1367:"battered wife syndrome". Steinmetz conducted several empirical investigations prior to writing her article. Using a broad-based non-representative sample of fifty-four couples, Steinmetz found male perpetrated intimate partner violence at a rate of 47% and female perpetrated intimate partner violence at a rate of 43%. She further found that while 39% of husbands had thrown objects, 31% of wives had done likewise; 31% of husbands had pushed or shoved their partner, compared to 32% of wives; 20% of husbands had hit their wives, 20% of wives had hit their husbands; 10% of husbands had hit their wives with an object, 10% of wives had hit their husbands with an object. In another study, using a sample of fifty-two Canadian college students, Steinmetz found male perpetrated IPV at a rate of 23% and female perpetrated intimate partner violence at a rate of 21%. Further investigation found that 21% of both husbands and wives had thrown objects; 17% of husbands had pushed or shoved, compared to 13% of wives; 13% of husbands had hit their wives, 13% of wives had hit their husbands; 10% of husbands had hit their wives with an object, 12% of wives had hit their husbands with an object. In a third study, using a random sample of ninety-four people, Steinmetz found male perpetrated intimate partner violence at a rate of 32% and female perpetrated intimate partner violence at a rate of 28%. Further investigation found that 31% of husbands had thrown objects compared to 25% of wives; 22% of husbands had pushed or shoved, compared to 18% of wives; 17% of husbands had hit their wives, 12% of wives had hit their husbands; 12% of husbands had hit their wives with an object, 14% of wives had hit their husbands with an object.
1185:
6.5% of women had experienced severe intimate partner violence. In
England and Wales, the 1995 "Home Office Research Study 191" found that in the twelve months prior to the survey, 4.2% of both men and woman between the ages of 16 and 59 had been assaulted by an intimate. The Canadian General Social Survey of 2000 found that from 1994 to 1999, 4% of men and 4% of women had experienced intimate partner violence in a relationship in which they were still involved, 22% of men and 28% of women had experienced intimate partner violence in a relationship which had now ended, and 7% of men and 8% of women had experienced intimate partner violence across all relationships, past and present. The 2005 Canadian General Social Survey, looking at the years 1999β2004 found similar data; 4% of men and 3% of women had experienced intimate partner violence in a relationship in which they were still involved, 16% of men and 21% of women had experienced intimate partner violence in a relationship which had now ended, and 6% of men and 7% of women had experienced intimate partner violence across all relationships, past and present.
1250:, finding bidirectionality in 60-64% of intimate partner violence cases, as reported by both men and women. The 2001 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health found that 49.7% of intimate partner violence cases were reciprocal and 50.3% were non-reciprocal. When data provided by men only was analyzed, 46.9% of cases were reported as reciprocal and 53.1% as non-reciprocal. When data provided by women only was analyzed, 51.3% of cases were reported as reciprocal and 49.7% as non-reciprocal. The overall data showed 70.7% of non-reciprocal intimate partner violence cases were perpetrated by women only (74.9% when reported by men; 67.7% when reported by women) and 29.3% were perpetrated by men only (25.1% when reported by men; 32.3% when reported by women). The 2006 thirty-two nation International Dating Violence Study "revealed an overwhelming body of evidence that bidirectional violence is the predominant pattern of perpetration; and this ... indicates that the
1267:
phenomenon, primarily, but not exclusively, because male violence tends to inflict more psychological and physical damage than female violence. Male violence produces injury at roughly six times the rate of female violence. Women are also more likely to be killed by their male partners than the reverse (according to the US Department of
Justice, 84% of spousal murder victims are female), and women in general are more likely to be killed by their spouses than all other types of assailants combined. In relation to this, Murray A. Straus has written "although women may assault their partners at approximately the same rate as men, because of the greater physical, financial, and emotional injury suffered by women, they are the predominant victims. Consequently, the first priority in services for victims and in prevention and control must continue to be directed toward assaults by husbands."
1404:
committed against abusive male partners, including homicide, evidences the wide acceptance of a woman's use of violence as self-defense." Others have argued that domestic violence against women is not primarily motivated by self-defense. The theory is that when women commit intimate partner violence, it is probably justified because they were previously victims and, therefore, the male was the "primary aggressor." Thus, the woman's violent behavior is caused by her background as a victim. Juan Carlos RamΓrez explains that given the socially accepted model of femininity as one of submission, passivity and abnegation, whatever behavior does not follow this stereotype will be perceived in an exaggerated manner as abnormal and violent. Thus, women will be perceived as disproportionately aggressive even if merely defending themselves.
1454:, and a general attitudinal approval of partner violence. Straus states that most female perpetrated intimate partner violence is not motivated by self-defense, but by a desire to control their partners. In 2014, a study involving 1,104 male and female students in their late teens and early twenties found that women are more likely than men to be controlling and aggressive towards their partners, more likely to demonstrate a desire to control their partners, and more likely to use physical aggression in ensuring that control. The main author of the study, Elizabeth Bates, wrote "this suggests that intimate partner violence may not be motivated by patriarchal values and needs to be studied within the context of other forms of aggression, which has potential implications for interventions."
1292:
and women tend to overestimate their use of violence. "He attempts to control for this by examining only reports from women. Yet this does not correct the bias, because women also tend to underestimate men's use of violence. Furthermore, men and women alike tend to overestimate women's use of violence. Violence by men is expected, so it is not reported; violence by women is not expected, so it is notable and reported." Thus men will overestimate their victimization and underestimate their perpetration, while women will underestimate their victimization and overestimate their perpetration. Barbara J. Morse and
Malcolm J. George have presented data suggesting that male underestimation of their partner's violence is more common in CTS based studies than overestimation.
1413:
women who admitted to committing intimate partner violence gave self-defense as a reason. More prevalent reasons were "Get through to" (53%), "Something said" (52%) and "Make do something" (26%). In a five-year study of 978 college students from
California, concluded in 1997, Martin S. Fiebert and Denise M. Gonzalez found an intimate partner violence rate amongst women of 20%. Within this group, perpetrators were asked to select reasons as to why they assaulted their partner, with the option to choose multiple reasons. The breakdown of reasons had "my partner wasn't sensitive to my needs" as the most prevalent (46%). Also found more frequently than self-defense were "I wished to gain my partner's attention" (44%) and "My partner was not listening to me" (43%).
1239:
and 49.5% were bidirectional. In order to counteract claims that the reporting data was skewed, female-only surveys were conducted, asking females to self-report, resulting in almost identical data. The 1985 National Family
Violence Survey found 25.9% of IPV cases perpetrated by men alone, 25.5% by women alone, and 48.6% were bidirectional. A study conducted in 2007 by Daniel J. Whitaker, Tadesse Haileyesus, Monica Swahn, and Linda S. Saltzman, of 11,370 heterosexual U.S. adults aged 18 to 28 found that 24% of all relationships had some violence. Of those relationships, 49.7% of them had reciprocal violence. In relationships without reciprocal violence, women committed 70% of all violence. However, men were more likely to inflict injury than women.
823:
women) than the standard crime surveys. The 2010β2011 report found that whilst 27% of women who experienced intimate partner violence reported it to the police, only 10% of men did so, and whilst 44% of women reported to some professional organization, only 19% of men did so. The
Australian Bureau of Statistics reported that 97.2% of men do not report domestic violence to the police, compared to 82.1% of women. In a 2005 report carried out by the National Crime Council in the Republic of Ireland, it was estimated that 5% of men who had experienced violence had reported it to the authorities, compared to 29% of women.
1090:
extensive than what they report. Men may also take a long time to realise that they were victim to physical violence. These factors means that it often takes detailed questioning from interviewers to reveal physical violence and its severity, especially for men in minority backgrounds. For most men questioned, "violence" is not in their vocabulary, but rather terms such as "madness", "manipulation", and "short-tempered", and may only use the term violence after receiving therapy. In the book
Unreasonable Men, Seidler writes that men are taught to base evaluations of themselves on external factors.
1165:
923:, the 1995 "Home Office Research Study 191" surveyed 10,844 people (5,886 women and 4,958 men) between the ages of 16 and 59, finding that for the previous year, 4.2% of men had experienced intimate partner violence. Over a lifetime, this figure increased to 14.9% of men. Of the 6.6 million incidents of intimate partner violence in 1995, 3.25 million involved male victims, with 1 million incidents resulting in injury. Since 2004, more detailed annual records have been maintained as a supplementary survey attached to the annual Home Office
1487:
2012 found that 76 percent of domestic violence was committed against women and 24 percent were committed against men. Dr. Ruth M. Mann of the
University of Windsor, an expert on sociology and criminology, stated her opposition to the gender symmetry theory of domestic violence on the grounds that women as well as children are the main victims in the "annual pile up" (Coyle, 2001) of victims being murdered by intimate partners and fathers throughout Canada (AuCoin, 2005; Ogrodnik, 2006).
1284:(CTS) as the sole measure of domestic violence, and that many of the studies used samples composed entirely of single people under the age of thirty, as opposed to older married couples. Although the CTS is the most widely used domestic violence measurement instrument in the world, it is also one of the most criticized instruments, due to its exclusion of context variables, inability to measure systemic abuse and motivational factors in understanding acts of violence. For example, the
1014:
that they are the victims of partner violence. It is very common for men to avoid reporting or admitting to cases of domestic violence due to various reasons, such as fear of ridicule, embarrassment, and the lack of support. This taboo subject is often trivialized and ignored by society, which makes it hard to determine how prevalent this issue is. Due to the lack of support services and health care professionals, male victims often do not receive the necessary assistance.
1417:
family are clearly among the causes of intimate partner violence, but there are many others. However, with rare exceptions, current offender treatment programs are based on the assumption that the primary cause is male dominance. Thus, they proceed under an erroneous assumption. Illustrative of this fallacious single-cause approach are the state-mandated offender treatment programs that forbid treating other causes, such as inadequate
1529:
some were even applauded by judges and bystanders who viewed this behavior as appropriate discipline. Societal gender and marriage expectations were relevant in these discrepancies; many judges and newspaper articles joked that men subjected to intimate partner violence were "weak, pitiful, and effeminate." Men beaten by their wives were seen as "so unmanly that they did not deserve society's care or protection." During the early
1033:, a social experiment was carried out where a woman threatens a man and a man threatens a woman, using the same body language and words, at the same location. They did this for 90 minutes, and it took a few seconds until someone helped the woman. For the man, only seven people attempted to help him in the 90 minutes. In the experiment, a few people were laughing and taking pictures of the man being threatened by the woman.
1461:, anger, revenge, skill deficiency, head injuries, biochemical imbalances, feelings of powerlessness, lack of resources, and frustration. Researchers have also found a correlation between the availability of domestic violence services, increased access to divorce, higher earnings for women, and improved laws and enforcement regarding domestic violence with declines in female perpetrated intimate partner violence.
1386:, "Indeed, men are hit by their wives, they are injured, and some are killed. But, are all men hit by women battered? No. Men who beat their wives, who use emotional abuse and blackmail to control their wives, and are then hit or even harmed, cannot be considered battered men. A battered man is one who is physically injured by a wife or partner and has not physically struck or psychologically provoked her."
862:
1371:
to commit acts of violence and under certain circumstances, they do carry out these acts". According to
Malcolm J. George, Steinmetz' article "represented a point of departure and antithetical challenge to the otherwise pervasive view of the seemingly universality of female vulnerability in the face of male hegemony exposed by the cases of battered wives".
1483:. The review also found that 70% of female victims in one of their studies were "very frightened" in response to intimate partner violence from their partners, but 85% of male victims cited "no fear". The review also found that intimate partner violence mediated the satisfaction of the relationship for women but it did not do so for men.
1104:
as slipping), and falsely blame the man for causing these injuries. Role switching may prolong the violence against the man, and may be considered to be a form of psychological abuse. Role switching is a strategy only available to female perpetrators due to society's perception that women are the only legitimate victims.
1230:
can serve to undermine one of the most commonly cited reasons for female perpetrated IPV; self-defense against a controlling male partner. Despite this, many studies have found evidence of high levels of bidirectionality in cases where women have reported intimate partner violence. For example, social activist
1181:
results led
Suzanne K. Steinmetz to coin the controversial term "battered husband syndrome" in 1977. Ever since the publication of Straus and Gelles' findings, other researchers in domestic violence have discussed whether gender symmetry really exists, and how to differentiate between victim and batterer.
1519:
has also campaigned to spread awareness of the problem of male victimization and to promote reporting of incidents. The country's first shelter for male abuse victims, Men's Aid NI, opened in early 2013. Chairman Peter Morris has remarked, "Domestic violence against men can take many forms, including
1486:
Gender asymmetry is also consistent with government findings. According to government statistics from the US Department of Justice, male perpetrators constituted 96% of federal prosecution on domestic violence. Another report by the US Department of Justice on non-fatal domestic violence from 2003 to
1421:
skills." In 2006, Rose A. Medeiros and Murray A. Straus conducted a study using a sample of 854 students (312 men and 542 women) from two American universities. They identified fourteen specific risk factors common amongst both males and females who had committed intimate partner violence; poor anger
1370:
These findings led Steinmetz to conclude that intimate partner violence was roughly reciprocal between husbands and wives, with a similar level of intentionality between men and women; "women are as likely to select physical conflict to resolve marital conflict as are men ... women have the potential
1325:
who are uncomfortable with any evidence that women can be as violent as men because it undermines their belief that intimate partner violence is an extension of men's desire to subjugate women; "one of the explanations for denying the evidence on gender symmetry is to defend feminism in general. This
1229:
An especially controversial aspect of the gender symmetry debate is the notion of bidirectional or reciprocal intimate partner violence (i.e. when both parties commit violent acts against one another). Findings regarding bidirectional violence are particularly controversial because, if accepted, they
1103:
Female perpetrators of intimate partner violence may make threats to their husbands that she will report him to authorities for being violent. An example of this happening is screaming and acting as if she had been attacked. Female perpetrators may also have unrelated injuries caused by herself (such
847:
found that a common experience for male intimate partner violence victims was that no one believed them, or were responded to by laughter, including the police. Some men may not report to police as they did not want to expose their partners to the consequences committing violence, such as causing his
1403:
Linda Kelly writes that "in conceding that women do engage in acts of domestic violence, female use of violence is justified as self-defenseβa lifesaving reaction of women who are being physically attacked by their male partners. The development of the battered woman syndrome as a defense for crimes
1345:
found that although less serious situational violence or altercation was equal for both genders, more serious and violent abuse was perpetrated by men. It was also found that women's physical violence was more likely motivated by self-defense or fear while men's was more likely motivated by control.
1306:
investigators who champion it, arguing that male aggression is much more severe than female aggression and the two should not be measured by the same tool on the same scale. Such an approach would make it impossible to compare male and female aggression because there would be no common measurement.
