1481:
482:
3493:
3504:
25:
2666:
1497:
208:
below about 2,000 km (1,200 mi) are subject to drag from the Earth's atmosphere, which decreases the orbital altitude. The rate of orbital decay depends on the satellite's cross-sectional area and mass, as well as variations in the air density of the upper atmosphere. Below about
831:, therefore it will escape the gravitational pull of the Earth and continue to travel with a velocity (relative to Earth) decelerating to 0. A spacecraft launched from Earth with this velocity would travel some distance away from it, but follow it around the Sun in the same
810:
This is the mirror image of the escape trajectory; an object traveling with sufficient speed, not aimed directly at Earth, will move toward it and accelerate. In the absence of a decelerating engine impulse to put it into orbit, it will follow the escape trajectory after
1784:
Transatmospheric orbit (TAO): orbital flight with perigee less than 80 km but more than zero. Potentially used by aerobraking missions and transatmospheric vehicles, also in some temporary phases of orbital flight (e.g. STS pre OMS-2, some failures when no apogee
189:, this velocity is about 7.8 km/s (28,100 km/h; 17,400 mph); by contrast, the fastest crewed airplane speed ever achieved (excluding speeds achieved by deorbiting spacecraft) was 2.2 km/s (7,900 km/h; 4,900 mph) in 1967 by the
209:
300 km (190 mi), decay becomes more rapid with lifetimes measured in days. Once a satellite descends to 180 km (110 mi), it has only hours before it vaporizes in the atmosphere. The
1818:
485:
Low (cyan) and Medium (yellow) Earth orbit regions to scale. The black dashed line is the geosynchronous orbit. The green dashed line is the 20,230 km orbit used for
835:. It is possible, but not likely that an object approaching Earth could follow a parabolic capture trajectory, but speed and direction would have to be precise.
213:
required to pull free of Earth's gravitational field altogether and move into interplanetary space is about 11.2 km/s (40,300 km/h; 25,100 mph).
858:
an orbit in which the projection of the object onto the equatorial plane revolves about the Earth in the direction opposite that of the rotation of the Earth.
3209:
2750:
1859:
850:
an orbit in which the projection of the object onto the equatorial plane revolves about the Earth in the same direction as the rotation of the Earth.
597:
A satellite that passes above or nearly above both poles of the planet on each revolution. Therefore it has an inclination of (or very close to) 90
1613:
1583:
1850:
800:
This trajectory must be used to launch an interplanetary probe away from Earth, because the excess over escape velocity is what changes its
1757:
1814:
1799:
562:
Geocentric orbits with altitudes at apogee higher than that of the geosynchronous orbit. A special case of high Earth orbit is the
933:
for objects orbiting Earth are at 105 degrees west and 75 degrees east. More than 160 satellites are gathered at these two points.
3187:
2777:
428:
is the nearest approach point of a satellite or celestial body from Earth, at which the orbital velocity will be at its maximum.
2543:
89:
2767:
2702:
527:. At 160 km, one revolution takes approximately 90 minutes, and the circular orbital speed is 8 km/s (26,000 ft/s).
61:
2603:
716:
Geocentric orbit with apogee above 35,786 km and low perigee (about 1,000 km) that result in long dwell times near apogee.
148:. In 1997, NASA estimated there were approximately 2,465 artificial satellite payloads orbiting Earth and 6,216 pieces of
68:
2787:
1705:
1667:
2807:
1727:
108:
42:
2598:
2478:
1897:
549:
Geocentric circular orbit with an altitude of 35,786 km (22,236 mi). The period of the orbit equals one
75:
2962:
2563:
2317:
3337:
3199:
2782:
2636:
2275:
2266:
2003:
46:
681:
553:, coinciding with the rotation period of the Earth. The speed is approximately 3 km/s (9,800 ft/s).
57:
523:
Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude from 160 km (100 mi) to 2,000 km (1,200 mi) above
2903:
2583:
2053:
887:
Orbits with an altitude of approximately 35,786 km (22,236 mi). Such a satellite would trace an
3315:
3151:
2898:
2745:
2528:
1587:
536:
Geocentric orbits with altitudes at apogee ranging between 2,000 km (1,200 mi) and that of the
153:
276:
a measure of how much an orbit deviates from a perfect circle. Eccentricity is strictly defined for all
3387:
3156:
2829:
2508:
2335:
1139:
791:
271:
1621:
1591:
3310:
3192:
2930:
2695:
2646:
486:
1643:
3425:
2925:
2913:
2885:
2631:
2156:
3429:
3365:
3144:
3046:
2957:
2861:
2834:
2735:
2641:
1949:
1847:
1108:
1056:
764:(roughly 24 hours). Such a satellite spends most of its time over a designated area of the Earth.
