4673:
hostage-taking, rape and robbery, when "the circumstances of the case and the mental state of development of the perpetrator, his characteristics and personal situation warrant it, and especially when previously applied educational, therapeutic or corrective measures have proved ineffective". On the other hand, the Court may choose to apply juvenile measures for perpetrators above the age of 17 but below the age of 18, if "the circumstances of the case and the mental state of development of the perpetrator, his characteristics and personal situation warrant it". Juvenile correctional proceedings liability age is 13. Juvenile educational and therapeutic proceedings liability applies to all persons under the age of 18 (including persons below 13 years of age). The maximum possible sentence that can be imposed on offenders taking criminal liability under 18 years of age is 25 years' imprisonment.
4854:
2637:
5355:(i) he or she committed an offence for which an adult could be sentenced to detention of more than three months; or (ii) he or she has committed an offence under Article 122 of the Criminal Code, related to intentionally inflicting a life-threatening injury; or (iii) he or she commits robbery as a member of a group formed for the purposes of carrying out repeated robberies or thefts under Article 140(3) of the Criminal Code; or (iv) the behaviour of the offender is such as to show particular ruthlessness or the behaviour or purpose of the act reveal a highly reprehensible state of mind
2369:
2296:
1772:
court list/courtroom is restricted to authorized people only. Nevertheless, juvenile offenders convicted still obtain a permanent (but usually sealable or annuable) criminal record as if they were adults (hence the criminal responsibility), but with generally reduced waiting times and often more lenient standards for convictions to become 'spent' or 'annulled' depending on
Commonwealth, State, or Territory legislation applicable. Full adult criminal responsibility in terms of sentencing and conviction annullement eligibility at age 18 (21 in Victoria).
1743:
5327:
5662:
2026:
5390:
2246:
2484:
5074:
1905:
1668:
2582:
2760:
4514:
5686:
4622:
4385:
4229:
5725:
5515:
3739:
3128:
5564:
5123:
4976:
4878:
2150:
241:
5182:
4361:
4255:
2711:
2434:
1541:
5157:
5781:
5491:
5417:
4952:
4083:
3956:
3568:
3470:
2459:
2272:
1855:
1806:
4829:
4131:
3813:
3789:
2980:
5247:
4289:
3764:
5000:
3980:
3257:
3152:
1694:
1369:, an offense by a person under 15 years of age is considered mostly a symptom of problems in child's development. This will cause the social authorities to take appropriate administrative measures to secure the development of the child. Such measures may range from counseling to placement at a special care unit. Being non-judicial, the measures are not dependent on the severity of the offense committed but on the overall circumstances of the child.
5905:
5049:
4563:
4057:
3861:
2858:
2198:
2124:
2050:
5466:
5442:
5025:
4683:
4460:
3906:
2833:
2662:
2409:
2222:
1095:
2906:
5637:
5589:
4337:
4155:
4032:
3690:
3330:
3202:
3176:
2784:
2686:
2508:
2174:
2001:
1879:
1831:
1719:
1617:
5831:
5807:
5756:
5098:
4902:
4732:
4180:
4107:
3666:
3642:
3004:
2808:
2607:
1781:
1592:
1566:
1084:
5539:
4926:
3617:
3544:
3446:
3372:
2558:
2100:
1929:
5880:
5613:
4805:
4538:
4411:
4006:
3837:
3519:
3104:
3079:
1977:
1642:
5276:
2956:
5856:
5366:
4708:
4490:
4313:
4205:
3714:
3495:
3055:
2736:
2344:
1953:
3029:
4436:
2882:
2533:
4588:
3932:
3593:
3306:
3282:
2320:
33:
5301:
4649:
2074:
4771:
2931:
3396:
5206:
3421:
3227:
5709:. Usually persons aged 10–11 will only be imprisoned in very serious cases, such as murder. Even more so the outcome for youth (12–17) criminal proceedings are usually age categorised (currently it will depend on whether the offender is under 12, under 14, under 16 or under 18, with the older the offender the more severity of punishment, especially for serious crimes).
5233:(i) the facts establish that the person has committed a felony under the Penal Code or special penal laws; (ii) the relevant crime was classified as a misdemeanour, but involved violence or intimidation against persons or has generated serious risk to life or physical safety; or (iii) the acts are classified as crimes committed in groups, organisations or associations
9157:
4611:
18 is the standard age of criminal liability in Peru. However, minors from 16–17 years old at the moment of the crime may be subject to 6 to 10 years in prison in case of homicide, femicide, extortion, vandalism, rape or being member of a criminal gang. Minors from 14–15 years at the moment of any of
4794:
16 by default, 14 years specifically for crimes as listed in
Section 20 of the Criminal code, like murder, rape, robbery, extortion, kidnapping, motor vehicle theft, terror attack, stealing restricted substances like explosives or narcotics, aggravated anti-social behaviour, vandalism, false report
5408:
Minors between 12 and 14 cannot be trialed in criminal court, but could still be sentenced to juvenile probation or sent to correctional schools. Minors between 14 and 18 are subject to
Criminal Code but qualify for reduction of sentence. Finally, the death penalty and life imprisonment cannot be
5941:
charged with adjudicating cases involving crimes committed by those who have not yet reached a specific age. If convicted in a juvenile court, the offender is found "responsible" for their actions as opposed to "guilty" of a criminal offense. Sometimes, in some jurisdictions (such as the United
1771:
Juvenile offenders aged 14–17 are always held criminally responsible, but they are always tried as young/juvenile offenders, meaning generally more lenient sentences compared to adults. Also, juvenile offenders' photos and names usually cannot be released by the media, and access to the juvenile
4640:
On 28 January 2019, the House of
Representatives passed a bill proposing to lower the minimum age of criminal responsibility from 15 years to 12 years with a vote of 146–34. As of 2020, some child rights advocates were opposing this and other related bills in favor of a less fragmented approach
2398:
14 is the absolute minimum for acts that constitute the following crimes: homicide, wounding resulting in death, rape, robbery, arson, explosion, planting of toxic substances, and trafficking in dangerous drugs. The minimum age for other crimes are 16. In Hong Kong, the minimum age is 10 and in
1377:
of an offense, this may no longer be a sustainable argument. Indeed, given the different speeds at which people may develop both physically and intellectually, any form of explicit age limit may be arbitrary and irrational. Yet, the sense that children do not deserve to be exposed to criminal
1320:
systems in parallel to the adult criminal justice system. Here, the hearings are essentially welfare-based and deal with children as in need of compulsory measures of treatment and/or care. Children are diverted into this system when they have committed what would have been an offense as an
3248:
of incapacity until age 12. Minors could be detained for up to a maximum of 3 years, but in 2015, this maximum was raised to 7 years and minors aged between 16 and 18 can be tried as adults for heinous offences such as murder, rape, etc. They cannot, however, be sentenced to death or life
4672:
17 is the standard age of criminal liability in Poland. Minors from the age of 15 can be tried as adults in relation to especially heinous crimes such as treason, assassination of Polish
President, murder, homicide, serious bodily harm, causing a catastrophe, assault of a public servant,
2141:
The maximum sentence that can be imposed on juvenile offenders can be no more than 12 years of imprisonment if the offenders are between 16 and 18 and no more than 10 years if they are between 14 and 16. Juvenile offenders serve their sentences in separate prisons up to the age of 18.
5716:. Children under 12 cannot be convicted or get a criminal record; from 12 to 15, decision usually made by the Children's Reporter whether to refer to a children's hearing, which can lead to a criminal record, but could be prosecuted for a criminal offence if the offence is serious.
1353:, each state will consider the nature of its own society and the available evidence of the age at which antisocial behaviors begins to manifest itself. Some societies will have qualities of indulgence toward the young and inexperienced, and will not wish them to be exposed to the
9340:
CRC Country
Reports (1992–1996); Juvenile Justice and Juvenile Delinquency in Central and Eastern Europe, 1995; United Nations, Implementation of UN Mandates on Juvenile Justice in ESCAP, 1994; Geert Cappelaere, Children's Rights Centre, University of Gent,
1378:
punishment in the same way as adults remains strong. Children have not had experience of life, nor do they have the same mental and intellectual capacities as adults. Hence, it might be considered unfair to treat young children in the same way as adults.
4276:
of incapacity until age 14. Children aged 10 and 11 can only be convicted of murder or manslaughter; children aged 12 and 13 can only be convicted of crimes with a maximum imprisonment of at least 14 years, but this may be increased circumstantially. See
1195:. The presumption was conclusive, prohibiting the prosecution from offering evidence that the child had the capacity to appreciate the nature and wrongfulness of what they had done. Children aged 7–13 were presumed incapable of committing a crime but the
7980:
7360:
6881:
5799:"Persons can be held criminally responsible for all offences committed after they have reached the age of 16, and for intentional killing from the age of 13, and for other specifically named offences from the age of 14. "
1361:(i.e. incapable of wrong) and exclude liability for all acts and omissions that would otherwise have been criminal after reaching a specified age. Hence, no matter what the child may have done, there cannot be a criminal
7592:
1372:
The policy of treating minors as incapable of committing crimes does not necessarily reflect modern sensibilities. Thus, if the rationale of the excuse is that children below a certain age lack the capacity to form the
8712:
8415:
5747:
is 11 years, while 28 states have no minimum age of delinquency. The standards for transferal of juveniles to adult courts varies by state and may combine statutory limits with prosecutorial and judicial discretion.
2387:
Since 1 March 2021, children between 12 and 14 can be held criminally responsible for intentional homicide or injury leading to death or severe disability committed with extreme cruelty subject to approval by the
7742:
8032:
6865:
7984:
7958:
8010:
7919:
1178:, if at the relevant time, they had not reached an age of criminal responsibility. After reaching the initial age, there may be levels of responsibility dictated by age and the type of offense committed.
