1232:) who had enough legal education to decide some legal questions and queried a mufti if faced with a difficult legal issue. The judges were active members of the local community and were also involved in informal arbitration, which was the preferred method of resolving disputes. In court proceedings, they mediated between the letter of the law and exigences of the local social and moral concerns, with the overarching aim of ensuring social harmony. Actual legal practice sometimes deviated from the precepts of the legal school that was dominant in the area, at times to women's benefit and at times to their disadvantage. Members of all social classes and their witnesses argued their cases in court without professional legal representation, though members of the upper class generally did so through a representative. Women were commonly involved in litigation, usually as plaintiffs, were assertive in arguing their cases, and they were often treated sympathetically by the judge. According to legal doctrine, a woman's testimony in some areas of law carried half the weight of that of a man, though available evidence suggests that practical effects of this rule were limited and the legal standing of women in pre-modern Islam was comparable to or higher than that of their European contemporaries.
1157:
according to region and tribe, and its observance depended on the authority of the individuals and groups involved. In this system, women were particularly vulnerable. The
Quranic rules of marriage and divorce provided a fixed set of norms for all Muslims, backed by divine authority and enforced by the community. The early Islamic reforms included giving the wife a possibility to initiate divorce, abrogation of the husband's claim to his wife's property, condemnation of divorce without compelling reason, criminalizing unfounded claims of infidelity made by the husband, and institution of financial responsibilities of the husband toward his divorced wife. In pre-Islamic times, men kept their wives in a state of "limbo" by continually repudiating them and taking them back at will. The Quran limited the number of repudiations to three, after which the man cannot take his wife back unless she first marries another man. Additionally, the pre-Islamic
1545:; infidelity; desertion; moral or social incompatibility; certain ailments; and imprisonment harmful to the marriage. Judicial divorce can also be sought over violations of terms stipulated in the marriage contract. Different legal schools recognized different subsets of these grounds for divorce. The Maliki school, which recognized the widest range of grounds for divorce, also recognises wife's hatred for husband as a valid ground for divorce and stipulates a category of "harm" (ḍarar), which gave the judge significant discretion of interpretation.
1554:
divorce. To address this, in some cases a man setting out for travel would leave his wife a letter authorizing talaq if he did not return within a specified period of time. In other cases, Hanafi judges invited a Maliki or
Hanbali colleague to pronounce divorce, or the woman herself took the initiative to seek out a judge from one of these schools. The same approach was used to effect a divorce in cases of failure to provide maintenance. In the Ottoman Balkans a woman could file for divorce on the grounds that her husband was "not a good Muslim".
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1778:
divorce to recognise women's non-financial contributions to the marriage where as in
Singapore wife's contribution to family is taken into account, and even in absence of financial contribution 35% assets have to be shared with wife as contributing in caring for home and children, where as in Malaysia depending on length of marriage and each spouse's contribution a divorcing spouse can get up to one third share in assets.
1136:) and important decisions concerning both spouses should be made by mutual consent. When marital harmony cannot be attained, the Quran allows spouses to bring the marriage to an end, although this decision is not to be taken lightly, and the families of the spouses are called upon to intervene by appointing arbiters to attempt a reconciliation. The Quran also sets waiting periods to discourage hasty divorces. For a
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1712:
compensations. Some Muslim nations such as Jordan, Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, Syria, Libya and
Tunisia, are effecting rules legislationes to pay additional compensation called 'mata'a' as part of Islamic kindness to departing spouses in addition to dower and maintenance. Many Muslim countries are adding conditions called 'haq meher' (right of financial maintenance and capital awards) in marriage contracts called
1286:) which lasts three full menstrual cycles. The waiting period is intended to give the couple an opportunity for reconciliation, and also a means to ensure that the wife is not pregnant. Resumption of sexual relations automatically retracts the repudiation. The wife retains all her rights during the waiting period. The divorce becomes final when the waiting period expires. This is called a "minor" divorce (
1321:
custody. This led to repudiation without good reason being considered socially improper. Studies of the
Ottoman Levant showed that women could invalidate a declaration of talaq by stating that the husband had shown signs of "diminished rationality" when he made it, while others used a husband's unrevoked declaration of talaq to obtain divorce at a later date if they could prove that he made it.
52:
1704:
from the classical interpretative tradition and from the institutional foundations of the pre-modern legal system into which they were embedded. In particular, control over the norms of divorce shifted from traditional jurists to the state, though they generally remained "within the orbit of
Islamic law".
1796:
was passed in July, 2019 which made instant triple talaq (talaq-e-biddah) in any form — spoken, written, or by electronic means illegal, void, and punishable by up to three years imprisonment. Under the new law, an aggrieved woman is entitled to demand maintenance for her dependent children. India is
1703:
Important changes in family laws took place in the modern era. The laws underwent codification by legislative bodies and were also displaced from their original context into modern legal systems, which generally followed
Western practices in court procedure and legal education. This severed them both
1699:
sees it as a legacy of colonialism: changing family laws would have provided no benefit in colonial administration, and colonial powers promoted the theory that these laws were sacred to the population, advertising their preservation as a mark of respect, which in turn led to them being taken up as a
1540:
court to obtain judicial divorce, but they must have compelling grounds for dissolving the marriage. The court starts the process by appointing an arbitrator from each of their families in order to seek a mediated reconciliation. If this effort fails, the court adjudicates the dispute by apportioning
1271:
Giving the husband a prerogative of repudiation was based on the assumption that men would have no interest in initiating a divorce without good cause, given the financial obligations it would incur. Additionally, classical jurists were of the opinion that "the female nature is wanting in rationality
1267:
if it had not already been paid. The husband is obligated to financially support her until the end of the waiting period or the delivery of her child, if she is pregnant. In addition, she has a right to child support and any past due maintenance, which
Islamic law requires to be paid regularly in the
1777:
According to Sulema
Jahangir in Turkey, the revised Civil Code expects equal division of property and assets acquired during the marriage as the default property regime. In Indonesia and Singapore, the courts have the discretionary powers; in Indonesia courts can split the matrimonial property upon
1471:, remarriage is possible until a khul' is concluded for a third time. If the husband pressures his wife to agree to khul' instead of pronouncing talaq, which would let him avoid attendant financial responsibilities, the divorce is considered to be invalid. Like talaq, khulʿ takes place out of court.