1254:
of ipv is mostly parallel for men and women". The survey found for "any physical violence", a rate of 31.2%, of which 68.6% was bidirectional, 9.9% was perpetrated by men only, and 21.4% by women only. For severe assault, a rate of 10.8% was found, of which 54.8% was bidirectional, 15.7% perpetrated
1469:
Many critics have rejected the research cited by men's rights activists and dispute their claims that such violence is gender symmetrical, arguing that MRAs' focus on women's violence against men stems from a misogynistic political agenda to minimize the issue of men's violence against women and to
1416:
Looking beyond self-defense, studies have found a range of causes for female-perpetrated intimate partner violence. Writing of the feminist theory which regards reinforcement of patriarchy as a primary cause of intimate partner violence, Murray A. Straus writes "Patriarchy and male dominance in the
1366:
The most controversial aspect of female perpetrated intimate partner violence is the theory of "battered husband syndrome". In reaction to the findings of the U.S. National Family Violence Survey in 1975, Suzanne K. Steinmetz wrote an article in 1977 in which she coined the term as a correlative to
1309:
Another critic, Kersti YllΓΆ, who holds Straus and those who use the CTS accountable for damaging the gains of the battered women's movement, by releasing their findings into the "marketplace of ideas". She argues that, as sociologists committed to ending domestic violence, they should have foreseen
1291:
Kimmel argues that the CTS is particularly vulnerable to reporting bias because it depends on asking people to accurately remember and honestly report incidents which have occurred up to a year previously. Even Straus admitted that the data indicates men tend to underestimate their use of violence,
1216:
and the correlation between a country's level of gender inequality and rates of domestic violence. The authors found that when partner abuse is defined broadly to include emotional abuse, any kind of hitting, and who hits first, partner abuse is relatively even. They also stated if one examines who
1184:
Since 1975, numerous other empirical studies have found evidence of gender symmetry in intimate partner violence. For example, in the United States, the National Comorbidity Study of 1990-1992 found 18.4% of men and 17.4% of women had experienced minor intimate partner violence, and 5.5% of men and
1116:
Despite the significant increase in empirical output over the past 15 years, the lack of research on domestic violence still persists. There is still a lot of doubt when it comes to the causes of this violence and the treatment and prevention of it. Some clinicians are reluctant to conduct research
1112:
Research on domestic violence often focuses on women's victimisation of domestic violence and excludes domestic violence against men. Domestic violence research regarding men generally focuses on male strength, courage, or their desire to demonstrate these traits, rather than their vulnerability to
1059:
Analyses of research indicates that frequently the legal system fails to view women who use intimate partner violence against controlling male partners as victims due to gendered high expectations on women to be the "perfect victim" and the culturally pervasive stereotype of the passive, "cowering"
1412:
and retaliation were common motivations but that distinguishing between self-defense and retaliation was difficult. Other studies indicate that only a small proportion of women identify their intimate partner violence as self-defense. For example, in a 1996 study of 1,978 people in England, 21% of
1389:
Steinmetz' claims in her article, and her use of the phrase "battered husband syndrome" in particular, aroused a great deal of controversy, with many scholars criticizing research flaws in her work. In particular, she was criticized for not differentiating between verbal and physical aggression or
1238:
in the U.K. in 1971, found that 62 of the first 100 women admitted to the centre were "violence-prone," and just as violent as the men they were leaving. The 1975 National Family Violence Survey found that 27.7% of intimate partner violence cases were perpetrated by men alone, 22.7% by women alone
1180:
on a nationally representative sample of 2,146 "intact families". The survey found 11.6% of women and 12% of men had experienced some kind of intimate partner violence in the last twelve months, also 4.6% of men and 3.8% of women had experienced "severe" intimate partner violence. These unexpected
1080:
Male victims of violence may face socio-cultural issues such as judgement by male peers, or having their masculinity questioned. For some men, admitting they are the victim of female perpetrated intimate partner violence could feel like admitting that they do not follow the established social role
1528:
Intimate partner violence against men was not considered nearly as egregious as against women, both within society at large and within the courts. While men who beat their wives were given stringent punishments by judges, women who beat their husbands were often given little to no punishment, and
1357:
also found that although minor domestic violence was equal, more severe violence was perpetrated by men. It was also found that men were more likely to beat up, choke or strangle their partners, while women were more likely to throw things at their partner, slap, kick, bite, punch, or hit with an
1013:
Stereotypes of men being proactive, powerful, and controlling, and "40 years of feminist tradition" that assumes women are the sole victims intimate partner violence can make it difficult for men to be believed by others, and can even make it difficult for men to believe people when they are told
822:
Statistics indicate that under-reporting is an inherent problem with intimate partner violence irrespective of gender. Supplementary studies carried out in 2001 and from 2004 onwards have consistently recorded significantly higher rates of intimate partner violence (committed against both men and
783:
backlash, and are attempting to undermine the problem of male-perpetrated abuse by championing the cause of the man, over the serious cause of the abused woman. Others have argued that violence against men is a significant, under-reported problem, and that domestic violence researchers, under the
1394:
argues that Steinmetz' methodology was unacceptably unscientific. He argues that her work looks at all violence as fundamentally similar; there is no differentiation between male and female violence, or violence against a child and violence against a wife, such as a mother spanking a child and a
1317:
Straus argues that it is more harmful to women to attempt to tackle the problem of domestic abuse without proper strategy based on facts: "The research shows that this so-called harmless violence by women because a meta-analysis by Stith and colleagues (2004) found that a woman's perpetration of
1266:
As both Fiebert and Archer point out, although the numerical tally of physical acts in these studies has found similar rates of intimate partner violence amongst men and women, and high rates of bidirectionality, there is general agreement amongst researchers that male violence is a more serious
947:, the National Violence Against Women Survey carried out by the Department of Justice in 2000, surveyed 16,000 men and women, finding that 7.4% of men reported experienced physical assault by a partner their lifetime, and, 0.9% of men reported experiencing domestic violence in the past year. The
842:
Surveys have indicated small proportions of men (less than 20% of victims) will tell the police or a health professional about their victimization. This is perhaps due to well-grounded fears that they will be scorned, ridiculed, or disbelieved by these authorities. A recent research paper by Dr.
1499:
filed a lawsuit against the state of California for funding domestic violence shelters for women only. In 2008, the Court of Appeal ruled in their favor and held that the exclusion of male victims violates men's rights to equal protection and "carries with it the baggage of sexual stereotypes",
1296:
has noted that even when dividing the data provided by CTS based studies into that given by men and that given by women (such as in the 2001 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health), the rate of female perpetrated intimate partner violence remains at roughly the same level. The Dunedin
1330:
causes. The removal of patriarchy as the main cause of IPV weakens a dramatic example of the harmful effects of patriarchy." Straus also points out that despite being critical of the CTS, numerous feminist researchers use it for their own research, and that it was CTS based studies which first
1089:
When talking about the domestic violence they face, men often minimise or trivialise their victimisation, and may claim that they were not fearful of the physical violence. This can happen even if the victims feared for their lives. This means that physical violence against men may be far more
826:
Researchers have demonstrated a degree of socio-cultural acceptance of aggression by women against men as opposed to a general condemnation of aggression by men against women. Male-on-female intimate partner violence has been shown to cause significantly more fear and more severe injuries than
1262:
of eighty-two IPV studies. He found that "women were slightly more likely than men to use one or more acts of physical aggression and to use such acts more frequently. Men were more likely to inflict an injury, and overall, 62% of those injured by a partner were women." By contrast, the U.S.
990:
The 2006 International Dating Violence Study, which investigated intimate partner violence amongst 13,601 students across thirty-two-nations found that "about one-quarter of both male and female students had physically attacked a partner during that year". It reported that 24.4% of males had
1305:
R. Emerson Dobash and Russell P. Dobash have also criticized the CTS, arguing that it is improper to equate male intimate partner violence with female intimate partner violence. They question the methodology behind the CTS, the data which stems from it and the theoretical framework used by
986:
evaluated samples of university students (35 female, 27 male), general population (34 female, 27 male), and incarcerated participants (15 female, 24 male), and found that 16.7% of the male respondents reported physical abuse (12.9% for students and 15.4% for convicts), while 29.5% reported
927:
reports. These reports have consistently recorded significantly higher rates of both male and female victims of intimate partner violence than the standard crime surveys. In the case of male victims, the figures range from a high of 4.5% in 2007/2008 to a low of 3.1% in 2009/2010. In the
1175:
The theory that women perpetrate intimate partner violence at roughly similar rates as men has been termed "gender symmetry". The earliest empirical evidence of gender symmetry was presented in the 1975 U.S. National Family Violence Survey carried out by Murray A. Straus and
980:, published in 1999, reported that of their sample of 1,037 people, 27% of women and 34% of men reported being physically abused by a partner, with 37% of women and 22% of men reporting they had perpetrated intimate partner violence. Also in New Zealand, a 2009 report by the
1113:
domestic violence. They also often usually focus on men as the perpetrators of violence, and are rarely studied as the victims. A reason for this is the idea in evolutionary psychology that females choose a mate and males compete for a female, making them the "agressor".
778:
Intimate partner violence against men is a controversial area of research, with terms such as gender symmetry, battered husband syndrome and bidirectional IPV provoking debate. Some scholars have argued that those who focus on female-perpetrated violence are part of an
3150:
Walker, Arlene; Lyall, Kimina; Silva, Dilkie; Craigie, Georgia; Mayshak, Richelle; Costa, Beth; Hyder, Shannon; Bentley, Ashley (April 2020). "Male victims of female-perpetrated intimate partner violence, help-seeking, and reporting behaviors: A qualitative study".
838:
Some men fear that if they do report to the police, they will be assumed to be the abuser, and placed under arrest. Some male victims fear that people will assume that the woman is the real victim, and must have been acting in self-defense or retaliating for abuse.
5895:
Holtzworth-Munroe, Amy; Bates, Leonard; Smutzler, Natalie; Sandin, Elizabeth (Fall 1997). "A Brief Review of the Research on Husband Violence, Part III: Sociodemographic Factors, Relationship Factors, and Differing Consequences of Husband and Wife Violence".
1407:
Multiple studies indicate that the majority of women's intimate partner violence against male partners is in the context of being victimized. A 2010 systematic review of the literature on women's perpetration of intimate partner violence found that anger,
611:
1125:
Older research often use concepts such as male privilege, patriarchy, and gender inequality. Since then, efforts have been made to make such studies gender neutral. Feminists have argued that domestic violence is only committed by men against women.
4645:
Durose, Matthew R.; Harlow, Caroline Wolf; Langan, Patrick A.; Motivans, Mark; Rantala, Ramona R.; Smith, Erica L. (June 2005). Family Violence Statistics: Including Statistics on Strangers and Acquaintances (Report). Bureau of Justice Statistics.
1063:
Women who assault their male partners are more likely to avoid arrest than men who assault their female partners, because female perpetrators of intimate partner violence tend to be viewed by law enforcement agencies and the courts as victims.
5873:
Holtzworth-Munroe, Amy; Bates, Leonard; Smutzler, Natalie; Sandin, Elizabeth (Summer 1997). "A Brief Review of the Research on Husband Violence, Part II: The Psychological Effects of Husband Violence on Battered Women and Their Children".
1310:
the controversy such statistics would cause and the damage it could potentially do to battered women. Similarly, Nancy Worcester refers to studies which find evidence of gender symmetry and high levels of bidirectionality as part of the "
1188:
From 2010 to 2012, scholars of domestic violence from the U.S., Canada and the U.K. assembled The Partner Abuse State of Knowledge, a research database covering 1700 peer-reviewed studies, the largest of its kind. Among its findings:
1395:
father breaking a mother's ribs. Finkelhor sees this as especially important insofar as it does not allow a differentiation between ongoing systemic abuse and once-off violence, or between disciplining a child and beating a partner.
2744:
1151:, women also commit serious and systematic violence toward their male partners due to such ideology. There is very little research on female perpetrated intimate terrorism, or experiences of intimate terrorism with male victims.
1279:
noted that more than 90% of "systematic, persistent, and injurious" violence is perpetrated by men. He was especially critical of the fact that the majority of the empirical studies reviewed by Fiebert and Archer used the
1220:
When Erin Pizzey, founder of the world's first women's refuge; in Chiswick, UK, reported her data showing that men are abused by women almost to the same extent as vice-versa, she received death threats from feminists.
4768:
Kurz, Demie (1997), "Domestic violence: are women as likely as men to initiate physical assaults in partner relationships: NO: "Physical assaults by male partners: a major social problem"", in Walsh, Mary Roth (ed.),
5917:
Follingstad, Diane R.; Bradley, Rebekah G.; Helff, Cynthia M.; Laughlin, James E. (January 2002). "A Model for Predicting Dating Violence: Anxious Attachment, Angry Temperament, and Need for Relationship Control".
932:, a 2005 report carried out by the National Crime Council found that 15% of women and 6% of men had suffered severe intimate partner violence in their lifetime, equating to roughly 213,000 women and 88,000 men. In
1041:
Parts of support services, especially family protection and child welfare, do not recognise that men can be victim and/or do not understand the psychological control that they may be under due to their partner.
762:
While women are substantially more likely to be injured or killed in incidents of domestic violence, men are less likely to report domestic violence to police than women. Men who report domestic violence can face
1533:, however, women who engaged in physical violence against their husbands were given harsher punishments by judges in hopes of deterring what was perceived as an unfavorable result of the women's rights movement.
1050:
Victims in Australia reported that when reporting their victimization to support services, they were responded to with ridicule, doubt, and arrests. Police may also refuse to listen to their side of the story.
3218:
6076:
Dugan, Laura; Nagin, Daniel S.; Rosenfeld, Richard (August 1999). "Explaining the Decline in Intimate Partner Homicide: The Effects of Changing Domesticity, Women's Status, and Domestic Violence Resources".
4739:(1997), "Domestic violence: are women as likely as men to initiate physical assaults in partner relationships: YES: "Physical assaults by women partners: a major social problem"", in Walsh, Mary Roth (ed.),
1350:
also found that the common motives for female on male domestic violence were anger, a need for attention, or as a response to their partner's own violence. Another 2011 review published in the journal of
997:
In the United Kingdom, there was a survey that indicated that 9% of males had experienced some form of partner abuse. A growing body of international research indicated that men and women experience
4025:; Molnar, Beth E.; Feurer, Irene D.; Applebaum, Mark (October 2001). "Patterns and Mental Health Predictors of Domestic Violence in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey".
759:(IPV) against men is generally less recognized by society than intimate partner violence against women, which can act as a further block to men reporting their situation or otherwise seeking help.