1199:. The prosecution could overcome the presumption by proving that the child understood what they were doing and that it was wrong. In fact, capacity was a necessary element of the state's case (thus, the
1659:
Minimum and maximum sentences are reduced by two thirds between 14 and 16, and half between 16 and 18. The needs of rehabilitation and social reintegration are also to be taken into account for minors.
6738:
2092:
Full criminal responsibility from age 18, with a juvenile judiciary system for offenders aged between 12 and 18 who can be sentenced to a maximum of 3 years of imprisonment in separate juvenile jails.
9294:
6489:
8897:
3194:
12 only for premeditated homicide, voluntary manslaughter and bodily harm leading to death or resulting in life-threatening injuries; 14 for other crimes; Full criminal responsibility from age 18.
1897:
16 is the standard age of criminal liability in
Belarus. Minors between 14 and 16 years old are responsible only for certain severe crimes, according to article 27 of the Belarusian Criminal Code.
8632:
8131:
7766:
8658:
807:
7193:
8280:
9234:
9153:
7661:
7422:
9114:
8346:
7356:
6961:
6878:
1385:, the age of criminal responsibility was raised from 8 to 12 by the implementation of the Age of Criminal Responsibility (Scotland) Act 2019, which came into force on 31 March 2020. In
1448:
could not agree on a minimum age for criminal responsibility, they chose to solve the question procedurally and excluded the jurisdiction of the Court for persons under eighteen years.
6290:
Ferreira, Nuno. "Putting the age of criminal and tort liability into context: A dialogue between law and psychology." The
International Journal of Children's Rights 16.1 (2008): 29-54.
6136:
9243:
3884:
Malaysia has a dual system of secular and
Islamic law, which has resulted in a number of different minimum ages of responsibility depending on which branch of the law is applicable.
2476:
Even though legal procedures and punishment are different for offenders who are under 18, all offenders who are 12 or older may be sentenced to as much as 15 years of incarceration.
4760:
For offences for which an adult would be sentenced to "severe detention" a person between the ages of 14 and 18 would be sentenced to no more than 12 years of "strict imprisonment"
4757:
For offences for which an adult would be sentenced to life imprisonment, a person between the ages of 14 and 18 would be sentenced to no more than 15 years of "strict imprisonment"
767:
7618:
9782:
7584:
1324:
As the physical capacity of a child to commit a crime. Hence, children are deemed incapable of committing some sexual or other acts requiring abilities of a more mature quality.
8747:
7815:
8716:
6281:. "The origins of the right and wrong test of criminal responsibility and its subsequent development in the United States: An historical survey." Cal. L. Rev. 54 (1966): 1227.
1263:
The rationale behind the age of accountability laws are the same as those behind the insanity defense, insinuating both the mentally disabled and the young lack apprehension.
8575:
8411:
3998:
There is no minimum age for criminal responsibility. Children below age 14 can only face incarceration if they are proven to have enough discernment between right and wrong.
3924:
Sharia law allows pubescent minors below 15 to be held responsible for certain severe crimes, as well as minors 15 and above without a rebuttal of presumption of incapacity.
3047:
Minors between 14 and 17 are sentenced by juvenile justice. A young adult between 18 and 21 years may still be sentenced by juvenile justice if considered mentally immature.
3894:
Offences under the
Internal Security Act can be prosecuted regardless of age. (The act was repealed in 2012 and replaced with Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012)
6931:
6358:
5017:
The Penal Code Review Committee proposed to increase the age to 10. Offenders between 16 and 21 are classed as Young Adults and may be considered for reformative training.
1203:
doctrine arose). If the state failed to offer sufficient evidence of capacity, the infant was entitled to have the charges dismissed at the close of the state's evidence.
6551:
8175:
7734:
8036:
4403:
Persons aged 14 to 16 years at the time they committed an offence, known as "younger juveniles" within the Criminal Code, can only be sentenced to educational measures
1558:
Minimum age of criminal responsibility is 12. Children aged 7–12 can be subject to warnings, supervision by social services, or confinement to a rehabilitation centre.
6857:
6651:
6201:
9018:
8006:
7950:
1584:
Article 1 of the Code distinguishes between offences and contraventions. Article 12 mandates that the latter (which are less serious) have a higher age limit of 16.
9159:
7927:
8086:
9729:
9684:
6768:
9822:
9335:
9265:
6746:
5236:
Persons aged 14 or 15 may be sentenced to a maximum of three years detention and persons aged 16 or 17 may not be sentenced to more than six years detention.
1215:
The terminology regarding such a defense varies by jurisdiction and sphere. "Defense of infancy" is a mainly US term. The "age of criminal responsibility" is
9459:
9302:
8389:
6423:
777:
690:
645:
9179:
8313:
6481:
749:
8893:
6342:, and Frank D. Fincham. "Implicit theories of criminal responsibility: Decision making and the insanity defense." Law and Human Behavior 11.3 (1987): 207.
9511:
9375:
8926:
8624:
8128:
7763:
7289:
8441:
6806:
6106:
10186:
6835:
8654:
8371:
7783:
7559:
6158:
701:
9201:
8816:
8797:
7653:
3891:
Under the Syariah Criminal Offences (Federal Territories) Act 1997, Muslim children can be held criminally responsible from the onset of puberty.
10281:
9973:
9714:
9501:
9111:
9041:
8991:
8953:
8335:
1018:
6953:
2264:
Children aged 12 or 13 can be sentenced to no more than 10 years of imprisonment, and children aged 14-17 can be sentenced to life imprisonment
9913:
9577:
9564:
9540:
8972:
8465:
1126:
1023:
3021:
Section 33 of Criminal code of Georgia defines that minors between 14 and 17 can be charged with criminal responsibility by juvenile justice.
6128:
10261:
7868:
4247:
From age 16, persons may be tried as adults or as children ("jeugdstrafrecht"). The maximum age for a person to be tried as a minor is 21.
1484:
340:
7847:
6456:
10409:
9366:
7091:
6901:
6317:
1761:
1224:
1013:
364:
313:
271:
8196:
10832:
9719:
8508:
7614:
817:
6033:
8739:
8687:
7823:
8875:
6680:
10293:
8567:
8107:
6587:
1216:
10853:
9750:
8226:
7712:
7308:
6923:
5352:
A child aged 16 or over when an offence was committed may not be sentenced to more than four years in detention, and only where:
1467:("juvenile") defendant understood that what was being done was wrong. If the defendant did not understand the difference between
8545:
10298:
9611:
9008:
7981:"Iran Human Rights Documentation Center – Criminal Responsibility of Children in the Islamic Republic of Iran's New Penal Code"
7514:
6540:
9995:
8172:
6702:
10324:
10007:
7894:
7382:
7061:
1334:
323:
6640:
6194:
1207:
was abolished in England and Wales in 1998 for children over the age of 10, but persists in other common law jurisdictions.
9647:
9589:
8486:
7270:
983:
882:
8601:
8058:
6983:
6359:"Crime Prevention & Criminal Justice Module 13 Key Issues: Topic four - Justice for children in conflict with the law"
10224:
9944:
9623:
9149:
9131:
9042:"Slopad straffrabatt för unga myndiga vid allvarlig brottslighet Justitieutskottets Betänkande 2021/22:JuU5 - Riksdagen"
7248:
6268:
Ranson, Stewart. "Public accountability in the age of neo-liberal governance." J. Education Policy 18.5 (2003): 459-480.
10528:
8253:
8083:
7509:
7218:
7141:
7056:
1492:
1119:
7423:"Juvenile Justice Information Portfolio - Committee on the Rights of the Child - 3. State Party Reports: Burkino Faso"
7334:
7146:
6514:
10042:
9856:
9435:
7400:
6776:
2389:
837:
822:
8655:"The decade in review: Child rights advocates present 'NGO Alternative Report' on status of children's rights in PH"
1296:
As a definition of the process for dealing with an alleged offender, the range of ages specifies the exemption of a
10863:
10659:
10349:
10308:
9659:
8258:
6612:
6415:
6247:
2642:
978:
968:
872:
797:
10067:
8385:
8281:"Juvenile Justice Information Portfolio - Committee on the Rights of the Child - 3. State Party Reports: Maldives"
5345:
Children aged 15 years at the time an offence was committed cannot be sentenced to more than one year of detention
10803:
10593:
10402:
10207:
9557:
9359:
9175:
8149:"Juvenile Justice Information Portfolio - Committee on the Rights of the Child - 3. State Party Reports: Lebanon"
6180:. "Stability and change in criminal behaviour up to age 30." British Journal of Criminology 31.4 (1991): 327-346.
6098:
731:
579:
264:
9533:
8472:
Almindelig borgerlig Straffelov (Straffeloven) § 46 (changed of law 12 June 1987 nr. 51). Retrieved 19/7 – 2007.
8306:"Decreto por el que se expide la Ley Nacional del Sistema Integral de Justicia Penal para Adolescentes (art. 5)"
7169:"Juvenile Justice Information Portfolio - Committee on the Rights of the Child - 3. State Party Reports: Belize"
4750:
A child aged 14 to 16 can only be held criminally liable where it can be proved that he or she had "discernment"
10370:
10344:
10334:
9724:
9706:
9606:
9386:
7194:"Juvenile Justice Information Portfolio - Committee on the Rights of the Child - 3. State Party Reports: Benin"
589:
544:
302:
8919:
7286:
9817:
9745:
8773:
8437:
8305:
6798:
1686:
According to Articles 1 and 3 of the Juvenile Act, Courts must have regard to the welfare of those under 16.
1112:
862:
6831:
6058:
4859:
1365:. However, although no criminal liability is inferred, other aspects of law may be applied. For example, in
10217:
10107:
9420:
7790:
6954:"Criminal Code of the Azerbaijan Republic (2000) Article 20 (1–2). [Note: unofficial translation.]"
