5472:
752:
she believed that "the commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion actually means that we must protect free expression of all views." She added that the commitment would not take the form of "having the school administration announce institutional positions on a wide range of current social and political issues, make frequent institutional statements about current news events, or exclude or condemn speakers who hold views on social and political issues with whom some or even many in our community disagree." She criticized this definition of an "inclusive environment" by stating it "can lead to creating and enforcing an institutional
103:
505:, found a correlation between financial benefits and DEI. The study from McKinsey & Company was criticized in a paper by Jeremiah Green & John R. M. Hand, who found the impact of DEI programs to be statistically insignificant. At an aggregate level, a 2013 study found that birth country diversity of the labor force positively impacts a nation's long term productivity and income.Firm-level research has provided conditional support to the proposal that workforce diversity per se brings business benefits with it. In short, whether diversity pays off or not depends on environmental factors, internal or external to the firm.
325:, declared that the bill “would prohibit preferential treatment for any particular group” adding “I will eat my hat if this leads to racial quotas.” However affirmative action in practice would eventually become synonymous with preferences, goals and quotas as upheld or struck down by Supreme Court decisions even though no law had been passed explicitly permitting discrimination in favor of disadvantaged groups. Some state laws explicitly banned racial preferences, and in response some laws have failed attempting to explicitly legalize race preferences.
1032:
colleges from requiring “political loyalty tests” as a condition of employment, admission, or promotion. The other
Florida law prohibits public colleges from spending state or federal funds on DEI unless required by federal law. One Texas law prohibits DEI practices or programs, including training, that are not in compliance with the state Constitution regarding equality. The other law bans DEI offices and staff, as well as mandatory diversity training. It also bans identity-based diversity statements that give preference regarding race or sex.
552:. It has also been criticized that there has been limited progress in achieving racial diversity in corporate leadership, particularly for Black professionals, due to a lack of diverse Chief Diversity Officers and a broad DEI focus that overlooks specific issues Black professionals face. A 2007 study of 829 companies over 31 years showed "no positive effects in the average workplace" from diversity training, while the effect was negative where it was mandatory. According to
43:
493:
consultants, engaged in establishing the argument that a diverse workforce should be seen as a competitive advantage rather than just as a legal constraint. Basically, their message was, do not promote diversity because it is a legal mandate, but because it is good for business. Following the murder of George Floyd in 2020, some companies made substantial commitments to racial equity by establishing dedicated diversity, equity, and inclusion teams. In early 2024, the
5916:
465:
for both students and professors was widespread in colleges and universities, with many schools requiring training and meetings on the topic. Many scholarships and opportunities at universities even have a secondary purpose of encouraging diversity. Diversity in higher education can be difficult, with diverse students often feeling reduced to fulfilling a 'diversity quota,' which can carry a high emotional tax.
905:, has criticized American universities for "aving gone so far down the ideological path" that "these universities and these presidents cannot make the case clearly that at the center of a university is the free expression of ideas." He opines that "he most obvious lack of diversity at universities, political diversity, which clearly affects their ability to analyze many issues, is not addressed."
498:
for DEI roles has been approximately twice as high as that of non-DEI positions. The scaling back of DEI initiatives has aligned with a rise in legal challenges and political opposition to systematic endeavors aimed at enhancing racial equity. Diversity management can be seen to "leverage organisational diversity to enhance organisational justice and achieve better business outcomes".
527:, institutions are making defensive adjustments to the criticism. Some schools are removing the word "diversity" from titles of offices and jobs; some are closing campus spaces set up for students according to identity; some are ending diversity training; and some have stopped asking all faculty and staff members for written affirmations of their commitment to diversity.
279:, and hospitals. Into the 2020s, DEI efforts and policies have generated criticism, some directed at the specific effectiveness of its tools, such as diversity training, and its effect on free speech and academic freedom, as well as more broadly attracting criticism on political or philosophical grounds. In addition, the term "DEI" has gained traction as an
637:, "many academics at Harvard and beyond feel intense and growing resentment against the DEI enterprise because of features that are perhaps most evident in the demand for DEI statements", stating "I am a scholar on the left committed to struggles for social justice. The realities surrounding mandatory DEI statements, however, make me wince".
5551:
5717:
434:. The Court held that affirmative action programs "lack sufficiently focused and measurable objectives warranting the use of race, unavoidably employ race in a negative manner, involve racial stereotyping, and lack meaningful end points. We have never permitted admissions programs to work in that way, and we will not do so today".
359:
legal constraint. Basically, their message was, do not promote diversity because it is a legal mandate, but because it is good for business. From then on, researchers started to test a number of hypotheses on the business benefits of diversity and of diversity management, known as the business case of diversity.
822:
stated he had asked for a review and "options to reform professional training and strengthen accountability on school boards so this never happens again", calling
Bilkszto's allegations before his death "serious and disturbing". Bilkszto's death generated international attention and renewed debate on
492:
Diversity management as a concept appeared and gained momentum in the US in the mid-1980s. At a time when
President Ronald Reagan threatened to dismantle equality and affirmative action laws in the US in the 1980s, equality and affirmative action professionals employed by US firms along with equality
2053:
The Court ruled: “The diversity that furthers a compelling state interest encompasses a far broader array of qualifications and characteristics of which racial or ethnic origin is but a single though important element," quoted in Brent K., Nakamura, and Lauren B. Edelman, "Bakke at 40: How diversity
1022:
Since 2023, Republican-dominated state legislatures are considering bills that are against DEI efforts, primarily at state colleges and universities. The downgrading is taking place amid heavy legal pressures. Supreme Court in June 2023 upended established equal protection law with its decision in
556:
professor in sociology and diversity researcher Frank Dobbin, "n average, the typical all-hands-on-deck, 'everybody has to have diversity training'—that typical format in big companies doesn't have any positive effects on any historically underrepresented groups like black men or women, Hispanic men
508:
Research suggests that attempts to promote diversity can provoke defensive responses: One study suggested that even incidental allusions to diversity during interviews promoted defensive reactions in White male applicants. Indeed, after diversity was mentioned, their performance during the interview
497:
reported that there is a trend in corporate
America to reduce DEI positions and delegate the work to external consultants. The number of DEI jobs reached its highest point in early 2023, but subsequently decreased by 5 percent that year and has further shrunk by 8 percent in 2024. The attrition rate
358:
threatened to dismantle equality and affirmative action laws in the 1980s, equality and affirmative action professionals employed by US firms along with equality consultants, engaged in establishing the argument that a diverse workforce should be seen as a competitive advantage rather than just as a
464:
As of 2022, many academic institutions in the US have also started making commitments to DEI in different ways, including creating documents, programs and appointing dedicated staff members especially in the US. Many accreditation agencies now require supporting DEI. As of 2014, information on DEI
813:
in the wake of a 2021 incident at a DEI training seminar; Bilkszto was later diagnosed with "anxiety secondary to a workplace event", and claimed the session and its aftermath had destroyed his reputation. Bilkszto's lawyer has publicly linked this incident and its aftermath with his death. In the
751:
also published a ten-page document addressing the situation and clarifying
Stanford's position on free speech. In it, Martinez stated that the university's commitment to DEI "can and should be implemented in ways that are consistent with its commitment to academic freedom and free speech" and that
460:
In a 2018 article, proponents of DEI argued that because businesses and corporations exist within a larger world, they cannot be completely separated from the issues that exist in society. Therefore, the authors argue the need for DEI to improve coworker relations and teamwork. Through a DEI plan,
320:
which required government employers to "hire without regard to race, religion and national origin" and "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, color, religion, sex or national origin." The Civil
1031:
in
February 2024 is tracking 73 bills introduced in state legislatures in 2023–2024. Of these 8 have become law, 25 failed to pass, and the rest are pending. Two bills became law in Florida and Texas; and one each in North Carolina, North Dakota, Tennessee, and Utah. Florida now prohibits public
984:
and co-founder of the
Commission for Disability Employment, argues that when deliberating on the vision of DEI success in the United States, policymakers, and employers need to take proactive measures to engaging with people with disabilities who they historically ignored. Corinne Gray has argued
5706:
Russell, Princess M. "From
Affirmative Action to Diversity and Inclusion: Exploring Diversification Efforts among African American Faculty at Ivy League Universities in a State of Anti-affirmative Action Regulatory Environment" (EdD dissertation, Northcentral University; ProQuest Dissertations
997:, which are, according to this label, assumed to be less qualified and have supposedly received preferential treatment due to DEI policies. Wording of some DEI initiatives can backfire and contribute to the self-perception of the hired person that they would not have been hired solely based on
616:
in protest against mandatory diversity statements, has stated that "most academic work has nothing to do with diversity, so these mandatory statements force many academics to betray their quasi-fiduciary duty to the truth by spinning, twisting, or otherwise inventing some tenuous connection to
600:
Contrary arguments for training are that, "implicit bias training is crucial for addressing racism, and bypassing it cannot be justified under the First
Amendment. While free speech is a fundamental right, it is not absolute and must be balanced against public health needs, including combating
332:
to that of the majority population. The philosophical basis of the policy has various rationales, including but not limited to compensation for past discrimination, correction of current discrimination, and the diversification of society. It is often implemented in governmental and educational
2698:
1133:
Another significant point of political controversy has been the implementation of DEI frameworks in the military, with
Republican politicians frequently criticizing the efforts as "divisive" and as harming military efficiency and recruiting, while Democrats have defended it as beneficial and
468:
Within healthcare, DEI reflective groups have been used to enhance the cultural sensitivity within mental health professionals. Such reflective spaces help improve mental health professionals reflexivity and awareness of DEI-related issues both within direct clinical work with clients, their
427:
As of 2024, affirmative action rhetoric has been increasingly replaced by emphasis on diversity, equity, and inclusion, while nine states explicitly ban its use in the employment process. The Supreme Court in 2023 explicitly rejected affirmative action regarding race in college admissions in
628:
A 1,500-person survey conducted by FIRE reported that the issue is highly polarizing for faculty members, with half saying their view more closely aligns with the description of diversity statements as "a justifiable requirement for a job at a university", while the other half saw it as "an
640:
Several U.S. states have implemented legislation to ban mandatory diversity statements. In 2024, MIT announced that diversity statements "will no longer be part of applications for any faculty positions" at the university, becoming the first major university to abandon the practice.
