252:
and so they lose a lot of energy in the form of body heat. According to the circadian thermos-energetics (CTE) hypothesis, animals that are expending more energy than they are taking in (through food and sleep) will be more active in the light cycle, meaning they will be more active in the day. This has been shown in studies done on small nocturnal mice in a laboratory setting. When they were placed under a combination of enough cold and hunger stress, they converted to diurnality through temporal niche switching, which was expected. Another similar study that involved energetically challenging small mammals showed that diurnality is most beneficial when the animal has a sheltered location to rest in, reducing heat loss. Both studies concluded that nocturnal mammals do change their activity patterns to be more diurnal when energetically stressed (due to heat loss and limited food availability), but only when predation is also limited, meaning the risks of predation are less than the risk of freezing or starving to death.
131:
203:
about 430 species of geckos now showing diurnal activity. With so many diurnal species recorded, comparative analysis studies using newer lineages of gecko species have been done to study the evolution of diurnality. With about 20 transitions counted for the gecko lineages, it shows the significance of diurnality. Strong environmental influences like climate change, predation risk, and competition for resources are all contributing factors. Using the example of geckos, it is thought that species like
37:
231:
to either as positive masking or negative masking, with it either increasing an diurnal animals activity or decreasing a nocturnal animal's activity, respectively. This can be depicted when exposing different types of rodents to the same photoperiods. When a diurnal Nile grass rat and nocturnal mouse are exposed to the same photoperiod and light intensity, increased activity occurred within the grass rat (positive masking), and decreased activity within the mouse (negative masking).
22:
168:
1075:
176:
other animals. This did come with some adaptations that mammals live with today. Vision has been one of the most greatly affected senses from switching back and forth from diurnality to nocturnality, and this can be seen using biological and physiological analysis of rod nuclei from primate eyes. This includes losing two of four
238:
in South
America showed that increased amounts of moonlight at night increased their activity levels through the night which led to a decrease of daytime activity. Meaning that for this species, ambient moonlight is negatively correlated with diurnal activity. This is also connected with the foraging
251:
Ambient temperature has been shown to affect and even convert nocturnal animals to diurnality as it is a way for them to conserve metabolic energy. Nocturnal animals are often energetically challenged due to being most active in the nighttime when ambient temperatures are lower than through the day,
247:
Diurnality has shown to be an evolutionary trait in many animal species, with diurnality mostly reappearing in many lineages. Other environmental factors like ambient temperature, food availability, and predation risk can all influence whether an animal will evolve to be diurnal, or if their effects
230:
Light can produce powerful masking effects on an animal's circadian rhythm, meaning that it can "mask" or influence the internal clock, changing the activity patterns of an animal, either temporarily or over the long term if exposed to enough light over a long period of time. Masking can be referred
217:
Light is one of the most defining environmental factors that determines an animal's activity pattern. Photoperiod or a light dark cycle is determined by the geographical location, with day time being associated with much ambient light, and night time being associated with little ambient light. Light
278:
Services that alternate between high and low utilization in a daily cycle are described as being diurnal. Many websites have the most users during the day and little utilization at night, or vice versa. Operations planners can use this cycle to plan, for example, maintenance that needs to be done
202:
Still today, diurnality seems to be reappearing in many lineages of other animals, including small rodent mammals like the Nile grass rat and golden mantle squirrel and reptiles. More specifically, geckos, which were thought to be naturally nocturnal have shown many transitions to diurnality, with
175:
Initially, most animals were diurnal, but adaptations that allowed some animals to become nocturnal is what helped contribute to the success of many, especially mammals. This evolutionary movement to nocturnality allowed them to better avoid predators and gain resources with less competition from
265:
to the most effective pollinators. Thus, the effectiveness of relative diurnal or nocturnal species of insects affects the diurnal or nocturnal nature of the plants they pollinate, causing in some instances an adjustment of the opening and closing cycles of the plants. For example, the
199:, which includes humans. Studies using chromatin distribution analysis of rod nuclei from different simian eyes found that transitions between diurnality and nocturnality occurred several times within primate lineages, with switching to diurnality being the most common transitions.
226:
in the brain that controls the circadian rhythm in most animals. This is what determines whether an animal is diurnal or not. The SCN uses visual information like light to start a cascade of hormones that are released and work on many physiological and behavioural functions.
78:". The timing of activity by an animal depends on a variety of environmental factors such as the temperature, the ability to gather food by sight, the risk of predation, and the time of year. Diurnality is a cycle of activity within a 24-hour period; cyclic activities called
248:
are strong enough, then mask over their circadian rhythm, changing their activity patterns to becoming diurnal. All three factors often involve one another, and animals need to be able to find a balance between them if they are to survive and thrive.
