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used for hole enlargement, and swab tools which are used for hole conditioning and pullback. Tooling intended to navigate rock, or tougher formations, may use tungsten carbide alloys or polycrystalline diamond (PCD). In contrast, tooling intended to navigate soft soils may be limited to high carbon steel (milled to a desired shape and size). The methodology of advancement also varies somewhat between soil and rock crossings. Advancement of tooling within loose uncemented soils is largely accomplished by hydraulic excavation. That is, the soil is being cut and or removed under the influence of high pressure fluid. Within rock formations, hydraulic excavation is still taking place to some degree (evacuating spoil) but the lion's share of cutting and breaking up material is due to mechanical work being done by the tool itself.
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lengths in terms of hundreds of feet. Generally, the term
Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) is intended to describe large/maxi sized drilling rigs, large diameter bores, and crossing lengths in terms of thousands of feet. Directional boring and HDD are similar in some respects to directional drilling associated with the oil industry, however, an equal comparison cannot be drawn as the procedures serve markedly different functions. Directional boring can be utilized with various pipe materials such as
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the capability of verifying the location. This information is transmitted through the wire-line fitted within the drill string. At the surface, the navigator in the drill cab performs the necessary calculations to confirm the parameters have been met. The MGS, even without the use of the wire grid, has been accurate to over 2 km with an accuracy of 2% at depth. The operator of the MGS communicates with the driller and guides him towards a predetermined engineered drill path.
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199:. The reamer's diameter depends on the size of the pipe to be pulled back through the bore hole. The driller increases the diameter according to the outer diameter of the conduit and to achieve optimal production. The third stage places the product or casing pipe in the enlarged hole by way of the drill stem; it is pulled behind the reamer to allow centering of the pipe in the newly reamed path.
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desired pipeline. Lastly, the pipeline is pulled into the enlarged hole, thus creating a continuous segment of pipe underground exposed only at the two initial endpoints. Directional boring can be utilized to cross any number of surface obstacles including roadways, railroads, wetlands, and water bodies of varying sizes/depths.
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Location and guidance of the drilling head is an important part of the drilling operation, as the drilling head is under the ground while drilling and, in most cases, not visible from the ground surface. Uncontrolled or unguided drilling can lead to substantial destruction, which can be eliminated by
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Walk-over locating system — A sonde, or transmitter, behind the bore head registers angle, rotation, direction, and temperature data. This information is encoded into an electromagnetic signal and transmitted through the ground to the surface in a walk-over system. At the surface a receiver (usually
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Wire-line locating system — The wire-line system is a magnetic guidance system. With a magnetic guidance system (MGS), the tool reads inclination and azimuth. The MGS, also has a secondary means of location verification utilizing wire grids laid on the ground surface. It is the only system that has
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For smaller bores, proportionally smaller and more portable equipment is available. These units may be capable of anywhere from 5,000 lbs to 100,000 lbs of thrust/push force and may be used for spanning between a house basement to a nearby shared water pipe. Fluid exhaustion associated with smaller
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continuously pumped to the cutting head or drill bit to facilitate the removal of cuttings, stabilize the bore hole, cool the cutting head, and lubricate the passage of the product pipe. The drilling fluid is sent into a machine called a reclaimer which removes the drill cuttings and maintains the
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The technique has extensive use in urban areas for developing subsurface utilities as it helps in avoiding extensive open cut trenches. The use requires that the operator have complete information about existing utilities so that they can plan the alignment to avoid damaging those utilities. Since
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Tooling, as in the mechanical apparatus that are installed to the drill string to conduct operations, are available in a wide number of different shapes and sizes. Directional boring tooling includes the suite of drill bits or drill heads used during pilot hole operations, reamers and hole-openers
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Directional boring/HDD is generally accomplished in three principal phases. First, a small diameter pilot hole is drilled along a directional path from one surface point to another. Next, the bore created during pilot hole drilling is enlarged to a diameter that will facilitate installation of the
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Although often used interchangeably, the terms directional boring and horizontal directional drilling are distinct in that they convey a different sense of scale. The term "directional boring" or "bore" is generally reserved for mini/small sized drilling rigs, small diameter bores, and crossing
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The process starts with the receiving hole and entrance pits. These pits will allow the drilling fluid to be collected and reclaimed to reduce costs and prevent waste. The first stage drills a pilot hole on the designed path, and the second stage (reaming) enlarges the hole by passing a larger
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The process is suitable for a variety of soil conditions including clay, silt, sand, and rock. Problematic soil conditions include large grain content in the form of coarse gravel, cobbles, and boulders. Other subsurface conditions which can impact the feasibility of directional boring include
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casings. It is used for crossing waterways, roadways, shore approaches, congested areas, environmentally sensitive areas, and areas where other methods are costlier or not possible. It is used instead of other techniques to provide less traffic disruption, lower cost, deeper and/or longer
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HDD Design
Guideline Task Committee of the Technical Committee on Trenchless Installation of Pipelines (TIPS) of the Pipeline Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Pipeline design for installation by horizontal directional drilling -
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reclaimer, high volume pump or pumps, an excavator (or comparable equipment for managing drill pipe), along with an assortment of other ancillary equipment (e.g. water tanks, spoil containers, etc.) to facilitate typical operations.