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unless it was motivated by a compelling cause such as impossibility of cohabitation due to irreconcilable conflict, though they did not require the husband to obtain court approval or provide a justification. The jurists imposed certain restrictions on valid repudiation. For example, the declaration
1711:
and other international standards expect that non-financial contributions of women to a marriage ought to be recognized to enable an equal standing between spouses. Many Muslim countries are finding ways and means to account for non-financial contributions of women to a marriage and improve divorce
1553:
In some areas under
Ottoman rule it was hardly possible for women to obtain divorce except through khul' due to the restriction imposed by the prevailing Hanafi school, though some exceptions have been found. The most serious problem was abandonment, which was not recognized as grounds for judicial
1384:
reflects pre-Islamic divorce customs rather than Quranic principles, and it is considered to be a particularly disapproved, though legally valid form of divorce in traditional Sunni jurisprudence. According to Islamic tradition, Muhammad denounced the practice of triple talaq, and the second caliph
1557:
Since marriages between non-Muslim men and Muslim women are forbidden under Islamic law, when a married woman converted to Islam but her husband did not, the marriage would be considered void by Muslim authorities and the woman obtained custody of the children. Seventeenth-century sources indicate
1661:
is a nuptial gift made by groom to the bride at the time of marriage. Upon receipt, it becomes her sole property with complete freedom of use and disposal. The marriage contract is not valid without the mahr. The amount of the mahr generally depended on the socio-economic status of the bride. The
1152:
girls, the waiting period is three months. This is to ensure the woman is not pregnant and thus guarantee the paternity of future children she may have with her next husband, and to give the husband time to reconsider his decision. Moreover, a man who vows not to have sexual intercourse with his
1724:
Changing social conditions have led to increasing dissatisfaction with traditional Islamic law of divorce since the early 20th century. Various reforms have been undertaken in an attempt to restrict the husband's right of unilateral repudiation and give women greater ability to initiate divorce.
1643:
Child custody practices under Ottoman rule appear to have followed the rules of Hanafi jurisprudence, although in Ottoman Egypt children generally stayed with their divorced mother beyond the prescribed age. A divorced woman could keep custody of the children unless she remarried and her husband
1316:
and the trousseau provided by their family, which they were not obliged to spend on family expenses, and they frequently loaned money to their husbands. Because of this, and the financial obligations incurred, talaq could be a very costly and in many cases financially ruinous enterprise for the
1630:
Studies of practices under Mamluk and Ottoman rule found no instances of the oaths of li'an or abstinence being used, while conditional talaq seems to have played a prominent role. It was used to issue various threats to the wife as well as to make promises. In Ottoman Egypt marriage contracts
1486:
In some cases the khul' contract involved no compensation from the wife, while in other cases women would waive all of their husband's financial obligations. According to studies of the Ottoman Levant, various court procedures were put in place to ensure that a khul' was not actually a talaq.
1482:
In studies of Mamluk Egypt and the Balkans under Ottoman rule, khul' was shown to have been the principal means of divorce. Women employed a number of strategies to force a settlement from their husbands. Some neglected their marital and household duties, making family life impossible for the
1320:
Available evidence from Mamluk Egypt indicates that talaq was not the principal means of divorce. Talaq was considered to be disastrous for the woman because it deprived her of long-term protection and financial support, preventing her from remarrying, since this would cause her to lose child
1156:
The Quran substantially reformed the gender inequity of divorce practices that existed in pre-Islamic Arabia, although some patriarchical elements survived and others flourished during later centuries. Before Islam, divorce among the Arabs was governed by unwritten customary law, which varied
1466:
do not require a compensation paid by the wife. The divorce is final and irrevocable, effective when the contract is concluded. The couple cannot reconcile during the waiting period, defined as in the case of talaq, but the husband is required to pay maintenance during its term, unless the
1639:
Islamic law does not recognize the concept of communal property, and division of property is based on its attribution to either spouse. The wife obtains custody of the children until their majority (whose definition varies according to legal school), while the father retains guardianship.
1445:
It is not licit for you to take back anything you have given them unless the two of them fear that they cannot conform to the bounds of God, no blame attaches to them both. If the woman gives back that with which she sets herself free. These are the bounds set by God; do not transgress
1695:(family) laws. Different explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon. Several scholars have argued that because these laws are more extensively specified in the Quran and hadith than others, it has been difficult for believers to accept deviating from these rules. In contrast,
1304:. Making the third pronouncement irrevocable prevents the husband from using repeated declarations and revocations of divorce as a means of pressuring his wife into making financial concessions in order to "purchase her freedom". It also acts as a deterrent to rash repudiations.
1506:
Nikah halala (also known as tahleel marriage) is a practice in which a woman, after being divorced by triple talaq, marries another man, consummates the marriage, and gets divorced again in order to be able to remarry her former husband. However such marriages are forbidden in
1665:
Islamic jurisprudence has clear guidance on handling of mahr in the case of divorce, depending on who asks for the divorce and whether or not the intercourse occurred. If the husband asks for a divorce and intercourse has occurred or he had been alone with her, he pays full
1617:
oath, the husband denies paternity of his wife's child. The wife is given an opportunity to take an oath denying infidelity, and if she does so and the husband persists in his accusation, the marriage is dissolved by a judge and the couple can never remarry.
1249:
is commonly translated as "repudiation" or simply "divorce". In classical Islamic law it refers to the husband's right to dissolve the marriage by simply announcing to his wife that he repudiates her. Classical jurists variously classified pronouncement of
1662:
payment of a portion of the mahr was commonly deferred and served as a deterrent to the exercise of the right of unilateral divorce by the husband, although classical jurists disagreed about the permissibility and manner of deferring payment of the mahr.
1414:) or during the marriage, with or without conditions. Many women included such terms in their marriage contracts. Commonly, the contract gave the wife the right to "repudiate herself" if the husband married a second wife. Delegated repudiation is called
1621:
In the oath of conditional ṭalāq, the husband declares that he will divorce his wife if he or she performs a certain act. This oath can serve as a protection for the wife or as a threat by the husband, depending on the specified act.