4278:
1503:
The following are the minimum ages at which people may be charged with a criminal offence in each country:
1445:
1284:
nature can be stigmatized in a more positive way to show society's disapproval through the use of the word
802:
656:
616:
17:
9344:
7552:
6195:"Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility (MACR) – Comparative Analysis International Profile – New Zealand"
10762:
10563:
10498:
9827:
9209:
8813:
8794:
1479:. Alternatively, the lack of real fault in the offender can be recognized by rulings that avoid criminal
792:
352:
9834:
10858:
10513:
10395:
10212:
9812:
9352:
7539:
973:
877:
584:
308:
257:
8988:
8950:
10797:
10699:
10523:
9980:
9918:
7820:
El Telegrafo, telegrafo, diario, Ecuador, noticias, noticias de Ecuador, decano de la prensa nacional
3361:
1491:
to unsupervised custody, or by separate criminal proceedings against the parents for breach of their
1357:
system before all other avenues of response have been exhausted. Hence, some states have a policy of
963:
857:
762:
456:
77:
8969:
10792:
10782:
10624:
10447:
10162:
10030:
10002:
2301:
900:
554:
429:
328:
122:
8148:
10493:
10462:
10288:
9951:
9545:
9090:
9068:
7920:"Justice ministry rejects UNICEF criticism of new criminal code provisions on youthful offenders"
7168:
1232:
958:
827:
711:
7864:
10756:
9901:
9841:
9679:
8858:
7535:
6448:
6099:"House of Lords - R v JTB (Appellant) (on appeal from the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division))"
5265:
5146:
4479:
4273:
3245:
2031:
1766:
1196:
847:
606:
476:
318:
107:
102:
7844:
6897:
6449:"The Age of Criminal Responsibility (Scotland) Act 2019 (Commencement No. 2) Regulations 2020"
6313:
6301:
10873:
10868:
10787:
10735:
10709:
10356:
10137:
10037:
9990:
9934:
8483:""Making Their Own Rules" Police Beatings, Rape, and Torture of Children in Papua New Guinea"
8192:
7683:
1281:
1087:
529:
132:
7083:
10767:
10503:
10437:
10271:
10025:
9985:
9961:
9601:
9447:
9202:"Report on the Draft Justice (NI) Bill of the Northern Ireland Assembly's official website"
5744:
5667:
5230:
A person under the age of 18 can be sentenced to closed detention for a single offence if:
920:
915:
626:
564:
514:
424:
82:
8680:
7084:"Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus (1999). [Note: unofficial translation.]"
6083:
4944:
Persons aged 14 or 15 ("younger juveniles") can only be sentenced to educational measures
8:
10568:
10467:
10432:
10202:
10179:
10072:
10059:
9968:
9908:
9889:
9861:
9689:
9642:
9013:
8598:"En Banc Supreme Court resolution on Proposed Rule on Juveniles in Conflict With the Law"
8103:
6676:
3413:
Juvenile judiciary system for offenders aged between 14 and 18; separate juvenile halls.
3335:
1673:
1340:
1313:
1280:
enact laws to label certain types of activity as wrongful or illegal. Behavior of a more
1175:
1053:
1038:
852:
832:
716:
671:
574:
370:
334:
8516:
8462:
6576:
6302:"Raise the Age? Children's Attitudes Towards the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility"
10573:
10442:
9805:
9454:
9415:
7704:
6339:
6278:
6239:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
910:
812:
726:
681:
641:
461:
434:
346:
165:
87:
9572:
8218:
7305:
3888:
Under the Penal Code, a person can be held criminally responsible from the age of 10.
10809:
10777:
10664:
10508:
10418:
10303:
10234:
10094:
10089:
10047:
9755:
9518:
9483:
6309:
5960:
5943:
3009:
2765:
1386:
842:
651:
481:
127:
43:
9523:
7504:
6858:"Council of Attorneys-General – Age of Criminal Responsibility Working Group Review"
10730:
10684:
10649:
10553:
10548:
10518:
10452:
10375:
10229:
9694:
9654:
9430:
9400:
7642:
Section 3 of the Juvenile Offenders Ordinance 2003 (Chapter 226, Laws of Hong Kong)
7585:"Ministro de Justicia descarta rebaja en edad de responsabilidad penal adolescente"
6713:
6394:
5955:
4519:
1390:
1366:
1317:
1144:
998:
787:
661:
621:
519:
419:
137:
92:
72:
62:
9528:
8541:
8511:[Juvenile Criminal Justice Systems in Latin America Comparative Analysis]
7890:
7245:"Bolivia – Edad de responsabilidad penal ordinaria es desde los 18 años – JORNADA"
7051:
6300:
McAlister, Siobhan; Carr, Nicola; Dwyer, Clare D.; Lloyd, Katrina (19 June 2017).
10745:
10714:
10669:
10558:
10329:
10157:
9956:
9939:
9846:
9596:
9552:
9506:
9425:
9383:
9269:
9163:
9118:
8995:
8976:
8957:
8833:
8820:
8801:
8770:"СТ 20 УК РФ. Статья 20. Возраст, с которого наступает уголовная ответственность"
8482:
8469:
8179:
8135:
8090:
7851:
7770:
7312:
7293:
6885:
5079:
4482:
that a child aged between 7 and 12 years old is incapable of committing a crime.
4390:
4075:
Children between 14 and 16 years old responsible only for certain severe crimes.
1182:
1171:
1152:
905:
539:
534:
486:
404:
1451:
Some jurisdictions do not have a set fixed minimum age, but leave discretion to
10814:
10639:
10588:
10578:
10538:
10149:
10117:
10079:
9851:
9775:
9476:
9442:
9405:
5975:
5934:
5691:
2587:
1480:
1422:
1345:
1220:
1200:
1099:
1033:
1028:
1003:
867:
721:
696:
631:
559:
524:
491:
471:
221:
67:
7784:"At what age?... ...are school-children employed, married and taken to court?"
7654:"La mayoría de los países de América latina ya tiene un régimen penal juvenil"
1437:, at least for most crimes; 11 years is the minimum age for federal crimes.
10847:
10704:
10674:
10634:
10614:
10583:
10543:
10457:
10339:
10276:
10174:
8509:"Los Sistemas de Justicia Penal Juvenil en América Latina Análisis Comparado"
7244:
5730:
3744:
3133:
2616:
1430:
1414:
1237:
988:
930:
754:
389:
358:
8597:
7222:
6398:
10654:
10644:
10472:
10127:
9896:
9884:
9374:
7136:
5970:
5569:
5128:
4981:
4883:
3353:
2155:
1441:
1354:
1350:
1043:
935:
772:
636:
611:
569:
549:
446:
414:
287:
216:
201:
191:
186:
161:
8896:(Press release). Cape Town: Parliament of South Africa. 14 November 2018.
7396:
4580:
Minor offenders can be sentenced to a maximum of 8 years of imprisonment.
10689:
10477:
10239:
10132:
9238:
8248:
5332:
5187:
5162:
4627:
4366:
4260:
4234:
4024:
Incarceration starting at age 14. Other measures applied for ages 12–13.
2716:
2489:
1546:
1476:
1394:
1362:
1305:
1272:
1228:
1185:
of infancy was expressed as a set of presumptions in a doctrine known as
1143:
is the age below which a child is deemed incapable of having committed a
993:
782:
686:
666:
601:
496:
466:
441:
8625:"House OKs bill lowering criminal responsibility to 12 on final reading"
7615:"China's amended law lowering criminal liability age to 12 takes effect"
6243:
1191:. A child under the age of seven was presumed incapable of committing a
10819:
10694:
10679:
10598:
10533:
10122:
10102:
9868:
9466:
8740:"Responsabilidade criminal deve passar dos 16 para os 18 anos de idade"
8571:
7331:"Progress of Nations 1997 Special Protections – Progress and Disparity"
7330:
6227:
5786:
5496:
5422:
4957:
4834:
4136:
4088:
3961:
3818:
3794:
3573:
3475:
2985:
2464:
2277:
1860:
1811:
1464:
1452:
1426:
1418:
1309:
1277:
1048:
940:
706:
245:
206:
175:
142:
51:
29:
Minimum age at which a child is capable of committing criminal offences
9635:
9792:
9584:
6984:"Bahrain - International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children"
6363:
5252:
5005:
4294:
3985:
3769:
3262:
3157:
1748:
1699:
1160:
1063:
1058:
409:
211:
10387:
9295:"Uruguayans reject constitutional reform on criminal responsibility"
8862:
8007:"Iran urged to increase age of criminal responsibility for children"
7735:"Klaus podpisem stvrdil trestní odpovědnost i legální sex od 15 let"
7538:, RSC 1985, c C-46, s. 13; may receive reduced sentencing under the
5149:
that a child between the ages of 12 and 14 lacks criminal capacity.
240:
10619:
10167:
10112:
9765:
9618:
9471:
9233:
9093:. Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China (Taiwan)
9071:. Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China (Taiwan)
8834:"Belgrade shooting: Teen made 'kill list' for Serbia school attack"
7951:"Hal-Hal Penting yang Diatur dalam UU Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak"
7854:
3:1 § (39/1889, as changed by 515/2003). Retrieved 31 October 2007.
6012:
For all crimes and/or full responsibility (in terms of sentencing).
5910:
5471:
5447:
5054:
5030:
4688:
4568:
4465:
4062:
3911:
3866:
2863:
2838:
2667:
2414:
2227:
2203:
2129:
2055:
1382:
1008:
925:
808:
International Falcon Movement – Socialist Educational International
676:
451:
394:
196:
8769:
7397:"Bulgarian Criminal Code (in Bulgarian). Accessed 13 January 2021"
7219:"Rige Ley donde se reduce la edad de imputabilidad de los menores"
3438:
Juvenile Training Schooling for offenders aged between 11 and 14.