749:
740:(roughly 12 hours). Such a satellite spends most of its time over a designated area of the Earth.
725:
710:
563:
35:
1749:
324:
needs to have to move away indefinitely from the Earth. An object at this velocity will enter a
221:
The following words may have more than one definition or other non-Earth specific definition(s).
3477:
3439:
2873:
2792:
2730:
2503:
2105:
2025:
2013:
940:
868:
661:
496:
908:
of zero. To an observer on the ground this satellite would appear as a fixed point in the sky.
82:
3528:
3327:
3134:
2772:
2626:
2568:
2538:
2326:
2203:
2171:
2141:
2100:
2085:
1964:
1695:
1535:
978:
773:
604:
329:
321:
289:
3496:
3397:
3380:
3017:
2952:
2945:
2802:
2688:
2651:
2473:
2257:
2146:
2115:
2043:
2018:
1993:
1954:
1935:
1890:
1796:
1540:
1039:
948:
901:
881:
818:
704:
651:
639:
543:
537:
325:
285:
8:
3392:
3370:
3305:
3024:
2868:
2513:
2308:
2048:
1480:
1371:
894:
377:
301:
265:
201:/kg, which is six times the energy needed merely to climb to the corresponding altitude.
190:
164:
400:
an imaginary arc in the sky as seen from any given location on the surface of the Earth.
3507:
3290:
3216:
3071:
2967:
2819:
2186:
2075:
1973:
1555:
1530:
1502:
1012:
832:
801:
618:
530:
461:
409:
403:
236:
as used here, the height of an object above the average surface of the Earth's oceans (
1038:
An orbit that appears to a ground observer to be orbiting a planet but is actually in
995:. Such an orbit can place a satellite in constant sunlight and is useful for imaging,
786:, therefore it will escape the gravitational pull of the Earth and continue to travel
3503:
3462:
3102:
2997:
2972:
2918:
2908:
2725:
2553:
2451:
2381:
2136:
2090:
2008:
1779:
1701:
1520:
1429:
1000:
671:
335:
182:
171:
161:
790:
with a velocity (relative to Earth) decelerating to some finite value, known as the
621:. Useful for image-taking satellites because shadows will be the same on every pass.
481:
3204:
3161:
3127:
3092:
3029:
2982:
2824:
2533:
2465:
2229:
2191:
2065:
1988:
1842:
1525:
1510:
1016:
930:
924:
917:
853:
586:
556:
511:
437:
420:
as defined here, time it takes a satellite to make one full orbit around the Earth.
389:
305:
295:
281:
253:
1870:
1865:
874:
An orbit with an altitude of approximately 20,200 km (12,600 mi) and an
3420:
3320:
3273:
3171:
3112:
3097:
3051:
3034:
2940:
2935:
2573:
2166:
2070:
2060:
1959:
1883:
1854:
1822:
1803:
1545:
1242:
1033:
956:
828:
783:
696:
517:
385:
381:
373:
311:
210:
186:
3467:
3454:
3347:
3278:
3268:
3253:
3231:
3221:
3117:
3107:
3056:
2977:
2669:
2621:
2613:
2608:
2493:
2488:
2419:
2399:
2390:
1983:
1969:
1945:
1940:
1915:
1837:
1515:
1103:
1020:
963:
875:
845:
757:
733:
688:
675:
667:
645:
633:
598:
576:
524:
415:
277:
237:
3522:
3415:
3332:
3263:
3226:
3066:
2987:
2851:
2846:
2523:
2518:
2437:
2080:
1998:
1560:
1317:
1098:
1043:
996:
719:
357:
349:
157:
460:
an object's speed in a particular direction. Since velocity is defined as a
224:
3472:
3407:
3076:
3061:
2762:
2757:
2588:
2498:
2372:
2355:
2213:
2110:
1978:
1673:
1015:
of Earth's Moon. Average altitude of 384,403 kilometres (238,857 mi),
911:
761:
743:
737:
550:
440:
to rotate 360°. For the Earth this is: 23 hours, 56 minutes, 4.091 seconds.