260:
Many plants are diurnal or nocturnal, depending on the time period when the most effective pollinators, i.e., insects, visit the plant. Most angiosperm plants are visited by various insects, so the flower adapts its
105:
Plants that open their flowers during the daytime are described as diurnal, while those that bloom during nighttime are nocturnal. The timing of flower opening is often related to the time at which preferred
138:
Many types of animals are classified as being diurnal, meaning they are active during the day time and inactive or have periods of rest during the night time. Commonly classified diurnal animals include
746:
Joffe, Boris; Peichl, Leo; Hendrickson, Anita; Leonhardt, Heinrich; Solovei, Irina (1 March 2014). "Diurnality and
Nocturnality in Primates: An Analysis from the Rod Photoreceptor Nuclei Perspective".
239:
behaviours of the monkeys, as when there were nights of little to no moonlight, it affected the monkey's ability to forage efficiently, so they were forced to be more active in the day to find food.
569:
Fernandez-Duque, Eduardo (1 September 2003). "Influences of moonlight, ambient temperature, and food availability on the diurnal and nocturnal activity of owl monkeys (Aotus azarai)".
209:
that live at higher altitudes have switched to diurnality to help gain more heat through the day, and therefore conserve more energy, especially when colder seasonal temperatures hit.
234:
Even small amounts of environmental light change have shown to have an effect on the activity of mammals. An observational study done on the activity of nocturnal owl monkeys in the
847:
van der Vinne, Vincent; Riede, Sjaak J.; Gorter, Jenke A.; Eijer, Willem G.; Sellix, Michael T.; Menaker, Michael; Daan, Serge; Pilorz, Violetta; Hut, Roelof A. (21 October 2014).
469:
Ward, Michael P.; Alessi, Mark; Benson, Thomas J.; Chiavacci, Scott J. (2014). "The active nightlife of diurnal birds: extraterritorial forays and nocturnal activity patterns".
159:. Scientifically classifying diurnality within animals can be a challenge, apart from the obvious increased activity levels during the day time light.
723:
420:
Shuboni, Dorela D.; Cramm, Shannon L.; Yan, Lily; Ramanathan, Chidambaram; Cavanaugh, Breyanna L.; Nunez, Antonio A.; Smale, Laura (2014).
1021:
954:
987:
270:
is pollinated by fruit bats and starts blooming in late afternoon; the flowers are dead within twenty-four hours.
1014:
422:"Acute effects of light on the brain and behavior of diurnal Arvicanthis niloticus and nocturnal Mus musculus"
366:"Diurnality as an energy-saving strategy: energetic consequences of temporal niche switching in small mammals"
1007:
299:
are organised in a generally diurnal pattern, and humans have a natural tendency to sleep in the night.
1226:
205:
1200:
1185:
219:
195:
colour vision became very advantageous, making diurnality and colour vision adaptive traits of
979:
The
Practice of Cloud System Administration: Designing and Operating Large Distributed Systems
932:
717:
115:
44:
977:
130:
1121:
860:
791:"Minireview: Entrainment of the Suprachiasmatic Clockwork in Diurnal and Nocturnal Mammals"
364:
Vinne, Vincent van der; Gorter, Jenke A.; Riede, Sjaak J.; Hut, Roelof A. (1 August 2015).
82:
are endogenous cycles not dependent on external cues or environmental factors except for a
8:
864:
1154:
1111:
947:
883:
848:
771:
705:
655:
604:
486:
446:
421:
267:
975:
1221:
1030:
983:
919:
888:
820:
812:
763:
697:
647:
639:
596:
538:
451:
395:
387:
775:
709:
608:
490:
1054:
1049:
1044:
907:
878:
868:
802:
755:
689:
659:
631:
586:
578:
528:
478:
441:
433:
377:
79:
482:
437:
1190:
515:
Gamble, Tony; Greenbaum, Eli; Jackman, Todd R.; Bauer, Aaron M. (1 August 2015).
911:
622:
Refinetti, R. (1 July 2006). "Variability of diurnality in laboratory rodents".
191:. When early primates converted back to diurnality, better vision that included
1195:
1133:
16:
Behavior characterized by activity during the day and sleeping during the night
759:
635:
582:
1215:
1159:
1138:
1106:
1094:
816:
767:
693:
643:
600:
542:
391:
317:
312:
184:
99:
976:
Thomas A. Limoncelli; Strata R. Chalup; Christina J. Hogan (30 March 2014).
873:
1231:
1101:
1059:
892:
824:
701:
651:
455:
399:
337:
223:
25:
21:
807:
790:
327:
192:
167:
119:
91:
36:
1180:
680:
Smale, Lee, Nunez (2003). "Mammalian
Diurnality: Some Facts and Gaps".