1027:. This ruling, effectively eliminated the use of affirmative action in college admissions but did not directly affect employers. Nevertheless, since then conservative activists have organized in the states to dismantle race-conscious policies in various aspects of the economy. The
1051:
stated the Academy Award's diversity and inclusion standards "make me vomit", arguing that art should not be morally legislated. Several major film directors, who are voting members of the Academy Awards, anonymously expressed their opposition to the new diversity standards to
5910:
Tracks state legislation that would close DEI offices, ban mandatory diversity training; prevent colleges from using DEI statements in hiring and promotion; or bar them for considering race, sex, ethnicity, or national origin in admissions or employment. Free
3545:
Boulware, L. Ebony; Corbie, Giselle; Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio; Wilkins, Consuelo H.; Ruiz, Raquel; Vitale, Alfred; Egede, Leonard E. (20 January 2022). "Combating Structural Inequities – Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Clinical and Translational Research".
565:
The use of mandatory "diversity statements" within academia, wherein an applicant or faculty member outlines their "past contributions" and plans "for advancing diversity, equity and inclusion" if hired, has become controversial and sparked criticism.
833:
commentators looking to roll-back initiatives." The anti-racism trainer involved in the incident has stated they welcome the review by Lecce, and stated that the incident has been "weaponized to discredit and suppress the work of people committed ".
340:
by the ruling class of a culture, and to address existing discrimination. More recently concepts have moved beyond discrimination to include diversity, equity and inclusion as motives for preferring historically underrepresented groups. In the famous
255:
and allocating resources and "decision making authority to groups that have historically been disadvantaged", and taking "into consideration a person's unique circumstances, adjusting treatment accordingly so that the end result is equal." Finally,
311:
to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin". It was used to promote actions that achieve non-discrimination. In September 1965, President
956:(ESG). To investors and stakeholders, hiring these groups sends a coded message that the organization is more open to a diverse workforce, but to the groups hired it suggests the organization lacks effective diversity management or inclusion.
477:
students through resources and staff training, in order to support students facing social disparities. Other proponents of allyship consider impromptu speaking a key skill for allies to operate on authenticity in everyday words and reactions.
865:
said that "Jews, unlike other minority group, possess privilege and power, Jews and victims of Jew-hatred do not merit or necessitate the attention of the DEI committee" after two students complained about antisemitic incidents on campus.
736:
sparked criticism and discussion in the media, with many focusing on the role of Associate DEI Dean Tirien Steinbach, who joined protesters in denouncing Duncan's presence on campus. In the wake of the incident, the editorial board of the
2273:
Ariana Baio, "Supreme Court strikes down affirmative action, banning colleges from factoring race in admissions: In a 6 -3 decision, the Supreme Court ruled higher education institutions may not consider race as a factor in admissions"
321:
Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Neither executive order nor The Civil Rights Act authorized group preferences. The Senate floor manager of the bill, Senator
5731:
Schwarzschild, Maimon and Heriot, Gail L. "Race Preferences, Diversity, and Students for Fair Admissions: A New Day, a New Clarity" (January 16, 2024). SMU Law Review, Forthcoming (2024), San Diego Legal Studies Paper No. 24-003,
2260:
Schwarzschild, Maimon and Heriot, Gail L., Race Preferences, Diversity, and Students for Fair Admissions: A New Day, a New Clarity (January 16, 2024). SMU Law Review, Forthcoming (2024), San Diego Legal Studies Paper No. 24-003,
1697:
Rosenkranz, Kari M.; Arora, Tania K.; Termuhlen, Paula M.; Stain, Steven C.; Misra, Subhasis; Dent, Daniel; Nfonsam, Valentine (July 2021). "Diversity, Equity and Inclusion in Medicine: Why It Matters and How do We Achieve It?".
547:
has stated that "the consensus now emerging among academics is that many anti-discrimination policies have no effect. What is worse, they often backfire." A regular claim is that these efforts mainly work to protect against
697:
calling DEI initiatives "illegal", a spokesperson for his office stated: "The issue is not diversity – the issue is that equity is not equality. Here in Texas, we give people a chance to advance based on talent and merit."
608:(AFA) has called for the end of required diversity statements, stating it "encourages cynicism and dishonesty" and erases "the distinction between academic expertise and ideological conformity". Social psychologist
968:
in 2017, college professor Stephen Friedman said that, "Organizations who are serious about DEI must adopt the frame of producing shared value where business and social goods exist side-by-side". According to a
656:
According to DEI frameworks, "equity is different than equality in that equality implies treating everyone as if their experiences are exactly the same." A common identification, especially among critics, is of
2151:
351:, diversity now became a factor in constitutional law. The Supreme Court ruled quotas were illegal but it was allowable to consider race as a plus factor when trying to foster "diversity" in their classes.
391:
One 2020 estimate placed the size of the global diversity and inclusion market at $ 7.5 billion, of which $ 3.4 billion was in the United States, projecting it to reach $ 17.2 billion by 2027. In 2021,
388:
magazine stated in 2019 that the DEI industry had "exploded" in size. Within academia, a 2019 survey found that spending on DEI efforts had increased 27 percent over the five preceding academic years.
693:"the most egregious, self-righteous, historically-ignorant and dangerous" of the three titular notions of DEI. The debate has also branched into the realm of politics. Commenting on Governor of Texas
1547:
461:
organizations outline measures to be taken, including recruiting and retaining personnel, fostering effective communication channels, imparting relevant training, and regulating workplace conduct.
743:
opined that DEI offices have "become weapons to intimidate and limit speech". Steinbach replied with a piece entitled "Diversity and Free Speech Can Coexist at Stanford" that was published in the
4176:
2944:
Richard, O. C.; Barnett, T.; Dwyer, S.; Chadwick, K. (1 April 2004). "Cultural diversity in management, firm performance, and the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation dimensions".
117:) are organizational frameworks which seek to promote the fair treatment and full participation of all people, particularly groups who have historically been underrepresented or subject to
1456:
141:) together represent "three closely linked values" which organizations seek to institutionalize through DEI frameworks. The concepts predate this terminology and other variations include
778:
worldview", which, they argue, is "enforced by 'Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion' (DEI) officers and bureaucracies" and "threatens the entire scientific enterprise." Two of the authors,
424:
has also stated that surveys of international companies indicate that the number of people hired for jobs with "diversity" or "inclusion" in the title more than quadrupled since 2010.
5120:
2917:
Dwyer, Sean; Richard, Orlando C; Chadwick, Ken (December 2003). "Gender diversity in management and firm performance: the influence of growth orientation and organizational culture".
2825:
Smulowitz, Stephen; Becerra, Manuel; Mayo, Margarita (October 2019). "Racial diversity and its asymmetry within and across hierarchical levels: The effects on financial performance".
809:
principal Richard Bilkszto led to a new wave of controversy surrounding DEI in the workplace and its impact on freedom of expression. Bilkszto had earlier filed a lawsuit against the
581:
for adherence to prevailing ideological views on DEI" and "penalize faculty for holding dissenting opinions on matters of public concern". According to a 2022 survey conducted by the
5143:
3308:
721:
after he criticized DEI programs led to media attention and controversy. As a result, MIT empaneled a committee to investigate the state of academic freedom at the university.
2726:
952:", dog whistle diversity is defined as the hiring of groups who have historically been underrepresented or subject to discrimination by organizations for the social aspect of
1001:
and have only been hired due to a combination of their underrepresented identity and formal merit. The term diversity hire can refer to problematic hiring strategies such as
589:
standards, including 45.6% of institutions with more than 5000 students. Some universities have begun to weigh diversity statements heavily in hiring processes. For example,
4404:
5642:
Monea, Nino. "Next on the Chopping Block: The Litigation Campaign against Race-Conscious Policies Beyond Affirmative Action in University Admissions." (SSRN 4440549, 2023)
3216:
4842:
2248:
Nino Monea, "Next on the Chopping Block: The Litigation Campaign against Race-Conscious Policies Beyond Affirmative Action in University Admissions." (SSRN 4440549, 2023)
924:
litigation, U.S. courts have seen an increase in reverse discrimination claims since 2020, with some individual plaintiffs being awarded damages against companies such as
4916:
4556:
4202:
2295:
260:
refers to creating an organizational culture that creates an experience where "all employees feel their voices will be heard", and a sense of belonging and integration.
5010:
2367:
873:
stating DEI programs "are anything but inclusive for Jews". DEI's lack of inclusion of Jews and contribution to antisemitism were similarly criticized by businessman
677:. Some have criticized the focus on equity rather than equality, arguing that the former runs contrary to a focus on merit or non-discrimination. Political scientist
3167:
796:– "once anodyne and unobjectionable now contentious and outré, even in the hard sciences" – led to its refusal by major journals and subsequent publication in the
5576:
5630:
Kraus, Michael W., Brittany Torrez, and LaStarr Hollie. "How narratives of racial progress create barriers to diversity, equity, and inclusion in organizations."
3977:
5467:
Arsel, Zeynep, David Crockett, and Maura L. Scott. "Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in the Journal of Consumer Research: A curation and research agenda."