431:
174:
149:
1721:
3300:
3166:
2856:
2839:
2711:
2593:
2428:
2198:
2178:
2095:
984:
905:
753:
729:
610:
592:
582:
395:
363:
268:
can go from Earth, at which the orbital velocity will be at its minimum.
3434:
3342:
3285:
3245:
3039:
2740:
2161:
1875:
1062:
1006:
992:
787:
566:, where altitude at perigee is less than 2,000 km (1,200 mi).
473:
The following is a list of different geocentric orbit classifications.
443:
223:
In the spirit of brevity some of the definitions have been altered or
3444:
3295:
3012:
2893:
2814:
2797:
2578:
1930:
1797:
Definitions of geocentric orbits from the
Goddard Space Flight Center
1726:, Commonwealth of Australia Bureau of Weather, Space Weather Branch,
1550:
1047:
953:
A drift orbit close to but below GSO/GEO. Satellites will drift east.
945:
A disposal / storage orbit above GSO/GEO. Satellites will drift west.
249:
198:
145:
987:
in such a way that the satellite passes over any given point of the
185:
acceleration due to the horizontal component of its velocity. For a
24:
1088:
1066:
888:
824:
779:
455:
341:
317:
243:
231:
194:
2483:
692:
655:
654:
greater than 0 and less than 1 whose orbit traces the path of an
614:
507:
449:
423:
178:
3258:
3122:
988:
916:
Another name for a geostationary orbit. Named after the writer
700:
503:
353:
259:
2680:
1669:
100 lbs to Low Earth Orbit (LEO): Small-Payload Launch
Options
1116:
Earth's own rotation at surface (for comparison— not an orbit)
823:
An "orbit" with eccentricity exactly equal to 1. The object's
156:. More than 16,291 objects previously launched have undergone
2288:
1907:
1866:
Near-Earth asteroid 3753 Cruithne – Earth's curious companion
966:
that satellites are moved into at the end of their operation.
369:
345:
252:
used to describe the plot of the positions of the Sun on the
205:
137:
134:
193:. The energy required to reach Earth orbital velocity at an
141:
1815:
Out-of-Control
Satellite Threatens Other Nearby Spacecraft
1665:
778:
An "orbit" with eccentricity greater than 1. The object's
3139:
1672:, The Mitre Corporation, pp. 1–39, archived from
256:
throughout one year. Closely resembles a figure-eight.
666:
An orbital maneuver that moves a spacecraft from one
464:, both speed and direction are required to define it.
1492:
1073:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1484:The lower axis gives orbital speeds of some orbits
1186:Orbiting at Earth's surface (equator) theoretical
1719:
1027:
862:
348:over the time during which it acts. Measured in (
3520:
627:
304:extending from the equator on the Earth to the
1578:
1576:
839:
570:
448:as used here, the local time as measured by a
197:of 600 km (370 mi) is about 36
2696:
1891:
1817:, by Peter B. de Selding, SPACE.com, 5/3/10.
1635:
1065:approaches the height of orbit but lacks the
216:
1659:
1741:
1666:Dimotakis, P.; et al. (October 1999),
1573:
476:
2703:
2689:
2665:
1898:
1884:
1720:Kennewell, John; McDonald, Andrew (2011),
972:
264:is the farthest point that a satellite or
1860:More Moons Around Earth? Its Not So Loony
506:higher than 100 km (62 mi) and
227:to reflect only their usage on this page.
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1905:
1777:
1748:Williams, David R. (November 17, 2010),
1747:
1479:
962:An orbit a few hundred kilometers above
480:
3188:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
1605:
3521:
3210:Psychological and sociological effects
2544:Transposition, docking, and extraction
1723:Satellite Lifetimes and Solar Activity
1641:
412:needed to specify that orbit uniquely.
328:; above this velocity it will enter a
2684:
1879:
1760:from the original on October 30, 2010
1700:, Allied Publishers, pp. 47–48,
1693:
983:An orbit which combines altitude and
1611:
782:reaches some value in excess of the
642:of 0 and whose path traces a circle.
502:Geocentric orbits with altitudes at
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1790:
1713:
1697:Atmospheric Science and Environment
540:at 35,786 km (22,236 mi).
170:A spacecraft enters orbit when its
13:
2919:Weather and environment monitoring
1871:Earth coorbital asteroid 2002 AA29
1778:McDowell, Jonathan (24 May 1998).
