277: 1276:PPN formalism 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1255: 1245: 1242: 1234: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1200:This section 1198: 1194: 1189: 1188: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1160: 1158: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 995:Carl Zeiss AG 992: 987: 985: 981: 980:Alenia Spazio 977: 973: 969: 965: 954: 951: 943: 933: 929: 925: 919: 918: 914: 909:This section 907: 903: 898: 897: 884: 876: 873: 869: 864: 861: 857: 853: 852:least squares 849: 848:proper motion 845: 841: 837: 836: 830: 823: 819: 816: 811: 808: 805: 801: 797: 796: 795: 787: 785: 781: 778: 774: 770: 765: 763: 759: 755: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 727: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 704: 700: 692: 687: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 649:, and annual 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 627: 625: 624:gravitational 621: 617: 612: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 579: 577: 576: 568: 564: 560: 556: 555: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 509: 499: 493: 488: 484: 481: 477: 473: 470: 467: 463: 458: 454: 450: 447: 446:visible light 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 421: 418: 414: 409: 405: 401: 397: 388: 385:636.9 minutes 384: 382: 378: 374: 372: 368: 364: 362: 358: 354: 352: 348: 343: 338: 335: 331: 328: 325: 321: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 268: 265: 261: 258: 254: 250: 247: 243: 239: 236: 232: 229: 225: 221: 216: 212: 208: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 170: 166: 165:Alenia Spazio 163: 159: 155: 151: 146: 142: 138: 132: 128: 125: 122: 118: 114: 112: 105: 100: 94: 90: 88: 84: 81: 78: 74: 71: 67: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 41: 36: 33: 26: 22: 9416: 9406: 9384:Progress M-2 9379:Gran' No.36L 9320: 9272: 9170: 9136:Marco Polo 1 9131:Progress M-1 9090: 8996:Globus No.11 8968: 8875: 8850:Gran' No.33L 8758: 8519: 8508: 8495: 8485: 8394:Lunar Lander 8312:and proposed 8297: 8084: 8076: 8068: 8060: 8052: 8044: 8036: 8030: 8022: 8014: 7865: 7857: 7849: 7841: 7833: 7755: 7714: 7706: 7698: 7689: 7670: 7647:Mars Express 7609: 7487:Predecessors 7466:Horizon 2000 7047: 7030: 6874:Hibernating 6626:(2016–2019?) 6510: 6169:(1962, 1964) 6068:Nano-JASMINE 5892:NEO Surveyor 5808:(since 2006) 5800:(since 2020) 5792:(since 1995) 5784:(since 2019) 5776:(since 2017) 5768:(since 2008) 5760:(since 2015) 5752:(since 2015) 5744:(since 2011) 5736:(since 1997) 5715:(since 1999) 5707:(since 2024) 5699:(since 2023) 5691:(since 2022) 5683:(since 2012) 5675:(since 2017) 5667:(since 2018) 5659:(since 2009) 5651:(since 2017) 5643:(since 2004) 5635:(since 2024) 5627:(since 2019) 5619:(since 2021) 5611:(since 2020) 5603:(since 2008) 5595:(since 2002) 5587:(since 2017) 5579:(since 