5210:
5090:
4265:
5827:
Weiss, Robert John. "We want jobs: a history of affirmative action" (PhD dissertation, New York University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1985. 8604096).
1217:
found that 6 in 10 Americans believed that diversity, equity, and inclusion programs are "a good thing". In a June 2019 poll by Whitman Insight Strategies and
1044:. Beginning in 2024, to be eligible for a best-picture nomination at the Academy Awards, a film must meet two of four diversity standards in order to qualify.
4131:
889:, one donor pulled a $ 100 million donation "because he thought the school was prioritizing D.E.I. over enhancing the business school's academic excellence."
5176:
4983:
3905:
3500:
3020:
Dover, Tessa L.; Major, Brenda; Kaiser, Cheryl R. (January 2016). "Members of high-status groups are threatened by pro-diversity organizational messages".
2090:
Sweeting, Karen D. (2023). "Executive Orders: Mandating Inclusion in the Federal Workplace: Insights from Federal Executive Departments' Strategic Plans".
328:
Affirmative action is intended to alleviate under-representation and to promote the opportunities of defined minority groups within a society to give them
5588:
Harrison, David A., et al. "Understanding attitudes toward affirmative action programs in employment: Summary and meta-analysis of 35 years of research."
3928:
2665:
Kelly, Erin; Dobbin, Frank (April 1998). "How Affirmative Action Became Diversity Management: Employer Response to Antidiscrimination Law, 1961 to 1996".
2500:
5546:
Ferraro, Carla, Alicia Hemsley, and Sean Sands. "Embracing diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI): Considerations and opportunities for brand managers."
4502:
882:
3263:
1142:
and military along partisan lines, with all Democrats and four Republican members also opposing. The Senate, under Democratic control, has not acted.
5327:
5670:
Portocarrero, Sandra, and James T. Carter. "Diversity initiatives in the US workplace: A brief history, their intended and unintended consequences."
4829:
4479:
4382:
3237:
2279:
706:
In the 2020s, high-profile incidents of campus conflict have sparked debate about the effect of DEI on the campus environment, academic freedom, and
1820:
5460:
347:
17:
2564:
5941:
5593:
1242:
953:
570:
5904:
3056:
5506:
5285:
4243:
3719:
2075:
2070:
Erin Kelly, and Frank Dobbin, "How affirmative action became diversity management: Employer response to antidiscrimination law, 1961 to 1996."
53:
5655:
5419:
The Effectiveness of Educational Policy for Bias-Free Teacher Hiring: Critical Insights to Enhance Diversity in the Canadian Teacher Workforce
5152:
4592:
3345:
2059:
846:. According to Andria Spindel of the Canadian Antisemitism Education Foundation, antisemitism has been largely ignored in the DEI curriculum.
5611:
Iyer, Aarti. "Understanding advantaged groups' opposition to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) policies: The role of perceived threat."
5112:
4965:
4774:
4070:
3741:
3382:
2715:
2152:"An Insight Investigation: Accounting for Just 0.5% of Higher Education's Budgets, Even Minimal Diversity Funding Supports Their Bottom Line"
613:
582:
5801:
Thurber, Timothy M. "Racial Liberalism, Affirmative Action, and the Troubled History of the President's Committee on Government Contracts."
3950:
3652:
3477:
2223:
2198:
Bridget Read, "Reckoning with as Reckoning: Doing the Work at Work What are companies desperate for diversity consultants actually buying?"
1601:
4811:
4631:
Hughes, Anne K.; Horner, Pilar S.; Ortiz, Daniel Vélez (2012). "Being the Diversity Hire: Negotiating Identity in an Academic Job Search".
1902:
541:
Diversity training, a common tool used in DEI efforts, has repeatedly come under criticism as being ineffective or even counterproductive.
5780:
Tatli, Ahu. "A multi‐layered exploration of the diversity management field: diversity discourses, practices and practitioners in the UK."
4667:
1525:
1503:
1040:
Within the film industry, several prominent actors and directors have criticized recently implemented diversity standards, such as at the
4001:
5059:
4938:
3763:
1331:
1094:-controlled states. Several states are considering or have passed legislation targeting DEI in public institutions. In March 2023, the
869:
Following a wave of antisemitic incidents on American campuses in 2023–2024, several Republican congressmen laid the blame on DEI, with
333:
settings to ensure that designated groups within a society can participate in all promotional, educational, and training opportunities.
6021:
3834:
5819:
4755:
3859:
1979:
469:
families, and wider systems, as well as within professional supervision and teams. DEI positions also exist with the goal of creating
5946:
5773:
Diversity, Equality, and Inclusion in Caribbean Organisations and Society: An Exploration of Work, Employment, Education, and the Law
4793:
4427:
3319:
2311:
5764:
2853:
5961:
5522:(Princeton UP, 2009), scholarly history argues that Congress and the courts followed the lead of programs created by corporations.
5304:
4311:
4177:"Former Toronto Principal Bullied By Equity Consultants For His 'Whiteness' Commits Suicide, Leaves Family and Friends 'Reeling'"
4022:
1151:
1024:
897:
DEI has according to some critics become a distinct ideology or "political agenda", leading to a politicization of universities.
430:
292:
3144:
2323:
Gill, Gurwinder Kaur; McNally, Mary Jane; Berman, Vin (16 August 2018). "Effective diversity, equity, and inclusion practices".
336:
The stated justification for affirmative action by its proponents is to help compensate for past discrimination, persecution or
1135:
5815:
5381:
3882:
3523:
5429:
2890:
Bell, Myrtle P.; Berry, Daphne P. (November 2007). "Viewing Diversity Through Different Lenses: Avoiding a Few Blind Spots".
711:
510:
65:
5033:
4721:
Chronicle Staff, "DEI Legislation Tracker: Explore where college diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts are under attack"
4450:
4356:
4153:
2762:
2375:
1430:
2177:
5353:
3405:
5675:
4203:"The Lived Experiences of Anti-Semitism Encountered by Jewish Students on University Campuses: A Phenomenological Study"
3428:
5986:
2638:
Obah Jr., Herbert (2023). "Black and Asian Allyship Through Impromptu Speaking". In Sha, Mandy; Lee, Cassandra (eds.).
1774:
1196:
909:
590:
5863:
5753:
5237:
5082:
2203:
1354:
1098:
passed a bill with a rider banning the use of state funds for DEI programs in universities and colleges. In May 2023,
5530:
4266:"Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Programming's Antisemitism Failures; Buffalo Shooting and Great Replacement Theory"
3359:
2649:
2013:
1069:
523:
87:
4694:"'I'm here for my gender, not my skill': Causal reasoning shapes beliefs about merit in response to DEI initiatives"
3451:
1478:
1090:
In the 2020s, DEI came into the spotlight in American politics, especially in state legislatures in Texas and other
998:
5187:
4335:"'I declared myself not woke': What happened when a critic of anti-racism 'ideology' led DEI at a Bay Area college"
2716:
Cross-cultural and diversity management intersections: lessons for attracting and retaining international assignees
1091:
1005:. The term "DEI", when used as a term to disparage people (particularly Black Americans), has been described as an
4102:
2306:
Cara McClellan, "When Claims Collide: Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard and the Meaning of Discrimination."
1457:"Why the Term 'JEDI' Is Problematic for Describing Programs That Promote Justice, Equity, Diversity and Inclusion"
4610:
4334:
2474:
1247:
1166:", have led to calls for boycotts of certain companies by activists and politicians; with notable examples being
313:
5665:
4736:
3693:
1102:
passed legislation banning offices and programs promoting DEI at publicly funded colleges and universities. In
1095:
981:
798:
725:
5479:
Barnett, Rachel. "Leading with meaning: Why diversity, equity, and inclusion matters in US higher education."
2639:
1455:
Hammond, J. W.; Brownell, Sara E.; Kedharnath, Nita A.; Cheng, Susan J.; Byrd, W. Carson (23 September 2021).
6016:
5694:
5494:
5260:
4828:
Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP, "State Legislatures Targeting DEI in Higher Education" (Jun 29, 2023)
2867:
Green, Jeremiah; Hand, John R. M. (2021). "Diversity matters/delivers/wins revisited in S&P 500® firms".
1854:
810:
645:
455:
300:
2727:
Hunt, Vivian, Dennis Layton, and Sara Prince. "Diversity matters." McKinsey & Company 1.1 (2015): 15–29.
1078:, have also been frequent critics of DEI, with contributor George Leff arguing it is authoritarian and anti-
5650:
Nakamura, Brent K., and Lauren B. Edelman. "Bakke at 40: How diversity matters in the employment context."
5527:
Gender Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Academia: A Conceptual Framework for Sustainable Transformations
4890:
4405:"CNBC Transcript: Pershing Square Capital Management CEO Bill Ackman Speaks with CNBC's 'Squawk Box' Today"
1387:
5917:"Affirmative action is under attack. How did we get here" By Julian Mark, Taylor Telford and Emma Kumer
5537:"Elkins, Caroline, Frances Frei, and Anne Morriss. "Critics of D.E.I. Forget That It Works: Guest Essay,"
1806:
See the concluding chapter, "Demise of Affirmative Action in the Age of Diversity," in Terry H. Anderson,
1162:
Political opposition to corporate DEI efforts in the United States, particularly marketing criticized as "
61:
6006:
5956:
5712:
Russen, Michelle, and Mary Dawson. "Which should come first? Examining diversity, equity and inclusion."