1642:Shiner, Linda (November 1, 2007),
1584:"Satellite Situation Report, 1997"
384:. In the sense discussed here the
14:
3540:
2604:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
1831:
1074:Tangential velocities at altitude
3502:
3492:
3491:
2664:
2599:Interplanetary Transport Network
2479:Collision avoidance (spacecraft)
1612:Hill, James V. H. (April 1999),
1495:
674:. This maneuver was named after
617:at the same local time on every
23:
2963:Space launch market competition
2710:
2564:Astronomical coordinate systems
2318:Longitude of the ascending node
1808:
1730:from the original on 2011-12-28
34:needs additional citations for
3200:Health threat from cosmic rays
2637:Retrograde and prograde motion
1771:
1687:
1028:Non-geocentric classifications
863:Geosynchronous classifications
1:
1754:Lunar & Planetary Science
1566:
991:'s surface at the same local
682:Geosynchronous transfer orbit
181:is less than or equal to the
2584:Equatorial coordinate system
1614:"Getting to Low Earth Orbit"
1590:. 2000-02-01. Archived from
959:, disposal orbit, junk orbit
670:to another using two engine
628:Eccentricity classifications
7:
3316:Self-replicating spacecraft
3152:International Space Station
1862:(archived 21 February 2010)
1588:Goddard Space Flight Center
1488:
840:Directional classifications
605:Polar Sun synchronous orbit
571:Inclination classifications
300:as used here, an imaginary
154:Goddard Space Flight Center
10:
3545:
2830:Space Liability Convention
2336:Longitude of the periapsis
1648:, Air & Space Magazine
792:hyperbolic excess velocity
408:the six parameters of the
316:as used here, the minimum
220:
217:List of terms and concepts
3486:
3453:
3406:
3358:
3244:
3193:Space adaptation syndrome
3180:
3085:
3005:
2996:
2884:
2718:
2660:
2647:Specific angular momentum
2552:
2464:
2408:
2344:
2297:
2237:
2228:
2124:
2034:
1923:
1914:
1780:"Jonathan's Space Report"
1279:Elliptic orbit: 10.07–8.7
878:of approximately 12 hours
510:that intersects with the
2926:Communications satellite
1264:Circular orbit: 7.7–6.9
695:is at the altitude of a
477:Altitude classifications
468:
436:the time it takes for a
3430:reusable launch systems
3047:Extravehicular activity
2958:Commercial use of space
2862:Militarisation of space
2835:Registration Convention
2751:Accidents and incidents
2642:Specific orbital energy
1109:Specific orbital energy
1042:with it. See asteroids
1013:orbital characteristics
973:Special classifications
891:(figure 8) in the sky.
750:highly elliptical orbit
726:highly elliptical orbit
711:Highly elliptical orbit
564:highly elliptical orbit
404:Orbital characteristics
290:hyperbolic trajectories
3478:Mission control center
3440:Non-rocket spacelaunch
2874:Billionaire space race
2054:Geostationary transfer
1485:
941:Supersynchronous orbit
869:Semi-synchronous orbit
662:Hohmann transfer orbit
497:Transatmospheric orbit
490:
3328:Spacecraft propulsion
2778:European Space Agency
2627:Orbital state vectors
2569:Characteristic energy
2539:Trans-lunar injection
2327:Argument of periapsis
2004:Prograde / Retrograde
1965:Hyperbolic trajectory
1802:May 27, 2010, at the
1694:Ghosh, S. N. (2000),
1536:Areosynchronous orbit
1483:
1272:km/h or 17,224–15,435
979:Sun-synchronous orbit
774:Hyperbolic trajectory
703:at the altitude of a
638:An orbit that has an
484:
330:hyperbolic trajectory
146:artificial satellites
2953:Satellite navigation
2474:Bi-elliptic transfer
1994:Parabolic trajectory
1821:May 5, 2010, at the
1541:Areostationary orbit
1344:km/h or 3,335–22,370
1095:the Earth's surface
949:Subsynchronous orbit
902:geosynchronous orbit
882:Geosynchronous orbit
819:Parabolic trajectory
705:geosynchronous orbit
585:in reference to the
544:Geosynchronous orbit
538:geosynchronous orbit
326:parabolic trajectory
133:involves any object
127:Earth-centered orbit
43:improve this article
3338:Electric propulsion
3025:Life-support system
2909:Imagery and mapping
2869:Private spaceflight
2514:Low-energy transfer
1456:km/h or 2,170–2,416
1268:km/s (27,772–24,840
895:Geostationary orbit
804:from that of Earth.