2024) 5571:(since 2015) 5563:(since 1999) 5555:(since 2015) 5530:(since 2004) 5522:(since 2006) 5514:(since 2020) 5506:(since 2008) 5498:(since 1995) 5490:(since 2010) 5482:(since 2013) 5474:(since 2006) 5466:(since 2021) 5458:(since 2015) 5450:(since 2022) 5442:(since 2023) 5421:(since 2018) 5413:(since 2004) 5405:(since 2008) 5397:(since 1995) 5389:(since 2010) 5381:(since 2001) 5373:(since 2013) 5365:(since 2006) 5357:(since 1990) 5349:(since 2005) 5341:(since 2013) 5333:(since 2021) 5325:(since 2023) 5317:(since 2015) 5309:(since 2019) 5301:(since 2021) 5293:(since 2013) 5284:(since 2015) 5276:(since 2018) 5255:(since 2009) 5247:(since 2008) 5239:(since 2001) 5231:(since 2022) 5210:(since 2024) 5202:(since 1994) 5194:(since 2018) 5186:(since 2006) 5178:(since 2020) 5170:(since 2018) 5040: 5036: 5026: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4776: 4772: 4762: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4399:. Retrieved 4395:the original 4385: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4305: 4301: 4291: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4140: 4136: 4126: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4029: 4025: 4019: 3992: 3988: 3978: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3655: 3651: 3641: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3512: 3508: 3498: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3336: 3332: 3322: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3250: 3246: 3236: 3216: 3209: 3190: 3162: 3156: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3110: 3104: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3033: 3029: 3023: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2917: 2911: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2872:. Retrieved 2863: 2839:. Retrieved 2827: 2823: 2813: 2801:. Retrieved 2779:. XIIIB: 63. 2776: 2770: 2734: 2712:. Retrieved 2702: 2690:. Retrieved 2683:the original 2670: 2551: 2542: 2527:Please help 2515: 2468: 2460: 2424: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2342:Solar System 2250:testing the 2223: 2219: 2215: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2181:brown dwarfs 2177:white dwarfs 2164: 2162: 2088: 2086: 2080: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2033: 2029: 2027: 2015: 2006: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1988: 1736: 1727: 1722: 1706: 1691: 1682: 1667:Please help 1655: 1586: 1580: 1565: 1556: 1541:Please help 1529: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1464:double stars 1461: 1446: 1437: 1422:Please help 1410: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1358: 1352: 1335:stars using 1332: 1331:relative to 1314: 1308: 1296: 1285: 1256: 1252: 1237: 1228: 1213:Please help 1201: 1177: 1172: 1161: 1156: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1131: 1129: 1089: 1087: 