5852:
Holtzworth-Munroe, Amy; Bates, Leonard; Smutzler, Natalie; Sandin, Elizabeth (Spring 1997). "A Brief Review of the Research on Husband Violence, Part I: Maritally Violent Versus Nonviolent Men".
775:, the fear of not being believed by authorities, and being falsely accused of being the perpetrator. For men and women alike, domestic violence is among the most under-reported crimes worldwide.
606:
1520:
emotional, sexual and physical abuse and threats of abuse. It can happen in heterosexual and same-sex relationships and, as with domestic abuse against females, can go largely unreported."
1297:
Longitudinal Study interviewed both partners in an attempt to test for intentional bias by the participants but found a high degree of correlation between the two partners. Indeed,
1217:
is physically harmed and how seriously, expresses more fear, and experiences subsequent psychological problems, domestic violence is significantly gendered toward women as victims.
3334:
Follingstad, Diane R.; DeHart, Dana D.; Green, Eric P. (August 2004). "Psychologists' Judgments of Psychologically Aggressive Actions When Perpetrated by a Husband Versus a Wife".
1798:
1288:
cautions that the CTS may not be appropriate for intimate partner violence research at all "because it does not measure control, coercion, or the motives for conflict tactics".
1005:
national statistical agency that concluded that "equal proportions of men and women reported being victims of spousal violence during the preceding 5 years (4% respectively)."
5744:
Straus, Murray A (2011). "Gender symmetry and mutuality in perpetration of clinical-level partner violence: Empirical evidence and implications for prevention and treatment".
1512:
specifically for men have been set up in the UK; as of 2010, there are sixty refuge places available to men throughout England and Wales, compared to 7,500 places for women.
876:
5140:
Dobash, R. Emerson; Dobash, Russell P.; Cavanagh, Kate; Lewis, Ruth (June 2004). "Not an ordinary killer; just an ordinary guy: when men murder an intimate woman partner".
2913:
Moffitt, Terrie E.; Caspi, Avshalom E. (July 1999). Findings About Partner Violence From the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, Research in Brief.
3207:
936:, police records for 2012 listed 2,525 male victims of domestic violence, an increase of 259 cases from 2011. In 2018, 19.3% of reported domestic violence victims in
5088:
788:, have ignored this in order to protect the fundamental gains of the battered women's movement, specifically the view that intimate partner abuse is an extension of
6118:
5977:
2133:
Dutton, Donald G.; Nicholls, Tonia L. (September 2005). "The gender paradigm in domestic violence research and theory: Part 1 β The conflict of theory and data".
563:
5772:
3546:
Douglass, Melanie Dawn; D'Aguanno, Sofia; Jones, Sophie (January 2020). "Women as active agents: Female perpetrators of sexual harassment and domestic abuse".
1026:
977:
518:
4896:
6412:
994:
In 2012, two Swedish studies were released that showed men experienced IPV at rates similar to womenβ8% per year in one study and 11% per year in the other.
1585:
6442:
1666:
Vivian, Dina; Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Jennifer (Summer 1994). "Are bi-directionality violent couples mutually victimized? A gender-sensitive comparison".
3299:
Kingsnorth, Rodney F.; MacIntosh, Randall C. (September 2007). "Intimate Partner Violence: The Role of Suspect Gender in Prosecutorial Decision-Making".
2169:
Straus, Murray A. (July 2010). "Thirty Years of Denying the Evidence on Gender Symmetry in Partner Violence: Implications for Prevention and Treatment".
4141:
3185:
1339:
Current literature on intimate partner violence has alternative viewpoints in relation to gender symmetry theory. A 2008 review published in journal of
848:
partner problems at work. It can also be difficult for male victims to understand that they are the recipients of violence rather than the perpetrator.
5978:"Testing the Cycle of Violence Hypothesis: Child Abuse and Adolescent Dating Violence as Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence in Young Adulthood"
1508:
Police services in several locations have expanded their domestic violence programs and response units in an effort to deal with IPV against men.
7927:
1967:
827:
female-on-male violence. This can lead to men not considering themselves victims, and/or not realizing the IPV they are experiencing is a crime.
3745:
Straus, Murray A. (1999). "The Controversy over Domestic Violence by Women: A Methodological, Theoretical, and Sociology of Science Analysis".
261:
4696:
Browne, Angela; Williams, Kirk R. (1989). "Exploring the effect of resource availability and the likelihood of female-perpetrated homicides".
3647:
Pleck, Elizabeth; Pleck, Joseph H.; Grossman, Marlyn; Bart, Pauline B. (1977). "The Battered Data Syndrome: A Comment on Steinmetz' Article".
6596:"'Battered Men' Syndrome Is a Myth: Abuse: While there are husbands who are victims, the claims of huge numbers are based on faulty research"
4095:
2305:
4489:"Differences in Frequency of Violence and Reported Injury Between Relationships With Reciprocal and Nonreciprocal Intimate Partner Violence"
4365:"Differences in Frequency of Violence and Reported Injury Between Relationships With Reciprocal and Nonreciprocal Intimate Partner Violence"
8180:
8050:
6372:
6205:
5709:"Risk Factors for Physical Violence Between Dating Partners: Implications for Gender-Inclusive Prevention and Treatment of Family Violence"
5104:
Dobash, R. Emerson; Dobash, Russell P. (December 1981). "Social science and social action: the case of wife beating" [2017-01-01].
4680:
4412:
Tie, Lei; Zheng, Yong (May 29, 2023). "Gender Directionality of Intimate Partner Violence and Relationship Quality Among Chinese Couples".
2706:
1846:
671:
7441:
7106:
6274:
4839:
2639:
2381:
Caldwell, Jennifer E.; Swan, Suzanne C.; Woodbrown, V. Diane (January 2012). "Gender differences in intimate partner violence outcomes".
2009:
1473:
Researchers have also found different outcomes in men and women in response to intimate partner violence. A 2012 review from the journal
880:
3493:
Hines, Denise A.; Brown, Jan; Dunning, Edward (February 16, 2007). "Characteristics of Callers to the Domestic Abuse Helpline for Men".
2040:
1314:", arguing that studies which use the CTS demonstrate the "limitations and dangers of a gender-neutral approach to anti-violence work".
7421:
4912:
Colarossi, Linda (January 2005). "A response to Danis & Lockhart: what guides social work knowledge about violence against women".
1072:
Psychologists rate that the behavior of the husbands are more likely to be psychologically abusive than wives doing the same actions.
6523:
Katz, Elizabeth (Winter 2015). "Judicial Patriarchy and Domestic Violence: A Challenge to the Conventional Family Privacy Narrative".
4858:; Douglas, Emily M. (October 2004). "A short form of the revised conflict tactics scales, and typologies for severity and mutuality".
3439:"Methods for the 2019 New Zealand family violence study- a study on the association between violence exposure, health and well-being"
1301:
Contrary to expectations, agreement between partners did not vary with the perpetrator's gender or with the type of abusive behavior.
1263:
Department of Justice finds that women make up 84% of spouse abuse victims and 86% of victims of abuse by a boyfriend or girlfriend.
7472:
6315:
Truman, Jennifer L.; Morgan, Rachel E. (April 2014). Nonfatal Domestic Violence, 2003-2012 (Report). Bureau of Justice Statistics.
2947:
Straus, Murray A. (March 2008). "Dominance and symmetry in partner violence by male and female university students in 32 nations".
5643:
7733:
2243:
Robertson, Kristen; Murachver, Tamar (July 2009). "Attitudes and Attributions Associated With Female and Male Partner Violence".
2676:
1766:
7738:
7532:
6973:
4603:
O'Leary, K. Daniel (September 2000). "Are women really more aggressive than men in intimate relationships? Comment on Archer".
951:
General Social Survey found that 7% had experienced intimate partner violence from 1994 to 1999, and 6% between 2000 and 2005.
3370:
1199:
57.9% of IPV reported was bi-directional, 13.8% was unidirectional male to female and 28.3% was unidirectional female to male.
6693:
6567:
6227:
6154:(June 1998). "The limits of 'The Male Sex Role': an analysis of the men's liberation and men's rights movements' discourse".
5842:
5610:
5533:
5468:
5402:
5329:
4784:
4754:
4471:
4340:
4236:
4201:
4108:
4078:
4006:
3900:
Melton, Heather C.; Sillito, Carrie Lefeve (April 2012). "The Role of Gender in Officially Reported Intimate Partner Abuse".
3890:
3762:
3696:
3418:
2684:
Homicides, Firearm Offences and Intimate Violence, 2009/2010: Supplementary Volume 2 to Crime in England and Wales, 2009/2010
2647:
Homicides, Firearm Offences and Intimate Violence, 2010/2011: Supplementary Volume 2 to Crime in England and Wales, 2007/2008
2614:
2506:
2481:
2438:
2318:
2222:
2074:
2034:
2003:
1774:
Homicides, Firearm Offences and Intimate Violence, 2010/2011: Supplementary Volume 2 to Crime in England and Wales, 2010/2011
1739:
1022:
Intimate partner violence against men is generally less recognized by society than intimate partner violence against women.
528:
210:
7678:
7262:
7209:
2976:"Self-reported exposure to intimate partner violence among women and men in Sweden: Results from a population-based survey"
2276:
2245:
1623:(November 2002). "A Framework for Understanding Women's Use of Nonlethal Violence in Intimate Heterosexual Relationships".
982:
719:
6555:
6393:
6298:
5085:
4988:
Morse, Barbara J. (December 1995). "Beyond the Conflict Tactics Scale: assessing gender differences in partner violence".
7189:
6010:
5708:
5493:
5075:
959:
69:
5234:
Bair-Merritt, Megan H; Crowne, Sarah Shea; Thompson, Darcy A; Sibinga, Erica; Trent, Maria; Campbell, Jacquelyn (2010).
3989:
Straus, Murray A (2009). "Gender symmetry in partner violence: Evidence and implications for prevention and treatment".
1326:
is because a key step in the effort to achieve an equalitarian society is to bring about recognition of the harm that a
8247:
8185:
7754:
7512:
5385:"Wifebeating, husband beating β a comparison of the use of physical violence between spouses to resolve marital fights"
5345:
Steinmetz, Suzanne K. (January 1977). "The Use of Force for Resolving Family Conflict: The Training Ground for Abuse".
2497:
Grady, Ann (2002). "Female-on-Male Domestic Violence: Uncommon or Ignored?". In Hoyle, Carolyn; Young, Richard (eds.).
1516:
254:
5664:
Fiebert, Martin S.; Gonzalez, Denise M. (1997). "Women who initiate assaults: The reasons offered for such behavior".
4538:
Archer, John (September 2000). "Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: a meta-analytic review".
3772:
Archer, John (September 2000). "Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review".
8128:
7703:
7698:
7344:
7159:
5551:
4572:
Frieze, Irene (September 2000). "Violence in close relationshipsβdevelopment of a research area: Comment on Archer".
4493:
3902:
2093:
Worcester, Nancy (November 2000). "Women's Use of Force: Complexities and Challenges of Taking the Issue Seriously".
902:
7199:
4260:
3522:
Invisible Men: When Men Are the Recipients of Non-reciprocal Intimate Partner Violence in Heterosexual Relationships
8149:
7708:
7638:
6248:
5142:
4893:
4810:
3249:
2095:
1924:
1625:
6421:
5549:
Tower, Leslie E.; Fernandez, Maria Elena (January 2008). "English- and Spanish-Speaking Women's Use of Violence".
4148:, Sponsored by the Journal Partner Abuse, John Hamel, LCSW, Editor-in-Chief, www.springerpub.com/pa, November 2012
8190:
7713:
7568:
7522:
7406:
7237:
7099:
6729:
5070:
4958:
3836:
Johnson, Michael P. (November 2006). "Conflict and Control: Gender Symmetry and Asymmetry in Domestic Violence".
3371:"La Violencia DomΓ©stica hacia el VarΓ³n: factores que inciden en el hombre agredido para no denunciar a su pareja"
1885:
1803:
1592:
1427:
1423:
1353:
884:
62:
6607:
Pagelow, Mildred Daley (May 1983). "The 'Battered Husband Syndrome': Social Problem or Much ado about Little?".
6487:
6334:
Mann, Ruth M. (January 2008). "Men's rights and feminist advocacy in Canadian domestic violence policy arenas".
3616:
2745:"Domestic violence against men at its highest level in Northern Ireland since police began recording statistics"
1147:
after realising that instead of men exclusively committing serious violence toward their female partners due to
7693:
7633:
7563:
7548:
6336:
6653:
Pagelow, Mildred Daley (July 25, 1997). "Battered Women: A Historical Research Review and Some Common Myths".
4566:
3120:
8252:
7718:
7668:
7658:
7593:
7482:
7462:
7324:
7003:
6754:
6246:(November 2002). "'Gender symmetry' in domestic violence: a substantive and methodological research review".
4966:
4808:(November 2002). "'Gender symmetry' in domestic violence: a substantive and methodological research review".
4268:
4138:
3179:
2799:
1826:
1480:
1435:
1390:
between intentionality and action (wanting to hit was considered the same as actually hitting). For example,
1285:
1130:
601:
247:
25:
8142:
7683:
7648:
7598:
7573:
7558:
7446:
7129:
7053:
4672:
3802:
1542:
1479:
found that women suffered disproportionately as a result of IPV especially in terms of injuries, fear, and
686:
182:
52:
4666:
8100:
7759:
7728:
7723:
7688:
7663:
7653:
7643:
7623:
7608:
7578:
7349:
6595:
6130:
5716:
Family Approaches to Domestic Violence: A Practitioner's Guide to Gender-Inclusive Research and Treatment
5283:
Chan, Ko Ling (March 2011). "Gender differences in self-reports of intimate partner violence: A review".
1925:"Men's Experiences of the Criminal Justice System Following Female Perpetrated Intimate Partner Violence"
1331:
illustrated and brought to the public's attention the extent of the battered women problem in the 1970s.
676:
8114:
7966:
7878:
7628:
7613:
7603:
7588:
7583:
7436:
7092:
7018:
3027:"Men's and women's exposure and perpetration of partner violence: An epidemiological study from Sweden"
2349:
1496:
1247:
508:
200:
5489:"Disabusing the Definition of Domestic Abuse: How Women Batter Men and the Role of the Feminist State"
5182:
Swan, Suzanne C.; Gambone, Laura J.; Caldwell, Jennifer E.; Sullivan, Tami P.; Snow, David L. (2008).
5071:"Disabusing the definition of domestic abuse: how women batter men and the role of the feminist state"
8015:
7934:
7913:
7673:
7618:
7553:
7492:
7416:
7329:
7139:
7023:
6963:
3716:
1439:
1379:
998:
816:
756:
641:
596:
591:
4159:
987:
bidirectional (i.e. both partners commit IPV) violence (14.5% for students and 51.3% for convicts).