591:
382:
365:
322:
235:
188:
107:
533:
516:
1116:
999:
262:
177:
111:
95:
83:
29:
1164:
98:
and animals active at sporadic times during both night and day are
87:
67:
59:
48:
1074:
517:"Into the light: diurnality has evolved multiple times in geckos"
332:
296:
152:
148:
63:
1128:
1064:
745:
196:
140:
846:
180:
156:
71:
40:
514:
144:
849:"Cold and hunger induce diurnality in a nocturnal mammal"
468:
419:
74:. The common adjective used for daytime activity is "
969:
363:
679:
242:
114:open during the day to attract bees, whereas the
1213:
853:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
568:
1015:
906:"Diurnal and Nocturnal Pollination Article".
982:. Addison Wesley Professional. pp. 4–.
722:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
279:when there are fewer users on the web site.
273:
1022:
1008:
218:is one of the strongest influences of the
162:
882:
872:
806:
621:
590:
532:
521:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
445:
381:
166:
129:
35:
20:
788:
1214:
1029:
945:
1003:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
675:
673:
671:
669:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
415:
413:
411:
409:
359:
357:
355:
353:
957:from the original on 10 January 2016
789:Challet, Etienne (1 December 2007).
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
94:, those active during the night are
624:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
571:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
134:A bearded dragon, a diurnal reptile
13:
831:
782:
666:
615:
549:
497:
462:
406:
350:
14:
1243:
730:
62:characterized by activity during
1073:
946:Hankey, Andrew (February 2004).
118:opens at night to attract large
43:are diurnal, and organize their
939:
899:
370:Journal of Experimental Biology
289:
243:Other environmental influences
171:A chimpanzee, a diurnal simian
1:
682:Journal of Biological Rhythms
483:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.11.024
438:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.09.006
343:
7:
306:
222:(SCN) which is part of the
110:are foraging. For example,
10:
1248:
206:Mediodactylus amictopholis
125:
1173:
1147:
1082:
1071:
1037:
948:"Adansonia digitata A L."
760:10.1007/s11692-013-9240-9
636:10.1007/s00359-006-0093-x
583:10.1007/s00265-003-0637-9
426:Physiology & Behavior
255:
694:10.1177/0748730403256651
282:
274:In technology operations
212:
86:. Animals active during
1186:Diel vertical migration
912:10.1002/(ISSN)1537-2197
874:10.1073/pnas.1413135111
220:suprachiasmatic nucleus
163:Evolution of diurnality
155:are diurnal, including
70:or other inactivity at
58:is a form of plant and
187:, making many mammals
172:
135:
52:
33:
170:
133:
116:night-blooming cereus
39:
24:
808:10.1210/en.2007-0804
748:Evolutionary Biology
1155:Behavioural ecology
865:2014PNAS..11115256V
859:(42): 15256–15260.
66:, with a period of
1031:Biological rhythms
383:10.1242/jeb.119354
173:
136:
53:
34:
1209:
1208:
989:978-0-321-94318-7
927:Missing or empty
801:(12): 5648–5655.
534:10.1111/bij.12536
376:(16): 2585–2593.
80:circadian rhythms
51:mainly in the day
28:are diurnal, and
1239:
1227:Circadian rhythm
1077:
1055:Ultradian rhythm
1050:Infradian rhythm
1045:Circadian rhythm
1038:Internal rhythms
1024:
1017:
1010:
1001:
1000:
994:
993:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
951:PlantZAfrica.com
943:
937:
936:
930:
925:
923:
915:
903:
897:
896:
886:
876:
844:
829:
828:
810:
786:
780:
779:
743:
728:
727:
721:
713:
677:
664:
663:
619:
613:
612:
594:
566:
547:
546:
536:
512:
495:
494:
471:Animal Behaviour
466:
460:
459:
449:
417:
404:
403:
385:
361:
300:
293:
183:that assists in
1247:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1191:Light pollution
1169:
1143:
1083:External cycles
1078:
1069:
1033:
1028:
998:
997:
990:
974:
970:
960:
958:
944:
940:
928:
926:
917:
916:
905:
904:
900:
845:
832:
787:
783:
744:
731:
715:
714:
678:
667:
620:
616:
567:
550:
513:
498:
467:
463:
418:
407:
362:
351:
346:
309:
304:
303:
294:
290:
285:
276:
258:
245:
215:
165:
128:
60:animal behavior
17:
12:
11:
5:
1245:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1201:Parts of a day
1198:
1196:Solunar theory
1193:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1134:Photoperiodism
1131:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1004:
996:
995:
988:
968:
938:
898:
830:
781:
729:
688:(5): 356–366.
665:
630:(7): 701–714.
614:
577:(5): 431–440.
548:
527:(4): 896–910.