988: 976:EADS Astrium 963: 961: 946: 937: 922:Please help 910: 793: 766: 751: 742: 728: 723: 696: 671:trigonometry 662: 628: 608: 595:trigonometry 586: 580: 573: 566: 558: 553: 552: 549:spectroscopy 507: 506: 505: 497: 460:Transponders 434:Focal length 191:Payload mass 161:Manufacturer 62:Mission type 31: 9394:Kosmos 2054 9389:Kosmos 2053 9353:Kosmos 2052 9338:Kosmos 2051 9333:Kosmos 2050 9311:Kosmos 2049 9268:Kosmos 2048 9263:Kosmos 2047 9233:Kosmos 2046 9218:Kosmos 2045 9213:Kosmos 2044 9208:Kosmos 2043 9204:Kosmos 2042 9200:Kosmos 2041 9196:Kosmos 2040 9192:Kosmos 2039 9188:Kosmos 2038 9141:Kosmos 2037 9126:Kosmos 2036 9086:Kosmos 2035 9070:Kosmos 2034 9065:Kosmos 2033 9060:Kosmos 2032 9055:Kosmos 2031 9037:Kosmos 2030 9022:Kosmos 2029 8991:Kosmos 2028 8981:Kosmos 2027 8959:Kosmos 2026 8950:Superbird-A 8945:Kosmos 2025 8929:Kosmos 2024 8925:Kosmos 2023 8921:Kosmos 2022 8903:Kosmos 2021 8898:Kosmos 2020 8888:Kosmos 2019 8860:Foton No.5L 8855:Kosmos 2018 8845:Kosmos 2017 8840:Kosmos 2016 8814:Kosmos 2015 8810:Kosmos 2014 8806:Kosmos 2013 8802:Kosmos 2012 8798:Kosmos 2011 8794:Kosmos 2010 8790:Kosmos 2009 8786:Kosmos 2008 8781:Kosmos 2007 8776:Progress 41 8771:Kosmos 2006 8745:Kosmos 2005 8724:Kosmos 2004 8714:Kosmos 2003 8699:Kosmos 2002 8694:Kosmos 2001 8689:Kosmos 2000 8684:Kosmos 1999 8680:Kosmos 1998 8676:Kosmos 1997 8672:Kosmos 1996 8668:Kosmos 1995 8664:Kosmos 1994 8659:Progress 40 8643:Kosmos 1993 8633:Kosmos 1992 8623:Kosmos 1991 8618:Kosmos 1990 8613:Kosmos 1989 8609:Kosmos 1988 8605:Kosmos 1987 8532:WikiProject 8404:MarcoPolo-R 8354:Don Quijote 8324:Ariane 5 ME 8288:(2015–2017) 8218:Galileo FOC 8212:Galileo IOV 8184:(1989–1993) 8123:Jules Verne 8104:spaceflight 7935:(2009–2013) 7923:(2003–2007) 7921:Double Star 7917:(2002–2012) 7905:(1995–2011) 7899:(1991–2000) 7893:(1977–1997) 7806:(2009–2013) 7800:(2009–2013) 7776:(1995–1998) 7758:(1989–1993) 7752:(1983–1986) 7746:(1978–1996) 7740:(1975–1982) 7678:BepiColombo 7665:(2005–2014) 7659:(2004–2016) 7643:(2003–2006) 7637:(1997–2005) 7631:(1985–1992) 7600:(2000–2024) 7588:(1990–2009) 7582:(1977–1987) 7515:Arianespace 6987:(2014–2015) 6939:(2012–2013) 6905:Lost/Failed 6896:(1998–2010) 6888:(1998–2005) 6865:(1991–2001) 6857:(2001–2010) 6841:(1970–1973) 6833:(1983–1985) 6825:(1975–1980) 6817:(2005–2015) 6809:(2003–2020) 6801:(2011–2019) 6793:(1979–1985) 6785:(1975–1979) 6777:(1972–1973) 6769:(1992–2004) 6761:(1995–2012) 6753:(1990–1999) 6745:(2002–2018) 6737:(1983–1984) 6729:(2009–2013) 6713:(2006–2016) 6642:(1972–1981) 6634:(1968–1973) 6618:(1996–1997) 6610:(2003–2019) 6602:(2015–2017) 6594:(2015–2017) 6586:(1997–2002) 6578:(1990–2001) 6570:(2009–2018) 6562:(1996–2004) 6554:(1978–1996) 6546:(1996–1998) 6538:(1995–1996) 6514:(1989–1993) 6506:(2000–2008) 6498:(1979–1981) 6490:(1978–1982) 6482:(2013–2023) 6474:(1981–1991) 6466:(2009–2013) 