8121:
8107:
7994:
7252:
7038:
6784:
3873:
Porter, Theresa (2011). "Hit like a Girl: Women Who Batter Their Partners". In Anson, April (ed.).
2524:
1547:
712:
666:
586:
215:
3270:"Does the Criminal Justice System Treat Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Offenders Leniently?"
819:(IPV) against males can be difficult, as men may be reluctant to report their abuse or seek help.
8216:
8211:
8082:
8036:
7959:
6320:
4890:
4651:
3711:
3181:"In our own words": student experiences of sexual violence prior to and during tertiary education
2930:
483:
6381:
4677:
4070:
4064:
2856:
2825:
2715:
1855:
871:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
8068:
8043:
7980:
7144:
5626:
Carrado, Michelle; George, Malcolm J.; Loxam, Elizabeth; Jones, L.; Templar, Dale (June 1996).
5460:
5452:
4698:
4605:
4574:
4540:
3688:
3681:"Wife Abuse, Husband Abuse, or Mutual Combat? A Feminist Perspective on the Empirical Findings"
3680:
2066:
2058:
1552:
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1451:
1281:
793:
748:
538:
523:
427:
235:
6536:
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4836:
2430:
2424:
1993:
1731:
1725:
7204:
7008:
6823:
6759:
6031:"Consumo de Drogas y Violencia en el Noviazgo en Estudiantes Universitarios del Sur de Chile"
5394:
5388:
4990:
4860:
3101:
2749:
2398:
2212:
2186:
2024:
1668:
1341:
844:
503:
478:
455:
4776:
4770:
4746:
4740:
4332:
4326:
8008:
7043:
3815:
Johnson, Michael P. (December 2005). "Domestic Violence: It's Not About GenderβOr Is It?".
3437:; Gulliver, Pauline; Hashemi, Ladan; Malihi, Zarintaj; McIntosh, Tracey (January 2, 2021).
1721:
1620:
1557:
691:
533:
353:
348:
323:
230:
86:
33:
6443:"NCFM Vice President responds to criticism about MRA's and the AVfM conference in Detroit"
5455:. In Finkelhor, David; Hotaling, Gerald T.; Gelles, Richard J.; Straus, Murray A. (eds.).
2708:
Domestic Abuse of Women and Men in Ireland: Report on the National Study of Domestic Abuse
1848:
Domestic Abuse of Women and Men in Ireland: Report on the National Study of Domestic Abuse
1457:
Other explanations for both male and female-perpetrated intimate partner violence include
225:
8:
7973:
7920:
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7807:
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7304:
7272:
6953:
6936:
6880:
6855:
6746:
6722:
6156:
4097:
Domestic Violence: Findings from a new British Crime Survey self-completion questionnaire
2473:
2307:
Domestic Violence: Findings from a new British Crime Survey self-completion questionnaire
1164:
929:
705:
417:
313:
5236:"Why Do Women Use Intimate Partner Violence? A Systematic Review of Women's Motivations"
4487:
Whitaker, Daniel J.; Haileyesus, Tadesse; Swahn, Monica; Saltzman, Linda S. (May 2007).
4463:
3573:
Jacobson, Neil S. (March 1994). "Rewards and Dangers in Researching Domestic Violence".
3244:
1196:
Rates of female-perpetrated violence are higher than male-perpetrated (28.3% vs. 21.6%).
8175:
8022:
7782:
7527:
7354:
7033:
6925:
6875:
6828:
6796:
6779:
6677:
The Emerald International Handbook of Feminist Perspectives on Women's Acts of Violence
6675:
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5015:
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2620:
2541:
2112:
1944:
1902:
1693:
1642:
1509:
1235:
1208:
Studies comparing men and women in the power/control motive have mixed results overall.
1143:
1134:
991:
experienced minor intimate partner violence and 7.6% had experienced "severe assault".
661:
450:
358:
298:
81:
6685:
6638:
Battered Husbands and Battered Wives: Why One Is a Social Problem and the Other Is Not
5968:
5909:
5887:
5865:
5431:
5049:
4038:
3951:
1193:
More women (23%) than men (19.3%) have been assaulted at least once in their lifetime.
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2502:
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2434:
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2070:
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1999:
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1375:
651:
367:
47:
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5019:
4831:
4114:
3931:
3865:
2792:
Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women
2324:
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1697:
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1948:
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1923:
McCarrick, Jessica; Davis-McCabe, Catriona; Hirst-Winthrop, Sarah (February 2016).
1894:
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4456:
4145:
3208:"Mind the Gap: What those in the field say about male victims of family violence"
2885:
2790:
2466:
1458:
1431:
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1318:
violence was the strongest predictor of her being a victim of partner violence."
681:
177:
6560:
Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia, Volume I
6288:"Family Violence Statistics Including Statistics on Strangers and Acquaintances"
6287:
6169:
6092:
4925:
4618:
4587:
4553:
4158:
Esquivel-Santovena, Esteban Eugenio; Lambert, Teri; Hamel, John (January 2013).
3991:
Preventing partner violence: Research and evidence-based intervention strategies
3785:
3347:
3105:
2537:
2402:
2190:
1995:
The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate Relationships in a Changing Society
792:. One of the tools used to generate statistics concerning IPV perpetration, the
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6640:. Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Social Problems. Pittsburgh.
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3506:
3312:
3285:
2595:
2582:
2182:
2146:
1940:
1727:
Intimate Violence: The Causes and Consequences of Abuse in the American Family
1681:
8231:
8001:
7863:
7843:
7797:
7487:
7295:
7247:
7232:
7068:
6774:
6349:
5998:
5564:
5251:
5184:"A Review of Research on Women's Use of Violence With Male Intimate Partners"
5155:
4506:
4380:
3915:
3849:
3804:
Intimate Partner Violence: Gender Symmetry and the Victim Perpetrator Overlap
3754:
3635:
3434:
3043:
2992:
2889:
1500:
because "men experience significant levels of domestic violence as victims".
1259:
944:
764:
646:
553:
513:
488:
473:
382:
363:
170:
91:
6674:
Couto, Leticia (2023). "Domestic Abuse: Analysing Women's Use of Violence".
6261:
5773:"Testing predictions from the male control theory of men's partner violence"
4823:
3660:
1638:
883:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
7812:
7517:
7396:
7369:
7319:
7194:
7181:
6998:
6930:
6910:
6900:
6890:
6860:
6492:
6398:
5939:
5799:
5572:
5269:
5217:
4881:
4626:
4595:
4561:
4524:
4429:
4398:
4046:
3923:
3857:
3793:
3707:
3355:
3097:
3062:
3011:
1447:
1409:
1311:
810:
780:
744:
336:
303:
220:
139:
98:
6666:
6628:
5771:
Bates, Elizabeth A.; Graham-Kevan, Nicholas; Archer, John (January 2014).
5685:
5628:"Aggression in British Heterosexual Relationships: A Descriptive Analysis"
5627:
5011:
3594:
3410:
3076:
Barber, Christopher F (August 27, 2008). "Domestic violence against men".
2522:
Migliaccio, Todd A. (July 2002). "Abused Husbands: A Narrative Analysis".
1689:
8170:
7873:
7868:
7467:
7411:
7314:
7299:
7242:
7227:
7073:
7048:
6870:
6845:
6835:
6818:
6769:
5488:
4319:
4293:
4221:
4217:
3970:
1898:
1321:
Straus responded to criticism of the CTS by arguing that it is driven by
1275:
In a 2002 review of the research presenting evidence of gender symmetry,
1231:
1081:
for men, and may be an admission they are unwilling, or unable, to make.
973:
955:
772:
636:
543:
318:
308:
160:
5322:
Cycle of Violence: Assertive, Aggressive and Abusive Family Interactions
5305:
4933:
3952:"Women's Violence to Men in Intimate Relationships: Working on a Puzzle"
2974:
Nybergh, Lotta; Taft, Charles; Enander, Viveka; Krantz, Gunilla (2013).
1992:
Strong, Bryan; DeVault, Christine; Cohen, Theodore (February 16, 2010).
1854:. Dublin: National Crime Council of Ireland. p. 169. Archived from
969:
study, has found a 1 in 7 sexual assault rate for men in U.S. colleges.
7858:
7848:
7334:
7028:
6850:
6840:
6578:
4719:
3737:
3559:
3529:
3164:
2922:
2714:. Dublin: National Crime Council of Ireland. p. 24. Archived from
2605:
1327:
1213:
1148:
789:
548:
277:
134:
129:
74:
6177:
5366:
3998:
3465:
1883:
Migliaccio, Todd A. (Winter 2001). "Marginalizing the Battered Male".
1001:
in some similar proportions. An example might be a recent survey from
6488:"More than 40% of domestic violence victims are male, report reveals"
5791:
5644:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1996)22:6<401::AID-AB1>3.0.CO;2-K
3245:"When Is a Battered Woman Not a Battered Woman? When She Fights Back"
2417:
2394:
1030:
372:
124:
119:
7084:
5894:
5872:
5851:
4711:
3729:
3714:(February 1992). "The Myth of Sexual Symmetry in Marital Violence".
2418:"Change in Cultural Norms Approving Marital Violence from 1968-1994"
2211:
Loseke, Donileen R.; Gelles, Richard J.; Cavanaugh, Mary M. (2005).
7431:
7426:
7364:
7280:
6915:
6764:
6645:
5358:
3269:
2416:
Straus, Murray A.; Kantor, Glenda Kaufman; Moore, David W. (1997).
1922:
1443:
1251:
937:
785:
768:
740:
498:
412:
7339:
6865:
5233:
2426:
Out of the Darkness: Contemporary Perspectives on Family Violence
1202:
Male dating students are abused more than female dating students.
916:
437:
407:
400:
6420:. Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Archived from
6380:. Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Archived from
6214:
Renzetti, Claire M.; Edleson, Jeffrey L., eds. (June 19, 2008).
3145:
3143:
3141:
6983:
5916:
5390:
Battered Women: A Psychosociological Study of Domestic Violence
4486:
1002:
948:
656:
631:
284:
6461:"WOODS v. HORTON. Court of Appeal, Third District, California"
4157:
1807:. December 7, 2021. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022
1117:
on this subject due to the complexity of the issues involved.
7285:
7134:
6738:
5605:] (in Spanish). Guadalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara.
4320:"Physical Assaults by Women Partners: A Major Social Problem"
4139:
Partner Abuse State of Knowledge Project Findings At-a-Glance
3138:
2059:"Political and Methodological Debates in Wife Abuse Research"
920:
752:
4021:
3433:
1665:
1382:"significant distortion" of the data in his public response
5457:
The Dark Side of Families: Current Family Violence Research
5181:
1591:. National Clearinghouse on Family Violence. Archived from
155:
4644:
4227:. In Pizzey, Erin; Shackleton, J.R.; Urwin, Peter (eds.).
3545:
3268:
Felson, Richard B.; Pare, Paul-Philippe (September 2007).
1378:, publicly addressed confusion caused by the research and
7013:
5139:
2583:"Men's Experiences of Violence in Intimate Relationships"
1205:
Male and female IPV are perpetrated from similar motives.
736:
6707:
6119:"Men's Rights Movement Spreads False Claims about Women"
2973:
16:
Incidence of domestic violence among the male population
6197:
6195:
5770:
5625:
3443:
KΕtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online
3368:
3149:
2772:"'My abusive wife battered me over letting the cat in'"
2423:. In Kantor, Glenda Kaufman; Jasinski, Jana L. (eds.).
564:
List of child abuse cases featuring long-term detention
3705:
3646:
3333:
1962:
1960:
1958:
978:
Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study
7286:
Deny, attack, and reverse victim and offender (DARVO)
6414:
Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile 2006
6374:
Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile 2005
5829:
Straus, Murray A.; Hotaling, Gerald T., eds. (1980).
5599:
Madejas entreveradas: Violencia, masculinidad y poder
4069:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia. p.
2908:
2906:
2864:
Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile 2005
2827:
Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile 2000
2501:. Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing. pp. 93β95.
2380:
2210:
6192:
5718:. New York: Springer. pp. 59β87. Archived from
6562:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 62β64.
6075:
5603:
Interlocked skeins: Violence, masculinity and power
3950:Dobash, Russell P.; Dobash, R. Emerson (May 2004).
3298:
1968:"Domestic Violence Against Men: No Laughing Matter"
1955:
1398:
6583:Masculinities: Interdisciplinary Studies on Gender
6029:Saldivia, Claudia; Vizcarra, Beatriz (July 2012).
5830:
5521:
4455:
3177:
2903:
2824:Bunge, Valerie Pottie; Locke, Daisy, eds. (2000).
2465:
2242:
1991:
851:
5975:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3492:
2649:. London: Home Office. p. 66. Archived from
2415:
1084:
8229:
6655:Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma
6203:Female perpetrators of intimate partner violence
6028:
4959:"Measuring intimate partner (domestic) violence"
4458:Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence
4194:Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence
2468:Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence
1985:
7928:Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America
6525:William & Mary Journal of Women and the Law
6213:
5663:
5229:
5227:
5177:
5175:
3184:. Wellington, New Zealand: Thursdays in Black.
2915:National Institute of Justice Research in Brief
2581:Lien, Marianne InΓ©z; Lorentzen, JΓΈrgen (2019).
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
1878:
1876:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
8136:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
6117:Potok, Mark; Schlatter, Evelyn (Spring 2012).
6116:
5955:George, Malcolm J. (2003). "Invisible touch".
5828:
5706:
5548:
5418:George, Malcolm J. (2003). "Invisible touch".
5036:George, Malcolm J. (2003). "Invisible touch".
4695:
4093:
3601:
3369:Fontena Vera, Carol; Gatricia Duhart, AndrΓ©s.
3024:
2850:
2848:
2819:
2817:
2788:
2303:
2132:
7100:
6723:
6579:"The Myth of the 'Battered Husband Syndrome'"
5707:Medeiros, Rose A.; Straus, Murray A. (2006).
4854:
4775:, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp.
4331:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp.
3899:
2942:
2940:
2704:
2580:
2299:
2297:
1844:
1793:
1791:
1661:
1659:
1523:
1346:A 2011 systematic review from the journal of
713:
255:
8181:National Coalition Against Domestic Violence
6314:
6201:Miller, Susan L.; Lilley, Terry G. (2008), "
5837:. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
5393:. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp.
5224:
5172:
5103:
4745:, New Haven: Yale University Press, p.
4261:"Victims and Aggressors in Marital Violence"
3949:
2912:
2350:"Government Statistics on Domestic Violence"
2238:
2236:
2234:
2153:
2088:
2086:
1873:
1833:
1720:
1619:
1583:
1570:
1384:Domestic Violence: Not An Even Playing Field
1361:
735:is violence or other physical abuse towards
6558:. In Kimmel, Michael; Aronson, Amy (eds.).