3080:
1610:) oath a man declares that his wife is as sexually prohibited to him as his mother. The husband is able to break the oath and resume the marriage. Breaking either oath requires expiation by means of feeding the poor or fasting.
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3001:
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In modern times, as personal status (family) laws have been codified, they generally have remained "within the orbit of Islamic law", but control over the norms of divorce shifted from traditional jurists to the state.
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commonly included stipulations of conditional talaq which were not otherwise recognized by the prevailing Hanafi school as grounds for judicial divorce, such as non-payment of maintenance or marrying a second wife.
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1279:
means of divorce. The initial declaration of talaq is a revocable repudiation (ṭalāq rajʿah) which does not terminate the marriage. The husband can revoke the repudiation at any time during the waiting period
1601:
is an oath whereby the husband vows to refrain from sexual relations with his wife for at least four months. If he fulfils his oath, the marriage is dissolved; if he breaks it, the marriage continues. In the
1180:
If you divorce women, and they reach their appointed term, hold them back in amity or let them go in amity. Do not hold them back out of malice, to be vindictive. Whoever does this does himself injustice.
1375:
does not observe the waiting period and irrevocably terminates the marriage. It may involve a "triple talaq", i.e., the declaration of talaq repeated three times, or a different formula such as "you are
3051:
1904:
1708:
2023:
1670:; if the husband asks for a divorce and the intercourse has not occurred, the husband pays half the dower; if the wife asks for a divorce and intercourse has occurred, the husband pays half the
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fault for the breakdown of the marriage with the associated financial consequences. Examples of fault are cruelty; husband's failure to provide maintenance or pay the immediate installment of
1364:
divorce involves three pronouncements made during the wife's state of ritual purity with menstrual periods intervening between them, and no intercourse having taken place during that time.
1132:
is intended to be permanent, as indicated by its characterization as a "firm bond" and by the rules governing divorce. The relationship between the spouses should ideally be based on love (
3026:
3072:
1317:
husband. Many repudiated women used the divorce payment to buy their ex-husband's share in the family house. In the historical record talaq appears to have been less common than khul'.
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claimed custody, in which case it generally passed to one of her female relatives. Under the Mamluks, women could waive the right to child support in order to obtain extended custody.
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2939:
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2005:
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and self-control". Requiring a justification was seen as being potentially detrimental to the reputation of both spouses, since it may expose family secrets to public scrutiny.
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1789:. It also warned that those who resort to triple talaq, or divorce recklessly, without justification or for reasons not prescribed under Shariat will be socially boycotted.
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It is further based on a hadith in which Muhammad instructs a man to agree to his wife's wish of divorce if she gives back a garden received from him as part of her
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1380:
for me". Some legal schools held that a triple talaq performed in a single meeting constituted a "major" divorce, while others classified it as a "minor" divorce.
4306:
3674:
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O. Spies. "Mahr." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Vol. 6, pp. 78–79.
3043:
1900:
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husband. Others demanded immediate payment of the deferred mahr, knowing that the husband had no means to comply and would be jailed if he failed to do so.
1454:. A khul' is concluded when the couple agrees to a divorce in exchange for a monetary compensation paid by the wife, which cannot exceed the value of the
4291:
2019:
1691:
In the modern era, sharia-based laws were widely replaced by statutes based on European models, and its classical rules were largely retained only in
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3021:
2669:"Sunan Abi Dawud 2076 – Marriage (Kitab Al-Nikah) – كتاب النكاح – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"
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married more than once, with many marrying three or more times. According to Al-Sakhawi, as many as three out of ten marriages in 15th century
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The husband can delegate the right of repudiation to his wife. This delegation can be made at the time of drawing up the marriage contract (
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1986:
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must be made in clear terms; the husband must be of sound mind and not coerced. Upon talaq, the wife is entitled to the full payment of
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can occur in a variety of forms, some initiated by a husband and some by a wife. The main categories of Islamic customary law are
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4296:
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The subject of divorce is addressed in four different surahs of the Quran, including the general principle articulated in 2:231:
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4326:
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3163:
2933:
2787:
2610:
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1999:
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Schacht, J.; Layish, A. (2000). "Ṭalāḳ". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
1782:
1207:
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Relative frequency of khul' has been noted in studies of Istanbul, Anatolia, Syria, Muslim Cyprus, Egypt and Palestine.
861:
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Khulʿ is a contractual type of divorce that is initiated by the wife. It is justified on the authority of verse 2:229:
1226:) free of charge in response to any query. Family disputes are handled in a religious courts presided over by a judge (
281:
1294:), after which the couple cannot remarry without an intervening consummated marriage to another man. This is known as
4178:
4132:
3792:
3786:
3125:
1761:
1169:, which became property of the wife, though some scholars believe that the practice of giving at least a part of the
846:
1290:) and the couple can remarry. If the husband repudiates his wife for the third time, it triggers a "major" divorce (
4049:
3905:
3382:
3278:
431:
4543:
4349:
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According to Yossef Rapoport, in the 15th century, the rate of divorce was higher than it is today in the modern
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talaq involves a single revocable pronouncement of divorce and sexual abstinence during the waiting period. The
1144:) period before the divorce is finalized, as three monthly periods. For non-menstruating women, including post-
488:
4608:
4156:
4054:
2093:"Triple talaq: Muslim law board should take cues from divorce rules in 22 'Islamic nations', not delay reforms"
1583:), and conditional ṭalāq. The first two types were pre-Islamic practices confirmed by the Quran (2:226–227 for
1069:
1003:
528:
29:
2714:"Un traité de droit mālikite égyptien redécouvert: Aṣbaġ b. al-Faraǧ (m. 225/ 840) et le serment d'abstinence"
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3725:
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3520:
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issued a code of conduct in April 2017 regarding talaq in response to the controversy over the practice of
735:
690:
317:
1104:(dissolution of marriage before the Religious Court). Historically, the rules of divorce were governed by
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803:
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336:
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she had received, and is generally a smaller sum or involves forfeiting the still unpaid portion.
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712:
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2996:
2962:"Triple Talaq: All India Muslim Personal Law Board issues code of conduct; here's what it says"
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wife, which would lead to automatic divorce, is allowed a four-month period to break his oath.