3264:"FIRE Statement on the Use of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Criteria in Faculty Hiring and Evaluation"
1880:
355:
4557:"Organizations are leaving disabled workers behind in their DEI efforts – here's how they can do better"
5996:
5991:
5411:
3168:"Commentary: Diversity training is unpopular because it doesn't work (but companies could change that)"
2008:
Sowell, Thomas (2004). Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study, Yale University Press,
1122:
886:
371:
5484:
5971:
5951:
5616:
4984:"Florida board bans use of state, federal dollars for DEI programs at state universities – CBS Miami"
3095:
2042:"That's Not What We Meant to Do": Reform and Its Unintended Consequences in Twentieth-Century America
1827:
921:
662:
605:
192:
122:
5113:"Secret Service says it's appalled by DEI rhetoric against female agents after Trump rally shooting"
993:
Diversity hire, equity hire, or DEI hire, are disparaging and controversial labels for persons from
138:
5604:
4865:
3677:
Minow, Martha. "Learning to live with the dilemma of difference: Bilingual and special education."
2040:
Steven M. Gillon, "The strange career of affirmative action: the Civil Rights Act of 1964" in his
1745:
1237:
405:
367:
69:
5328:"Target workers say the abrupt removal of Pride month displays has alienated some LGBTQ employees"
4132:"Anti-racism trainer accused of bullying Toronto principal who later died welcomes Ontario review"
3309:"Initiative to Advance Faculty Diversity, Equity and Inclusion in the Life Science at UC Berkeley"
1623:
577:, stating that "ague or ideologically motivated DEI statement policies can too easily function as
5981:
941:
857:
and DEI critic, has criticized DEI for what she says is fostering antisemitism. According to the
5839:
4966:"Who is Vivek Ramaswamy? A look at the GOP presidential candidate's first visit to Philadelphia"
3285:
2778:"The significance of trying : How organizational members meet the ambiguities of diversity"
1910:
6011:
5869:
Varlack, Tiega-Noel (2023). "Bypassing implicit bias training is not a First Amendment right."
994:
964:
According to some critics, DEI initiatives inadvertently sideline disabled people. Writing for
949:
917:
913:
682:
578:
415:
337:
5853:
5750:
Liberty Road: Black Middle-Class Suburbs and the Battle Between Civil Rights and Neoliberalism
5740:
Vanderbilt University Law School Legal Studies Research Paper Series Working Paper Number 24-4
4756:"Richard Dreyfuss Slams New Diversity Requirements for Oscar Contention: 'They Make Me Vomit'"
3809:
1223:, over three quarters, or 76%, of LGBT Americans support corporate presence in Pride parades.
1195:
Some of these companies' responses to the controversies have, in turn, sparked criticism from
2449:
1548:"Executive Order on Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility in the Federal Workforce"
502:
451:
401:
317:
304:
296:
102:
5966:
5936:
4103:"Anti-racism trainer accused of bullying principal who later died says she welcomes review"
1987:
1579:
1252:
1188:
1109:
Several prominent Republicans positioned themselves as critics, including Florida Governor
487:
248:
130:
31:
5860:
The case for affirmative action on campus: Concepts of equity, considerations for practice
5763:
55#4 (2021): 1989-2062. Controversy regarding statements required of university faculty.
5557:
Preparing for a Successful Faculty Career: Achieving Career Excellence as a Faculty Member
3929:"Stanford Law's Diversity Dean Is 'on Leave' as Controversy Boils Over a Disrupted Speech"
2973:"The significance of trying: How organizational members meet the ambiguities of diversity"
2524:"Evaluating the experiences of a staff equality, diversity and inclusion reflective space"
748:
509:
deteriorated and their physiological arousal increased. DEI can also be one component of
271:
training, it also finds implementation within many types of organizations, such as within
8:
6001:
5358:
4574:
4154:"Education minister orders review into allegations of TDSB principal who died by suicide"
3786:
3193:
2972:
2777:
1255:– employer that does not automatically disqualify all people with any criminal background
1209:
862:
830:
788:
739:
733:
729:
670:
597:
exclusively on the basis of their diversity statements in the hiring cycle of 2018–2019.
447:
443:
409:
5083:"What to Know About Women in Secret Service as Critics Blame 'DEI' for Trump's Shooting"
4843:"Texas House panel OKs funding ban for college DEI programs in draft budget. Here's why"
4593:"Op-Ed: Employers' diversity and equity efforts often overlook people with disabilities"
3589:
2025:
1106:, a bill to ban spending on DEI in public universities was also advanced in March 2023.
5572:"Diversity within racial groups and the constitutionality of race-conscious admissions"
5455:
April, Kurt. "The new diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) realities and challenges."
5181:
3906:"A new Supreme Court case could be the most important transgender rights decision ever"
3634:
3115:
3002:
2953:
2807:
2754:
2615:
2590:
2348:
2290:
Dan Morgan, "Supreme Court rejects affirmative action at colleges as unconstitutional"
1961:
1723:
1679:
1268:
1232:
1145:
878:
825:
634:
630:
618:
553:
536:
379:
264:
228:
220:
208:
5426:
Selling diversity: Immigration, multiculturalism, employment equity, and globalization
3501:"Mandatory DEI Statements Are Ideological Pledges of Allegiance. Time to Abandon Them"
2930:
770:, published a paper that outlined what the authors see as a "clash in science between
5976:
5835:
5571:
4648:
3638:
3571:
3563:
3119:
3037:
3006:
2811:
2645:
2620:
2545:
2340:
2107:
2009:
1953:
1782:
1727:
1715:
1683:
1671:
1054:
771:
707:
252:
196:
5662:
Racing for innocence: Whiteness, gender, and the backlash against affirmative action
4503:"DEI under siege: Why more businesses are being accused of 'reverse discrimination'"
2758:
2352:
5643:
5560:
4640:
4217:
3624:
3555:
3107:
3029:
2992:
2984:
2926:
2899:
2872:
2834:
2797:
2789:
2746:
2674:
2610:
2602:
2535:
2332:
2249:
2099:
1945:
1707:
1661:
1171:
1048:
574:
5382:"Most LGBTQ Americans Actually Love Having Cops And Corporations In Pride Parades"
4530:
3787:"When Diversity and Inclusion Clash with Free Speech – And Why They Don't Have To"
3111:
2540:
2523:
191:
refers to the presence of variety within the organizational workforce, such as in
5794:
Taylor, Alecia. "3 Ways That Anti-DEI Efforts Are Changing How Colleges Operate"
5635:
5564:
3764:"New FIRE model legislation takes on DEI bureaucracy's chilling effect on campus"
1858:
1263:
1183:
1118:
1074:
920:
against whites. While such complaints have historically been a small fraction of
858:
850:
686:
622:
586:
397:
384:
322:
200:
4668:"Kamala Harris faces racial 'DEI' attacks amid campaign for the 2024 presidency"
4644:
4289:"DEI: Not diverse, equitable, or inclusive if antisemitism is ignored – opinion"
3720:"Jordan Peterson: When the left goes too far – the dangerous doctrine of equity"
3080:
Alecia Taylor, "3 Ways That Anti-DEI Efforts Are Changing How Colleges Operate"
2678:
1711:
985:
that, "If you embrace diversity, but ignore disability, you're doing it wrong."
629:
ideological litmus test that violates academic freedom". According to Professor
414:
magazine stated "the business became astronomically larger than ever" after the
4288:
3033:
2591:"The feudal structure of global health and its implications for decolonisation"
2565:"Equity Elementary: 'Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion' Staff in Public Schools"
2126:
1175:
1041:
977:
898:
760:
715:
681:
has called "equity" a "mandate to discriminate", threatening the principle of "
678:
617:
diversity". Other criticisms include that it "devalues merit"; is connected to
609:
375:
240:
118:
5211:"Bud Light loses top US beer spot after promotion with transgender influencer"
3810:"M.I.T.'s Choice of Lecturer Ignited Criticism. So Did Its Decision to Cancel"
3096:"Why Doesn't Diversity Training Work? The Challenge for Industry and Academia"
2903:
2606:
2103:
1949:
1125:
banned federal or state money being used toward DEI programs in universities.
701:
5930:
5846:
5386:
4652:
3567:
3383:"Mandated Diversity Statement Drives Jonathan Haidt To Quit Academic Society"
3041:
2838:
2549:
2423:
2336:
2111:
1957:
1786:
1258:
1219:
929:
870:
819:
775:
767:
763:
594:
543:
420:
329:
134:
5812:
The Affirmative Action Puzzle: A Living History From Reconstruction to Today
4693:
3860:"The Illusion of Consensus: An Interview with Professor Jeffrey Flier, M.D."
1934:"The Parameters of Affirmative Action: Equity and Excellence in the Academy"
354:
Diversity themes gained momentum in the mid-1980s. At a time when President
4775:"Oscars voters slam Hollywood inclusion standards amid new diversity rules"
3575:
2624:
2344:
1719:
1675:
1139:
1110:
1062:
attacked the new standards as "progressive fascism", comparing them to the
1059:
843:
718:
474:
363:
224:
5726:
International Diversity and Inclusion: Innovative Higher Education in Asia
4221:
3478:"Professors Are Sharply Divided on DEI Statements in Hiring, Survey Finds"
2398:
1666:
1649:
593:
eliminated three-quarters of applicants for five faculty positions in the
5177:"After Trump Assassination Attempt, Right Points Finger at Female Agents"
5060:"House Approves GOP Measure Banning Military DEI Initiatives by One Vote"
4611:"Disability fashion: Stephanie Thomas is shaking up the fashion industry"
3629:
3612:
3559:
2997:
2876:
2802:
2399:"Homepage – Diversity, Equity and Inclusion – Carnegie Mellon University"
1179:
1114:
1079:
1006:
874:
793:
783:
779:
694:
585:, one in five American colleges and universities include DEI criteria in
280:
4917:"Bill to ban DEI spending at public universities advances in Iowa House"
4244:"Campus Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) Excludes and Targets Jews"
2957:
1299:
4812:"Diversity, Equity, Inclusion – Manipulating Words for Political Goals"
3676:
2988:
2793:
1965:
1933:
854:
549:
362:
In 2003, corporations spent $ 8 billion annually on diversity. In 2011
212:
126:
5515:(2022), wide-ranging manual to help new DEI officials in corporations.