6458:(1977–1979) 6450:(1997–2005) 6442:(1979–1985) 6434:(1989–1998) 6426:(1987–1991) 6418:(1990–1992) 6410:(2003–2013) 6402:(1987–2001) 6394:(1999–2007) 6386:(1992–2001) 6378:(1983–1986) 6367:Explorer 11 6338:(2017–2019) 6330:(1989–1993) 6322:(1975–1982) 6314:(2006–2013) 6306:(1991–2000) 6298:(2003–2008) 6290:(1996–2003) 6282:(1974–1976) 6274:(1983–1991) 6233:(1993–2000) 6225:(1973–1974) 6217:(2017–2019) 6209:(1979–1982) 6201:(1974–1980) 6193:(1971–1972) 6185:(1967–1969) 6161:(1962–1972) 6153:(1993–2005) 6145:(2006–2011) 6137:(2007–2024) 5431:Ultraviolet 4424:: L71–L74. 4059:: 295–298. 4032:: 121–140. 3805:: 506–518. 3484:: 949–958. 3308:: 827–830. 3142:: L27–L30. 3090:: L57–L60. 3063:: L61–L64. 3036:: L53–L56. 3009:: L49–L52. 2939:: 620–633. 2445:1.2 pc 2433:1.2 pc 2348:binary star 2346:studies of 2328:strategies 2320:the use of 2269:and O-type 2252:white dwarf 2145:spiral arms 1974:V≈11.0 mag 1966:V≈11.5 mag 1914:V≈10.0 mag 1906:V≈10.5 mag 1898:V≈11.5 mag 1845:V≈12.4 mag 878:undertaken. 840:barycentric 802:due to the 735:astrometric 703:unvignetted 691:micrometres 442:Wavelengths 391:Revolution 371:Inclination 302:Deactivated 276:August 1989 267:Arianespace 245:Launch site 223:Launch date 175:Launch mass 70:observatory 66:Astrometric 9423:Categories 9172:Soyuz TM-8 9166:Himawari 4 9032:Olympus F1 8754:Meteosat 4 8419:Phootprint 8399:Marco Polo 8240:Technology 8070:MetOp-SG-B 8062:MetOp-SG-A 8038:Sentinel-4 8009:ADM-Aeolus 7989:Sentinel-3 7971:Sentinel-2 7957:Sentinel-1 7885:Copernicus 7780:XMM-Newton 7598:Cluster II 7404:Copernicus 7375:Programmes 7303:Facilities 7253:Spaceports 6846:Vanguard 3 6158:Alouette 1 6003:AstroSat-2 5712:XMM-Newton 5228:James Webb 5050:2111.03676 4985:1808.06257 4918:1811.07285 4911:(4): 140. 4851:2105.11662 4786:1811.08902 3447:: 81–120. 2663:References 2489:, such as 2487:exoplanets 2479:substellar 2373:Oort limit 2314:Gould Belt 2001:The final 1989:The final 1927:2,539,913 1874:1,052,031 1866:1,058,332 1617:, and 917 1319:networks, 1067:Gothenburg 999:Oberkochen 804:atmosphere 790:Principles 784:gyroscopes 667:Hipparchus 655:arcseconds 647:parallaxes 620:atmosphere 605:Background 591:Hipparchus 537:parallaxes 521:astrometry 478:2-23 305:March 1999 263:Contractor 153:Spacecraft 21:Hipparchus 9429:Hipparcos 9150:September 9111:Hipparcos 8460:CryoSat-1 8434:STE-QUEST 8369:Eddington 8359:e.Deorbit 8310:Cancelled 8182:Olympus-1 8024:EarthCARE 7945:CryoSat-2 7794:(2006–13) 7770:(1992–93) 7756:Hipparcos 7730:cosmology 7049:Eddington 7004:Cancelled 6511:Hipparcos 5924:Spektr-UV 5781:Mini-EUSO 5773:ISS-CREAM 5624:Spektr-RG 5544:Gamma-ray 5439:Aditya-L1 5330:Hayabusa2 5207:Queqiao 2 5151:Operating 5077:0035-8711 5018:256718410 5010:2397-3366 4953:119437089 4945:0004-6256 4886:235187424 4878:0067-0049 4844:(2): 42. 