1094:
10750:
10251:
5836:
5812:
5761:
5642:
5594:
5103:
4907:
4737:
4342:
4185:
4160:
4112:
4037:
3695:
3671:
3647:
3207:
3181:
3034:
2911:
2813:
2789:
2691:
2612:
2513:
2439:
2179:
2006:
1910:
1884:
1836:
1786:
1724:
1622:
1597:
1571:
1475:, it may not be considered appropriate to treat such a person as
1406:
1068:
5319:
Previously the full age was 21, was reduced down to 18 in 2021.
10772:
10629:
10246:
9800:
8222:
5885:
5618:
5544:
5395:
5306:
4931:
4810:
4776:
4654:
4543:
4416:
4011:
3842:
3622:
3549:
3524:
3451:
3377:
3349:
3109:
3084:
2936:
2563:
2251:
2105:
2079:
1982:
1934:
1647:
1488:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1289:
1164:
1156:
596:
399:
112:
32:
8876:"Juvenile Crimes in Singapore: Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child"
3348:
Exception for children aged 10 or 11, who can be charged with
6003:. May also imply reduced sentencing/punishment for all crimes
5965:
5861:
5371:
5281:
5211:
4713:
4495:
4318:
4210:
3719:
3500:
3426:
3401:
3232:
3060:
2961:
2741:
2374:
2349:
1958:
1460:
1456:
1301:
1297:
1192:
1168:
97:
8970:
Spanish Regulation Law on the Penal Responsibility of Minors
8568:"PNoy signs law retaining minimum age of criminal liability"
1292:, "age of criminal responsibility" in two different ways:
1235:
countries. Other instances of usage have included the terms
8219:"UNICEF Malaysia – Child Protection – Justice for Children"
6416:"Youth justice: Raising the age of criminal responsibility"
5520:
4612:
those same crimes may be subject to 4 to 8 years in prison.
4593:
4441:
3937:
3598:
3357:
3311:
3287:
2887:
2538:
2325:
1434:
9630:
9379:
8059:"Situation analysis of juvenile justice system in Jordan"
6059:"Doctrine of 'Doli Incapax' | Office of Justice Programs"
2451:
Depends whether Sharia Law or the Penal Code is applied.
36:
Minimum age of reduced criminal responsibility by country
9274:
Juvenile Justice Geography, Policy, Practice, Statistics
9152:(23 & 24 Geo.5 c.12), section 50; as amended by The
6769:"Ley 22.278 Régimen Penal de la Minoridad Articles 1–2"
6739:"Debates Over Lowering the Criminal Responsibility Age"
6299:
8412:"Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act 1989"
7816:"Adolescentes infractores, en la mira de Código Penal"
7776:
7553:"EL NUEVO SISTEMA DE JUSTICIA PENAL PARA ADOLESCENTES"
6577:"Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania, Article 12"
9039:
7383:"Inhuman sentencing of children in Brunei Darussalam"
5141:
The age of criminal capacity was raised to 12 by the
1266:
778:
Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth
9264:
8737:
8430:
6385:
Dalby JT. (1985). "Criminal liability in children".
1393:, the age of responsibility is 10 years, and in the
750:
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
8925:(Act 28). Parliament of South Africa. 4 June 2020.
7505:"Minimum Ages of Criminal Responsibility in Africa"
7137:"Minimum Ages of Criminal Responsibility in Europe"
6129:"6.2 Infancy, Intoxication, Ignorance, and Mistake"
8542:"RA9344: Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006"
759:Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions
9009:"Sudan: New Law Amending Penal Code Takes Effect"
8249:"Minimum Ages of Criminal Responsibility in Asia"
7052:"Minimum Ages of Criminal Responsibility in Asia"
5999:For only certain severe crimes and/or rebuttable
5115:15 in Somaliland, 14 in the rest of the country.
10845:
8894:"Parliament adopts Child Justice Amendment Bill"
7271:"Botswana National Child Protection Legislation"
9502:Drug and precursor laws by country or territory
7499:
7497:
7495:
7493:
7491:
7489:
7487:
7485:
7483:
7481:
7479:
7477:
7475:
7473:
7471:
7469:
7467:
7465:
7463:
6192:
1019:Legal status of tattooing in European countries
8388:. Parliamentary Counsel Office (New Zealand).
7914:
7912:
7461:
7459:
7457:
7455:
7453:
7451:
7449:
7447:
7445:
7443:
6443:
6441:
6410:
6408:
1024:Legal status of tattooing in the United States
10403:
9360:
9229:
9227:
8657:. ChildFund International. 26 November 2020.
8600:. Chan Robles Law Library. 28 February 2002.
7651:
7638:
7636:
7325:
7323:
7321:
6826:
6824:
6228:"The Age of Criminal Responsibility in India"
1260:) is a term commonly used in the literature.
1120:
265:
6515:"Age Boundaries in Juvenile Justice Systems"
341:History of youth rights in the United States
9112:CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN
7909:
7440:
6924:"Jugendgerichtsgesetz (1988) §1(1–2) and 4"
6438:
6405:
6200:. Centre for Youth & Criminal Justice.
1762:Age of criminal responsibility in Australia
1014:French petition against age of consent laws
365:Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
10410:
10396:
9367:
9353:
9224:
9040:Riksdagsförvaltningen (17 November 2021).
8544:. Chan Robles Law Library. 28 April 2006.
8033:"Children and the criminal justice system"
7633:
7318:
6821:
6476:
6474:
1127:
1113:
272:
258:
8681:"Article 10 of Polish Penal Code of 1997"
7949:Pramesti, Tri Jata Ayu (25 August 2014).
7306:Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (pt)
6384:
6293:
5743:At the federal level, the minimum age of
1483:and/or address more practical matters of
1147:. In legal terms, it is referred to as a
818:National Union of Students LGBT+ Campaign
10294:World Intellectual Property Organization
9069:"Criminal Code of the Republic of China"
8084:Penal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan
7948:
7296:, Article 228. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
1288:. In this context, laws tend to use the
768:Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission
314:Children's Online Privacy Protection Act
31:
8963:
8386:"Sections 21–22, Crimes Act 1961 No 43"
7891:"Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch, StGB)"
6541:"Afghanistan Juvenile Code, Article 10"
6471:
6031:
1401:the age of responsibility is 12 years.
14:
10846:
10833:Index of youth rights–related articles
10299:World Intellectual Property Indicators
9823:Fictional pornography depicting minors
8750:from the original on 24 September 2015
8418:from the original on 15 September 2015
7871:from the original on 14 September 2018
7595:from the original on 14 September 2015
7363:from the original on 12 September 2015
7131:
7129:
7046:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7038:
7036:
7034:
7032:
7030:
7028:
7026:
7024:
7022:
7020:
7018:
7016:
6225:
6096:
1254:minimum age of criminal responsibility
10417:
10391:
9348:
8863:Cap. 224, 2008 Rev. Ed.
8738:Ana Cristina Pereira (14 June 2012).
8604:from the original on 25 December 2018
8578:from the original on 25 December 2018
8548:from the original on 25 December 2018
8444:from the original on 11 November 2020
8013:from the original on 5 September 2015
7705:"Cuba - Factsheets - Youthpolicy.org"
7652:Jastreblansky, Maia (22 April 2009).
7337:from the original on 25 December 2018
7251:from the original on 22 February 2016
7127:
7125:
7123:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7111:
7109:
7014:
7012:
7010:
7008:
7006:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6934:from the original on 22 December 2015
6641:"Criminal Code of Andorra, Article 2"
6509:
6507:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6207:from the original on 17 December 2019
6032:Academy, The British (1 April 2022).
1335:Criminal responsibility in French law
1163:falling within the definition of an "
324:Convention on the Rights of the Child
8661:from the original on 22 January 2021
8635:from the original on 23 October 2019
8489:from the original on 19 October 2008
8261:from the original on 17 October 2015
8129:CRIMINAL CODE OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
8110:from the original on 28 October 2019
7664:from the original on 31 October 2015
7403:from the original on 14 January 2021
7287:Federal Constitution (in Portuguese)
6683:from the original on 19 October 2015
6492:from the original on 20 October 2020
6426:from the original on 19 October 2020
6356:
6188:
6186:
6139:from the original on 25 January 2021
6109:from the original on 27 October 2018
6038:Reframing Childhood Past and Present
5707:England, Wales, and Northern Ireland
2018:Lowered in July 2014 from 16 to 14.