5144:"Right-wing influencers use Trump assassination attempt to attack DEI"
5011:"Military academies' diversity efforts draw GOP concerns, Dem support"
4383:"House Republicans Blame DEI Programs for Rise in Campus Antisemitism"
2501:"What Is Really Going On: Black Graduate Students in Higher Education"
1355:"Inside the Booming Diversity-Equity-and-Inclusion Industrial Complex"
4939:"Ron DeSantis announces plan to block DEI programs in state colleges"
4156:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The Canadian Press. 25 July 2023
4105:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The Canadian Press. 28 July 2023
3217:"This Is Why Corporate DEI Tragically Fails Many Black Professionals"
2742:
1063:
925:
753:
393:
268:
263:
DEI is most often used to describe certain training efforts, such as
204:
5789:
Critical and Creative Engagements with Diversity in Nordic Education
5743:
5733:
5603:
38.3 (2000): 483–568; summary of 200 studies on the actual effects.
3544:
2741:
Alesina, Alberto; Harnoss, Johann; Rapoport, Hillel (January 2013).
2262:
2127:"Diversity Has Become a Booming Business. So Where Are the Results?"
1379:
1146:
Reactions to attempted assassination during a U.S. presidential race
976:
This view has been echoed by a number of DEI leaders and activists.
5286:"Consumers fight back, with some success, against brands gone woke"
4866:"Texas Lawmakers Pass Ban on D.E.I. Programs at State Universities"
3883:"Stanford Law students shout down 5th Circuit judge: A post-mortem"
3766:. Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression. 16 February 2023
2750:
1273:
1002:
470:
272:
5599:
Holzer, Harry, and David Neumark. "Assessing affirmative action."
4698:
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society
1851:
5352:
Telford, Taylor; Felton, Emmanuel; Guskin, Emily (18 June 2024).
3346:"Bypassing implicit bias training is not a First Amendment right"
3238:"American universities are hiring based on devotion to diversity"
1408:
973:
article in 2023, "People with disabilities are being neglected".
829:, the incident has also been "seized on by a number of prominent
815:
806:
560:
244:
232:
4575:"Why Businesses Must Stop Disregarding People With Disabilities"
4047:
3524:"MIT becomes first elite university to ban diversity statements"
1881:"Today's racial quotas? Senator Humphrey would've eaten his hat"
1526:"Definitions of Diversity, Equity, Accessibility, and Inclusion"
5621:
King, Eden B. , Quinetta M. Roberson, and Mikki R. Hebl, eds.
5503:
Diversity in the workforce: Current issues and emerging trends.
2699:"As DEI gets more divisive, companies are ditching their teams"
1826:. Society for History in the Federal Government. Archived from
1775:"The Right Is Trying to Turn 'DEI' Into a Slur. Don't Let Them"
1167:
276:
5450:(Oxford University Press, 2004), a standard scholarly history.
5034:"Republicans Ban All Racial Diversity Offices Inside Military"
1821:"President Kennedy's E.O.10925: Seedbed of Affirmative Action"
1454:
1150:
DEI policies became a frequent target for criticism after the
673:". This difference between equity and equality is also called
5354:"Most Americans approve of DEI, according to Post-Ipsos poll"
2589:
Keshri, Vikash Ranjan; Bhaumik, Soumyadeep (September 2022).
1980:"Equal Opportunity & Affirmative Action Policy Statement"
1746:"Is DEI a racial slur? Rise in term outrages Black Americans"
1696:
1214:
1099:
251:. More specifically, equity usually also includes a focus on
216:
52:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
5714:
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management
5703:(University Press of Mississippi, 2001), a Black perspective
4002:"Stanford DEI Dean Escalates Battle against Law-School Dean"
3288:. American Association of University Professors. 16 May 2022
1861:, University of California, Irvine (access date 16 May 2015)
1479:"Office of Equity, Diversity, Inclusion, and Justice (EDIJ)"
3057:"ESG And DEI: Why They Matter For Long-Term Sustainability"
2943:
1409:"The Office of Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Belonging"
1279:
1163:
1103:
702:
Effects of DEI policies on free speech and academic freedom
5738:
Sherry, Suzanna. "DEI and Antisemitism: Bred in the Bone"
5555:
Fleming, Robert S. "Diversity, equity, and inclusion." in
5142:
Lorenz, Taylor; Nix, Naomi; Tiku, Nitasha (16 July 2024).
4357:"Overview of Complaints Filed Against Stanford University"
3406:"Want An Academic Job? Start Preparing Your DEI Statement"
2368:"Equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI) in the workplace"
5305:"The Bud Light boycott, explained as much as is possible"
2424:"Diversity, Equity and Inclusion - University of Houston"
902:
295:. The legal term "affirmative action" was first used in "
106:
Flyer supporting equity, diversity, and inclusion in 2016
5577:
University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law
5448:
The pursuit of fairness: a history of affirmative action
2224:"Workplace diversity programmes often fail, or backfire"
1808:
The Pursuit of Fairness: A History of Affirmative Action
1138:
voted to ban all DEI offices and initiatives within the
5830:
Weiss, Robert J. "Affirmative Action: A Brief History"
4737:"The Oscars' New Diversity Rules Are Sweeping but Safe"
3360:"AFA Calls for An End to Required Diversity Statements"
1058:, with one describing them as "contrived". Film critic
916:
have alleged that corporate DEI programs are a form of
557:
or women, Asian-American men or women or white women."
501:
Several reports and academic studies, including one by
4451:"Who Decides Penn's Future: Donors or the University?"
4134:. The Globe and Mail. The Canadian Press. 29 July 2023
2740:
1192:
described such boycotts as possessing "some success".
5623:
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Insights in Practice
2854:"Diversity Was Supposed to Make Us Rich. Not So Much"
2644:. Amazon Digital Services LLC – Kdp. pp. 13–16.
2522:
Bolster, Alexander; Jameel, Leila (31 January 2024).
2308:
U of Penn Law School, Public Law Research Paper 23-20
5559:(Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024). 157–159.
3318:. University of California, Berkeley. Archived from
2916:
2824:
908:
Conservative activists in the United States such as
5852:(2003) an attack by a conservative anthropologist.
5684:
Diversity and Inclusion in Educational Institutions
5351:
4480:"Opinion: Why university presidents are under fire"
3978:"Diversity and Free Speech Can Coexist at Stanford"
2178:"Global Diversity and Inclusion (D&I) Industry"
1380:"Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Belonging (DEIB)"
883:
2023 United States Congress hearing on antisemitism
759:In April 2023, a group of 29 scientists, including
5238:"How Chick-fil-A became a target for going 'woke'"
5186:
5151:
4069:Coyne, Jerry A.; Krylov, Anna I. (27 April 2023).
3145:"Why ineffective diversity training won't go away"
3094:Dobbin, Frank; Kalev, Alexandra (September 2018).
2475:"Diversity and Inclusion in the Standards | AACSB"
2018:
5491:The Oxford handbook of diversity in organizations
4630:
3885:. Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression
3266:. Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression
2322:
1580:"DEI: What does it mean and what is its purpose?"
1504:"Inclusion, Diversity, Equity, and Access (IDEA)"
303:on 6 March 1961, which included a provision that
5928:
3019:
2970:
2775:
1012:
747:the following week. Dean of Stanford Law School
348:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
5876:Varlack,Tiega-Noel (2023). "What I Stand For."
5441:Leading Global Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
4964:Terruso, Julia; Brennan, Chris (20 June 2023).
4312:"Amid DEI Backdrop, OU Students Condemn Israel"
1243:Environmental, social, and corporate governance
954:environmental, social, and corporate governance
571:Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression
286:
4963:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
2743:"Birthplace Diversity and Economic Prosperity"
2736:
2734:
2692:
2690:
2688:
1650:"Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion That Matter"
1602:"Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Definitions"
1199:of "walking back" or failing DEI commitments.
892:
573:(FIRE) has called such practices an attack on
561:Mandatory diversity statements within academia
370:concerning Diversity and inclusion. After the
283:towards minority groups in the United States.
171:diversity, equity, inclusion and accessibility
5513:Diversity, Equity & Inclusion For Dummies
5501:Byrd, Marilyn Y., and Chaunda L. Scott, eds.
5141:
4531:"We Need to Talk About Dog-Whistle Diversity"
3881:Morey, Alex; Conza, Sabrina (13 March 2023).
3742:"Freedom of Speech, Diversity, and Inclusion"
3232:
3230:
2588:
2521:
614:Society for Personality and Social Psychology
583:American Association of University Professors
50:The examples and perspective in this article
4772:
4691:
4525:
4523:
4200:
2498:
2030:. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2009.
1845:
944:coined the term "dog-whistle diversity" for
842:DEI has been criticized for not focusing on
516:
5424:Abu-Laban, Yasmeen, and Christina Gabriel.
4692:Popat, Aarthi; Leonard, Julia Anne (2024).
4117:
4068:
4016:
4014:
4008:, March 23, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
3653:"Diversity, equality and the law in the UK"
3475:
3362:. Academic Freedom Alliance. 22 August 2022
3306:
3093:
2971:Risberg, Annette; Corvellec, Hervé (2022).
2776:Risberg, Annette; Corvellec, Hervé (2022).