4819:119491061 4811:0004-6361 4721:1408.6544 4693:119285733 4668:1203.4945 4401:17 August 4352:0705.3267 3426:122724497 3404:CiteSeerX 2988:121605844 2897:: 82–93. 2516:does not 2491:HR 5183 b 2425:Hipparcos 2357:HD 209458 2285:red giant 2224:Hipparcos 2216:Hipparcos 2205:Hipparcos 2165:Hipparcos 2089:Hipparcos 2081:Hipparcos 2077:Milky Way 2030:Hipparcos 2003:Hipparcos 1792:±0.6 mas 1776:J1991.25 1723:Hipparcos 1656:does not 1599:magnitude 1587:Hipparcos 1530:does not 1504:Hipparcos 1500:Hipparcos 1411:does not 1366:Hipparcos 1361:Hipparcos 1353:Hipparcos 1333:Hipparcos 1309:Hipparcos 1297:Hipparcos 1202:does not 1132:Hipparcos 1090:Hipparcos 1075:Marseille 1011:Neuchâtel 964:Hipparcos 911:does not 780:hydrazine 567:Hipparcos 513:satellite 508:Hipparcos 498:Hipparcos 475:Bandwidth 344:(planned) 156:HIPPARCOS 93:1989-062B 87:COSPAR ID 53:HIPPARCOS 32:Hipparcos 9439:Parallax 9362:December 9304:November 9242:Magion 2 9107:TV-SAT 2 8882:Magellan 8652:February 8521:Wikinews 8497:Category 8117:Columbus 8041:) (2024) 7851:ARRAKIHS 7804:Herschel 7786:INTEGRAL 7716:EnVision 7669:ExoMars 7525:EUMETSAT 7416:Columbus 7409:Sentinel 7289:Ariane 6 7284:Ariane 5 7100:Sentinel 6798:Spektr-R 6734:RELIKT-1 6575:Kristall 6463:Herschel 6287:BeppoSAX 6048:JEM-EUSO 6043:iWF-MAXI 5985:Proposed 5948:LiteBIRD 5940:Spektr-M 5664:MinXSS-2 5592:INTEGRAL 5455:Astrosat 5281:Astrosat 5220:Infrared 4754:34750246 4746:25170147 4640:15354711 4587:14842664 4526:14737161 4483:14224434 4377:14934757 4283:17804304 4230:14341982 4177:16868380 4118:16620828 3970:16098861 3590:14940616 3373:15936627 3287:17704884 2634:See also 2405:Pleiades 2278:subdwarf 1985:ecliptic 1829:118,204 1821:117,955 1813:118,218 1760:Common: 1752:Property 1583:passband 1098:Ariane 4 1094:TV-Sat 2 844:parallax 822:ecliptic 815:parallax 643:galactic 639:lobbying 500:mission 426:Diameter 294:Disposal 183:Dry mass 76:Operator 9343:Kvant 2 9279:Galileo 9256:October 8750:JCSAT-1 8719:Akebono 8598:January 8509:Commons 8486:italics 8455:Cluster 8439:THESEUS 8424:SOLARIS 8299:PROBA-3 8292:OPS-SAT 8274:PROBA-V 8268:PROBA-2 8256:PROBA-1 8206:HYLAS-1 8200:GIOVE-B 8194:GIOVE-A 8188:Artemis 8016:Biomass 7915:Envisat 7854:(2030s) 7653:Rosetta 7641:SMART-1 7635:Huygens 7586:Ulysses 7566:Science 7441:ExoMars 7431:GALILEO 7421:CryoSat 7382:Artemis 7361:ESTRACK 7266:Esrange 7149:Related 7060:FINESSE 7038:Destiny 7021:Astro-G 6984:Tsubame 6976:Astro-E 6952:ABRIXAS 6806:Spitzer 6790:Solwind 6742:R/HESSI 6702:Orion 2 6694:Orion 1 6399:Kvant-1 6295:CHIPSat 6258:Astro-2 6238:Astro-1 6214:ASTERIA 6206:Ariel 6 6198:Ariel 5 6190:Ariel 4 6182:Ariel 3 6174:Ariel 2 6166:Ariel 1 6127:Retired 6118:THESEUS 6103:Solar-D 6098:PhoENiX 5943:(2030+) 5900:JASMINE 5868:Xuntian 5836:SPHEREx 5821:Planned 5370:NEOSSat 5265:Optical 5191:Queqiao 5055:Bibcode 4990:Bibcode 4923:Bibcode 4856:Bibcode 4791:Bibcode 4779:: A72. 