191:North American X-15
3291:Robotic spacecraft
3217:Space and survival
3072:Space colonization
2968:Space architecture
2820:Outer Space Treaty
2509:Inclination change
2157:Distant retrograde
1853:2015-05-04 at the
1843:Medium Earth Orbit
1750:"Earth Fact Sheet"
1556:Satellite watching
1531:Heliocentric orbit
1503:Spaceflight portal
1486:
1340:km/s (5,400–36,000
1057:Sub-orbital flight
1001:weather satellites
833:heliocentric orbit
807:Capture Trajectory
802:heliocentric orbit
531:Medium Earth orbit
512:defined atmosphere
491:
410:Keplerian elements
320:an object without
204:Spacecraft with a
165:Earth's atmosphere
152:as tracked by the
58:"Geocentric orbit"
16:Orbit around Earth
3516:
3515:
3463:Flight controller
3240:
3239:
2998:Human spaceflight
2973:Space exploration
2899:Earth observation
2678:
2677:
2652:Two-line elements
2460:
2459:
2382:Eccentric anomaly
2224:
2223:
2091:Orbit of the Moon
1950:Highly elliptical
1521:Orbital mechanics
1478:
1477:
1460:mph) respectively
1452:km/s (3,492–3,888
1430:Orbit of the Moon
1348:mph) respectively
1283:km/s respectively
1276:mph) respectively
1061:A launch where a
797:Escape Trajectory
650:An orbit with an
282:elliptical orbits
119:
118:
111:
93:
3536:
3506:
3495:
3494:
3205:Space psychology
3030:Animals in space
3003:
3002:
2983:Space technology
2825:Rescue Agreement
2705:
2698:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2668:
2667:
2609:Lagrangian point
2504:Hohmann transfer
2449:
2435:
2426:
2417:
2397:
2388:
2379:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2353:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2286:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2235:
2234:
2204:Heliosynchronous
2153:Lagrange points
2106:Transatmospheric
1921:
1920:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1825:
1812:
1806:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1620:, archived from
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1580:
1526:Celestial sphere
1505:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1423:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1365:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1311:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1250:
1236:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1179:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1133:
1124:
1086:Center-to-center
1078:
1077:
931:libration points
925:libration points
918:Arthur C. Clarke
854:Retrograde orbit
613:that passes the
587:equatorial plane
557:High Earth orbit
438:celestial object
390:equatorial plane
306:celestial sphere
296:Equatorial plane
254:celestial sphere
123:geocentric orbit
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3482:
3449:
3421:Escape velocity
3402:
3354:
3321:Space telescope
3274:Reentry capsule
3236:
3176:
3081:
3052:Overview effect
3035:Bioastronautics
2992:
2880:
2714:
2709:
2679:
2674:
2656:
2574:Escape velocity
2555:
2548:
2529:Rocket equation
2456:
2448:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2415:
2404:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2340:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2293:
2284:
2280:
2276:Semi-minor axis
2271:
2267:Semi-major axis
2262:
2253:
2247:
2220:
2142:Areosynchronous
2126:
2120:
2101:Sun-synchronous
2086:Near-equatorial
2030:
1910:
1904:
1855:Wayback Machine
1834:
1829:
1828:
1823:Wayback Machine
1813:
1809:
1804:Wayback Machine
1795:
1791:
1776:
1772:
1763:
1761:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1731:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1692:
1688:
1679:
1677:
1664:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1645:X-15 Walkaround
1640:
1636:
1627:
1625:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1595:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1546:Escape velocity
1501:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1441:357,000–399,000
1435:
1434:363,000–406,000
1421:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1363:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1248:
1243:Low Earth orbit
1234:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1177:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1131:
1122:
1094:
1087:
1076:
1051:
1046:(Cruithne) and
1034:Horseshoe orbit
1030:
975:
957:Graveyard orbit
865:
842:
829:escape velocity
784:escape velocity
697:low Earth Orbit
630:
581:An orbit whose
573:
518:Low Earth orbit
479:
471:
388:is the Earth's
386:reference plane
374:reference plane
312:Escape velocity
228:
222:
219:
211:escape velocity
187:low Earth orbit
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3542:
3532:
3531:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3499:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3468:Ground station
3465:
3459:
3457:
3455:Ground segment