6236:
4602:
4027:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry
3984:
3982:
3980:
3683:. In YllΓΆ, Kersti; Bogard, Michele (eds.).
3400:
3121:"I abused a man in public and no one cared"
3025:LΓΆvestad, Solveig; Krantz, Gunilla (2012).
2845:
2814:
2738:
2736:
2587:Palgrave Studies in Victims and Victimology
2061:. In YllΓΆ, Kersti; Bogard, Michele (eds.).
1730:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp.
1615:
1613:
1246:conducted a study of 55,000 members of the
7107:
7093:
6730:
6716:
6144:
5833:The Social Causes of Husband-Wife Violence
5714:. In Hamel, John; Nicholls, Tonia (eds.).
3267:
3119:Velden, Eline Van Der (October 11, 2017).
2937:
2857:"Trends in self-reported spousal violence"
2823:
2789:Tjaden, Patricia; Thoennes, Nancy (2000).
2521:
2294:
2277:"Help domestic abuse victims for 35 years"
1882:
1788:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1656:
804:
720:
706:
262:
248:
6056:
6046:
5447:
5382:
5344:
5319:
5304:
5259:
5207:
4911:
4800:
4798:
4514:
4388:
3945:
3943:
3800:
3614:
3464:
3454:
3052:
3042:
3001:
2991:
2604:
2594:
2231:
2092:
2083:
2052:
2050:
2022:
2016:
1270:
1212:A 2013 review examined studies from five
903:Learn how and when to remove this message
7473:Effects of domestic violence on children
6485:
6410:
4411:
4362:
3977:
3706:Dobash, Russell P.; Dobash, R. Emerson;
3678:
3572:
3519:
3242:
2854:
2742:
2733:
2274:
2214:Current Controversies on Family Violence
1610:
1163:
751:, violence against men may constitute a
6652:
6606:
6594:Pagelow, Mildred Daley (July 3, 1994).
6593:
6576:
6394:"Group's ravings disturbing, dangerous"
6150:
5596:
4668:Domestic violence: an in-depth analysis
4151:
4103:. London: Home Office. pp. 20β21.
3835:
3814:
2866:. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. p. 14
2833:. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. p. 11
2705:Watson, Dorothy; Parsons, Sara (2005).
2313:. London: Home Office. pp. 17β26.
1845:Watson, Dorothy; Parsons, Sara (2005).
1764:
1707:
1584:Lupri, Eugene; Grandin, Elaine (2004).
1430:, pattern of dominating relationships,
755:, but laws vary between jurisdictions.
8230:
7755:Domestic violence in Christian culture
6974:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
6518:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6370:
6285:
6242:
6216:Encyclopedia of interpersonal violence
6110:
5954:
5743:
5519:
5417:
5035:
4804:
4795:
4772:Women, men and gender: ongoing debates
4742:Women, men and gender: ongoing debates
4735:
4571:
4537:
4328:Women, Men and Gender: Ongoing Debates
4317:
4258:
4216:
4062:
3988:
3940:
3872:
3771:
3744:
3541:
3539:
3403:The SAGE Handbook of Domestic Violence
3118:
3075:
2946:
2168:
2047:
2043:from the original on January 10, 2017.
2012:from the original on January 10, 2017.
1255:by men only, and 29.4% by women only.
7114:
7088:
6711:
6673:
6635:
6486:Campbell, Denis (September 5, 2010).
6391:
5976:Manchikanti GΓ³mez, Anu (March 2011).
5483:
5065:
4987:
4664:
4640:
4638:
3687:. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage. pp.
3488:
3486:
3484:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3224:from the original on January 25, 2023
3153:Psychology of Men & Masculinities
2743:McNeilly, Claire (October 29, 2013).
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2496:
2429:. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage. pp.
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2342:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2065:. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage. pp.
1154:
211:Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes
7760:Domestic violence in Islamic culture
7210:Sexual violence by intimate partners
6522:
6333:
5459:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. pp.
5282:
4767:
4675:. p. 8. Position paper no. 504.
4450:
4222:"From the Personal to the Political"
4191:
2674:
2460:
2246:Journal of Applied Social Psychology
2056:
1760:
1758:
1586:"Intimate partner abuse against men"
1470:undermine services to abused women.
983:Journal of Applied Social Psychology
855:
293:Marriage and other unions and status
7190:Genital modification and mutilation
6507:
6327:
6304:from the original on March 4, 2016.
5494:Florida State University Law Review
5076:Florida State University Law Review
4405:
3685:Feminist Perspectives on Wife Abuse
3536:
2637:
2268:
2063:Feminist Perspectives on Wife Abuse
2026:Kidnapping: An Investigator's Guide
1334:
1224:
1036:
960:National Institute of Mental Health
13:
8186:National Domestic Violence Hotline
6621:10.1111/j.1467-954X.1983.tb00102.x
6547:
4635:
4229:Women or Men: Who Are the Victims?
3747:Violence in Intimate Relationships
3481:
3389:
3188:from the original on June 11, 2023
2949:Children and Youth Services Review
2555:
2472:. Westport, CT: Praeger. pp.
2367:
2197:
2023:Concannon, Diana (July 11, 2013).
1799:"Personal Safety, Australia, 2016"
1517:Police Service of Northern Ireland
1159:
767:regarding their perceived lack of
739:in a domestic setting, such as in
607:Hague Convention (child abduction)
14:
8264:
8129:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
6703:
6686:10.1108/978-1-80382-255-620231010
5552:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
5453:"Common Features of Family Abuse"
4494:American Journal of Public Health
4462:. Westport, CT: Praeger. p.
4094:Mirrlees-Black, Catriona (1999).
3903:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
2686:. London: Home Office. p. 82
2304:Mirrlees-Black, Catriona (1999).
2275:Sullivan, Vince (July 10, 2013).
1998:. Cengage Learning. p. 447.
1776:. London: Home Office. p. 96
1755:
1490:
1258:In 2000, John Archer conducted a
1098:
833:
6479:
6453:
6435:
6392:Coyle, Jim (November 20, 2001).
6308:
6279:
6069:
5814:
5764:
5737:
5700:
5657:
4914:Journal of Social Work Education
3829:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00204.x
3587:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1994.00081.x
3548:Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences
3250:Yale Journal of Law and Feminism
3178:Thursdays in Black, ed. (2017).
3090:10.7748/ns2008.08.22.51.35.c6644
2961:10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.10.004
2677:"Intimate violence: 2009/10 BCS"
2640:"Intimate violence: 2007/08 BCS"
2259:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00492.x
1767:"Intimate violence: 2010/11 BCS"
1428:borderline personality disorders
1424:antisocial personality disorders
1399:Causes of female-perpetrated IPV
1075:
1067:
860:
7523:Management of domestic violence
7407:Domestic violence and pregnancy
7238:Domestic violence and pregnancy
6048:10.4067/s0718-48082012000200004
5957:Aggression and Violent Behavior
5898:Aggression and Violent Behavior
5876:Aggression and Violent Behavior
5854:Aggression and Violent Behavior
5746:Aggression and Violent Behavior
5619:
5590:
5542:
5513:
5477:
5441:
5420:Aggression and Violent Behavior
5411:
5376:
5338:
5313:
5285:Aggression and Violent Behavior
5276:
5097:
5059:
5038:Aggression and Violent Behavior
5029:
4981:
4951:
4905:
4848:
4729:
4689:
4665:Young, Cathy (September 2005).
4658:
4531:
4480:
4444:
4356:
4311:
4252:
4231:. London: Civitas. p. 27.
4210:
4185:
4132:
4087:
4056:
4015:
3669:
3617:"The Battered Husband Syndrome"
3566:
3513:
3427:
3362:
3327:
3292:
3261:
3236:
3200:
3171:
3112:
3069:
3018:
2967:
2878:
2782:
2764:
2698:
2668:
2631:
2515:
2490:
2454:
2409:
2355:. Dewar Research. February 2014
2135:Aggression and Violent Behavior
2126:
1804:Australian Bureau of Statistics
1354:Aggression and Violent Behavior
1054:
852:Estimates of male victimization
771:or other denigrations of their
749:domestic violence against women
5383:Steinmatz, Suzanne K. (1977).
5320:Steinmetz, Suzanne K. (1977).
4259:Straus, Murray A. (May 1980).
3959:British Journal of Criminology
3817:Journal of Marriage and Family
3655:(3β4). Visage Press: 680β683.
3630:(3β4). Visage Press: 499β509.
3615:Steinmetz, Suzanne K. (1977).
1916:
1436:posttraumatic stress disorders
1085:Minimisation and justification
1008:
612:Hague Convention (maintenance)
1:
8143:Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
8051:What's Love Got to Do with It
7483:Parental bullying of children
7463:Adverse childhood experiences
7402:Domestic violence against men
6755:Adverse childhood experiences
6218:. Thousand Oaks, California:
5969:10.1016/S1359-1789(01)00048-9
5910:10.1016/S1359-1789(96)00017-1
5888:10.1016/S1359-1789(96)00017-1
5866:10.1016/S1359-1789(96)00015-8
5597:RamΓrez, Juan Carlos (2005).
5432:10.1016/S1359-1789(01)00048-9
5050:10.1016/S1359-1789(01)00048-9
4967:National Institute of Justice
4363:Whitaker, Daniel (May 2007).
4269:American Behavioral Scientist
4039:10.1016/S0160-2527(01)00080-2
3456:10.1080/1177083X.2020.1862252
2800:National Institute of Justice
1563:
1286:National Institute of Justice
1131:Northeastern University Press
1025:In a segment for the TV show
799:
796:, is especially contentious.
733:Domestic violence against men
602:International child abduction
7447:Social emotional development
6636:Lucal, Betsy (August 1992).
6297:. US Department of Justice.
5240:Trauma, Violence & Abuse
4066:Rethinking Domestic Violence
3679:Saunders, Daniel G. (1988).
3373:(in Spanish). Archived from
2499:New Visions of Crime Victims
1886:The Journal of Men's Studies
1724:; Straus, Murray A. (1988).
1543:Outline of domestic violence
1503:
1464:
1234:, who established the first
885:Knowledge's inclusion policy
687:Paternal rights and abortion
7:
8101:Contemporary Family Therapy
7350:Passive-aggressive behavior
7263:Situational couple violence
6556:"Battered Husband Syndrome"
6286:Durose, Matthew R. (2005).
6170:10.1177/0891243298012003002
6131:Southern Poverty Law Center
6093:10.1177/1088767999003003001
5524:The Battered Woman Syndrome
5520:Walker, Leonore E. (1984).
4926:10.5175/JSWE.2005.200400418
4619:10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.685
4588:10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.681
4554:10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.651
3810:(PhD). University of Otago.
3801:Robertson, Kirsten (2005).
3786:10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.651
3348:10.1891/vivi.19.4.435.64165
2538:10.1177/0192513X02023001002
1536:
1107:
597:Hague Convention (adoption)
226:Masculist views on violence
10:
8269:
7513:Domestic violence hotlines
7437:Parental abuse by children
5932:10.1891/vivi.17.1.35.33639
5200:10.1891/0886-6708.23.3.301
5118:10.1177/0192513X8100200404
5091:September 6, 2015, at the
5004:10.1891/0886-6708.10.4.251
4874:10.1891/088667004780927800
4683:February 21, 2015, at the
4318:Straus, Murray A. (1997).
4282:10.1177/000276428002300505
4063:Dutton, Donald G. (2006).
3495:Journal of Family Violence
3401:Shackelford, Todd (2021).
2862:. In AuCoin, Kathy (ed.).
2109:10.1177/107780102762478055
1929:Journal of Family Violence
1524:Legal and social responses
1497:National Coalition for Men
1442:, communication problems,
1248:United States Armed Forces
1168:"Femme battant son mari";
1120:
1093:
1017:
925:Crime in England and Wales
808:
456:Parenting coordinator (US)
201:Discrimination against men
8248:Intimate partner violence
8204:
8163:
8092:
8060:
7951:
7914:The Conspiracy of Silence
7898:
7891:
7831:
7775:
7768:
7747:
7541:
7505:
7493:Stress in early childhood
7455:
7417:Intimate partner violence
7389:
7382:
7330:Major depressive disorder
7271:
7218:
7180:
7173:
7140:Abusive power and control
7122:
6964:Abusive power and control
6946:
6745:
6737:
6208:December 6, 2017, at the
5758:10.1016/j.avb.2011.04.010
5678:10.2466/pr0.1997.80.2.583
5297:10.1016/j.avb.2011.02.008
4842:October 16, 2014, at the
4673:Independent Women's Forum
4422:10.1177/10778012231178000
4179:10.1891/1946-6560.4.1.e14
4160:"Partner abuse worldwide"
3883:10.1163/9781848880740_027
3520:Amundsen, Sharon (2021).
3507:10.1007/s10896-006-9052-0
3313:10.1080/07418820701485395
3286:10.1080/07418820701485601
2682:. In Smith, Kevin (ed.).
2645:. In Povey, David (ed.).
2596:10.1007/978-3-030-03994-3
2183:10.1891/1946-6560.1.3.332
2147:10.1016/j.avb.2005.02.001
1941:10.1007/s10896-015-9749-z
1825:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1772:. In Smith, Kevin (ed.).
1682:10.1891/0886-6708.9.2.107
1362:Battered husband syndrome
1045:
999:Intimate partner violence
843:Elizabeth Bates from the
817:intimate partner violence
757:Intimate partner violence
624:Family and criminal code
582:Private international law
576:Private international law
92:Involuntary penis removal
70:Forced genital mutilation
8122:Journal of Family Issues
7253:Murder of pregnant women
7039:Psychological projection
6901:Referee and umpire abuse
6411:Ogrodnik, Lucie (2006).
6350:10.1177/1557085107311067
5999:10.1177/0044118X09358313
5565:10.1177/0886260507307649
5252:10.1177/1524838010379003
5156:10.1177/1077801204265015
5106:Journal of Family Issues
4899:August 23, 2015, at the
4507:10.2105/AJPH.2005.079020
4381:10.2105/AJPH.2005.079020
4325:. In Walsh, M.R. (ed.).
4192:Cook, Philip W. (2009).
3916:10.1177/0886260511424498
3850:10.1177/1077801206293328
3755:10.4135/9781452204659.n2
3243:Goodmark, Leigh (2008).
3044:10.1186/1471-2458-12-945
2993:10.1186/1471-2458-13-845
2886:"Rape on College Campus"
2855:Mihorean, Karen (2005).
2525:Journal of Family Issues
1765:Britton, Andrew (2011).
1548:Battered person syndrome
1129:In 2008, writing in the
815:Determining the rate of
667:Parental child abduction
514:Contact & visitation
401:Dissolution of marriages
8217:Domestic violence court
8037:Sleeping with the Enemy
6609:The Sociological Review
6554:Brush, Lisa D. (2004).