4726:Bibcode 4708:Science 4673:Bibcode 4620:Bibcode 4567:Bibcode 4534:4383850 4506:Bibcode 4463:Bibcode 4426:Bibcode 4357:Bibcode 4310:Bibcode 4263:Bibcode 4210:Bibcode 4155:Bibcode 4098:Bibcode 4061:Bibcode 4034:Bibcode 3997:Bibcode 3950:Bibcode 3917:2945433 3897:Bibcode 3864:8349408 3844:Bibcode 3807:Bibcode 3770:Bibcode 3721:Bibcode 3670:Bibcode 3633:4338652 3613:Bibcode 3568:Bibcode 3517:Bibcode 3486:Bibcode 3459:Bibcode 3396:Bibcode 3351:Bibcode 3310:Bibcode 3265:Bibcode 3144:Bibcode 3092:Bibcode 3065:Bibcode 3038:Bibcode 3011:Bibcode 2968:Bibcode 2941:Bibcode 2899:Bibcode 2832:Bibcode 2740:Bibcode 2714:16 June 2692:16 June 2537:removed 2522:sources 2457:Polaris 2451:Polaris 2378:ice age 1677:removed 1662:sources 1551:removed 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7711:(2029) 7703:(2028) 7694:(2024) 7686:(2023) 7657:Philae 7629:Giotto 7614:(2031) 7580:ISEE-2 7394:Aurora 7125:TAUVEX 7032:Darwin 7011:Aelita 6995:(2016) 6979:(2000) 6971:(1999) 6963:(1996) 6960:HETE-1 6955:(1999) 6947:(1965) 6931:(1976) 6923:(1970) 6915:(1966) 6849:(1959) 6766:SAMPEX 6726:Planck 6721:(2018) 6718:PicSat 6710:PAMELA 6705:(1973) 6697:(1971) 6599:MinXSS 6567:Kepler 6530:(1983) 6522:(2024) 6503:HETE-2 6495:HEAO-3 6455:HEAO-1 6431:Granat 6375:EXOSAT 6370:(1961) 6362:(2010) 6354:(2008) 6346:(1993) 6335:CXBN-2 6271:Astron 6266:(1995) 6241:(1990) 6177:(1964) 6150:ALEXIS 6058:LUVOIR 6008:EXCEDE 5975:(2035) 5967:(2035) 5964:Athena 5959:(2033) 5951:(2032) 5935:(2030) 5927:(2030) 5919:(2029) 5911:(2028) 5903:(2028) 5895:(2027) 5887:(2027) 5879:(2027) 5871:(2026) 5863:(2026) 5855:(2026) 5847:(2026) 5844:K-EUSO 5839:(2025) 5831:(2025) 5828:PETREL 5805:STEREO 5741:AMS-02 5704:XPoSat 5680:NuSTAR 5519:STEREO 5463:Hibari 5354:Hubble 5346:HiRISE 5322:Euclid 5314:DSCOVR 5306:CHEOPS 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ESA 2797:(PDF) 2686:(PDF) 2679:(PDF) 2441:136.2 2429:133.5 2417:120.2 2220:Tycho 2209:Tycho 2114:2MASS 1882:6301 1784:ICRS 1382:J2000 1260:Earth 1071:Liège 1043:Delft 982:(now 974:(now 616:Earth 570:' 398:17830 375:6.84° 257:ELA-2 240:(V33) 204:watts 199:Power 115:20169 50:Names 9316:COBE 9010:July 8938:June 8583:1989 8389:LOFT 8364:EChO 8344:CSTS 8319:AIDA 8262:YES2 8054:FLEX 7939:SMOS 7933:GOCE 7867:LISA 7810:Gaia 7691:Hera 7592:SOHO 7446:FLPP 7294:Vega 7140:XIPE 7135:XEUS 7110:SNAP 7085:LOFT 7080:JDEM 7065:GEMS 7055:FAME 7043:EChO 7016:AOSO 6968:WIRE 6936:CXBN 6885:SWAS 6854:WMAP 6758:RXTE 6607:MOST 6559:IXAE 6535:IRTS 6527:IRAS 6391:FUSE 6383:EUVE 6327:COBE 6063:Lynx 6053:LUCI 5972:LISA 5932:UVEX 5884:LORD 5876:COSI 5789:SOHO 5765:IBEX 5688:LEIA 5656:MAXI 5632:SVOM 5616:IXPE 5542:and 5495:SOHO 5479:IRIS 5418:TESS 5394:SOHO 5378:Odin 5338:Gaia 5252:WISE 5236:Odin 5199:Wind 5167:NCLE 5073:ISSN 5006:ISSN 4941:ISSN 4874:ISSN 4807:ISSN 4742:PMID 4522:PMID 4403:2012 3222:ISBN 3195:ISBN 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