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19:
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A marriage can also be dissolved by means of judicial divorce. Either spouse can petition a
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that non-Muslim women throughout the Ottoman Empire used this method to obtain a divorce.
8:
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1901:"Talaq, Khula, Faskh and Tafweedh: The different methods of Islamic separation - Part 1"
1747:, which authorizes the ruler to enact policies in consideration of equity and expedience
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2020:"Talak Menurut Hukum Islam atau Hukum Negara, Mana yang Berlaku? - Klinik Hukumonline"
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1995:
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726:
467:
388:
326:
224:
203:
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Mohammed Hashim Kamali (2005). "Islamic Law: Personal Law". In Lindsay Jones (ed.).
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The husband can end marriage through three types of oaths: the oath of continence (
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These reforms have utilized a number of methods, of which the most important are:
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4018:
3704:
3664:
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3509:
3283:
3167:
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Tijana Krstić (2009). "Conversion". In Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (eds.).
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1045:
595:
374:
353:
2992:"All India Muslim Personal Law Board announces code of conduct for triple talaq"
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4405:
4258:
4100:
3802:
2355:
1818:
1674:; and if the wife asks for a divorce and intercourse has not occurred, then no
367:
198:
2730:
2291:
Harald Motzki (2006). "Marriage and divorce". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.).
2132:
Harald Motzki (2006). "Marriage and divorce". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.).
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Administrative measures justified with reference to the classical doctrine of
4703:
4591:
4418:
4268:
3807:
3770:
3745:
3582:
2739:
1165:), which was paid by the groom to the bride's family, was transformed into a
1055:
117:
3073:"India's Muslim neighbours among 23 countries that have banned triple talaq"
2407:. Vol. Adjudicating Family Law in Muslim Courts. Routledge. p. 4.
1729:
Selection among classical juristic opinions without restriction to a single
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4603:
4253:
4105:
3983:
3699:
3548:
3533:
3247:
1692:
1496:
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684:
675:
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604:
481:
360:
302:
1709:
Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women
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2147:
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3615:
3572:
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2183:
2159:
1814:
1707:
In her article 'An unequal partnership', Sulema Jahangir insists that,
422:
2500:. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). p. Loc. 7921–7950.
1336:, which is thought to be in accordance with Muhammad's teachings, and
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3669:
3611:
3558:
3426:
2965:
2096:
1861:
1341:
1312:
Women often entered marriage with substantial capital in the form of
1145:
1024:
288:
261:
2581:. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference USA. p. 4708.
2519:
4581:
4077:
3935:
3887:
3681:
3587:
3538:
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2668:
1753:
Modernistic interpretation of Quranic scriptures (sometimes called
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1431:
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962:
919:
821:
133:
4596:
4192:
3880:
3760:
3638:
3633:
3620:
3604:
3597:
3592:
3324:
1769:
1756:
1730:
1211:
1116:, and historical practices sometimes diverged from legal theory.
1113:
940:
828:
776:
573:
274:
126:
71:
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4084:
4043:
4004:
3921:
3834:
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3657:
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3498:
3493:
3260:
3184:
2639:"What Does Quran Say About Nikah Halala? Will Banning it Help?"
1516:
1463:
1459:
1405:
1276:
1259:
1203:
1195:
1105:
926:
701:
694:
551:
474:
295:
106:
61:
1809:, which has generally lower rates of divorce. In 15th century
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4184:
4138:
4126:
3928:
3914:
3873:
3650:
3488:
3345:
3331:
3252:
3215:
3044:"President Ram Nath Kovind gives assent to triple talaq Bill"
2814:
Sayyid Moustafa, al-Qazwini; Saleh, Fatma (4 February 2013).
1838:
1834:
1810:
1794:
The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019
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1508:
1411:
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1255:
1222:
1216:
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1166:
1141:
1018:
1011:
933:
912:
905:
891:
835:
769:
762:
755:
743:
641:
630:
584:
540:
415:
406:
399:
219:
212:
193:
172:
99:
92:
80:
4025:
3997:
3947:
3894:
3839:
3352:
2526:(2nd ed.). Syracuse University Press. pp. 30–31.
1845:
1657:
1537:
1386:
1228:
1109:
898:
814:
782:
613:
562:
502:
342:
181:
163:
145:
37:
1467:
requirement is waived by the contract. As in the case of
51:
3108:
Marriage, Money and Divorce in Medieval Islamic Society
2404:
to Judicial Neo-Ijtihad: Some introductory observations
1700:
point of reference in modern Muslim identity politics.
1173:
to the bride began shortly before the advent of Islam.
2576:
1829:, and found that at least a third of all women in the
3023:
India criminalises Muslim practice of instant divorce
2902:
2545:
2543:
2090:
2813:
2561:
2470:
Between God and the Sultan: A History of Islamic Law
1844:
In the early 20th century, some villages in western
1352:, which is the least disapproved form of talaq, and
2243:
1324:
2919:
2907:. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Brill. p. 155.
2773:
2712:Tillier, Mathieu; Vanthieghem, Naïm (2019-09-13).
2711:
2596:
2540:
2467:
2245:
2050:
1985:
1797:among 23 countries that have banned triple talaq.
3156:. Islamic Research Foundation International, Inc.
1198:is derived from the scriptural sources of Islam (
4701:
2959:
2594:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2048:
1983:
1634:
3177:Kakakhel, Mian Muhibullah (23 September 2008).
2917:
2520:John L. Esposito; Natana J. DeLong-Bas (2001).
2350:
2348:
2989:
2566:(2nd ed.). Ta-Ha Publishers. p. 280.
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2495:
2354:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
1595:is reprehensible despite being legally valid.
1214:. It was historically interpreted by jurists (
3200:
2926:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics
2898:
2896:
2771:
2696:
2482:
2396:
2328:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics
2321:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2290:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
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2205:
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2131:
2044:
2042:
2040:
1220:) who were expected to give a legal opinion (
1063:
2345:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
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1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
18:"Talaq" redirects here. For other uses, see
3099:
3097:
2504:
2397:Elisa Giunchi (2013). Elisa Giunchi (ed.).