1413:all set the age at 15 years. In the
984:Ages of consent in the United States
883:World Federation of Democratic Youth
10282:UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
9235:Interstate Commission for Juveniles
9154:Children and Young Persons Act 1963
9150:Children and Young Persons Act 1933
8392:from the original on 23 August 2015
8199:from the original on 3 January 2020
6964:from the original on 13 August 2015
6232:Journal of the Indian Law Institute
5942:States of America), a minor may be
24:
9332:Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law
9320:
9021:from the original on 24 March 2021
8693:from the original on 30 March 2014
8316:from the original on 15 April 2019
8254:Child Rights International Network
7897:from the original on 26 April 2001
7745:from the original on 22 March 2018
7621:from the original on 3 August 2021
7517:from the original on 27 April 2019
7510:Child Rights International Network
7149:from the original on 10 March 2017
7142:Child Rights International Network
7106:
7094:from the original on 3 August 2021
7064:from the original on 27 April 2019
7057:Child Rights International Network
6993:
6904:from the original on 1 August 2015
6850:
6657:from the original on 30 April 2021
6504:
6459:from the original on 3 August 2021
6345:
6320:from the original on 3 August 2021
6250:from the original on 3 August 2021
5928:
1267:The age of criminal responsibility
25:
10885:
9301:. 27 October 2014. Archived from
8932:from the original on 11 June 2020
8920:Child Justice Amendment Act, 2019
8900:from the original on 11 June 2020
8776:from the original on 17 July 2015
8229:from the original on 4 March 2016
7565:from the original on 13 July 2019
6868:from the original on 18 July 2020
6838:from the original on 20 June 2015
6809:from the original on 15 July 2015
6799:"Criminal Code (2003) Article 24"
6613:"Algerian Penal Code, Article 49"
6593:from the original on 4 March 2016
6183:
5143:Child Justice Amendment Act, 2019
1528:
1181:Under the English common law the
838:Students for a Democratic Society
823:National Youth Rights Association
10309:International copyright treaties
9287:
9258:
9244:Interstate Compact for Juveniles
9194:
9182:from the original on 4 June 2009
9176:"Age of criminal responsibility"
9168:
9142:
9124:
9105:
9083:
9060:
9033:
9001:
8982:
8944:
8912:
8886:
8868:
8852:
8826:
8807:
8788:
8762:
8352:from the original on 16 May 2017
7961:from the original on 10 May 2021
7715:from the original on 7 June 2018
6557:from the original on 6 July 2021
6034:"Age of Criminal Responsibility"
5903:
5878:
5854:
5829:
5805:
5779:
5754:
5723:
5684:
5660:
5635:
5611:
5587:
5562:
5537:
5513:
5489:
5464:
5440:
5415:
5388:
5364:
5325:
5299:
5274:
5245:
5204:
5180:
5155:
5121:
5096:
5072:
5047:
5023:
4998:
4974:
4950:
4924:
4900:
4876:
4852:
4827:
4803:
4769:
4730:
4706:
4681:
4647:
4620:
4586:
4561:
4536:
4512:
4488:
4458:
4434:
4409:
4383:
4359:
4335:
4311:
4287:
4253:
4227:
4203:
4178:
4153:
4129:
4105:
4081:
4055:
4030:
4004:
3978:
3954:
3930:
3904:
3859:
3835:
3811:
3787:
3762:
3737:
3712:
3688:
3664:
3640:
3615:
3591:
3566:
3542:
3517:
3493:
3468:
3444:
3419:
3394:
3370:
3328:
3304:
3280:
3255:
3225:
3200:
3174:
3150:
3126:
3102:
3077:
3053:
3027:
3002:
2978:
2954:
2929:
2904:
2880:
2856:
2831:
2806:
2782:
2758:
2734:
2709:
2684:
2660:
2635:
2605:
2580:
2556:
2531:
2506:
2482:
2457:
2432:
2407:
2367:
2342:
2318:
2294:
2270:
2244:
2220:
2196:
2172:
2148:
2122:
2098:
2072:
2048:
2024:
1999:
1975:
1951:
1927:
1903:
1877:
1853:
1829:
1804:
1779:
1741:
1717:
1692:
1666:
1640:
1615:
1590:
1564:
1539:
1093:
1082:
979:Ages of consent in South America
969:Ages of consent in North America
873:Young Communist League of Canada
798:High School Democrats of America
239:
10804:The Teenage Liberation Handbook
9328:Age and Criminal Responsibility
8731:
8705:
8673:
8647:
8617:
8590:
8560:
8534:
8501:
8475:
8456:
8404:
8378:
8364:
8328:
8310:Diario Oficial de la Federación
8298:
8273:
8241:
8211:
8185:
8166:
8141:
8122:
8096:
8077:
8051:
8025:
7999:
7973:
7942:
7883:
7857:
7838:
7808:
7757:
7727:
7697:
7676:
7645:
7607:
7577:
7545:
7529:
7415:
7389:
7375:
7349:
7315:, Seção V. Retrieved 2 May 2013
7299:
7280:
7263:
7237:
7211:
7186:
7161:
7076:
6976:
6946:
6916:
6890:
6791:
6761:
6731:
6695:
6669:
6633:
6605:
6569:
6533:
6387:Canadian Journal of Criminology
6378:
6332:
6284:
6271:
6193:Papadodimitraki, Yanna (2016).
6006:
5993:
4555:Lowered in 2010 from 14 to 12.
1217:used by most European countries
10854:Age of criminal responsibility
10741:Age of criminal responsibility
10371:List of international rankings
10345:Separation of church and state
9401:Candidacy for political office
6519:National Governors Association
6262:
6219:
6151:
6121:
6090:
6076:
6051:
6025:
5409:sentenced to minor offenders.
4641:addressing children's issues.
2390:Supreme People's Procuratorate
1764:. Review under way since 2019.
1210:
1141:age of criminal responsibility
545:Behavior modification facility
303:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
13:
1:
7865:"Juvenile justice in Georgia"
6084:"Crime and Disorder Act 1998"
6019:
1498:
1440:As the treaty parties of the
1421:, being as low as 6 years in
1328:
863:Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor
9695:Legality of assisted suicide
8515:(in Spanish). Archived from
7684:"Zakon o sudovima za mladež"
5986:
5268:of incapacity until age 14.
4279:Youth justice in New Zealand
1769:of incapacity until age 14.
1446:International Criminal Court
803:Indian Youth Climate Network
617:Human rights and youth sport
7:
10763:Counterculture of the 1960s
10499:Community youth development
9828:Simulated child pornography
9270:"Jurisdictional boundaries"
8336:"Criminal Code of Mongolia"
5949:
1487:by adjusting the rights of
1425:and as high as 12 years in
793:Global Youth Action Network
702:Underage drinking in the US
10:
10890:
10514:Positive youth development
10187:Legality of cryptocurrency
9524:Legal status of Mephedrone
8669:– via reliefweb.int.
7540:Youth Criminal Justice Act
6482:"Young people and the law"
6226:Sharma, Vishnu D. (1970).
6103:publications.parliament.uk
1332:
1270:
1197:presumption was rebuttable
1149:defence/defense of infancy
974:Ages of consent in Oceania
878:Young Democrats of America
309:Child Labor Deterrence Act
73:Mental disorder (Insanity)
10828:
10798:Taking Children Seriously
10723:
10700:School-to-prison pipeline
10607:
10524:Student-centered learning
10486:
10425:
10365:
10317:
10260:
10195:
10148:
10088:
10058:
10018:
9981:Censorship of LGBT issues
9927:
9877:
9791:
9764:
9738:
9705:
9672:
9529:Legal status of Methylone
9492:
9393:
8823:(2019), Art. 10 par. 2, 3
8614:(effective 15 April 2002)
6743:The Argentina Independent
6703:"Juvenile Act, Article 8"
3362:aggravated sexual assault
1339:This is an aspect of the
964:Ages of consent in Europe
858:Youth International Party
763:Canadian Youth for Choice
457:Taking Children Seriously
78:Diminished responsibility
10793:Subcultures of the 1950s
10783:International Youth Year
10448:Intergenerational equity
10163:Mergers and acquisitions
10031:Children in the military
9685:Law enforcement killings
6884:27 February 2021 at the
6862:Law Council of Australia
6486:Citizens Advice Scotland
5981:
2302:Central African Republic
555:Children in the military
430:Intergenerational equity
353:Newsboys' strike of 1899
329:Fair Labor Standards Act
10864:Juvenile justice system
10494:Anarchistic free school
10463:Youth-adult partnership
10289:Antarctic Treaty System
10003:Video gaming censorship
9952:Cartographic censorship
9411:Criminal responsibility
9132:"Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi"
8819:28 October 2020 at the
8800:28 October 2020 at the
7769:26 October 2020 at the
7311:7 December 2019 at the
7088:www.cis-legislation.com
6958:www.legislationline.org
6620:premier-ministre.gov.dz
6399:10.3138/cjcrim.27.2.137
6097:Department, Law Lords.
1485:parental responsibility
1459:to rule on whether the
1417:the age varies between
1233:Commonwealth of Nations
959:Ages of consent in Asia
828:One World Youth Project
712:Youth-adult partnership
10757:The Catcher in the Rye
10335:National legal systems
9902:International adoption
9680:Legality of euthanasia
9156:(c.37), section 16(1)
9091:"Juvenile Justice Act"
8814:Sanmarinese Penal Code
8804:(2019), Art. 10 par. 1
8795:Sanmarinese Penal Code
8193:"Luxembourg Factsheet"
6898:"Crimes Act 1914 s 4N"
6832:"CRIMES ACT 1914 s 4M"
5266:Rebuttable presumption
5147:rebuttable presumption
4480:rebuttable presumption
4274:Rebuttable presumption
3246:Rebuttable presumption
2032:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1767:Rebuttable presumption
607:Emancipation of minors
477:Youth detention center
319:Kids Online Safety Act
37:
10788:LGBT student movement
10736:Age of consent reform
10710:Youth control complex
10357:World Justice Project
9991:Television censorship
9935:Censorship by country
9783:Size of police forces
9162:3 August 2021 at the
9117:22 April 2021 at the
8979:(2012), Art. 1 par. 1
8468:3 August 2021 at the
8178:22 April 2021 at the
8134:22 April 2021 at the
8089:22 April 2021 at the
7764:Faroese Criminal Code
5933:In some countries, a
4860:São Tomé and Príncipe
3292:9 (girls), 15 (boys)
1243:age of responsibility
1238:age of accountability
1151:, which is a form of
530:Age of consent reform
35:
10504:Democratic education
10438:Free-range parenting
10272:International waters
9986:Political censorship
9835:Internet pornography
9534:Legal status of MPDV
9448:Mandatory retirement
9266:Juvenile Justice GPS
8975:23 July 2020 at the
8522:on 19 September 2013
6773:infoleg.mecon.gov.ar
6277:Platt, Anthony, and
6157:Stattin, Hekan, and
5939:special jurisdiction
5745:juvenile delinquency
5668:United Arab Emirates
1167:" are excluded from
627:Juvenile delinquency
565:Compulsory education
515:Adolescent sexuality
425:Free-range parenting
10569:Youth participation
10564:Youth organizations
10468:Youth mainstreaming
10433:Evolving capacities
10203:Corporal punishment
10180:Corporate liability
10060:Freedom of movement
9969:Internet censorship
9890:Minors and abortion
9690:Legality of suicide
9643:Psilocybin mushroom
9512:Alcohol consumption
9014:Library of Congress
8631:. 28 January 2019.
