179:, and is usually designed to mimic it as closely as possible. Operational scenarios are created on the DTS to represent the operator's transmission system under a variety of conditions. These may represent normal operating conditions, or be specially designed to test the student's responses to adverse circumstances, such as frequent line trips during severe weather. The DTS is administered by a team of instructors, who select scenarios and simulate operational events, monitoring the trainee's actions in response.
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To enable the training simulator to respond as realistically as possible to the student's actions, the power flow study at its heart must run on a frequent time basis, such as every few seconds. The simulation may model electrical networks consisting of many thousands of nodes and containing several
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linked by scaled-down representations of the interconnecting lines. The operator would simulate the operation of circuit breakers by physically operating their miniature replicas. As transmission systems grew in size and complexity, they could no longer be adequately represented in this manner, and
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forming the power system under various operating conditions, and its response to actions by the dispatchers. Student dispatchers may therefore develop their skills from exposure not only to routine operations but also to adverse operational situations without compromising the
197:, a factor similarly connected to earlier power failures. The joint US-Canadian task force investigating the incident recommended mandatory periods of simulation time for operators, and validation of the models against actual system characteristics.
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Dyliacco, T.; Enns, M.; Schoeffler, J.; Quada, J.; Rosa, D.; Jurkoshek, C.; Anderson, M.; et al. (1983). "Considerations in
Developing and Utilizing Operator Training Simulators".
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mismatch. The model will normally extend to the limits of the system operator's region of interest, and include representations of plant such as
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to calculate power flows and voltages on the transmission system and to model its responses to disturbances such as line trips,
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Clarke, Les (1996), "Operational and commercial training on
National Grid Company's despatch training simulator",
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Scenarios may also represent circumstances that the system operator hopes never occur, such as complete
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of generating units. Any generation's dynamic characteristics and limits, in particular its
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Deficiencies in operator training were identified as a contributory cause of the
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The system may additionally provide facilities for modelling and optimising the
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typically displays the state of the transmission system on computerised
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Fourth
International Conference on Power System Control and Management
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with controllable points for simulated operation of plant such as
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Early simulations modelled the transmission system with banks of
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and transmits operator instructions back to the same plant.
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A modern DTS combines or simulates the following elements:
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A DTS is frequently purchased by a customer (such as a
359:U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force (2004),
325:Operation Handbook, Policy 8: Operational Training
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277:IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems
28:system for operators (known as dispatchers) of
69:(EMS): a computer system for controlling a
58:computerised simulations came to the fore.
300:Operation of Market-Oriented Power Systems
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362:Final Report on the August 14th Blackout
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201:hundred generating units.
158:, maximum generation, and
249:Dorf, Richard C. (1997),
162:are usually incorporated.
285:10.1109/TPAS.1983.317731
177:energy management system
160:rate of change of output
95:transformer tap-changers
67:energy management system
20:(DTS), also known as an
302:, Springer, p. 5,
220:Power System Simulation
26:computer-based training
30:electrical power grids
36:the behaviour of the
404:Industrial computing
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156:voltage regulation
43:security of supply
38:electrical network
152:economic dispatch
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24:(OTS), is a
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188:black start
106:substations
49:Description
393:Categories
379:2008-02-23
205:References
145:capacitors
133:generators
71:power grid
34:simulating
167:Operation
121:generator
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125:demand
373:(PDF)
366:(PDF)
329:(PDF)
129:lines
117:relay
102:SCADA
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