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1767:Appeal to the doctrine of public interest (
1740:Extending discretionary powers of the court
1399:
3207:
3193:
2893:
2780:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women
2498:Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations
2392:
2390:
2308:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2252:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women
2200:
2057:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women
2037:
1992:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women
1647:
1070:
1056:
2729:
2330:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
1425:
3103:
3094:
1918:
1392:Shiite jurisprudence does not recognize
1112:, though they differed depending on the
2387:
2295:. Vol. 3. Brill. pp. 280–281.
2279:
2091:Dehlvi, Ghulam Rasool (13 April 2017).
1686:
1678:is required to be paid by the husband.
4702:
2590:
2588:
2557:
2555:
2114:
1389:punished husbands who made use of it.
1235:
4445:
4213:
3829:
3188:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2816:"A New Perspective on Women in Islam"
2636:
2465:
1523:cursed those who did such marriages.
1275:Talaq is considered in Islam to be a
1123:
4214:
3830:
2474:. Oxford University Press. pp.
1817:recorded the marital history of 500
1719:
2782:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2605:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2585:
2552:
2254:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2059:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1994:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1783:All India Muslim Personal Law Board
1526:
1332:Talaq types can be classified into
1184:
13:
3033:. Al Jazeera English, 30 July 2019
2960:Shaurya, Surabhi (17 April 2017).
2855:
2699:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
2136:. Vol. 3. Brill. p. 279.
1852:had divorce rates as high as 70%.
1566:
1531:
1501:
1436:
14:
4721:
3159:Ul Akhir, Jamadi (October 1997).
3146:
2649:from the original on 7 April 2019
1344:(innovation) deviations from it.
1110:traditional Islamic jurisprudence
4684:
4683:
4672:
4193:Schools of islamic jurisprudence
3383:Timeline of the history of Islam
3214:
3179:"The Law of Divorce in Pakistan"
2990:Bajpai, Namita (16 April 2017).
2008:from the original on 2017-02-04.
1240:
1189:
50:
4544:List of ex-Muslim organisations
3134:
3083:from the original on 2019-08-11
3065:
3054:from the original on 2019-12-11
3036:
3015:
3004:from the original on 2017-04-18
2983:
2972:from the original on 2017-04-21
2953:
2942:from the original on 2017-02-12
2924:. In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.).
2911:
2882:from the original on 2020-07-07
2846:
2837:
2826:from the original on 2017-02-11
2807:
2796:from the original on 2017-02-12
2765:
2754:from the original on 2020-06-14
2705:
2690:
2679:from the original on 2021-09-09
2661:
2637:Singh, Vatsala (24 July 2018).
2630:
2619:from the original on 2016-08-17
2570:
2459:
2450:
2441:
2432:
2421:from the original on 2017-02-17
2378:
2326:. In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.).
2299:
2268:from the original on 2017-02-04
2188:
2176:
2103:from the original on 2017-04-15
2073:from the original on 2017-02-04
2026:from the original on 2023-06-29
1907:from the original on 2023-01-13
1737:) during state law codification
1591:), which also makes clear that
1490:
579:(unlawful warfare and banditry)
2603:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
2595:John L. Esposito, ed. (2014).
2362:An Introduction to Islamic Law
2244:Abed Awad; Hany Mawla (2013).
2164:
2152:
2140:
2084:
2012:
1987:"Divorce. Historical Practice"
1893:
1:
2562:Abd ar-Rahman I. Doi (2008).
2447:Hallaq (2009), pp. 11, 64–65.
2384:Hallaq (2009), pp. 11, 60–62.
1887:
1800:
1750:Imposition of penal sanctions
1681:
1635:Other consequences of divorce
1625:
1548:
1474:
4529:Apostasy in Islam by country
4396:Liberalism and progressivism
2247:"Divorce. Legal Foundations"
1579:), the denial of paternity (
7:
2928:. Oxford University Press.
2293:Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān
2134:Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān
1867:Annulment (Catholic Church)
1855:
1348:is further subdivided into
1307:
10:
4726:
4446:
3114:Cambridge University Press
2523:Women in Muslim Family Law
2438:Hallaq (2009), pp. 11, 61.
2052:"Divorce. Modern Practice"
1494:
1429:
1403:
17:
4667:
4552:
4519:
4459:
4455:
4441:
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4307:Geography and cartography
4282:
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3849:
3825:
3695:
3519:
3479:
3362:
3314:
3238:
3234:
3223:
3152:Syed, Ibrahim B. (1988).
3104:Rapoport, Yossef (2005).
2731:10.1163/15685195-00264P01
2549:Hallaq (2009), pp. 66–67.
2456:Hallaq (2009), pp. 65–66.
2049:Maaike Voorhoeve (2013).
1984:Maaike Voorhoeve (2013).
4626:Islamic view of miracles
3140:Rapoport (2005) pp. 5–6.
2918:Felicitas Opwis (2014).
2872:"An unequal partnership"
2579:Encyclopedia of Religion
1561:
1400:Tafwid (delegated talaq)
1340:, which are viewed as a
1128:According to the Quran,
600:("spreading corruption")
4381:Creationism (evolution)
2852:Hallaq (2009), pp. 116.
2843:Hallaq (2009), pp. 115.
2718:Islamic Law and Society
2496:Wael B. Hallaq (2009).
2466:Vikør, Knut S. (2005).
1210:developed by different
4641:Persecution of Muslims
4539:List of former Muslims
3388:Succession to Muhammad
2997:The New Indian Express
2905:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2772:Ghazala Anwar (2013).
2701:. InfoBase Publishing.
2322:Knut S. Vikør (2014).
1877:Get (divorce document)
1448:
1426:Khulʿ (mutual divorce)
1182:
1094:repudiation (marriage)
20:Talaq (disambiguation)
4425:Conversion to mosques
4292:Alchemy and chemistry
2564:Shari'ah: Islamic Law
1787:triple talaq in India
1443:
1178:
1140:woman, the waiting (
1100:(mutual divorce) and
1083:Divorce according to
38:Islamic jurisprudence
4151:Ma malakat aymanukum
3726:Association football
3625:Moderate Kharijites
2368:Cambridge University
1687:Legal transformation
1288:al-baynuna al-sughra
1268:course of marriage.