8629:The Philippine Star
8195:. youthpolicy.org.
8173:Penal Code of Libya
8106:. youthpolicy.org.
8039:on 14 February 2010
7987:on 19 December 2016
7850:19 May 2021 at the
7796:on 23 December 2012
6338:Roberts, Caton F.,
4795:of a terror attack.
1674:Antigua and Barbuda
1054:Liberation theology
1039:Youth Olympic Games
853:UK Youth Parliament
848:Three O'Clock Lobby
833:Queer Youth Network
717:Youth participation
672:Minors and abortion
657:Minimum driving age
575:Corporal punishment
371:Wild in the Streets
335:Hammer v. Dagenhart
10574:Youth philanthropy
10443:Future generations
9857:Child sexual abuse
9376:Lists of countries
9305:on 3 November 2014
9212:on 31 October 2014
9136:www.mevzuat.gov.tr
8994:8 May 2020 at the
8989:Spanish Penal Code
8956:8 May 2020 at the
8951:Spanish Penal Code
8882:. 8 February 2020.
8574:. 8 October 2013.
8285:www.unicef-irc.org
8182:(2014), Art. 80/81
8153:www.unicef-irc.org
8104:"Kosovo Factsheet"
8065:. 20 December 2018
7930:on 31 October 2014
7826:on 1 November 2014
7741:. 12 August 2009.
7427:www.unicef-irc.org
7357:"Folha de S.Paulo"
7292:5 May 2016 at the
7225:on 31 October 2014
7198:www.unicef-irc.org
7173:www.unicef-irc.org
6453:Legislation.gov.uk
6340:Stephen L. Golding
6279:Bernard L. Diamond
4208:
1100:Society portal
727:Youth unemployment
682:School leaving age
642:Legal drinking age
462:Universal suffrage
435:Future generations
347:Morse v. Frederick
38:
10859:Criminal defenses
10841:
10840:
10810:Teenage rebellion
10778:Hungry generation
10665:Helicopter parent
10509:Popular education
10419:Youth empowerment
10385:
10384:
10304:Foreign ownership
10048:Human trafficking
10043:Same-sex marriage
10026:Children's rights
9818:Child pornography
9756:Life imprisonment
9237:(15 March 2023).
9206:niassembly.gov.uk
8713:"Przepisy ogólne"
8372:"Jeugdstrafrecht"
8009:. 17 March 2014.
7591:. 28 March 2012.
6928:www.ris.bka.gv.at
6803:www.parliament.am
6779:on 9 January 2016
6749:on 15 August 2015
6719:on 21 August 2018
6455:. 11 March 2020.
5961:Reasonable person
5944:tried as an adult
5926:
5925:
2766:Equatorial Guinea
1387:England and Wales
1137:
1136:
843:Freechild Project
652:Legal working age
482:Youth empowerment
282:
281:
44:Criminal defenses
16:(Redirected from
10881:
10731:Age of candidacy
10685:Parental respect
10650:Fear of children
10625:Age restrictions
10554:Youth leadership
10549:Youth engagement
10519:Student activism
10453:Leaving the nest
10412:
10405:
10398:
10389:
10388:
10376:Lists by country
10230:Police brutality
9655:Salvia divinorum
9573:Amanita mushroom
9369:
9362:
9355:
9346:
9345:
9315:
9314:
9312:
9310:
9291:
9285:
9284:
9282:
9280:
9262:
9256:
9255:
9253:
9251:
9231:
9222:
9221:
9219:
9217:
9208:. Archived from
9198:
9192:
9191:
9189:
9187:
9172:
9166:
9146:
9140:
9139:
9128:
9122:
9109:
9103:
9102:
9100:
9098:
9087:
9081:
9080:
9078:
9076:
9064:
9058:
9057:
9055:
9053:
9046:www.riksdagen.se
9037:
9031:
9030:
9028:
9026:
9005:
8999:
8986:
8980:
8967:
8961:
8948:
8942:
8941:
8939:
8937:
8931:
8924:
8916:
8910:
8909:
8907:
8905:
8890:
8884:
8883:
8872:
8866:
8856:
8850:
8849:
8847:
8845:
8830:
8824:
8811:
8805:
8792:
8786:
8785:
8783:
8781:
8766:
8760:
8759:
8757:
8755:
8735:
8729:
8728:
8726:
8724:
8715:. Archived from
8709:
8703:
8702:
8700:
8698:
8692:
8685:
8677:
8671:
8670:
8668:
8666:
8651:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8640:
8621:
8615:
8613:
8611:
8609:
8594:
8588:
8587:
8585:
8583:
8564:
8558:
8557:
8555:
8553:
8538:
8532:
8531:
8529:
8527:
8521:
8514:
8505:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8494:
8479:
8473:
8460:
8454:
8453:
8451:
8449:
8434:
8428:
8427:
8425:
8423:
8408:
8402:
8401:
8399:
8397:
8382:
8376:
8375:
8368:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8357:
8351:
8340:
8332:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8321:
8302:
8296:
8295:
8293:
8291:
8277:
8271:
8270:
8268:
8266:
8245:
8239:
8238:
8236:
8234:
8215:
8209:
8208:
8206:
8204:
8189:
8183:
8170:
8164:
8163:
8161:
8159:
8145:
8139:
8126:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8115:
8100:
8094:
8081:
8075:
8074:
8072:
8070:
8055:
8049:
8048:
8046:
8044:
8035:. Archived from
8029:
8023:
8022:
8020:
8018:
8003:
7997:
7996:
7994:
7992:
7983:. Archived from
7977:
7971:
7970:
7968:
7966:
7946:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7935:
7926:. Archived from
7916:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7902:
7887:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7876:
7861:
7855:
7842:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7831:
7822:. Archived from
7812:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7801:
7795:
7789:. Archived from
7788:
7780:
7774:
7761:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7750:
7731:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7720:
7701:
7695:
7694:
7692:
7690:
7680:
7674:
7673:
7671:
7669:
7649:
7643:
7640:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7626:
7617:. 1 March 2021.
7611:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7600:
7581:
7575:
7574:
7572:
7570:
7564:
7557:
7549:
7543:
7533:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7501:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7419:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7379:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7368:
7353:
7347:
7346:
7344:
7342:
7327:
7316:
7303:
7297:
7284:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7267:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7256:
7241:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7221:. Archived from
7215:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7190:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7165:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7154:
7133:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7080:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7069:
7048:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6980:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6950:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6939:
6920:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6909:
6894:
6888:
6877:
6875:
6873:
6864:. 29 July 2020.
6854:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6828:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6814:
6795:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6775:. Archived from
6765:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6754:
6745:. Archived from
6735:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6718:
6712:. Archived from
6707:
6699:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6688:
6673:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6656:
6645:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6626:
6617:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6592:
6581:
6573:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6562:
6556:
6545:
6537:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6521:. 12 August 2021
6511:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6478:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6445:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6412:
6403:
6402:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6354:
6343:
6336:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6325:
6297:
6291:
6288:
6282:
6275:
6269:
6266:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6223:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6206:
6199:
6190:
6181:
6179:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6135:. Criminal Law.
6125:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6094:
6088:
6087:
6080:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6029:
6013:
6010:
6004:
5997:
5956:Age of candidacy
5909:
5907:
5906:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5738:varies by state
5735:varies by state
5729:
5727:
5726:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4520:Papua New Guinea
4518:
4516:
4515:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4010:
4008:
4007:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1530:
1524:
1516:
1506:
1505:
1455:to argue or the
1391:Northern Ireland
1367:Nordic countries
1318:juvenile justice
1316:develop special
1247:age of liability
1145:criminal offence
1129:
1122:
1115:
1098:
1097:
1086:
1085:
1034:Students' rights
999:Direct democracy
788:Future Coalition
662:Marriageable age
622:In loco parentis
520:Age of candidacy
420:Fear of children
284:
283:
274:
267:
260:
244:
243:
158:
138:False confession
63:Actual innocence
40:
39:
21:
10889:
10888:
10884:
10883:
10882:
10880:
10879:
10878:
10844:
10843:
10842:
10837:
10824:
10746:Beat Generation
10719:
10715:Youth exclusion
10670:Infantilization
10640:Eleutherophobia
10603:
10559:Youth-led media
10482:
10421:
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10386:
10381:
10380:
10361:
10330:Immigration law
10313:
10263:
10256:
10191:
10144:
10093:
10084:
10054:
10038:Intersex rights
10014:
9957:Film censorship
9940:Book censorship
9923:
9873:
9847:Sex trafficking
9787:
9760:
9734:
9701:
9668:
9553:Methamphetamine
9494:
9488:
9389:
9384:law enforcement
9373:
9336:Wayback Machine
9323:
9321:Further reading
9318:
9308:
9306:
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9121:(2006), Art. 23
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8998:(2019), Art. 69
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8960:(2019), Art. 19
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8812:
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8793:
8789:
8779:
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8753:
8751:
8736:
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8722:
8720:
8719:on 23 July 2015
8711:
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8138:(2006), Art. 18
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7709:youthpolicy.org
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6306:papers.ssrn.com
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6159:David Magnusson
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5929:Juvenile courts
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4391:North Macedonia
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2000:
1998:
1976:
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1952:
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954:
946:
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921:Koroknay-Palicz
896:
888:
887:
745:
737:
736:
540:Age of marriage
535:Age of majority
510:
502:
501:
487:Youth exclusion
405:Criminalization
385:
384:Theory/concepts
377:
376:
297:
278:
238:
226:
154:
147:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10887:
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10856:
10839:
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10826:
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10815:UK underground
10812:
10807:
10800:
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10780:
10775:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10727:
10725:
10724:Related topics
10721:
10720:
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10717:
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10707:
10702:
10697:
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10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
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10627:
10622:
10617:
10611:
10609:
10605:
10604:
10602:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10589:Youth suffrage
10586:
10581:
10579:Youth politics
10576:
10571:
10566:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10539:Youth activism
10536:
10531:
10529:Student rights
10526:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10490:
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10484:
10483:
10481:
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10141:
10140:
10138:Riparian water
10130:
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9892:
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9879:
9875:
9874:
9872:
9871:
9866:
9865:
9864:
9859:
9852:Sexual assault
9849:
9844:
9839:
9838:
9837:
9832:
9831:
9830:
9825:
9810:
9809:
9808:
9797:
9795:
9789:
9788:
9786:
9785:
9780:
9779:
9778:
9776:Prisoner abuse
9770:
9768:
9762:
9761:
9759:
9758:
9753:
9748:
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9514:
9504:
9498:
9496:
9490:
9489:
9487:
9486:
9481:
9480:
9479:
9477:Youth suffrage
9474:
9464:
9463:
9462:
9455:School-leaving
9452:
9451:
9450:
9440:
9439:
9438:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9397:
9395:
9391:
9390:
9372:
9371:
9364:
9357:
9349:
9343:
9342:
9338:
9330:. 2005 Vol 2.