496:
461:
405:
348:
347:
345:
342:
341:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
308:
305:
302:
301:
287:
286:
284:
281:
275:
272:
257:
254:
244:
241:
214:
211:
164:
161:
127:
124:
32:during the day
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1244:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1160:Chronobiology
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1139:Vernalization
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1107:Cathemerality
1105:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1095:Diurnal cycle
1093:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1066:
1065:Annual rhythm
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1002:
991:
985:
981:
980:
972:
956:
952:
949:
942:
934:
921:
913:
909:
902:
894:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
804:
800:
796:
795:Endocrinology
792:
785:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
725:
719:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
676:
674:
672:
670:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
618:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
544:
540:
535:
530:
526:
522:
518:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
465:
457:
453:
448:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
416:
414:
412:
410:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
379:
375:
371:
367:
360:
358:
356:
354:
349:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
313:Diurnal cycle
311:
310:
298:
292:
288:
280:
271:
269:
264:
253:
249:
240:
237:
232:
228:
225:
221:
210:
208:
207:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:colour vision
182:
179:
169:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
132:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
50:
46:
42:
38:
31:
27:
26:Steppe eagles
23:
19:
1102:Nocturnality
1089:
1060:Lunar rhythm
978:
971:
959:. Retrieved
950:
941:
901:
856:
852:
798:
794:
784:
751:
747:
718:cite journal
685:
681:
627:
623:
617:
574:
570:
524:
520:
474:
470:
464:
429:
425:
373:
369:
338:Nocturnality
291:
277:
259:
250:
246:
233:
229:
224:hypothalamus
216:
204:
201:
193:trichromatic
174:
137:
120:sphinx moths
104:
75:
55:
54:
18:
1129:Seasonality
1112:Crepuscular
754:(1): 1–11.
592:11336/50695
477:: 175–184.
328:Crepuscular
197:simiiformes
108:pollinators
92:crepuscular
1216:Categories
1181:Chronotype
1122:Vespertine
1090:Diurnality
961:14 January
929:|url=
344:References
323:Chronotype
318:Cathemeral
295:All human
236:Gran Chaco
189:dichromats
112:sunflowers
100:cathemeral
56:Diurnality
1117:Matutinal
817:0013-7227
768:0071-3260
644:0340-7594
601:0340-5443
543:0024-4066
432:: 75–86.
392:0022-0949
297:societies
263:phenology
96:nocturnal
84:zeitgeber
1222:Ethology
1174:See also
1165:Ethology
955:Archived
920:cite web
893:25288753
825:17901231
776:15356355
710:23670047
702:14582852
652:16421752
609:32421271
491:53175677
456:25447482
400:26290592
307:See also
153:primates
149:reptiles
88:twilight
68:sleeping
49:business
884:4210334
861:Bibcode
660:4450067
447:4312475
333:Crypsis
151:. Most
141:mammals
126:Animals
76:diurnal
64:daytime
1148:Fields
986:
891:
881:
823:
815:
774:
766:
708:
700:
658:
650:
642:
607:
599:
541:
489:
454:
444:
398:
390:
268:baobab
256:Plants
181:opsins
157:humans
147:, and
41:Humans
772:S2CID
706:S2CID
656:S2CID
605:S2CID
487:S2CID
283:Notes
213:Light
145:birds
72:night
984:ISBN
963:2016
933:help
889:PMID
821:PMID
813:ISSN
764:ISSN
724:link
698:PMID
648:PMID
640:ISSN
597:ISSN
539:ISSN
452:PMID
396:PMID
388:ISSN
178:cone
90:are
47:and
45:work
30:hunt
1232:Day
908:doi
879:PMC
869:doi
857:111
803:doi
799:148
756:doi
690:doi
632:doi
628:192
587:hdl
579:doi
529:doi
525:115
479:doi
442:PMC
434:doi
430:138
378:doi
374:218
1218::
953:.
924::
922:}}
918:{{
887:.
877:.
867:.
855:.
851:.
833:^
819:.
811:.
797:.
793:.
770:.
762:.
752:41
750:.
732:^
720:}}
716:{{
704:.
696:.
686:18
684:.
668:^
654:.
646:.
638:.
626:.
603:.
595:.
585:.
575:54
573:.
551:^
537:.
523:.
519:.
499:^
485:.
475:88
473:.
450:.
440:.
428:.
424:.
408:^
394:.
386:.
372:.
368:.
352:^
143:,
122:.
102:.
1023:e
1016:t
1009:v
992:.
965:.
935:)
931:(
914:.
910::
895:.
871::
863::
827:.
805::
778:.
758::
726:)
712:.
692::
662:.
634::
611:.
589::
581::
545:.
531::
493:.
481::
458:.
436::
402:.
380::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