1108:, as interpreted by
3174:. Vol 11-10 No: 129
2921:"Siyāsah Sharʿīyah"
1872:Divorce in Pakistan
1825:on marriage in the
1292:al-baynuna al-kubra
1236:Talaq (repudiation)
4646:Quran and miracles
4560:Criticism of Islam
4264:Geometric patterns
4116:Gender segregation
3687:Non-denominational
3166:2015-12-10 at the
3029:2019-08-01 at the
1841:ended in divorce.
1519:which states that
1124:Quranic principles
691:Gender segregation
254:Islamic leadership
4697:
4696:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4631:Domestic violence
4621:Islamic terrorism
4616:Islamic extremism
4437:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4200:
3991:Marriage contract
3821:
3820:
3781:Political aspects
3510:Story of Prophets
3279:Prophets of Islam
3050:. 1 August 2019.
2935:978-0-19-973935-6
2789:978-0-19-976446-4
2612:978-0-19-512558-0
2533:978-0-8156-2908-5
2414:978-1-317-96488-9
2261:978-0-19-976446-4
2066:978-0-19-976446-4
2001:978-0-19-976446-4
1720:Methods of reform
1587:, and 58:2–4 for
1511:, according to a
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4679:Islam portal
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3868:Economic history
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3813:Islam by country
3598:Bektashi Alevism
3236:
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3227:Outline of Islam
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2645:. Bloomberg LP.
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1981:
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1897:
1831:Mamluk Sultanate
1745:siyasa shar'iyya
1527:Judicial divorce
1416:ṭalāq al-tafawud
1328:and triple talaq
1206:) using various
1185:Classical sharia
1072:
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1035:Prisoners of war
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983:Comparison with
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3578:Twelver Shi'ism
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3481:Religious texts
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1394:talaq al-bid'ah
1382:Talaq al-bid'ah
1373:talaq al-bid'ah
1369:talaq al-sunnah
1367:In contrast to
1346:Talaq al-sunnah
1338:talaq al-bid'ah
1334:talaq al-sunnah
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3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3798:Social welfare
3795:
3790:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3623:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3525:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3424:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3403:Historiography
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3320:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3264:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3244:
3242:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3161:"Our Dialogue"
3157:
3154:"Triple Talaq"
3148:
3147:External links
3145:
3143:
3142:
3133:
3126:
3093:
3079:. 2018-09-19.
3064:
3035:
3014:
2982:
2952:
2934:
2910:
2892:
2878:. 2020-03-02.
2854:
2845:
2836:
2806:
2788:
2764:
2724:(4): 329–373.
2704:
2689:
2660:
2629:
2611:
2584:
2569:
2551:
2539:
2532:
2503:
2481:
2458:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2413:
2400:From Jurists'
2386:
2377:
2356:Wael B. Hallaq
2344:
2307:
2298:
2278:
2260:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2139:
2113:
2083:
2065:
2036:
2011:
2000:
1917:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1821:, the largest
1802:
1799:
1775:
1774:
1765:
1751:
1748:
1741:
1738:
1721:
1718:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1653:
1646:
1636:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1550:
1547:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1503:
1500:
1495:Main article:
1492:
1489:
1476:
1473:
1438:
1435:
1430:Main article:
1427:
1424:
1404:Main article:
1401:
1398:
1354:talaq al-hasan
1350:talaq al-ahsan
1329:
1323:
1309:
1306:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1148:women and pre-
1125:
1122:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1022:
1015:
1007:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
992:
991:
990:
989:
977:
976:
971:
966:
958:
955:
954:
948:
947:
945:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
881:
876:
870:
865:
860:
859:
856:
855:
850:
849:
843:
842:
840:
839:
832:
825:
818:
810:
807:
806:
800:
799:
798:
797:
788:
787:
773:
766:
759:
751:
748:
747:
739:
738:
730:
725:
724:
721:
720:
716:
715:
710:
705:
698:
688:
680:
679:
674:
673:
670:
669:
664:
663:
662:
661:
658:(compensation)
650:
639:
625:
624:
623:
622:
611:
602:
593:
582:
571:
560:
549:
544:
532:
527:
526:
523:
522:
517:
516:
514:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
456:
453:
452:
442:
441:
440:
439:
434:
427:
426:
419:
412:
411:
410:
403:
391:
385:
382:
381:
379:
378:
371:
364:
357:
349:
347:
346:
339:
333:
330:
329:
321:
316:
315:
312:
311:
307:
306:
299:
292:
285:
278:
271:
264:
258:
257:
256:
250:
245:
244:
241:
240:
235:
234:
232:
231:
216:
209:
201:
189:
186:
185:
177:
176:
168:
167:
159:
158:
157:
156:
149:
142:
139:
138:
130:
121:
115:
111:
110:
103:
96:
88:
85:
84:
76:
75:
65:
60:
59:
56:
55:
47:
46:
34:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4722:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4690:
4682:
4680:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4592:Post-Islamism
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4484:Protestantism
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4444:
4440:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4322:Ophthalmology
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4212:
4208:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4070:Death penalty
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:Other aspects
4034:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3840:Jurisprudence
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3521:Denominations
3518:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3306:Holiest sites
3304:
3302:
3301:Judgement Day
3299:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3222:
3217:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3172:Islamic Voice
3169:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3137:
3129:
3127:0-521-84715-X
3123:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3100:
3098:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2986:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2899:
2897:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2849:
2840:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2768:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2693:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2573:
2565:
2558:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2499:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2435:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2391:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2334:on 2017-02-02