2731:
2685:
2664:
1332:"What is diversity, equity, and inclusion?"
5862:(Stylus Publishing, 2009), with timeline.
5701:A History of Affirmative Action, 1619–2000
5428:(U of Toronto Press, 2002), DEI in Canada
5258:
5057:
5013:. militarytimes.com. Sightline Media Group
4473:
4471:
4425:
3880:
3452:"Diversity, yes. Diversity statements, no"
3286:"The 2022 AAUP Survey of Tenure Practices"
3227:
2851:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1035:
267:. Although DEI is best known as a form of
143:diversity, equity, inclusion and belonging
30:"DEI" redirects here. For other uses, see
5892:Affirmative action: a documentary history
5691:The Oxford Handbook of Diversity and Work
5613:Social and Personality Psychology Compass
5412:Affirmative action § Further reading
5261:"Chick-fil-A Faces a Conservative Revolt"
5174:
5031:
5008:
4665:
4520:
4201:Abrams, Chaya M.; Armeni, Kelsey (2023).
3975:
3903:
3854:
3852:
3628:
3106:(2). Taylor & Francis Online: 48–55.
3022:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
2996:
2889:
2866:
2801:
2614:
2539:
1665:
1577:
786:, subsequently argued in an op-ed in the
651:
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
5417:Abawi, Zuhra E., and Ann E. Lopez, eds.
5235:
4914:
4773:Giang-Paunon, Stephanie (17 June 2023).
4734:
4626:
4624:
4268:. American Jewish Committee. 19 May 2022
4210:American Journal of Qualitative Research
4097:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4071:"The 'Hurtful' Idea of Scientific Merit"
4020:
4011:
3862:Academic Freedom Alliance. 21 March 2023
3835:"Politics overshadowing scientific work"
3784:
3717:
3380:
3214:
3165:
2637:
2499:Harris-Hasan, Alandra (9 October 2014).
2180:. Global Industry Analysts. October 2022
2089:
1772:
1506:. Indiana Arts Commission. 30 April 2018
1334:. McKinsey & Company. 17 August 2022
935:
823:DEI and freedom of speech. According to
437:
159:justice, equity, diversity and inclusion
101:
5759:Soucek, Brian. "Diversity Statements."
5302:
4468:
4426:Mac Donald, Heather (6 December 2023).
4286:
3926:
3785:Friedman, Jonathan (20 February 2020).
3694:"'Equity' Is a Mandate to Discriminate"
3498:
3343:
3191:
2696:
2447:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2124:
2085:
2083:
1931:
1773:Warfield, Rafiel Deon (1 August 2024).
1562:
1317:
1152:attempted assassination of Donald Trump
1025:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard
988:
959:
689:, a frequent critic of DEI, has called
431:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard
293:Affirmative Action in the United States
14:
5942:Definition of antisemitism controversy
5929:
5379:
5325:
4753:
4332:
4309:
3849:
3807:
3691:
3521:
3476:Marijolovic, Kate (28 February 2023).
3471:
3469:
3449:
3426:
3344:Varlack, Tiega-Noel (16 August 2023).
3187:
3185:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3054:
2396:
1883:. Family News Network. 20 January 2022
1743:
1647:
980:, the former president and CEO of the
5850:Diversity: The Invention of a Concept
5771:Stephenson, Jacqueline H. et al eds.
5686:(Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2022)
4863:
4791:
4685:
4659:
4621:
4500:
4381:Knott, Katherine (15 November 2023).
4380:
4241:
4174:
4146:
4088:
4050:. indefenseofmerit.org. 28 April 2023
3610:
3256:
1852:A Brief History of Affirmative Action
1768:
1766:
1739:
1737:
1578:Alfonseca, Kiara (10 February 2023).
712:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
530:
511:environmental, social, and governance
4840:
4448:
4326:
4314:. Oklahoma Council of Public Affairs
4048:"Scientists Defend Merit in Science"
4021:Martinez, Jenny S. (22 March 2023).
3951:"The Tyranny of the DEI Bureaucracy"
3617:American Journal of Law and Equality
3538:
3499:Kennedy, Randall L. (2 April 2024).
3429:"Higher Ed's New Woke Loyalty Oaths"
3403:
3381:Tuccille, J.D. (30 September 2022).
3048:
2763:National Bureau of Economic Research
2697:Telford, Taylor (18 February 2024).
2365:
2209:
2118:
2080:
2054:matters in the employment context."
1909:. Harvard Law School. Archived from
1641:
1431:"What is Inclusion & Diversity?"
1352:
849:Tabia Lee, a former DEI director at
36:
5724:Sanger, Catherine Shea et al. eds.
5443:(2021), for multinational companies
5373:
5080:
4915:Sostaric, Katarina (1 March 2023).
4792:White, Armond (11 September 2020).
4735:Buchanan, Kyle (9 September 2020).
4501:Guynn, Jessica (20 December 2023).
4477:
4449:Saul, Stephanie (26 October 2023).
3976:Steinbach, Tirien (23 March 2023).
3808:Powell, Michael (21 October 2021).
3611:Minow, Martha (21 September 2021).
3466:
3182:
3133:
2125:Newkirk, Pamela (10 October 2019).
1624:"Diversity, Equity & Inclusion"
1017:
948:in 2017. Influenced by the phrase "
24:
5884:
5664:(Stanford University Press, 2012).
5570:Harpalani, Vinay (November 2012).
5405:
5032:Carbonaro, Giulia (14 July 2023).
4864:Burch, Audra D. S. (29 May 2023).
3307:Heald, Rebecca; Wildermuth, Mary.
3170:. Competitive Enterprise Institute
3166:Morrison, Richard (5 March 2022).
2892:Academy of Management Perspectives
2852:Mackintosh, James (28 June 2024).
2505:Diverse Issues in Higher Education
2002:
1763:
1734:
1690:
1346:
1157:
1117:, and 2024 presidential candidate
625:; or functions as a loyalty oath.
591:University of California, Berkeley
25:
6033:
6022:Anti-African and anti-black slurs
5898:
5175:Edmondson, Catie (16 July 2024).
5123:from the original on 18 July 2024
5093:from the original on 18 July 2024
5058:Uebelacker, Erik (13 July 2023).
4666:Alfonseca, Kiara (23 July 2024).
4287:Spindel, Andria (8 August 2023).
3927:Goodman, Sylvia (22 March 2023).
3427:Sailer, John (7 September 2022).
3215:Brownlee, Dana (11 August 2022).
3194:"Diversity Training Doesn't Work"
3055:Llopis, Glenn (8 December 2022).
2448:Bohanon, Mariah (16 March 2022).
2058:52 (2018): 2627–2679 at p. 2629.
1744:Rahman, Khaleda (30 March 2024).
1435:The Insurance Institute of London
1202:
1134:strengthening. In July 2023, the
724:The 2023 disruption of a talk by
524:The Chronicle of Higher Education
5947:Definition of racism controversy
5380:Holden, Dominic (24 June 2019).
5345:
5326:Reuter, Dominick (24 May 2023).
5319:
5296:
5278:
5259:Mordowanec, Nick (30 May 2023).
5252:
5236:Valinsky, Jordan (2 June 2023).
5229:
5203:
5168:
5135:
5105:
5074:
5051:
5025:
5002:
4976:
4957:
4931:
4908:
4883:
4857:
4834:
4822:
4804:
4785:
4766:
4747:
4728:
4715:
4633:Journal of Social Work Education
4603:
4585:
4567:
4549:
4494:
4442:
4428:"DEI Drives Campus Antisemitism"
4419:
4397:
4374:
4349:
4303:
4280:
4258:
4235:
4194:
4168:
4062:
4040:
3995:
3969:
3943:
3920:
3904:Millhiser, Ian (14 March 2023).
3897:
3874:
3718:Peterson, Jordan (10 May 2019).
3692:Lipson, Charles (4 March 2021).
3404:Camp, Emma (19 September 2022).
3192:Bregman, Peter (12 March 2012).
3143:Nathoo, Zulekha (17 June 2021).
2562:
1648:Grubbs, Vanessa (23 July 2020).
247:, such as fair compensation and
111:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
41:
18:Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
5962:Corporate social responsibility
5905:"DEI Legislation Tracker" from
5832:Journal of intergroup relations
5775:(Springer International, 2020)
5625:(Oxford University Press, 2024)
5432:; see symposium on the book at
5009:Shane III, Leo (19 July 2023).
4362:. Brandeis Center. 15 June 2021
4333:Asimov, Nanette (14 May 2023).
4310:Carter, Ray (27 October 2023).
4242:Rosen, Armin (4 October 2022).
3931:. Chronicle of Higher Education
3827:
3801:
3778:
3756:
3744:. American Council of Education
3734:
3711:
3685:
3670:
3645:
3604:
3582:
3548:New England Journal of Medicine
3515:
3492:
3480:. Chronicle of Higher Education
3443:
3420:
3397:
3374:
3352:
3337:
3300:
3278:
3208:
3159:
3087:
3074:
3013:
2977:Gender, Work & Organization
2964:
2937:
2910:
2883:
2860:
2845:
2818:
2782:Gender, Work & Organization
2769:
2720:
2709:
2658:
2631:
2582:
2556:
2515:
2492:
2467:
2441:
2416:
2390:
2359:
2316:
2300:
2284:
2267:
2254:
2242:
2192:
2170:
2144:
2064:
2047:
2034:
1972:
1925:
1895:
1873:
1864:
1813:
1800:
1654:New England Journal of Medicine
1616:
1594:
1540:
1518:
1248:Corporate social responsibility
837:
685:", while Canadian psychologist
5907:Chronicle of Higher Education.