6262:10.1177/107780102237407
6106:(subscription required)
5586:(subscription required)
5437:(subscription required)
5387:. In Roy, Maria (ed.).
5372:(subscription required)
5131:(subscription required)
5055:(subscription required)
5025:(subscription required)
4947:(subscription required)
4824:10.1177/107780102237407
4725:(subscription required)
4196:. Bloomsbury Academic.
4144:April 19, 2015, at the
4052:(subscription required)
3215:Canterbury Men's Centre
2551:(subscription required)
2264:(subscription required)
2122:(subscription required)
1912:(subscription required)
1703:(subscription required)
1652:(subscription required)
1639:10.1177/107780102237408
805:Estimation difficulties
148:Sexual assault and rape
8212:Battered woman defense
8150:Violence Against Women
7533:Prevention initiatives
7442:Same-sex relationships
7200:Birth control sabotage
7145:Conflict tactics scale
6577:Straton, Jack (1994).
6427:on September 10, 2007.
6371:AuCoin, Kathy (2005).
6249:Violence Against Women
5528:. New York: Springer.
5347:The Family Coordinator
5143:Violence Against Women
4861:Violence & Victims
4811:Violence Against Women
4699:Law and Society Review
4606:Psychological Bulletin
4575:Psychological Bulletin
4541:Psychological Bulletin
4414:Violence Against Women
3838:Violence Against Women
3774:Psychological Bulletin
3217:. September 22, 2016.
2383:Psychology of Violence
2096:Violence Against Women
2029:. Newnes. p. 30.
1669:Violence & Victims
1626:Violence Against Women
1553:Violence against women
1476:Psychology of Violence
1380:father's rights groups
1374:Steinmetz' colleague,
1312:anti-feminist backlash
1303:
1282:conflict tactics scale
1271:Conflict tactics scale
1172:
976:, the twenty-one year
794:conflict tactics scale
529:UN Rights of the Child
524:Grandparent visitation
451:Custody evaluator (US)
428:Matrimonial Causes Act
236:Violence against women
75:Involuntary castration
7205:Reproductive coercion
7009:Just-world hypothesis
6760:Anti-social behaviour
6667:10.1300/J146v01n01_06
5666:Psychological Reports
5324:. New York: Praeger.
3411:10.4135/9781529742343
2778:. September 25, 2018.
2750:The Belfast Telegraph
2675:Hall, Philip (2011).
2638:Roe, Stephen (2009).
2057:YllΓΆ, Kersti (1988).
1621:Das Dasgupta, Shamita
1348:Trauma Violence Abuse
1299:
1167:
1139:patriarchal terrorism
845:University of Cumbria
790:patriarchal dominance
509:Filial responsibility
504:Tender years doctrine
479:DNA paternity testing
337:Validity of marriages
216:Men's rights movement
8253:Violence against men
8009:Looking for Angelina
7044:Psychological trauma
6680:. pp. 141β153.
6615:(1_suppl): 172β195.
6337:Feminist Criminology
6222:. pp. 257β258.
6157:Gender & Society
5920:Violence and Victims
5188:Violence and Victims
4991:Violence and Victims
3877:. pp. 271β283.
3336:Violence and Victims
2721:on December 29, 2014
2656:on February 20, 2011
1899:10.3149/jms.0902.205
1861:on December 29, 2014
1558:Violence against men
1481:posttraumatic stress
1434:, criminal history,
1342:Violence and Victims
1149:patriarchal ideology
1027:Putting It Out There
692:Right to family life
354:Prenuptial agreement
349:Marriage certificate
324:Domestic partnership
231:Sentencing disparity
87:Malicious castration
34:Violence against men
7921:Defending Our Lives
7808:Nicola Graham-Kevan
7478:Narcissistic parent
7305:Emotional blackmail
6954:Abusive supervision
6881:Psychological abuse
6856:Institutional abuse
6152:Messner, Michael A.
6123:Intelligence Report
6035:Terapia PsicolΓ³gica
6016:on October 19, 2014
5986:Youth & Society
5780:Aggressive Behavior
5725:on January 17, 2012
5632:Aggressive Behavior
3993:. pp. 245β71.
3377:on October 23, 2018
930:Republic of Ireland
418:Grounds for divorce
314:Common-law marriage
8176:ManKind Initiative
8023:One Minute to Nine
8016:Once Were Warriors
7783:Jacquelyn Campbell
7355:Setting up to fail
7345:Narcissistic abuse
7034:Playing the victim
6926:Surveillance abuse
6876:Professional abuse
6797:Cruelty to animals
6467:. October 14, 2008
6244:Kimmel, Michael S.
6058:20.500.12749/12141
4806:Kimmel, Michael S.
4369:Am J Public Health
4023:Kessler, Ronald C.
3971:10.1093/bjc/azh026
3749:. pp. 17β44.
3675:List of articles:
3560:10.1037/ebs0000171
3165:10.1037/men0000222
1722:Gelles, Richard J.
1598:on January 4, 2009
1328:patriarchal system
1173:
1155:Gender differences
1144:intimate terrorism
1137:decided to rename
1135:Michael P. Johnson
662:Legality of incest
368:Voidable marriages
359:Matrimonial regime
299:Types of marriages
82:Male expendability
8225:
8224:
8159:
8158:
7887:
7886:
7501:
7500:
7378:
7377:
7165:Traumatic bonding
7155:Cycle of violence
7116:Domestic violence
7082:
7081:
7059:Traumatic bonding
6695:978-1-80382-256-3
6600:Los Angeles Times
6569:978-1-57-607774-0
6387:on July 15, 2017.
6256:(11): 1332β1363.
6229:978-1-4129-1800-8
6220:SAGE Publications
5844:978-0-8166-0955-0
5612:978-970-722-360-8
5535:978-0-8261-0252-2
5470:978-0-8039-1935-8
5404:978-0-442-27201-2
5331:978-0-275-91476-9
4856:Straus, Murray A.
4818:(11): 1332β1363.
4786:978-0-300-06938-9
4756:978-0-300-06938-9
4737:Straus, Murray A.
4473:978-0-313-35671-1
4342:978-0-300-06938-9
4238:978-1-903386-09-5
4203:978-0-313-35618-6
4120:on March 14, 2011
4110:978-1-84082-193-2
4080:978-0-7748-1015-9
4008:978-1-4338-0434-2
3999:10.1037/11873-011
3892:978-1-84888-074-0
3844:(11): 1003β1018.
3764:978-0-7619-1643-7
3698:978-0-8039-3053-7
3420:978-1-5264-9486-3
3301:Justice Quarterly
3274:Justice Quarterly
3031:BMC Public Health
2980:BMC Public Health
2798:. Washington DC:
2616:978-3-030-03993-6
2508:978-1-84113-280-8
2483:978-0-313-35671-1
2440:978-0-7619-0775-6
2330:on March 14, 2011
2320:978-1-84082-193-2
2224:978-0-7619-2106-6
2103:(11): 1390β1415.
2076:978-0-8039-3053-7
2036:978-0-12-374031-1
2005:978-1-133-59746-9
1741:978-0-671-68296-5
1633:(11): 1364β1389.
1376:Richard J. Gelles
1323:radical-feminists
1178:Richard J. Gelles
958:, such as from a
913:
912:
905:
730:
729:
652:Domestic violence
626:(or criminal law)
534:Children's rights
468:Children's issues
272:
271:
48:Domestic violence
8260:
8115:Family Relations
8083:The War on Women
7960:American Tragedy
7896:
7895:
7773:
7772:
7387:
7386:
7360:Silent treatment
7310:False accusation
7178:
7177:
7109:
7102:
7095:
7086:
7085:
6921:Structural abuse
6896:Police brutality
6802:Disability abuse
6732:
6725:
6718:
6709:
6708:
6699:
6670:
6649:
6632:
6603:
6590:
6573:
6541:
6540:
6520:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6500:
6483:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6449:. July 23, 2014.
6439:
6433:
6428:
6426:
6419:
6407:
6406:on July 1, 2017.
6402:. Archived from
6388:
6386:
6379:
6361:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6292:
6283:
6277:
6273:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6199:
6190:
6189:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6080:Homicide Studies
6073:
6067:
6062:
6060:
6050:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6015:
6009:. Archived from
5982:
5972:
5951:
5913:
5891:
5869:
5848:
5836:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5792:10.1002/ab.21499
5777:
5768:
5762:
5761:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5724:
5713:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5527:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5449:Finkelhor, David
5445:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5263:
5231:
5222:
5221:
5211:
5179:
5170:
5167:
5132:
5129:
5101:
5095:
5084:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5023:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4909:
4903:
4885:
4852:
4846:
4835:
4802:
4793:
4790:
4760:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4693:
4687:
4676:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4642:
4633:
4630:
4599:
4565:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4518:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4461:
4452:Cook, Phillip W.
4448:
4442:
4441:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4392:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4324:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4299:on March 3, 2016
4298:
4292:. Archived from
4265:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4226:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4164:
4155:
4149:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4119:
4113:. Archived from
4102:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4033:(4β5): 487β508.
4019:
4013:
4012:
3986:
3975:
3974:
3956:
3947:
3938:
3935:
3910:(6): 1090β1111.
3896:
3869:
3832:
3823:(5): 1126β1130.
3811:
3809:
3797:
3768:
3741:
3702:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3639:
3621:
3612:
3599:
3598:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3490:
3479:
3478:
3468:
3458:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3398:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3212:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3147:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3078:Nursing Standard
3073:
3067:
3066:
3056:
3046:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3005:
2995:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2861:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2797:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2740:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2720:
2713:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2681:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2644:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2608:
2598:
2578:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2471:
2462:Cook, Phillip W.
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2422:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2395:10.1037/a0026296
2378:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2354:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2323:. Archived from
2312:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2253:(7): 1481β1512.
2240:
2229:
2228:
2208:
2195:
2194:
2166:
2151:
2150:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1972:Psychology Today
1964:
1953:
1952:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1860:
1853:
1842:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1718:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1597:
1590:
1581:
1419:anger management
1335:Gender asymmetry
1225:Bidirectionality
1060:battered woman.
1037:Support services
954:Data concerning
934:Northern Ireland
908:
901:
897:
894:
888:
864:
863:
856:
722:
715:
708:
433:Legal separation
423:No-fault divorce
388:Amatonormativity
378:Marriageable age
344:Marriage licence
274:
273:
264:
257:
250:
104:Groom kidnapping
21:
20:
8268:
8267:
8263:
8262:
8261:
8259:
8258:
8257:
8228:
8227:
8226:
8221:
8200:
8155:
8088:
8069:Life with Billy
8056:
7988:The Burning Bed
7947:
7883:
7827:
7803:David Finkelhor
7764:
7743:
7537:
7528:Women's shelter
7497:
7451:
7374:
7267:
7214:
7169:
7118:
7113:
7083:
7078:
7054:Rationalization
6989:Destabilisation
6942:
6906:Religious abuse
6741:
6736:
6706:
6696:
6570:
6553:
6550:
6548:Further reading
6545:
6544:
6521:
6508:
6498:
6496:
6484:
6480:
6470:
6468:
6459:
6458:
6454:
6441:
6440:
6436:
6424:
6417:
6384:
6377:
6332:
6328:
6313:
6309:
6301:
6290:
6284:
6280:
6241:
6237:
6230:
6210:Wayback Machine
6200:
6193:
6149:
6145:
6135:
6133:
6115:
6111:
6105:
6074:
6070:
6019:
6017:
6013:
5980:
5845:
5819:
5815:
5775:
5769:
5765:
5742:
5738:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5711:
5705:
5701:
5662:
5658:
5648:
5646:
5624:
5620:
5613:
5595:
5591:
5585:
5547:
5543:
5536:
5518:
5514:
5504:
5502:
5487:(Summer 2003).
5482:
5478:
5471:
5446:
5442:
5436:
5416:
5412:
5405:
5381:
5377:
5371:
5343:
5339:
5332:
5318:
5314:
5281:
5277:
5232:
5225:
5180:
5173:
5130:
5102:
5098:
5093:Wayback Machine
5069:(Summer 2003).
5064:
5060:
5054:
5034:
5030:
5024:
4986:
4982:
4972:
4970:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4910:
4906:
4901:Wayback Machine
4853:
4849:
4844:Wayback Machine
4803:
4796:
4787:
4757:
4734:
4730:
4724:
4712:10.2307/3053881
4694:
4690:
4685:Wayback Machine
4663:
4659:
4643:
4636:
4536:
4532:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4449:
4445:
4410:
4406:
4361:
4357:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4322:
4316:
4312:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4263:
4257:
4253:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4224:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4190:
4186:
4162:
4156:
4152:
4146:Wayback Machine
4137:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4100:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4020:
4016:
4009:
3987:
3978:
3954:
3948:
3941:
3893:
3807:
3765:
3730:10.2307/3096914
3717:Social Problems
3699:
3674:
3670:
3619:
3613:
3602:
3571:
3567:
3544:
3537:
3518:
3514:
3491:
3482:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3399:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3367:
3363:
3332:
3328:
3297:
3293:
3266:
3262:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3176:
3172:
3148:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3117:
3113:
3074:
3070:
3023:
3019:
2972:
2968:
2945:
2938:
2911:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2859:
2853:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2741:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2679:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2617:
2579:
2556:
2550:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2379:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2310:
2302:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2281:The Delco Times
2273:
2269:
2263:
2241:
2232:
2225:
2209:
2198:
2167:
2154:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2055:
2048:
2037:
2021:
2017:
2006:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1956:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1881:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1834:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1808:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1763:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1719:
1708:
1702:
1664:
1657:
1651:
1618:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1582:
1571:
1566:
1539:
1526:
1506:
1493:
1467:
1459:psychopathology
1432:substance abuse
1401:
1392:David Finkelhor
1364:
1337:
1273:
1236:women's shelter
1227:
1162:
1160:Gender symmetry
1157:
1123:
1110:
1101:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1070:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1020:
1011:
909:
898:
892:
889:
875:Please help by
874:
865:
861:
854:
836:
830:
813:
807:
802:
726:
697:
696:
682:Paternity fraud
677:Parents' rights
672:Parental duties
627:
625:
617:
616:
577:
569:
568:
469:
461:
460:
403:
393:
392:
339:
329:
328:
294:
268:
178:Sexual violence
17:
12:
11:
5:
8266:
8256:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8223:
8222:
8220:
8219:
8214:
8208:
8206:
8202:
8201:
8199:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8167:
8165:
8161:
8160:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8153:
8146:
8139:
8132:
8125:
8118:
8111:
8108:Family Process
8104:
8096:
8094:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8086:
8079:
8076:Mommie Dearest
8072:
8064:
8062:
8058:
8057:
8055:
8054:
8047:
8040:
8033:
8026:
8019:
8012:
8005:
7998:
7991:
7984:
7977:
7970:
7967:Black and Blue
7963:
7955:
7953:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7945:
7942:Sin by Silence
7938:
7931:
7924:
7917:
7910:
7902:
7900:
7893:
7889:
7888:
7885:
7884:
7882:
7881:
7879:Deborah Tucker
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7854:Elizabeth Celi
7851:
7846:
7841:
7839:Ruahine Albert
7835:
7833:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7825:
7820:
7818:Linda Saltzman
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7779:
7777:
7770:
7766:
7765:
7763:
7762:
7757:
7751:
7749:
7745:
7744:
7742:
7741:
7736:
7734:United Kingdom
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7545:
7543:
7539:
7538:
7536:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7509:
7507:
7503:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7459:
7457:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7393:
7391:
7384:
7380:
7379:
7376:
7375:
7373:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7293:
7291:Economic abuse
7288:
7283:
7277:
7275:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7224:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7186:
7184:
7175:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7150:Cycle of abuse
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7126:
7124:
7120:
7119:
7112:
7111:
7104:
7097:
7089:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7064:Victim blaming
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6994:Discrimination
6991:
6986:
6981:
6979:Dehumanization
6976:
6971:
6969:Child grooming
6966:
6961:
6959:Abuse of power
6956:
6950:
6948:
6947:Related topics
6944:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6886:Physical abuse
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6816:
6814:Domestic abuse
6811:
6810:
6809:
6807:military draft
6799:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6751:
6749:
6743:
6742:
6735:
6734:
6727:
6720:
6712:
6705:
6704:External links
6702:
6701:
6700:
6694:
6671:
6650:
6633:
6604:
6591:
6574:
6568:
6549:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6506:
6478:
6452:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6408:
6389:
6326:
6307:
6278:
6235:
6228:
6191:
6164:(3): 255β276.