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3388:Interplanetary
3385:
3384:
3383:
3381:Geosynchronous
3378:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3348:Gravity assist
3345:
3340:
3335:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3279:Service module
3276:
3271:
3269:Orbital module
3261:
3256:
3254:Launch vehicle
3250:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3232:Space sexology
3229:
3224:
3222:Space medicine
3219:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3057:Weightlessness
3054:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3009:
3007:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2978:Space research
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2914:Reconnaissance
2911:
2906:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2783:European Union
2780:
2775:
2770:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2670:List of orbits
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2622:Orbit equation
2619:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2494:Gravity assist
2491:
2489:Delta-v budget
2486:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2446:
2440:
2431:
2422:
2420:Orbital period
2412:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2400:True longitude
2393:
2391:Mean longitude
2384:
2375:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2147:Areostationary
2144:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2116:Very low Earth
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2044:Geosynchronous
2040:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2026:Transfer orbit
2023:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1984:Lagrange point
1981:
1976:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1906:Gravitational
1903:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1832:External links
1830:
1827:
1826:
1807:
1789:
1770:
1740:
1712:
1707:978-8177640434
1706:
1686:
1658:
1634:
1604:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1516:List of orbits
1513:
1507:
1506:
1490:
1487:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1403:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1349:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1261:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1216:
1211:km/h or 17,672
1201:
1194:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1173:
1156:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1104:Orbital period
1101:
1096:
1093:Altitude above
1091:
1084:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:to sustain it.
1059:
1054:
1049:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1021:inclined orbit
1009:
1004:
981:
974:
971:
970:
969:
968:
967:
964:geosynchronous
960:
954:
951:
946:
943:
937:
936:
935:
934:
927:
923:Earth orbital
914:
909:
898:
885:
879:
876:orbital period
872:
864:
861:
860:
859:
856:
851:
848:
846:Prograde orbit
841:
838:
837:
836:
821:
815:
814:
813:
812:
808:
805:
798:
776:
770:
769:
768:
767:
766:
765:
758:orbital period
746:
741:
734:orbital period
722:
714:
708:
699:(LEO) and the
689:elliptic orbit
685:
679:
676:Walter Hohmann
668:circular orbit
664:
648:
646:Elliptic orbit
643:
636:
634:Circular orbit
629:
626:
625:
624:
623:
622:
607:
602:
595:
579:
577:Inclined orbit
572:
569:
568:
567:
560:
554:
547:
541:
534:
528:
525:mean sea level
521:
515:
500:
478:
475:
470:
467:
466:
465:
458:
453:
446:
441:
434:
429:
426:
421:
418:
416:Orbital period
413:
406:
401:
398:
393:
366:
361:
338:
333:
314:
309:
298:
293:
274:
269:
266:celestial body
262:
257:
246:
241:
238:mean sea level
234:
218:
215:
140:, such as the
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3541:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3498:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3416:Direct ascent
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3398:Intergalactic
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3333:Rocket engine
3331:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3264:Space capsule
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:Space nursing
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:Health issues
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3135:Space Shuttle
3133:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3067:Space tourism
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2988:Space weather
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:Space command
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:Space warfare
2845:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2808:United States
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:Astrodynamics
2724:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:-body problem
2616:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2519:Oberth effect