5707:Publishing, 2022. 28964683).
5601:Journal of Economic Literature
5303:Stewart, Emily (19 May 2023).
2641:If we can do it, you can, too!
1938:Review of Educational Research
1550:. whitehouse.gov. 25 June 2021
1528:. American Alliance of Museums
1496:
1471:
1448:
1423:
1401:
1372:
1292:
1276:, regarding sex discrimination
1096:Texas House of Representatives
982:National Down Syndrome Society
799:Journal of Controversial Ideas
726:Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals
374:in 2016 and the ascent of the
13:
1:
5796:Chronicle of Higher Education
5787:Tavares, Vander, et al. eds.
5782:British Journal of Management
5632:Current opinion in psychology
5590:Journal of Applied Psychology
4754:Murphy, Jim K. (6 May 2023).
4723:Chronicle of Higher Education
3679:Law and Contemporary Problems
3450:Jacoby, Jeff (9 April 2024).
3112:10.1080/19428200.2018.1493182
3082:Chronicle of Higher Education
2946:Academy of Management Journal
2931:10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00329-0
2667:American Behavioral Scientist
2541:10.1080/14623943.2024.2309882
2397:University, Carnegie Mellon.
2072:American Behavioral Scientist
1700:Journal of Surgical Education
1353:Read, Bridget (26 May 2021).
1285:
1029:Chronicle of Higher Education
1013:Political and public reaction
811:Toronto District School Board
646:National Institutes of Health
456:Inclusion (disability rights)
5565:10.1007/978-3-031-50161-6_35
5469:Journal of Consumer Research
2919:Journal of Business Research
1932:Tierney, William G. (1997).
1388:BI Norwegian Business School
481:
287:History in the United States
7:
5525:Duarte, Melina et al. eds.
5520:Inventing equal opportunity
5489:Bendl, Regina, et al. eds.
4845:. Austin American-Statesman
4645:10.5175/JSWE.2012.201000101
4175:Blaff, Ari (24 July 2023).
3522:Sailer, John (5 May 2024).
2679:10.1177/0002764298041007008
2325:Healthcare Management Forum
2092:Public Personnel Management
1712:10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.11.013
1300:"'DEI' – on Dictionary.com"
1226:
1128:
1085:
893:Politicization and ideology
805:The 2023 suicide of former
710:. The 2021 cancelling of a
64:, discuss the issue on the
10:
6038:
5858:Zamani-Gallaher, Eboni M.
5728:(Palgrave MacMillan. 2020)
5689:Roberson, Quinetta M. ed.
5409:
3196:. Harvard Business Reviews
3034:10.1016/j.jesp.2015.10.006
1604:. University of Washington
1123:Florida Board of Education
887:University of Pennsylvania
814:wake of Bilkszto's death,
534:
485:
441:
400:concerning DEI, including
29:
5987:Human resource management
5803:Journal of Policy History
5481:Perspectives in Education
5081:Ewe, Koh (15 July 2024).
4337:. San Francisco Chronicle
2904:10.5465/AMP.2007.27895336
2607:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010603
2104:10.1177/00910260231187542
2044:(WW Norton, 2000) p. 152.
1950:10.3102/00346543067002165
922:employment discrimination
663:equality of opportunities
606:Academic Freedom Alliance
517:Criticism and controversy
297:Executive Order No. 10925
2839:10.1177/0018726718812602
2745:. Working Paper Series.
2337:10.1177/0840470418773785
1238:Corporate Equality Index
1136:House of Representatives
612:, who resigned from the
372:election of Donald Trump
291:DEI policy emerged from
27:Organizational framework
5834:(1987), 15#2 p.40–53;
5434:Canadian Ethnic Studies
4794:"Our Sovietized Oscars"
4407:. CNBC. 6 November 2023
2869:SSRN Electronic Journal
2569:The Heritage Foundation
2372:Diversity And Inclusion
2366:Noah (7 January 2023).
1121:. In January 2024, the
1072:media sources, such as
1036:Entertainment and media
995:underrepresented groups
942:Christine Michel Carter
861:, the DEI committee at
792:that their emphasis on
714:(MIT) guest lecture by
621:; that it violates the
299:", signed by President
151:inclusion and diversity
129:. These three notions (
5923:, detailed chronology.
5890:Robinson, Jo Ann, ed.
5654:52 (2018): 2627–2679.
5471:48.5 (2022): 920–933.
4023:"SLS Letter from Dean"
2856:. Wall Street Journal.
2454:Insight Into Diversity
2450:"DEI in Accreditation"
2074:41.7 (1998): 960–984.
1411:. University of Kansas
918:reverse discrimination
818:Minister of Education
683:equality under the law
652:Equity versus equality
503:McKinsey & Company
416:murder of George Floyd
305:government contractors
239:refers to concepts of
107:
5805:18.4 (2006): 446–476.
5784:22.2 (2011): 238–253.
5748:Smithsimon, Gregory.
5674:16.7 (2022): e13001.
5615:16.5 (2022): e12666.
5550:66.4 (2023): 463–479.
5436:55.1 (2023): 125–145.
5410:Further information:
4430:. Wall Street Journal
4028:. Stanford Law School
3681:48.2 (1985): 157–211.
3613:"Equality vs. Equity"
3503:. The Harvard Crimson
2563:Ph.D, Jay P. Greene.
1870:Executive Order 11246
1667:10.1056/NEJMpv2022639
1459:. Scientific American
936:Dog-whistle diversity
675:Dilemma of Difference
535:Further information:
452:Inclusion (education)
442:Further information:
438:Methods and arguments
406:Executive Order 14035
402:Executive Order 13985
368:Executive Order 13583
318:Executive Order 11246
105:
6017:Diversity (business)
5810:Urofsky, Melvin I.
5742:(January 23, 2024).
5716:36.1 (2024): 25–40.
5634:43 (2022): 108–113.
5511:Davis, Dr. Shirley.
5483:38.2 (2020): 20–35.
5446:Anderson, Terry H.
3630:10.1162/ajle_a_00019
3592:. University of Iowa
3560:10.1056/NEJMp2112233
2877:10.2139/ssrn.3849562
1903:"Affirmative Action"
1810:(2004) pp. 217–273.
1253:Fair-chance employer
1207:A June 2024 poll by
989:Diversity hire label
960:Disability community
950:dog whistle politics
488:Diversity (business)
253:societal disparities
249:substantive equality
70:create a new article
62:improve this article
32:DEI (disambiguation)
5761:UC Davis Law Review
5652:UC Davis Law Review
5592:91#5 (2006): 1013+
5359:The Washington Post
4919:. Iowa Public Radio
4563:. 29 November 2017.
4222:10.29333/ajqr/13482
4075:Wall Street Journal
3982:Wall Street Journal
3955:Wall Street Journal
3722:. The National Post
3698:Wall Street Journal
3623:(1). MIT: 167–193.
3084:(January 18, 2024)
2528:Reflective Practice
2056:UC Davis Law Review
1857:12 May 2015 at the
1210:The Washington Post
901:, a commentator on
863:Stanford University
789:Wall Street Journal
774:values" and a "new
740:Wall Street Journal
734:Stanford Law School
671:equality of outcome
644:DEI is promoted by
448:Equity in education
444:Diversity education
6007:Left-wing politics
5957:Affirmative action
5873:. August 16, 2023.
5798:(January 18, 2024)
5752:(NYU Press, 2022)
5660:Pierce, Jennifer.
5493:(Oxford UP, 2015)
5457:HR: The new agenda
5182:The New York Times
4741:The New York Times
4725:February 16, 2024.
4581:. 12 January 2023.
4537:. 29 November 2017
4385:. Inside Higher Ed
2989:10.1111/gwao.12883
2794:10.1111/gwao.12883
2027:Affirmative Action
1833:on 27 October 2020
1269:Rainbow capitalism
1233:Affirmative action
879:Heather Mac Donald
826:The Globe and Mail
635:Harvard University
631:Randall L. Kennedy
619:affirmative action
601:systemic racism."
554:Harvard University
537:Diversity training
531:Diversity training
380:Black Lives Matter
309:affirmative action
265:diversity training
209:sexual orientation
108:
5997:Intersectionality
5992:Identity politics
5791:(Lexington, 2023)
5699:Rubio, Philip F.
5672:Sociology Compass
5548:Business Horizons
5459:(2021): 119–132.
5421:(Routledge, 2021)
5062:. The Daily Beast
4990:. 24 January 2024
4945:. 2 February 2023
4895:capitol.texas.gov
4841:Menchaca, Megan.
4478:Zakaria, Fareed.
3590:"DEI Definitions"
3316:ofew.berkeley.edu
3244:. 4 February 2023
2925:(12): 1009–1019.
2833:(10): 1671–1696.
2595:BMJ Global Health
2200:New York: The Cut
2158:. 16 October 2019
1483:Lesley University
1113:, Texas Governor
1055:The New York Post
772:classical liberal
749:Jenny S. Martínez
197:identity politics
98:
97:
90:
72:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
6029:
5972:Environmentalism
5952:Multiculturalism
5880:. February 2023.
5585:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5332:Business Insider
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5190:
5185:. Archived from
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5155:
5150:. Archived from
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5119:. 18 July 2024.
5109:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4891:"Senate Bill 17"
4887:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4838:
4832:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4818:. 15 March 2021.
4808:
4802:
4801:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4732:
4726:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4628:
4619:
4618:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4599:. 21 April 2021.
4589:
4583:
4582:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4561:The Conversation
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4527:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4475:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4361:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4291:. Jerusalem Post
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4207:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4128:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4099:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4027:
4018:
4009:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3856:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3689:
3683:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3657:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3632:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3473:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3325:on 26 March 2023
3324:
3313:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3189:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3100:Anthropology Now
3091:
3085:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2983:(6): 1849–1867.