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For longer more challenging crossings, tractor trailer mounted drills capable of 1,320,000 lbs (thrust/pullback force) and 150,000 ft-lbs (rotary force) may be used . These units are used in conjunction with a
379:, prepared under the sponsorship of the Pipeline Research Committee at the American Gas Association, April 15, 1995, Revised under the sponsorship of the Pipeline Research Council International, Inc., 2015.
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proper viscosity of the fluid. Drilling fluid holds the cuttings in suspension to prevent them from clogging the bore. A clogged bore creates back pressure on the cutting head, slowing production.
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rig. Directional boring offers significant environmental advantages over traditional cut and cover pipeline/utility installations. The technique is routinely used when conventional trenching or
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The equipment used in directional boring depends on the length of the (proposed) crossing, the pipe properties (of the to-be-installed pipeline), and the (anticipated) subsurface conditions.
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PR-277-144507-Z01 Installation of
Pipelines by Horizontal Directional Drilling Engineering Design Guide (Arlington, VA: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc., 2015, pg. 12)
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PR-277-144507-Z01 Installation of
Pipelines by Horizontal Directional Drilling Engineering Design Guide (Arlington, VA: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc., 2015, pg. 19)
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PR-277-144507-Z01 Installation of
Pipelines by Horizontal Directional Drilling Engineering Design Guide (Arlington, VA: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc., 2015, pg. 29)
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PR-277-144507-Z01 Installation of
Pipelines by Horizontal Directional Drilling Engineering Design Guide (Arlington, VA: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc., 2015, pg. 3)
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bores is proportionally less as well. In many instances, smaller bores do not require the use of drilling fluid, only water, and in even less significant bores no fluids at all.
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provided that the pipe's properties (wall thickness and material strength) enable it to be both installed and operated (if applicable) under acceptable stress limits.
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position error). Currently the actual depth is not verifiable without the use of surface coils, a near surface transponder or sonde used in walkover systems.
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Gyro-based locating system — The gyro based system is fully autonomous and therefore one of the most accurate systems where sufficient diameter
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415:, Second Edition of Pipeline Geo-Environmental Design and Geohazard management, NY: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019.
260:) is manually positioned over the sonde, the signal is decoded and steering directions are relayed to the bore machine operator.
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Skonberg, Eric R., and
Tennyson M. Muindi. Pipeline Design for Installation by Horizontal Directional Drilling -
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All three systems have their own merits, and a particular system is chosen depending upon the site requirements.
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installation, no access pit, shorter completion times, directional capabilities, and environmental safety.
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Rizkalla, Moness. Pipeline geo-environmental design and geohazard management. New York, NY: ASME, 2008.
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or the utilities have rules for safe work execution. For standardization of the techniques, different
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uncontrolled drilling can lead to damage, different agencies/government authorities owning the urban
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in a relatively shallow arc or radius along a prescribed underground path using a surface-launched
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and power cable conduits, water lines, sewer lines, gas lines, oil lines, product pipelines, and
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provides details about the various types of
Horizontal directional drill machines available.
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provides examples of the six types of utilities installed via the directional boring method.
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Most accurate drilling guidance by dead-reckoning using high precision optical gyroscopes
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Installation of
Pipelines by Horizontal Directional Drilling, An Engineering Design Guide
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387:: ASCE manual of practice. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. Reston, VA.
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459:, Proceedings NoDig Conference of Horizontal Directional Drilling, Brisbane 2006.
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technology promoting organizations have developed guidelines for this technique.
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excessive rock strength and abrasivity, poor rock quality, and rock exhibiting
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401:(2nd Edition). Reston, Virginia: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014.
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There are three types of locating equipment for locating the bore head: the
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Pipeline
Geohazards, Planning, Design, Construction and Operations
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is not practical or when minimal surface disturbance is required.
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Typical maxi-sized HDD Rrig spread (approximately 50,000 sq ft.)
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ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice (MOP) No. 108
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Starting pit with pilot hole and some drilling fluid in the pit
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ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice (MOP) No. 108
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locating system and the gyro guided drilling, where a full
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Horizontal directional drilling is done with the help of a
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method of installing underground utilities such as pipe,
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have to be traversed with minimal deviation (less than
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Introduction to Directional and Horizontal Drilling
444:, p. 1-222. PennWell Books, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
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236:properly locating and guiding the drill head.
455:v. Hinueber, Edgar (iMAR Navigation) (2006).
151:Directional boring is used for installing
16:Method of installing underground utilities
489:describes techniques used, with diagrams.
231:Empty conduits laid by directional boring
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427:Horizontal Directional Drilling
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520:Subterranea (geography)
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114:Maxi-sized drill rig
525:Drilling technology
440:Short, Jim (1993).
106:Small HDD drill rig
499:Directional Boring
493:Directional Boring
485:2022-08-16 at the
375:PR-277-144507-Z01
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28:Directional boring
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468:978-0-791802-81-6
407:978-0-784413-50-0
393:978-0-7844-0804-9
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514:Categories
363:20 October
304:References
176:trenchless
94:features.
56:excavating
40:trenchless
245:wire-line
241:walk-over
212:bentonite
147:Technique
98:Equipment
483:Archived
287:See also
269:(200 mm)
155:such as
52:drilling
258:locator
216:polymer
204:viscous
182:Process
157:telecom
44:conduit
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80:steel
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464:ISBN
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365:2017
277:1 m
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64:PVC
36:HDD
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