6143:
6109:
6087:(3): 187β214.
6068:
6066:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6037:(in Spanish).
6026:
5993:(1): 171β192.
5973:
5952:
5914:
5892:
5882:(3): 179β213.
5870:
5849:
5843:
5813:
5763:
5752:(4): 279β288.
5736:
5699:
5672:(2): 583β590.
5656:
5638:(6): 401β415.
5618:
5611:
5589:
5541:
5534:
5512:
5476:
5469:
5440:
5410:
5403:
5375:
5359:10.2307/581856
5337:
5330:
5312:
5291:(2): 167β175.
5275:
5246:(4): 178β189.
5223:
5194:(3): 301β314.
5171:
5169:
5168:
5150:(6): 577β605.
5112:(4): 439β470.
5096:
5058:
5028:
4998:(4): 251β272.
4980:
4969:. May 12, 2010
4950:
4920:(1): 147β159.
4904:
4868:(5): 507β520.
4847:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4785:
4755:
4728:
4688:
4657:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4613:(5): 685β689.
4600:
4582:(5): 681β684.
4548:(5): 651β680.
4530:
4479:
4472:
4443:
4404:
4375:(5): 941β947.
4355:
4341:
4310:
4276:(5): 681β704.
4251:
4237:
4209:
4202:
4184:
4150:
4131:
4109:
4086:
4079:
4055:
4014:
4007:
3976:
3965:(3): 324β349.
3939:
3937:
3936:
3897:
3891:
3870:
3833:
3812:
3798:
3780:(5): 651β680.
3769:
3763:
3742:
3703:
3697:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3600:
3575:Family Process
3565:
3535:
3512:
3480:
3449:(1): 196β209.
3435:Fanslow, Janet
3426:
3419:
3388:
3361:
3342:(4): 435β452.
3326:
3307:(3): 460β494.
3291:
3280:(3): 435β459.
3260:
3235:
3199:
3170:
3159:(2): 213β223.
3137:
3111:
3068:
3017:
2966:
2955:(3): 252β275.
2936:
2902:
2877:
2844:
2813:
2781:
2763:
2732:
2697:
2667:
2630:
2615:
2554:
2514:
2507:
2489:
2482:
2453:
2439:
2408:
2366:
2341:
2319:
2293:
2267:
2230:
2223:
2196:
2177:(3): 332β362.
2152:
2141:(6): 680β714.
2125:
2082:
2075:
2046:
2035:
2015:
2004:
1984:
1954:
1935:(2): 203β213.
1915:
1893:(2): 205β226.
1872:
1832:
1787:
1754:
1740:
1706:
1676:(2): 107β124.
1655:
1609:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1525:
1522:
1505:
1502:
1492:
1491:Legal activism
1489:
1466:
1463:
1400:
1397:
1363:
1360:
1336:
1333:
1277:Michael Kimmel
1272:
1269:
1244:Philip W. Cook
1226:
1223:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1170:Albrecht DΓΌrer
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1122:
1119:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1099:Role switching
1097:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1007:
911:
910:
893:September 2023
868:
866:
859:
853:
850:
835:
834:Underreporting
832:
806:
803:
801:
798:
728:
727:
725:
724:
717:
710:
702:
699:
698:
695:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
628:
623:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
578:
575:
574:
571:
570:
567:
566:
561:
559:Paper abortion
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
494:Legal guardian
491:
486:
481:
476:
470:
467:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:
453:
448:
445:
443:Parenting plan
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
404:
399:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
361:
356:
351:
346:
340:
335:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
295:
292:
291:
288:
287:
281:
280:
270:
269:
267:
266:
259:
252:
244:
241:
240:
239:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
206:Reverse sexism
203:
195:
194:
193:Related topics
190:
189:
188:
187:
186:
185:
175:
174:
173:
168:
163:
150:
149:
145:
144:
143:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
114:
113:
109:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
95:
94:
84:
79:
78:
77:
67:
66:
65:
60:
55:
42:
41:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8265:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8203:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8164:Organizations
8162:
8152:
8151:
8147:
8145:
8144:
8140:
8138:
8137:
8133:
8131:
8130:
8126:
8124:
8123:
8119:
8117:
8116:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8105:
8103:
8102:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8091:
8085:
8084:
8080:
8078:
8077:
8073:
8071:
8070:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8059:
8053:
8052:
8048:
8046:
8045:
8041:
8039:
8038:
8034:
8032:
8031:
8027:
8025:
8024:
8020:
8018:
8017:
8013:
8011:
8010:
8006:
8004:
8003:
7999:
7997:
7996:
7992:
7990:
7989:
7985:
7983:
7982:
7978:
7976:
7975:
7971:
7969:
7968:
7964:
7962:
7961:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7950:
7944:
7943:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7935:Silent Voices
7932:
7930:
7929:
7925:
7923:
7922:
7918:
7916:
7915:
7911:
7909:
7908:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7899:Documentaries
7897:
7894:
7890:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7864:Donna Ferrato
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7844:Angela Barker
7842:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7830:
7824:
7823:Murray Straus
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7798:Mary Ellsberg
7796:
7794:
7793:Emily Douglas
7791:
7789:
7788:Kenneth Dodge
7786:
7784:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7774:
7771:
7767:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7752:
7750:
7746:
7740:
7739:United States
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7540:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7504:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7488:Sibling abuse
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7454:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7388:
7385:
7381:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7297:
7296:Embarrassment
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7274:
7273:Psychological
7270:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7248:Honor killing
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7233:Bride burning
7231:
7229:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7217:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7179:
7176:
7172:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7110:
7105:
7103:
7098:
7096:
7091:
7090:
7087:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7069:Victimisation
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6945:
6939:
6938:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6733:
6728:
6726:
6721:
6719:
6714:
6713:
6710:
6697:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6678:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6661:(1): 97β116.
6660:
6656:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6575:
6571:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6552:
6551:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6482:
6466:
6462:
6456:
6448:
6444:
6438:
6423:
6416:
6415:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6383:
6376:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6338:
6330:
6322:
6318:
6311:
6300:
6296:
6289:
6282:
6276:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6239:
6231:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6211:
6207:
6204:
6198:
6196:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6147:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6113:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6081:
6072:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6027:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5987:
5979:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5835:
5834:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5817:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5774:
5767:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5740:
5721:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5660:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5622:
5614:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5593:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5545:
5537:
5531:
5526:
5525:
5516:
5500:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5486:
5480:
5472:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5444:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5414:
5406:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5379:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5333:
5327:
5323:
5316:
5307:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5279:
5271:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5228:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5178:
5176:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5144:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5100:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5083:(4): 804β805.
5082:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5032:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4984:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4801:
4799:
4788:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4732:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4692:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4661:
4653:
4649:
4641:
4639:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4534:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4483:
4475:
4469:
4465:
4460:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4408:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4344:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4321:
4314:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4262:
4255:
4240:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4205:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4167:Partner Abuse
4161:
4154:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4099:
4098:
4090:
4082:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4059:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4010:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3944:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3875:The Evil Body
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3806:
3805:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3708:Wilson, Margo
3704:
3700:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3540:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3239:
3228:September 18,
3220:
3216:
3209:
3203:
3192:September 18,
3187:
3183:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3084:(51): 35β39.
3083:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2941:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2907:
2891:
2890:Union College
2887:
2881:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2849:
2829:
2828:
2820:
2818:
2801:
2794:
2793:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2739:
2737:
2717:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2351:
2345:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2298:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2171:Partner Abuse
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2087:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1879:
1877:
1857:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1822:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1759:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1662:
1660:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1501:
1498:
1495:In 2005, the
1488:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1260:meta-analysis
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1171:
1166:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1091:
1082:
1076:Social stigma
1073:
1068:Psychologists
1065:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1015:
1006:
1004:
1000:
995:
992:
988:
985:
984:
979:
975:
970:
968:
966:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
945:United States
941:
939:
935:
931:
926:
922:
918:
907:
904:
896:
886:
882:
878:
872:
869:This section
867:
858:
857:
849:
846:
840:
831:
828:
824:
820:
818:
812:
797:
795:
791:
787:
784:influence of
782:
781:anti-feminist
776:
774:
770:
766:
765:social stigma
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
723:
718:
716:
711:
709:
704:
703:
701:
700:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
647:Child selling
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
621:
620:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
573:
572:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
554:Child support
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
489:Child custody
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
465:
464:
457:
454:
452:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
402:
397:
396:
389:
386:
384:
383:Sham marriage
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
338:
333:
332:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
290:
289:
286:
283:
282:
279:
276:
275:
265:
260:
258:
253:
251:
246:
245:
243:
242:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
197:
196:
192:
191:
184:
181:
180:
179:
176:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
157:
154:
153:
152:
151:
147:
146:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:
116:
115:
111:
110:
105:
102:
100:
97:
93:
90:
89:
88:
85:
83:
80:
76:
73:
72:
71:
68:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
50:
49:
46:
45:
44:
43:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
8148:
8141:
8134:
8127:
8120:
8113:
8106:
8099:
8081:
8074:
8067:
8049:
8042:
8035:
8028:
8021:
8014:
8007:
8000:
7993:
7986:
7979:
7972:
7965:
7958:
7940:
7933:
7926:
7919:
7912:
7907:A Better Man
7905:
7813:Denise Hines
7704:South Africa
7699:Saudi Arabia
7518:Duluth model
7401:
7397:Bride-buying
7370:Verbal abuse
7320:Intimidation
7195:Marital rape
7160:Epidemiology
7024:Minimisation
7019:Manipulation
6999:Exaggeration
6935:
6931:Verbal abuse
6911:Sexual abuse
6891:Social abuse
6861:Intimidation
6676:
6658:
6654:
6637:
6612:
6608:
6599:
6586:
6582:
6559:
6528:
6524:
6497:. Retrieved
6493:The Guardian
6491:
6481:
6469:. Retrieved
6464:
6455:
6446:
6437:
6422:the original
6413:
6404:the original
6399:Toronto Star
6397:
6382:the original
6373:
6364:
6344:(1): 44β75.
6341:
6335:
6329:
6310:
6294:
6281:
6253:
6247:
6238:
6215:
6161:
6155:
6146:
6134:. Retrieved
6126:
6122:
6112:
6084:
6078:
6071:
6041:(2): 43β49.
6038:
6034:
6018:. Retrieved
6011:the original
5990:
5984:
5960:
5956:
5926:(1): 35β47.
5923:
5919:
5901:
5897:
5879:
5875:
5860:(1): 65β99.
5857:
5853:
5832:
5820:
5816:
5786:(1): 46β50.
5783:
5779:
5766:
5749:
5745:
5739:
5727:. Retrieved
5720:the original
5715:
5702:
5669:
5665:
5659:
5647:. Retrieved
5635:
5631:
5621:
5602:
5598:
5592:
5559:(1): 23β38.
5556:
5550:
5544:
5523:
5515:
5503:. Retrieved
5498:
5492:
5485:Kelly, Linda
5479:
5456:
5443:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5389:
5378:
5353:(1): 19β26.
5350:
5346:
5340:
5321:
5315:
5306:10722/134467
5288:
5284:
5278:
5243:
5239:
5191:
5187:
5147:
5141:
5135:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5080:
5074:
5067:Kelly, Linda
5061:
5041:
5037:
5031:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4971:. Retrieved
4962:
4953:
4917:
4913:
4907:
4865:
4859:
4850:
4815:
4809:
4771:
4763:
4741:
4731:
4706:(1): 75β94.
4703:
4697:
4691:
4667:
4660:
4610:
4604:
4579:
4573:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4501:(5): 941β7.
4498:
4492:
4482:
4457:
4446:
4413:
4407:
4372:
4368:
4358:
4346:. Retrieved
4327:
4313:
4301:. Retrieved
4294:the original
4273:
4267:
4254:
4242:. Retrieved
4228:
4218:Pizzey, Erin
4212:
4193:
4187:
4170:
4166:
4153:
4134:
4122:. Retrieved
4115:the original
4096:
4089:
4065:
4058:
4030:
4026:
4017:
3990:
3962:
3958:
3907:
3901:
3874:
3841:
3837:
3820:
3816:
3803:
3777:
3773:
3746:
3724:(1): 71β91.
3721:
3715:
3712:Daly, Martin
3684:
3671:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3627:
3623:
3581:(1): 81β85.
3578:
3574:
3568:
3554:(1): 32β49.
3551:
3547:
3521:
3515:
3501:(2): 63β72.
3498:
3494:
3446:
3442:
3429:
3402:
3381:November 12,
3379:. Retrieved
3375:the original
3364:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3277:
3273:
3263:
3257:(1): 75β129.