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2302:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1833:of Egypt and
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1645:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1567:Jurisprudence
1559:
1555:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1532:Jurisprudence
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1502:Jurisprudence
1498:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1442:
1437:Jurisprudence
1433:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1277:reprehensible
1273:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1260:reprehensible
1257:
1253:
1248:
1241:Jurisprudence
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1212:legal schools
1209:
1208:methodologies
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:Legal context
1181:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1000:
999:
987:
986:
980:
979:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
964:
960:
959:
957:
956:
953:
950:
949:
943:
942:
938:
936:
935:
931:
929:
928:
924:
922:
921:
917:
915:
914:
910:
908:
907:
903:
901:
900:
896:
894:
893:
889:
887:
886:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
869:
868:
863:
858:
857:
848:
845:
844:
838:
837:
833:
831:
830:
826:
824:
823:
819:
817:
816:
812:
811:
809:
808:
805:
802:
801:
796:
795:
791:
790:
785:
784:
779:
778:
774:
772:
771:
767:
765:
764:
760:
758:
757:
753:
752:
750:
749:
746:
745:
741:
740:
737:
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647:(retaliation)
644:
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629:
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621:
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612:
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583:
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568:(illicit sex)
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118:Sunnah prayer
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36:
35:
31:
27:
26:
21:
16:
4604:Islamophobia
4469:Christianity
4417:
4350:Contemporary
4244:Architecture
4183:
4149:
4137:
4125:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4042:
4024:
4019:Nikah mut'ah
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
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3934:
3927:
3920:
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3893:
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3508:
3432:
3414:
3407:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:Five Pillars
3293:
3259:
3248:God in Islam
3225:
3171:
3136:
3107:
3085:. Retrieved
3076:
3067:
3056:. Retrieved
3047:
3038:
3022:
3017:
3006:. Retrieved
2995:
2985:
2974:. Retrieved
2955:
2944:. Retrieved
2925:
2913:
2904:
2884:. Retrieved
2875:
2848:
2839:
2828:. Retrieved
2819:
2809:
2798:. Retrieved
2779:
2767:
2756:. Retrieved
2721:
2717:
2707:
2698:
2692:
2681:. Retrieved
2672:
2663:
2651:. Retrieved
2642:
2632:
2621:. Retrieved
2602:
2578:
2572:
2563:
2522:
2497:
2469:
2461:
2452:
2443:
2434:
2423:. Retrieved
2403:
2399:
2380:
2361:
2336:. Retrieved
2332:the original
2327:
2301:
2292:
2270:. Retrieved
2251:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2133:
2105:. Retrieved
2086:
2075:. Retrieved
2056:
2028:. Retrieved
2014:
1991:
1909:. Retrieved
1895:
1843:
1804:
1791:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1754:
1744:
1734:
1731:legal school
1723:
1713:
1706:
1702:
1690:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1652:) in divorce
1649:
1642:
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1620:
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1607:
1603:
1598:
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1588:
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1505:
1497:Nikah halala
1491:Nikah halala
1485:
1481:
1478:
1468:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1419:
1415:
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1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1301:nikah halala
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1193:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1162:
1155:
1138:menstruating
1127:
1118:
1114:legal school
1101:
1097:
1089:
1082:
1081:
1025:
1017:
1010:
984:
961:
939:
932:
925:
918:
911:
904:
897:
890:
883:
834:
827:
820:
813:
792:
781:
775:
768:
761:
754:
742:
700:
683:
653:
642:
631:
614:
609:("sedition")
590:("mischief")
585:
574:
563:
552:
539:
510:Masturbation
508:
501:
494:
487:
480:
473:
466:
459:
421:
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405:
398:
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373:
366:
359:
352:
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171:
162:
151:
144:
132:
125:
116:
105:
98:
91:
79:
70:
41:
15:
4474:Catholicism
4369:Other areas
4360:Theological
4355:Eschatology
4312:Mathematics
4249:Calligraphy
4179:Theological
4133:Inheritance
4050:Cleanliness
3422:Shi'a Imams
3416:Ahl al-Bayt
1882:Holy Rights
1827:Middle Ages
1807:Middle East
1697:Wael Hallaq
1196:Islamic law
1159:bridewealth
1085:Islamic law
847:Inheritance
794:Bayt al-mal
153:Nafl prayer
4534:Ex-Muslims
4419:Shu'ubiyya
4413:Psychology
4401:Literature
4391:Inventions
4337:Philosophy
4145:Leadership
4121:Honorifics
3776:Philosophy
3583:Isma'ilism
3544:Maturidism
3427:Caliphates
3398:Golden Age
3289:Revelation
3116:. p.
3087:2019-08-16
3058:2019-08-25
3008:2017-04-29
2976:2017-04-28
2946:2017-02-11
2886:2020-06-21
2830:2017-02-08
2800:2017-02-12
2758:2020-06-14
2683:2021-09-09
2673:sunnah.com
2623:2016-07-20
2425:2017-02-12
2338:2017-02-12
2324:"Sharīʿah"
2272:2017-02-03
2107:2017-04-14
2077:2017-02-03
2030:2023-06-29
1911:2023-01-13
1888:References
1815:Al-Sakhawi
1801:Prevalence
1792:In India,
1682:Modern era
1194:Classical
708:Honorifics
557:(gambling)
4651:Symbolism
4609:Incidents
4587:Criticism
4479:Mormonism
4376:Astrology
4302:Cosmology
4297:Astronomy
4239:Arabesque
4106:Etiquette
4065:Blasphemy
3855:Economics
3670:Ahmadiyya
3612:Muhakkima
3559:Wahhabism
3549:Mu'tazili
3534:Ash'arism
3048:The Hindu
2966:India.com
2748:204381746
2740:0928-9380
2643:The Quint
2097:Firstpost
1862:Annulment
1735:takhayyur
1714:nikahnama
1256:forbidden
1245:The term
1146:menopause
1026:Istijarah
676:Etiquette
619:(stoning)
547:Blasphemy
262:Caliphate
247:Political
4704:Category
4689:Category
4582:Islamism
4565:Muhammad
4521:Apostasy
4496:Hinduism
4386:Feminism
4317:Medicine
4157:Military
4111:Gambling
4060:Apostasy
4055:Criminal
3967:Marriage
3936:Tayammum
3888:Murabaha
3761:Madrasas
3751:Holidays
3741:Clothing
3736:Children
3731:Calendar
3682:Quranism
3616:Khawarij
3588:Alawites
3539:Atharism
3433:Rashidun
3272:In Islam
3267:Muhammad
3164:Archived
3081:Archived
3052:Archived
3027:Archived
3002:Archived
2970:Archived
2940:Archived
2880:Archived
2824:Archived
2820:Al-Islam
2794:Archived
2752:Archived
2677:Archived
2647:Archived
2617:Archived
2598:"Tafwid"
2419:Archived
2358:(2009).