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2438:Orbital speed
2432:
2430:
2423:
2421:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2394:
2392:
2385:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2359:
2357:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2330:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2279:
2277:
2270:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2192:Earth's orbit
2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:Geostationary
2047:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:Orbital speed
1836:
1835:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1774:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1676:on 2017-08-29
1675:
1671:
1670:
1662:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1624:on 2012-03-19
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1594:on 2006-08-23
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1562:
1561:Space station
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Earth's orbit
1509:
1508:
1504:
1493:
1482:
1469:
1462:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1404:
1398:km/h or 6,935
1389:
1382:
1375:
1373:
1372:Geostationary
1370:
1369:
1361:
1350:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1318:Molniya orbit
1316:
1315:
1307:
1288:
1278:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1217:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1157:
1155:
1150:km/h or 1,040
1145:
1137:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
980:
977:
976:
965:
961:
958:
955:
952:
950:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
932:
928:
926:
922:
921:
919:
915:
913:
910:
907:
903:
899:
896:
893:
892:
890:
886:
883:
880:
877:
873:
870:
867:
866:
857:
855:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
834:
830:
826:
822:
820:
817:
816:
809:
806:
803:
799:
796:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
775:
772:
771:
763:
759:
756:of 63.4° and
755:
751:
747:
745:
742:
739:
735:
732:of 63.4° and
731:
727:
723:
721:
720:Molniya orbit
718:
717:
715:
712:
709:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
687:A geocentric-
686:
683:
680:
677:
673:
669:
665:
663:
660:
659:
657:
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649:
647:
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207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
173:
168:
166:
163:
159:
158:orbital decay
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:
132:
128:
124:
113:
110:
102:
99:December 2015
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3529:Earth orbits
3408:Space launch
3393:Interstellar
3375:
3359:Destinations
3128:Apollo–Soyuz
3077:Space diving
3062:Space toilet
2886:Applications
2803:Soviet Union
2763:Space policy
2758:Space launch
2632:Perturbation
2614:
2589:Ground track
2499:Gravity turn
2450:
2443:
2436:
2427:
2418:
2398:
2389:
2380:
2373:True anomaly
2371:
2356:Mean anomaly
2354:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2307:
2287:
2274:
2265:
2258:Eccentricity
2256:
2214:Lunar cycler
2187:Heliocentric
2127:other points
2076:Medium Earth
2035:
1974:Non-inclined
1810:
1792:
1783:
1773:
1762:, retrieved
1753:
1743:
1732:, retrieved
1722:
1715:
1696:
1689:
1678:, retrieved
1674:the original
1668:
1661:
1650:, retrieved
1644:
1637:
1626:, retrieved
1622:the original
1618:Space Future
1617:
1607:
1596:. Retrieved
1592:the original
1394:km/s (11,600
1322:6,900–46,300
1207:km/s (28,440
1175:
1158:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1115:
1081:
912:Clarke orbit
762:sidereal day
744:Tundra orbit
738:sidereal day
652:eccentricity
640:eccentricity
551:sidereal day
492:
472:
432:Sidereal day
376:and another
272:Eccentricity
203:
175:acceleration
169:
150:space debris
130:
126:
122:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3366:Sub-orbital
3301:Space probe
3167:New Shepard
3145:Shuttle–Mir
2904:Archaeology
2857:Space force
2840:Moon Treaty
2712:Spaceflight
2594:Hill sphere
2429:Mean motion
2309:Inclination
2298:Orientation
2199:Mars cycler
2137:Areocentric
2009:Synchronous
1247:6,600–8,400
985:inclination
906:inclination
827:equals the
754:inclination
730:inclination
611:polar orbit
593:Polar orbit
583:inclination
489:satellites.
396:Orbital arc
364:Inclination
183:centrifugal
172:centripetal
131:Earth orbit
3435:Launch pad
3426:Expendable
3376:Geocentric
3343:Solar sail
3286:Spaceplane
3246:Spacecraft
3040:Space suit
3018:commercial
2946:Television
2741:Space Race
2534:Rendezvous
2230:Parameters
2066:High Earth
2036:Geocentric
1989:Osculating
1946:Elliptical
1764:2012-05-10
1734:2011-12-31
1680:2012-01-21
1652:2009-06-19
1628:2012-03-18
1598:2006-09-10
1567:References
1329:500–39,900
1063:spacecraft
1017:elliptical
1007:Moon orbit
993:solar time
811:periapsis.
788:infinitely
736:of ½ of a
691:where the
589:is not 0.