9326:Maher, Gerry.
9322:
9319:
9317:
9316:
9286:
9257:
9223:
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9167:
9141:
9123:
9104:
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9000:
8981:
8962:
8943:
8911:
8885:
8867:
8851:
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8806:
8787:
8761:
8730:
8704:
8672:
8646:
8616:
8589:
8559:
8533:
8500:
8474:
8455:
8438:"Legal Rights"
8429:
8403:
8377:
8363:
8327:
8297:
8272:
8240:
8210:
8184:
8165:
8140:
8121:
8095:
8076:
8063:www.unicef.org
8050:
8024:
7998:
7972:
7941:
7908:
7882:
7856:
7837:
7807:
7775:
7756:
7726:
7696:
7675:
7644:
7632:
7606:
7576:
7558:(in Spanish).
7544:
7528:
7439:
7414:
7388:
7374:
7348:
7317:
7298:
7279:
7262:
7236:
7210:
7185:
7160:
7105:
7075:
6992:
6975:
6945:
6915:
6889:
6849:
6820:
6790:
6760:
6730:
6694:
6668:
6632:
6604:
6568:
6532:
6503:
6470:
6437:
6422:. 7 May 2019.
6404:
6393:(2): 137–145.
6377:
6344:
6331:
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6218:
6182:
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6120:
6089:
6075:
6050:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6005:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5976:Youth suffrage
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5951:
5948:
5937:is a court of
5935:juvenile court
5930:
5927:
5924:
5923:
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5899:
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1346:parens patriae
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1029:Libertarianism
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1004:Egalitarianism
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868:The Youth Cafe
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722:Youth politics
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697:Status offense
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632:Juvenile court
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525:Age of consent
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492:Youth suffrage
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246:Law portal
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10705:Vicariousness
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10675:Intrusiveness
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10635:Control freak
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10615:Adultcentrism
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10584:Youth service
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10544:Youth council
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10458:Student voice
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9955:
9953:
9950:
9946:
9943:
9942:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9932:
9930:
9926:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9914:Sterilization
9912:
9910:
9909:Human cloning
9907:
9903:
9900:
9899:
9898:
9895:
9891:
9888:
9887:
9886:
9883:
9882:
9880:
9876:
9870:
9867:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9855:
9854:
9853:
9850:
9848:
9845:
9843:
9840:
9836:
9833:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9820:
9819:
9816:
9815:
9814:
9811:
9807:
9804:
9803:
9802:
9799:
9798:
9796:
9794:
9790:
9784:
9781:
9777:
9774:
9773:
9772:
9771:
9769:
9767:
9763:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9751:Incarceration
9749:
9747:
9746:Death penalty
9744:
9743:
9741:
9737:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9712:
9710:
9708:
9704:
9696:
9693:
9692:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9677:
9675:
9671:
9661:
9658:
9657:
9656:
9653:
9649:
9646:
9645:
9644:
9641:
9637:
9634:
9633:
9632:
9629:
9625:
9622:
9621:
9620:
9617:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9599:
9598:
9595:
9591:
9588:
9587:
9586:
9583:
9579:
9576:
9575:
9574:
9571:
9570:
9569:Psychedelics
9568:
9566:
9563:
9559:
9556:
9555:
9554:
9551:
9547:
9544:
9543:
9542:
9539:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9521:
9520:
9517:
9513:
9510:
9509:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9499:
9497:
9491:
9485:
9482:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9469:
9468:
9465:
9461:
9458:
9457:
9456:
9453:
9449:
9446:
9445:
9444:
9441:
9437:
9434:
9433:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9398:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9370:
9365:
9363:
9358:
9356:
9351:
9350:
9347:
9339:
9337:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9324:
9304:
9300:
9296:
9290:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9261:
9246:
9245:
9240:
9236:
9230:
9228:
9211:
9207:
9203:
9197:
9181:
9177:
9171:
9165:
9161:
9158:
9155:
9151:
9145:
9137:
9133:
9127:
9120:
9116:
9113:
9108:
9092:
9086:
9070:
9063:
9047:
9043:
9036:
9020:
9016:
9015:
9010:
9004:
8997:
8993:
8990:
8985:
8978:
8974:
8971:
8966:
8959:
8955:
8952:
8947:
8928:
8921:
8915:
8899:
8895:
8889:
8881:
8880:irblaw.com.sg
8877:
8871:
8865:), section 82
8864:
8860:
8855:
8839:
8835:
8829:
8822:
8818:
8815:
8810:
8803:
8799:
8796:
8791:
8775:
8771:
8765:
8749:
8745:
8741:
8734:
8718:
8714:
8708:
8689:
8682:
8676:
8660:
8656:
8650:
8634:
8630:
8626:
8620:
8603:
8599:
8593:
8577:
8573:
8569:
8563:
8547:
8543:
8537:
8518:
8510:
8504:
8488:
8484:
8478:
8471:
8467:
8464:
8459:
8443:
8439:
8433:
8417:
8413:
8407:
8391:
8387:
8381:
8373:
8367:
8348:
8344:
8337:
8331:
8315:
8311:
8307:
8301:
8286:
8282:
8276:
8260:
8256:
8255:
8250:
8244:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8214:
8198:
8194:
8188:
8181:
8177:
8174:
8169:
8154:
8150:
8144:
8137:
8133:
8130:
8125:
8109:
8105:
8099:
8092:
8088:
8085:
8080:
8064:
8060:
8054:
8038:
8034:
8028:
8012:
8008:
8002:
7986:
7982:
7976:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7945:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7915:
7913:
7896:
7892:
7886:
7870:
7866:
7860:
7853:
7849:
7846:
7841:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7811:
7792:
7785:
7779:
7772:
7768:
7765:
7760:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7730:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7700:
7685:
7679:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7648:
7639:
7637:
7620:
7616:
7610:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7580:
7561:
7554:
7548:
7542:until age 18.
7541:
7537:
7536:Criminal Code
7532:
7516:
7512:
7511:
7506:
7500:
7498:
7496:
7494:
7492:
7490:
7488:
7486:
7484:
7482:
7480:
7478:
7476:
7474:
7472:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7462:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7452:
7450:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7428:
7424:
7418:
7402:
7398:
7392:
7384:
7378:
7362:
7358:
7352:
7336:
7332:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7314:
7310:
7307:
7302:
7295:
7291:
7288:
7283:
7272:
7266:
7250:
7246:
7240:
7224:
7220:
7214:
7199:
7195:
7189:
7174:
7170:
7164:
7148:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7079:
7063:
7059:
7058:
7053:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7041:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7033:
7031:
7029:
7027:
7025:
7023:
7021:
7019:
7017:
7015:
7013:
7011:
7009:
7007:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6985:
6979:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6949:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6919:
6903:
6899:
6893:
6887:
6883:
6880:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6853:
6837:
6833:
6827:
6825:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6794:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6764:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6734:
6715:
6711:
6704:
6698:
6682:
6678:
6672:
6653:
6649:
6642:
6636:
6621:
6614:
6608:
6589:
6585:
6578:
6572:
6553:
6549:
6542:
6536:
6520:
6516:
6510:
6508:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6477:
6475:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6444:
6442:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6411:
6409:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6381:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6341:
6335:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6296:
6287:
6280:
6274:
6265:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6238:(1): 139–50.