2266:Archived
2101:Archived
2071:Archived
2024:Archived
2006:Archived
1905:Archived
1856:See also
1848:and the
1626:Practice
1549:Practice
1521:Muhammed
1475:Practice
1308:Practice
1150:menarche
1130:marriage
1029:(asylum)
1004:Military
963:Dhabihah
920:Tayammum
822:Murabaha
727:Economic
529:Criminal
468:Abortion
432:Adoption
389:Polygyny
337:Contract
327:Marriage
199:clothing
134:Tahajjud
30:a series
28:Part of
4636:Nursing
4597:Qutbism
4511:Sikhism
4506:Judaism
4501:Jainism
4491:Druzism
4327:Physics
4274:Pottery
4259:Gardens
4254:Carpets
4169:Slavery
4091:Divorce
4078:Dhabiĥa
3906:Hygiene
3881:Takaful
3863:Banking
3793:Science
3787:Qurbani
3756:Mosques
3716:Animals
3705:Culture
3639:Nukkari
3634:Azzabas
3621:Azariqa
3605:Zaydism
3593:Alevism
3469:Ottoman
3459:Almohad
3454:Fatimid
3449:Córdoba
3444:Abbasid
3439:Umayyad
3372:Leaders
3367:History
3325:Shahada
3240:Beliefs
2402:Ijtihad
1770:maslaha
1757:ijtihad
1648:Dower (
1613:In the
1515:graded
1464:Malikis
1460:Hanafis
985:kashrut
969:Alcohol
952:Dietary
941:Istinja
885:Taharah
862:Hygiene
829:Takaful
804:Banking
780: (
777:Sadaqah
736:History
575:Hirabah
489:Hygiene
423:Kafa'ah
394:Divorce
275:Imamate
223: (
197: (
127:Tarawih
93:Raka'ah
72:Shahada
4448:
4406:poetry
4216:
4101:Ethics
4085:Dhimmi
4044:Baligh
4005:Mahram
3962:Family
3942:Toilet
3922:Miswak
3675:Lahori
3658:Najdat
3554:Salafi
3504:Seerah
3499:Tafsir
3494:Hadith
3464:Sokoto
3409:Sahaba
3284:Angels
3261:Tawhid
3218:topics
3124:
2932:
2786:
2775:"Mahr"
2746:
2738:
2653:20 May
2609:
2530:
2411:
2258:
2194:Quran
2182:Quran
2170:Quran
2158:Quran
2146:Quran
2063:
1998:
1823:sample
1517:Hadith
1420:tafwid
1406:Tafwid
1356:. The
1342:bid'ah
1296:tahlil
1217:muftis
1204:hadith
1106:sharia
927:Miswak
879:Toilet
874:Sexual
713:Toilet
702:Mahram
695:Purdah
656:
645:
634:
617:
607:
598:
588:
577:
566:
555:
553:Maisir
475:Baligh
450:Sexual
375:Mut‘ah
361:Halala
354:Misyar
318:Family
296:Dhimmi
289:Bay'ah
205:Mut'ah
107:Turbah
62:Ritual
4570:Quran
4450:Other
4345:Early
4269:Music
4185:Kalam
4139:Jizya
4127:Hudud
4012:Nikah
3929:Najis
3915:Ghusl
3874:Sukuk
3803:Women
3771:Music
3746:Flags
3651:Sufri
3644:Wahbi
3629:Ibadi
3529:Sunni
3489:Quran
3346:Zakat
3332:Salah
3295:Qadar
3253:Allah
3216:Islam
2744:S2CID
2478:–300.
2196:2:226
2172:2:228
2148:2:231
1839:Cairo
1835:Syria
1819:women
1811:Egypt
1615:li'an
1608:ẓihār
1604:izhar
1593:izhar
1589:izhar
1581:liʿan
1577:iẓhar
1562:Oaths
1513:Sahih
1509:Islam
1469:talaq
1446:them.
1432:Khul'
1412:nikah
1378:haram
1362:hasan
1358:ahsan
1283:iddah
1252:talaq
1247:talaq
1223:fatwa
1200:Quran
1167:dower
1142:Iddah
1134:30:21
1102:faskh
1098:khulʿ
1090:talaq
1019:Hudna
1012:Jihad
934:Najis
913:Ghusl
906:Masah
892:Ihram
836:Sukuk
770:Khums
763:Nisab
756:Jizya
744:Zakat
643:Qisas
632:Tazir
605:Fitna
586:Fasad
541:Hudud
461:Awrah
416:Iddah
407:Zihar
400:Khula
220:Umrah
213:Tawaf
194:Ihram
173:Zakat
100:Qibla
81:Salah
4231:Arts
4162:POWs
4096:Diet
4026:Zina
3998:Mahr
3984:Haya
3948:Wudu
3895:Riba
3808:LGBT
3700:Life
3573:Shia
3568:Sufi
3353:Hajj
3339:Sawm
3122:ISBN
2930:ISBN
2876:Dawn
2784:ISBN
2736:ISSN
2655:2019
2607:ISBN
2528:ISBN
2409:ISBN
2256:ISBN
2184:65:4
2160:4:35
2061:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1846:Java
1781:The
1760:and
1755:neo-
1676:mahr
1672:mahr
1668:mahr
1658:Mahr
1650:mahr
1606:(or
1575:and
1573:īlāʿ
1543:mahr
1538:qadi
1462:and
1456:mahr
1452:mahr
1387:Umar
1314:mahr
1265:mahr
1229:qadi
1202:and
1171:mahr
1163:mahr
974:Pork
899:Wudu
815:Riba
783:Waqf
685:Adab
654:Diya
615:Rajm
564:Zina
503:Zina
496:Rape
482:Haya
368:Urfi
343:Mahr
303:Aman
227:Hajj
225:and
182:Hajj
164:Sawm
146:Witr
42:fiqh
3972:Sex
3835:Law
3721:Art
2726:doi
2476:299
1599:Ila
1585:ila
1418:or
1298:or
1258:or
1254:as
1096:),
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