444:Solar time
372:between a
322:propulsion
248:a term in
69:newspapers
3445:Spaceport
3296:Satellite
3013:Astronaut
2941:Telephone
2894:Astronomy
2815:Space law
2768:Australia
2579:Ephemeris
2556:mechanics
2466:Maneuvers
2409:Variation
2172:Libration
2167:Lissajous
2071:Low Earth
2061:Graveyard
1960:Horseshoe
1551:Satellite
1448:0.97–1.08
1254:200–2,000
609:A nearly
286:parabolic
250:astronomy
225:truncated
3523:Category
3497:Category
3162:Tiangong
3157:Shenzhou
3086:Programs
2931:Internet
2736:Timeline
2345:Position
1970:Inclined
1941:Circular
1851:Archived
1848:NASA.gov
1819:Archived
1800:Archived
1785:restart)
1758:archived
1756:, NASA,
1728:archived
1489:See also
1413:min 4.09
1336:1.5–10.0
1167:min 4.09
1089:distance
1067:velocity
1040:co-orbit
904:with an
889:analemma
825:velocity
780:velocity
672:impulses
456:Velocity
342:integral
318:velocity
278:circular
244:Analemma
232:Altitude
195:altitude
135:orbiting
3371:Orbital
3172:Artemis
3103:Voskhod
3098:Mercury
3006:General
2746:Records
2731:History
2719:General
2554:Orbital
2524:Phasing
2484:Delta-v
2289:Apsides
2283:,
2081:Molniya
1999:Parking
1936:Capture
1924:General
1586:. NASA
1297:min – 2
1048:2002 AA
1019:–
760:of one
693:perigee
656:ellipse
615:equator
599:degrees
508:perigee
450:sundial
424:Perigee
360:* sec).
336:Impulse
206:perigee
179:gravity
177:due to
162:entered
83:scholar
3508:Portal
3501:
3490:
3306:Lander
3259:Rocket
3123:Skylab
3118:Apollo
3108:Gemini
3093:Vostok
2798:Russia
2210:Other
2111:Tundra
1979:Kepler
1955:Escape
1908:orbits
1704:
1474:MJ/kg
1472:
1465:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1424:MJ/kg
1422:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1383:35,786
1378:
1376:42,000
1366:MJ/kg
1364:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1312:MJ/kg
1310:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1249:
1237:MJ/kg
1235:
1228:
1226:min 18
1224:
1220:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1178:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1148:
1146:(1,674
1142:
1132:
1123:
999:, and
989:planet
701:apogee
504:apogee
462:vector
284:, and
260:Apogee
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3311:Rover
3113:Soyuz
2936:Radio
2793:Japan
2788:India
2773:China
2452:Epoch
2241:Shape
2179:Lunar
2133:Mars
2125:About
2096:Polar
1916:Types
1463:27.27
1308:−29.8
1233:−31.2
1189:6,378
1180:MJ/kg
1176:−62.6
1140:465.1
1121:6,378
1099:Speed
1082:Orbit
897:(GSO)
884:(GEO)
871:(SSO)
752:with
728:with
713:(HEO)
684:(GTO)
559:(HEO)
546:(GEO)
533:(MEO)
520:(LEO)
499:(TAO)
469:Types
378:plane
370:angle
346:force
344:of a
302:plane
138:Earth
129:, or
90:JSTOR
76:books
3473:Pass
3428:and
2244:Size
2183:Sun
2162:Halo
2014:semi
1702:ISBN
1470:−0.5
1467:days
1420:−4.6
1409:h 56
1402:mph)
1362:−4.7
1355:h 58
1293:h 29
1222:h 24
1215:mph)
1163:h 56
1154:mph)
1044:3753
1011:The
929:The
619:pass
382:axis
368:the
340:the
288:and
280:and
160:and
142:Moon
62:news
3140:Mir
2019:sub
1931:Box
1417:sec
1390:3.1
1359:min
1305:min
1301:h 8
1258:km
1230:sec
1203:7.9
1171:sec
1144:m/s
997:spy
487:GPS
380:or
356:or
354:sec
167:.
144:or
45:by
3525::
2367:,
2363:,
1972:/
1948:/
1782:.
1752:,
1616:,
1575:^
1445:km
1438:km
1405:23
1387:km
1380:km
1351:11
1333:km
1326:km
1251:km
1200:km
1193:km
1159:23
1134:km
1125:km
1050:29
920:.
900:A
794:.
748:A
724:A
658:.
358:lb
240:).
199:MJ
125:,
121:A
2704:e
2697:t
2690:v
2615:n
2447:0
2444:t
2434:v
2425:n
2416:T
2396:l
2387:L
2378:E
2369:f
2365:θ
2361:ν
2352:M
2332:ϖ
2323:ω
2314:Ω
2305:i
2285:q
2281:Q
2272:b
2263:a
2254:e
1899:e
1892:t
1885:v
1767:.
1737:.
1683:.
1655:.
1631:.
1601:.
1289:1
1218:1
1196:0
1130:0
1053:.
1023:.
1003:.
707:.
678:.
601:.
514:.
452:.
392:.
352:·
350:N
332:.
308:.
292:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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