6237:
6233:
6229:
6222:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6187:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6160:
6154:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6124:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6093:
6085:
6079:
6064:
6060:
6054:
6039:
6035:
6028:
6024:
6009:
6002:
5996:
5992:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5947:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5901:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5876:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5827:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5803:
5802:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5731:United States
5721:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5710:
5708:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5658:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5609:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5560:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5535:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5353:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5145:. There is a
5144:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4801:
4800:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4758:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4679:
4678:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4618:
4617:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3902:
3901:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:Liechtenstein
3735:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:Guinea Bissau
3124:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
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989:Animal rights
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744:Organizations
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34:
27:
19:
10874:Juvenile law
10869:Minimum ages
10802:
10755:
10740:
10655:Gerontocracy
10645:Ephebiphobia
10473:Youth rights
10019:Human rights
9897:Adoption law
9885:Abortion law
9878:Reproduction
9842:Prostitution
9612:Lifetime use
9410:
9331:
9327:
9307:. Retrieved
9303:the original
9298:
9289:
9277:. Retrieved
9273:
9260:
9248:. Retrieved
9242:
9239:"Age Matrix"
9214:. Retrieved
9210:the original
9205:
9196:
9184:. Retrieved
9170:
9144:
9135:
9126:
9107:
9095:. Retrieved
9085:
9073:. Retrieved
9066:Article 18,
9062:
9050:. Retrieved
9048:(in Swedish)
9045:
9035:
9023:. Retrieved
9012:
9003:
8984:
8965:
8946:
8934:. Retrieved
8914:
8902:. Retrieved
8888:
8879:
8870:
8854:
8842:. Retrieved
8840:. 3 May 2023
8837:
8828:
8809:
8790:
8778:. Retrieved
8764:
8752:. Retrieved
8743:
8733:
8721:. Retrieved
8717:the original
8707:
8695:. Retrieved
8675:
8663:. Retrieved
8649:
8637:. Retrieved
8628:
8619:
8606:. Retrieved
8592:
8580:. Retrieved
8562:
8550:. Retrieved
8536:
8524:. Retrieved
8517:the original
8503:
8491:. Retrieved
8477:
8458:
8446:. Retrieved
8432:
8420:. Retrieved
8406:
8394:. Retrieved
8380:
8366:
8354:. Retrieved
8342:
8330:
8318:. Retrieved
8309:
8300:
8288:. Retrieved
8284:
8275:
8263:. Retrieved
8252:
8243:
8231:. Retrieved
8213:
8201:. Retrieved
8187:
8168:
8156:. Retrieved
8152:
8143:
8124:
8112:. Retrieved
8098:
8079:
8067:. Retrieved
8062:
8053:
8041:. Retrieved
8037:the original
8027:
8015:. Retrieved
8001:
7989:. Retrieved
7985:the original
7975:
7963:. Retrieved
7954:
7944:
7932:. Retrieved
7928:the original
7923:
7899:. Retrieved
7885:
7875:14 September
7873:. Retrieved
7859:
7840:
7828:. Retrieved
7824:the original
7819:
7810:
7798:. Retrieved
7791:the original
7778:
7773:(2020), § 15
7759:
7747:. Retrieved
7738:
7729:
7717:. Retrieved
7708:
7699:
7687:. Retrieved
7678:
7666:. Retrieved
7657:
7647:
7623:. Retrieved
7609:
7597:. Retrieved
7588:
7579:
7567:. Retrieved
7547:
7531:
7519:. Retrieved
7508:
7430:. Retrieved
7426:
7417:
7405:. Retrieved
7391:
7377:
7365:. Retrieved
7351:
7339:. Retrieved
7301:
7282:
7265:
7253:. Retrieved
7239:
7227:. Retrieved
7223:the original
7213:
7201:. Retrieved
7197:
7188:
7176:. Retrieved
7172:
7163:
7151:. Retrieved
7140:
7096:. Retrieved
7087:
7078:
7066:. Retrieved
7055:
6978:
6966:. Retrieved
6957:
6948:
6936:. Retrieved
6927:
6918:
6906:. Retrieved
6892:
6870:. Retrieved
6861:
6852:
6840:. Retrieved
6811:. Retrieved
6802:
6793:
6781:. Retrieved
6777:the original
6772:
6763:
6751:. Retrieved
6747:the original
6742:
6733:
6721:. Retrieved
6714:the original
6709:
6697:
6685:. Retrieved
6671:
6659:. Retrieved
6647:
6635:
6623:. Retrieved
6619:
6607:
6595:. Retrieved
6584:hidaa.gov.al
6583:
6571:
6559:. Retrieved
6547:
6535:
6523:. Retrieved
6518:
6494:. Retrieved
6485:
6461:. Retrieved
6452:
6428:. Retrieved
6419:
6390:
6386:
6380:
6368:. Retrieved
6362:
6334:
6322:. Retrieved
6305:
6295:
6286:
6273:
6264:
6252:. Retrieved
6235:
6231:
6221:
6209:. Retrieved
6153:
6141:. Retrieved
6132:
6123:
6111:. Retrieved
6102:
6092:
6078:
6068:23 September
6066:. Retrieved
6062:
6053:
6043:23 September
6041:. Retrieved
6037:
6027:
6008:
6001:doli incapax
6000:
5995:
5971:Youth rights
5938:
5932:
5713:
5711:
5706:
5704:
5570:Turkmenistan
5354:
5351:
5330:
5235:
5232:
5229:
5142:
5129:South Africa
4982:Sierra Leone
4884:Saudi Arabia
4759:
4756:
3883:
3354:manslaughter
2156:Burkina Faso
1770:
1502:
1495:as parents.
1472:
1468:
1450:
1442:Rome Statute
1439:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1359:doli incapax
1358:
1355:criminal law
1351:criminal law
1344:
1338:
1285:
1276:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1214:
1205:Doli incapax
1204:
1188:doli incapax
1187:
1186:
1180:
1155:known as an
1148:
1140:
1138:
1088:Youth rights
1044:Youth sports
773:Common Cents
732:Youth voting
691:U.S. history
646:U.S. history
637:Juvenile law
612:Gambling age
570:Conscription
550:Child labour
447:Social class
415:Ephebiphobia
369:
357:
345:
333:
301:
288:Youth rights
162:Criminal law
155:
133:Self-defense
117:
83:Intoxication
50:Part of the
26:
18:Doli incapax
10690:Paternalism
10478:Youth voice
10240:Alcohol law
10225:LGBT rights
10158:Competition
10095:environment
9813:Pornography
9541:Cocaine use
9309:11 February
9052:18 February
9025:16 February
8608:20 December
8552:20 December
7965:16 December
7955:Hukumonline
7924:Politics.hu
6968:16 December
6938:16 December
6813:16 December
6783:16 December
6162: [
6133:ER Services
6063:www.ojp.gov
5497:Timor-Leste
5333:Switzerland
5188:South Sudan
5163:South Korea
4628:Philippines
4478:There is a
4367:North Korea
4261:New Zealand
4235:Netherlands
2717:El Salvador
2615:(including
1547:Afghanistan
1453:prosecutors
1395:Netherlands
1363:prosecution
1306:prosecution
1278:Governments
1273:Minor (law)
1229:New Zealand
1211:Terminology
994:Anti-racism
783:DoSomething
687:Smoking age
667:Minor (law)
602:Child abuse
497:Youth voice
467:Unschooling
442:Paternalism
128:Provocation
10848:Categories
10820:Voting age
10695:Patriarchy
10680:Narcissism
10599:Youth work
10594:Youth vote
10534:Teen court
10073:In the air
10068:By country
10008:by country
9996:by country
9974:by country
9962:by country
9945:by country
9928:Censorship
9869:Sodomy law
9739:Punishment
9720:Households
9607:Annual use
9565:Opiate use
9519:Bath salts
9493:Drugs and
9443:Retirement
9299:GlobalPost
8859:Penal Code
8665:17 January
8639:23 October
8572:Yahoo News
8526:31 October
8463:Penal Code
8448:1 November
8320:1 November
7845:Penal Code
7569:4 December
7407:12 January
6496:20 October
6463:20 October
6430:20 October
6357:KKIENERM.
6020:References
5787:Uzbekistan
5423:Tajikistan
4958:Seychelles
4835:San Marino
4137:Mozambique
4089:Montenegro
3962:Mauritania
3819:Madagascar
3795:Luxembourg
3574:Kyrgyzstan
3476:Kazakhstan
2465:Costa Rica
2399:Macau, 16.
2278:Cape Verde
1861:Bangladesh
1812:Azerbaijan
1499:By country
1465:adolescent
1427:California
1333:See also:
1329:Discussion
1310:punishment
1304:system of
1282:antisocial
1271:See also:
1231:and other
1174:for their
1161:defendants
1049:Youth wing
707:Voting age
296:Activities
176:common law
143:Entrapment
93:Automatism
52:common law
10660:Grounding
10264:ownership
10213:At school
10175:Corporate
9919:Surrogacy
9793:Obscenity
9730:Ownership
9585:Ayahuasca
9460:in the US
9436:in the US
9279:13 August
9250:13 August
9097:31 August
9075:31 August
8396:26 August
8343:unodc.org
8265:29 August
8233:29 August
8203:3 January
8114:3 January
7800:23 August
7658:La Nación
7098:2 January
6525:8 October
6370:8 October
6364:unodc.org
6324:25 August
6254:25 August
6211:25 August
6143:25 August
5987:Footnotes
5253:Sri Lanka
5006:Singapore
4295:Nicaragua
4242:16-21/22
4239:12/16-21
3986:Mauritius
3770:Lithuania
3263:Indonesia
3158:Hong Kong
2444:13/14-15
1749:Australia
1700:Argentina
1515:(reduced)
1481:sentences
1349:. In the
1300:from the
1252:The term
1225:Australia
1172:liability
1064:Socialism
1059:Communism
585:at school
410:Democracy
166:procedure
123:Necessity
10620:Adultism
10608:Barriers
10426:Elements
10218:In court
10196:Violence
10168:Monopoly
10150:Business
10128:Mortgage
10118:Minerals
10090:Property
9766:Policing
9660:Legality
9648:Legality
9636:Legality
9624:Legality
9619:Ibogaine
9602:Legality
9597:Cannabis
9590:Legality
9578:Legality
9558:Legality
9546:Legality
9472:Suffrage
9431:Marriage
9426:Majority
9416:Drinking
9387:rankings
9341:Belgium.
9268:(2016).
9216:21 March
9180:Archived
9160:Archived
9115:Archived
9019:Archived
8992:Archived
8973:Archived
8954:Archived
8927:Archived
8898:Archived
8838:BBC News
8817:Archived
8798:Archived
8774:Archived
8748:Archived
8697:30 March
8688:Archived
8659:Archived
8633:Archived
8602:Archived
8576:Archived
8546:Archived
8493:18 March
8487:Archived
8466:Archived
8442:Archived
8416:Archived
8390:Archived
8347:Archived
8314:Archived
8259:Archived
8227:Archived
8197:Archived
8176:Archived
8132:Archived
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