2968:
2962:
2961:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2788:(6): 1849–1867.
2773:
2767:
2766:
2738:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2694:
2683:
2682:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2543:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2374:. Archived from
2363:
2357:
2356:
2320:
2314:
2304:
2298:
2288:
2282:
2271:
2265:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2230:. 25 August 2022
2220:
2207:
2202:, May 26, 2021
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2087:
2078:
2068:
2062:
2051:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2022:
2016:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1986:. Archived from
1976:
1970:
1969:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1825:
1817:
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1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1706:(4): 1058–1065.
1694:
1688:
1687:
1669:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1628:Code for America
1620:
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1365:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1328:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1296:
1049:Richard Dreyfuss
1018:Higher education
966:The Conversation
881:. Following the
575:academic freedom
398:executive orders
121:on the basis of
93:
86:
82:
79:
73:
45:
44:
37:
21:
6037:
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6032:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6026:
5927:
5926:
5919:Washington Post
5901:
5887:
5885:Primary sources
5569:
5518:Dobbin, Frank.
5439:Anand, Rohini.
5414:
5408:
5406:Further reading
5403:
5402:
5392:
5390:
5378:
5374:
5364:
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5209:
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5204:
5194:
5192:
5191:on 18 July 2024
5173:
5169:
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5157:
5156:on 18 July 2024
5148:Washington Post
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4988:www.cbsnews.com
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4816:National Review
4810:
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4798:National Review
4790:
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4617:. 20 June 2019.
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4181:National Review
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4006:National Review
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3957:. 17 March 2023
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3658:. UK Parliament
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2827:Human Relations
2823:
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2732:
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2714:
2710:
2703:Washington Post
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2379:
2378:on 8 March 2023
2364:
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2289:
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2278:(29 June 2023)
2276:The Independent
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2019:
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1859:Wayback Machine
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1306:
1298:
1297:
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1288:
1264:Human resources
1229:
1205:
1184:Jonathan Turley
1160:
1158:Public boycotts
1148:
1131:
1119:Vivek Ramaswamy
1088:
1075:National Review
1038:
1020:
1015:
991:
962:
938:
895:
859:Brandeis Center
851:De Anza College
840:
761:Nobel laureates
704:
687:Jordan Peterson
654:
623:First Amendment
563:
539:
533:
519:
495:Washington Post
490:
484:
458:
440:
396:signed several
323:Hubert Humphrey
301:John F. Kennedy
289:
94:
83:
77:
74:
59:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6035:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5982:Social justice
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5925:
5924:
5913:
5912:
5900:
5899:External links
5897:
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5883:
5882:
5881:
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5867:
5856:
5847:Wood, Peter W.
5843:
5842:
5828:
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5821:New York Times
5807:
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5709:
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5682:Reza, Fawzia.
5679:
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5627:
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5539:New York Times
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5372:
5344:
5318:
5295:
5292:. 27 May 2023.
5277:
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5228:
5217:. 14 June 2023
5202:
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4870:New York Times
4856:
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4803:
4784:
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4727:
4714:
4684:
4658:
4639:(3): 595–612.
4620:
4602:
4584:
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4519:
4493:
4467:
4455:New York Times
4441:
4418:
4396:
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4348:
4325:
4302:
4279:
4257:
4234:
4216:(3): 172–191.
4193:
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4087:
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4010:
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3919:
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3814:New York Times
3800:
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3710:
3684:
3669:
3644:
3603:
3581:
3554:(3): 201–203.
3537:
3514:
3491:
3465:
3454:. Boston Globe
3442:
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3396:
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3336:
3299:
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3255:
3226:
3207:
3181:
3158:
3132:
3086:
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3047:
3012:
2963:
2952:(2): 255–266.
2936:
2909:
2882:
2859:
2844:
2817:
2768:
2751:10.3386/w18699
2730:
2719:
2708:
2684:
2673:(7): 960–984.
2657:
2650:
2630:
2601:(9): e010603.
2581:
2555:
2534:(2): 227–250.
2514:
2491:
2466:
2440:
2415:
2389:
2358:
2331:(5): 196–199.
2315:
2299:
2294:June 29, 2023
2283:
2266:
2253:
2241:
2208:
2191:
2169:
2143:
2117:
2098:(4): 590–623.
2079:
2063:
2046:
2033:
2017:
2001:
1971:
1944:(2): 165–196.
1924:
1913:on 18 May 2015
1894:
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1304:dictionary.com
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1203:Public opinion
1201:
1182:. Commentator
1176:Anheuser-Busch
1159:
1156:
1147:
1144:
1130:
1127:
1087:
1084:
1042:Academy Awards
1037:
1034:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
990:
987:
978:Sara Hart Weir
961:
958:
937:
934:
910:Stephen Miller
899:Fareed Zakaria
894:
891:
877:and columnist
839:
836:
716:astrophysicist
703:
700:
679:Charles Lipson
653:
650:
610:Jonathan Haidt
562:
559:
532:
529:
518:
515:
486:Main article:
483:
480:
439:
436:
343:Bakke decision
314:Lyndon Johnson
288:
285:
199:. It includes
119:discrimination
96:
95:
56:of the subject
54:worldwide view
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6034:
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6018:
6015:
6013:
6012:Progressivism
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5922:
5921:March 9, 2024
5920:
5915:
5914:
5911:subscription.
5909:
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5871:Daily Journal
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5609:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5584:(2): 463–537.
5583:
5579:
5578:
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5558:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5544:
5541:Jan 21, 2024.
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5387:BuzzFeed News
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5937:Anti-racism
5823:book review
5818:; also see
5816:online book
4615:URevolution
4486:11 December
4460:11 December
4434:11 December
4411:11 December
4389:11 December
4004:Ed Whelan,
2403:www.cmu.edu
1984:chatham.edu
1180:Chick-fil-A
1115:Greg Abbott
1007:ethnic slur
914:Edward Blum
875:Bill Ackman
784:Jerry Coyne
780:Anna Krylov
730:Kyle Duncan
708:free speech
695:Greg Abbott
408:. In 2021,
382:movements,
281:ethnic slur
6002:Liberalism
5931:Categories
4994:28 January
4366:5 November
4341:5 November
4318:5 November
4295:5 November
4272:5 November
4250:5 November
4227:5 November
1660:(4): e25.
1582:. ABC News
1286:References
1092:Republican
855:California
831:right-wing
776:postmodern
550:litigation
213:disability
127:disability
5840:0047-2492
5365:30 August
5221:1 January
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4507:USA Today
3639:240522063
3568:0028-4793
3120:158262607
3042:0022-1031
3028:: 58–67.
3007:249855715
2812:249855715
2550:1462-3943
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2459:1 October
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1837:20 August
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1728:227521028
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1064:Hays Code
926:Starbucks
754:orthodoxy
482:Corporate
394:Joe Biden
345:of 1978,
269:corporate
258:inclusion
205:ethnicity
189:Diversity
139:inclusion
131:diversity
78:July 2024
66:talk page
5977:Feminism
5814:(2020);
5290:The Hill
5265:Newsweek
5121:Archived
5117:NBC News
5091:Archived
5066:1 August
5043:1 August
5038:Newsweek
5017:1 August
4970:Inquirer
4949:26 March
4923:25 March
4849:25 March
4779:Fox News
4672:ABC News
4186:3 August
4160:3 August
4138:3 August
4109:3 August
3987:26 March
3961:26 March
3935:26 March
3912:26 March
3889:26 March
3866:31 March
3841:26 March
3819:26 March
3793:26 March
3770:26 March
3748:26 March
3726:26 March
3703:26 March
3662:26 March
3596:26 March
3576:35029847
3526:. UnHerd
3484:25 March
3435:25 March
3431:. Tablet
3412:25 March
3408:. Reason
3389:25 March
3385:. Reason
3366:25 March
3292:25 March
3270:25 March
3248:25 March
3200:26 March
3174:26 March
3151:26 March
3125:26 March
2958:20159576
2759:34712861
2625:36167407
2574:23 March
2433:21 March
2408:21 March
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2345:30114938
2310:(2023).
2234:26 March
2184:26 March
2162:26 March
2136:25 March
1994:30 April
1917:30 April
1855:Archived
1792:4 August
1755:4 August
1750:Newsweek
1720:33279427
1676:32649073
1633:23 March
1608:25 March
1586:25 March
1554:25 March
1532:25 March
1510:25 March
1488:25 March
1463:25 March
1415:25 March
1393:25 March
1338:25 March
1309:25 March
1274:Title IX
1227:See also
1189:The Hill
1140:Pentagon
1129:Military
1086:Politics
1003:tokenism
659:equality
411:New York
273:academia
241:fairness
229:religion
193:identity
123:identity
60:You may
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5529:(2024)
5505:(2024).
5393:23 July
5337:21 June
5311:21 June
5270:21 June
5244:21 June
5195:18 July
5160:18 July
5127:18 July
5097:18 July
4760:Variety
4707:25 July
4677:25 July
4541:21 June
4080:21 June
4054:21 June
4032:3 April
3329:16 June
3066:15 July
2616:9516156
2382:8 March
2156:Insight
1966:1170625
1887:17 July
1440:18 July
1359:The Cut
940:Author
885:at the
816:Ontario
807:Toronto
745:Journal
513:(ESG).
366:signed
316:issued
277:schools
245:justice
233:opinion
221:culture
155:I&D
5894:(2001)
5864:online
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5838:
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5744:online
5734:online
5718:online
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5636:online
5617:online
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5594:online
5531:online
5507:online
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