3254:
3248:
3238:
3226:. Retrieved
3214:
3202:
3190:. Retrieved
3180:
3173:
3156:
3152:
3128:. Retrieved
3124:
3114:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3034:
3030:
3020:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2952:
2948:
2914:
2893:. Retrieved
2880:
2868:. Retrieved
2863:
2835:. Retrieved
2826:
2804:. Retrieved
2802:. p. 26
2791:
2784:
2775:
2766:
2754:. Retrieved
2748:
2723:. Retrieved
2716:the original
2707:
2700:
2688:. Retrieved
2683:
2670:
2658:. Retrieved
2651:the original
2646:
2633:
2586:
2532:(1): 26β52.
2529:
2523:
2517:
2498:
2492:
2467:
2456:
2444:. Retrieved
2425:
2411:
2389:(1): 42β57.
2386:
2382:
2357:. Retrieved
2344:
2332:. Retrieved
2325:the original
2306:
2284:. Retrieved
2280:
2270:
2250:
2244:
2213:
2174:
2170:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2100:
2094:
2062:
2025:
2018:
1994:
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1971:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1890:
1884:
1863:. Retrieved
1856:the original
1847:
1809:. Retrieved
1802:
1778:. Retrieved
1773:
1745:. Retrieved
1726:
1673:
1667:
1630:
1624:
1600:. Retrieved
1593:the original
1527:
1514:
1507:
1494:
1485:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1456:
1450:as a child,
1448:sexual abuse
1422:management,
1415:
1410:self-defense
1406:
1402:
1388:
1383:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1274:
1265:
1257:
1241:
1228:
1219:
1211:
1187:
1183:
1174:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1102:
1088:
1079:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1055:Legal system
1049:
1040:
1024:
1021:
1012:
996:
993:
989:
981:
971:
964:
953:
942:
924:
914:
899:
890:
877:spinning off
870:
841:
837:
829:
825:
821:
814:
811:Duluth model
777:
761:
745:cohabitation
732:
731:
539:Emancipation
304:Cohabitation
221:Gynocentrism
140:Avunculicide
99:Shame-stroke
57:
18:
8171:Gulabi Gang
8093:Periodicals
7952:Other films
7874:Erin Pizzey
7869:Ellen Pence
7709:South Korea
7679:Philippines
7639:New Zealand
7468:Child abuse
7412:Elder abuse
7315:Gaslighting
7300:Humiliation
7243:Dowry death
7228:Acid attack
7074:Victimology
7049:Psychopathy
6871:Persecution
6846:Humiliation
6836:Gaslighting
6819:Elder abuse
6770:Child abuse
6589:(4): 79β83.
6020:October 19,
3649:Victimology
3624:Victimology
3530:10292/14200
2923:10523/14923
2606:10852/74606
1294:Linda Kelly
1232:Erin Pizzey
1009:Perceptions
974:New Zealand
956:campus rape
940:were male.
773:masculinity
637:Child abuse
544:Foster care
319:Civil union
309:Concubinage
161:Prison rape
58:against men
8232:Categories
8044:Submission
7981:Bordertown
7859:Anne Cools
7849:Sarah Buel
7714:Tajikistan
7569:Bangladesh
7506:Prevention
7335:Mind games
7029:Narcissism
6851:Incivility
6841:Harassment
6471:October 7,
5904:(3): 285.
4173:(1): 1β8.
3524:(Thesis).
3466:2292/54501
3130:August 25,
2917:(Report).
1564:References
1440:depression
1214:continents
881:relocating
809:See also:
800:Prevalence
747:. As with
484:Legitimacy
447:Residence
278:Family law
135:Fratricide
130:Mariticide
63:management
7995:Daughters
7832:Activists
7776:Academics
7634:Lithuania
7564:Australia
7549:Argentina
7325:Isolation
7004:Isolation
6824:Financial
6358:145502648
6186:143890298
6101:143455188
6007:220121940
5126:147258083
5044:: 23β60.
4942:143655449
4438:258961142
4290:144019839
3636:936769926
3475:232223448
3321:144217964
3125:BBC Three
3106:219869048
2625:188853652
2546:145339270
2403:904199217
2191:881068319
1977:April 27,
1907:145293675
1647:145186540
1504:Responses
1465:Criticism
1242:In 1997,
1031:BBC Three
474:Paternity
373:Annulment
183:Estimates
171:Male rape
166:Statutory
125:Patricide
120:Androcide
8030:Provoked
7748:Religion
7719:Thailand
7669:Paraguay
7659:Pakistan
7594:Colombia
7456:Children
7432:Misogyny
7427:Misandry
7365:Stalking
7281:Bullying
7220:Physical
6916:Stalking
6829:Marriage
6790:marriage
6785:military
6765:Bullying
6646:ED359483
6499:June 30,
6447:ncfm.org
6299:Archived
6270:74249845
6206:Archived
6136:March 7,
5948:30324020
5940:11991155
5821:Articles
5808:16532009
5800:23878077
5729:June 24,
5694:31749927
5649:June 21,
5581:44622648
5573:18087030
5505:June 23,
5501:(4): 806
5451:(1983).
5270:20823071
5218:18624096
5164:73253273
5136:See also
5089:Archived
5020:37664529
4973:June 28,
4934:23044038
4897:Archived
4882:15844722
4840:Archived
4832:74249845
4764:See also
4681:Archived
4627:10989617
4596:10989616
4562:10989615
4525:17395835
4454:(1997).
4430:37246524
4399:17395835
4348:June 28,
4244:June 28,
4220:(2000).
4142:Archived
4047:11521422
3932:29946619
3924:22203618
3866:23410674
3858:17043363
3794:10989615
3661:68919831
3643:See also
3356:15726937
3219:Archived
3186:Archived
3102:ProQuest
3098:18777834
3063:23116238
3012:24034631
2895:June 28,
2870:June 28,
2837:June 28,
2806:June 30,
2756:June 30,
2725:June 28,
2464:(1997).
2446:June 28,
2399:ProQuest
2286:June 30,
2217:. SAGE.
2187:ProQuest
2117:59075179
2041:Archived
2010:Archived
1865:June 28,
1821:cite web
1698:19704861
1602:June 21,
1537:See also
1510:Shelters
1444:jealousy
1358:object.
1252:etiology
1108:Research
1003:Canada's
967:Magazine
949:Canadian
938:Scotland
786:feminism
769:machismo
741:marriage
642:CPS (US)
592:Marriage
519:CAFCASS
499:Adoption
413:Adultery
26:a series
24:Part of
8196:Respect
7974:Blinded
7769:Experts
7684:Romania
7649:Nigeria
7599:Ecuador
7574:Bolivia
7559:Albania
7554:Armenia
7542:Country
7422:Lesbian
7383:Victims
7340:Nagging
7130:Outline
7123:General
6937:more...
6866:Neglect
6775:neglect
6629:3871970
6537:2589941
6465:FindLaw
6295:bjs.gov
5686:9129375
5261:2994556
5209:2968709
5012:8703839
4963:nij.gov
4777:222β232
4720:3053881
4516:1854883
4390:1854883
4333:213β214
4303:July 4,
4124:July 4,
3738:3096914
3595:8039570
3054:3534228
3037:: 945.
3003:3848440
2986:: 845.
2690:July 1,
2660:July 1,
2359:July 4,
2334:July 4,
1949:7817829
1811:May 16,
1780:July 1,
1747:July 5,
1690:7696192
1121:History
1094:Methods
1018:Society
943:In the
917:England
587:Divorce
438:Alimony
408:Divorce
112:Killing
53:outline
8243:Crimes
8191:Refuge
8002:Enough
7729:Uganda
7724:Turkey
7689:Russia
7664:Panama
7654:Norway
7644:Norway
7624:Mexico
7609:Guyana
7579:Brazil
7390:Adults
7182:Sexual
6984:Denial
6780:sexual
6692:
6644:
6627:
6566:
6535:
6365:Citing
6356:
6321:244697
6319:
6268:
6226:
6212:", in
6184:
6178:190285
6176:
6099:
6005:
5963:: 46.
5946:
5938:
5841:
5806:
5798:
5692:
5684:
5609:
5579:
5571:
5532:
5467:
5426:: 32.
5401:
5367:581856
5365:
5328:
5268:
5258:
5216:
5206:
5162:
5124:
5018:
5010:
4940:
4932:
4891:210048
4889:
4880:
4830:
4783:
4753:
4718:
4652:207846
4650:
4625:
4594:
4560:
4523:
4513:
4470:
4436:
4428:
4397:
4387:
4339:
4288:
4235:
4200:
4107:
4077:
4045:
4005:
3930:
3922:
3889:
3864:
3856:
3792:
3761:
3736:
3695:
3689:90β113
3659:
3634:
3593:
3473:
3417:
3354:
3319:
3104:
3096:
3061:
3051:
3010:
3000:
2931:170018
2929:
2623:
2613:
2544:
2505:
2480:
2437:
2401:
2317:
2221:
2189:
2115:
2073:
2033:
2002:
1947:
1905:
1738:
1696:
1688:
1645:
1452:stress
1046:Police
657:Incest
632:Bigamy
285:Family
40:Issues
8238:Abuse
8205:Legal
8061:Books
7892:Media
7694:Samoa
7629:Kenya
7614:India
7604:Ghana
7589:China
7584:Chile
7174:Forms
7135:Abuse
7014:Lying
6747:Types
6739:Abuse
6531:(2).
6425:(PDF)
6418:(PDF)
6385:(PDF)
6378:(PDF)
6354:S2CID
6302:(PDF)
6291:(PDF)
6266:S2CID
6182:S2CID
6174:JSTOR
6097:S2CID
6014:(PDF)
6003:S2CID
5981:(PDF)
5944:S2CID
5804:S2CID
5776:(PDF)
5723:(PDF)
5712:(PDF)
5690:S2CID
5601:[
5577:S2CID
5461:17β30
5395:63β72
5363:JSTOR
5160:S2CID
5122:S2CID
5016:S2CID
4938:S2CID
4930:JSTOR
4828:S2CID
4716:JSTOR
4434:S2CID
4323:(PDF)
4297:(PDF)
4286:S2CID
4264:(PDF)
4225:(PDF)
4163:(PDF)
4118:(PDF)
4101:(PDF)
3955:(PDF)
3928:S2CID
3862:S2CID
3808:(PDF)
3734:JSTOR
3620:(PDF)
3471:S2CID
3317:S2CID
3222:(PDF)
3211:(PDF)
2860:(PDF)
2831:(PDF)
2796:(PDF)
2719:(PDF)
2712:(PDF)
2680:(PDF)
2654:(PDF)
2643:(PDF)
2621:S2CID
2542:S2CID
2474:43β91
2421:(PDF)
2353:(PDF)
2328:(PDF)
2311:(PDF)
2113:S2CID
2067:40β47
1945:S2CID
1903:S2CID
1859:(PDF)
1852:(PDF)
1770:(PDF)
1694:S2CID
1643:S2CID
1596:(PDF)
1589:(PDF)
1531:1900s
921:Wales
753:crime
7674:Peru
7619:Iran
7258:Sati
6690:ISBN
6642:ERIC
6625:PMID
6564:ISBN
6533:SSRN
6501:2014
6473:2019
6275:Pdf.
6224:ISBN
6138:2013
6022:2014
5936:PMID
5839:ISBN
5796:PMID
5731:2014
5682:PMID
5651:2014
5607:ISBN
5569:PMID
5530:ISBN
5507:2014
5465:ISBN
5399:ISBN
5326:ISBN
5266:PMID
5214:PMID
5086:Pdf.
5008:PMID
4975:2014
4894:Pdf.
4878:PMID
4837:Pdf.
4781:ISBN
4751:ISBN
4678:Pdf.
4623:PMID
4592:PMID
4567:Pdf.
4558:PMID
4521:PMID
4468:ISBN
4426:PMID
4395:PMID
4350:2014
4337:ISBN
4305:2014
4246:2014
4233:ISBN
4198:ISBN
4126:2014
4105:ISBN
4075:ISBN
4043:PMID
4003:ISBN
3920:PMID
3887:ISBN
3854:PMID
3790:PMID
3759:ISBN
3693:ISBN
3657:OCLC
3632:OCLC
3591:PMID
3415:ISBN
3383:2012
3352:PMID
3230:2023
3194:2023
3132:2023
3094:PMID
3059:PMID
3008:PMID
2897:2014
2872:2014
2839:2014
2808:2014
2758:2014
2727:2014
2692:2014
2662:2014
2611:ISBN
2503:ISBN
2478:ISBN
2448:2014
2435:ISBN
2431:3β16
2361:2014
2336:2014
2315:ISBN
2288:2014
2219:ISBN
2071:ISBN
2031:ISBN
2000:ISBN
1979:2021
1867:2014
1827:link
1813:2022
1782:2014
1749:2014
1736:ISBN
1686:PMID
1604:2014
1515:The
962:and
919:and
549:Ward
366:and
364:Void
156:Rape
6682:doi
6663:doi
6617:doi
6346:doi
6317:NCJ
6258:doi
6166:doi
6127:145
6089:doi
6053:hdl
6043:doi
5995:doi
5965:doi
5928:doi
5906:doi
5884:doi
5862:doi
5788:doi
5754:doi
5674:doi
5640:doi
5561:doi
5428:doi
5355:doi
5301:hdl
5293:doi
5256:PMC
5248:doi
5204:PMC
5196:doi
5152:doi
5114:doi
5046:doi
5000:doi
4922:doi
4887:NCJ
4870:doi
4820:doi
4747:219
4708:doi
4648:NCJ
4615:doi
4611:126
4584:doi
4580:126
4550:doi
4546:126
4511:PMC
4503:doi
4418:doi
4385:PMC
4377:doi
4278:doi
4175:doi
4071:140
4035:doi
3995:doi
3967:doi
3912:doi
3879:doi
3846:doi
3825:doi
3782:doi
3778:126
3751:doi
3726:doi
3583:doi
3556:doi
3526:hdl
3503:doi
3461:hdl
3451:doi
3407:doi
3344:doi
3309:doi
3282:doi
3161:doi
3086:doi
3049:PMC
3039:doi
2998:PMC
2988:doi
2957:doi
2927:NCJ
2919:hdl
2776:BBC
2601:hdl
2591:doi
2534:doi
2391:doi
2255:doi
2179:doi
2143:doi
2105:doi
1937:doi
1895:doi
1732:104
1678:doi
1635:doi
1141:to
1029:on
972:In
965:Ms.
915:In
879:or
743:or
737:men
8234::
6688:.
6657:.
6623:.
6613:31
6611:.
6598:.
6585:.
6581:.
6529:21
6527:.
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6490:.
6463:.
6445:.
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6367::
6352:.
6340:.
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6264:.
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6180:.
6172:.
6162:12
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6121:.
6095:.
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6051:.
6039:30
6033:.
6001:.
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5983:.
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5942:.
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5823::
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5688:.
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5636:22
5634:.
5630:.
5575:.
5567:.
5557:23
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