40:
216:
96:
318:
1533:
line-of-sight of the observer, then the measured variation in the star's radial velocity is the true value. However, if the orbital plane is tilted away from the line-of-sight, then the true effect of the planet on the motion of the star will be greater than the measured variation in the star's radial velocity, which is only the component along the line-of-sight. As a result, the planet's
2597:
1563:" – which have the greatest gravitational effect on the parent star, and so cause the largest changes in its radial velocity. Hot Jupiters have the greatest gravitational effect on their host stars because they have relatively small orbits and large masses. Observation of many separate spectral lines and many orbital periods allows the
114:, for example, would cause its parent star to wobble slightly as the two objects orbit around their center of mass. He predicted that the small Doppler shifts to the light emitted by the star, caused by its continuously varying radial velocity, would be detectable by the most sensitive spectrographs as tiny
43:
Doppler spectroscopy detects periodic shifts in radial velocity by recording variations in the color of light from the host star. When a star moves towards the Earth, its spectrum is blueshifted, while it is redshifted when it moves away from us. By analyzing these spectral shifts, astronomers can
1585:
1576:
206:
in Chile in 2003, can identify radial-velocity shifts as small as 0.3 m/s, enough to locate many rocky, Earth-like planets. A third generation of spectrographs is expected to come online in 2017. With measurement errors estimated below 0.1 m/s, these new instruments would allow an
1532:
The major limitation with
Doppler spectroscopy is that it can only measure movement along the line-of-sight, and so depends on a measurement (or estimate) of the inclination of the planet's orbit to determine the planet's mass. If the orbital plane of the planet happens to line up with the
300:
can be distinguished from the star's spectral lines then the radial-velocity of the planet itself can be found and this gives the inclination of the planet's orbit and therefore the planet's actual mass can be determined. The first non-transiting planet to have its mass found this way was
246:
for the planet can be determined from the changes in the star's radial velocity. To find a more precise measure of the mass requires knowledge of the inclination of the planet's orbit. A graph of measured radial velocity versus time will give a characteristic curve
755:
1544:
observations, which track the movement of the star across the plane of the sky, perpendicular to the line-of-sight. Astrometric measurements allows researchers to check whether objects that appear to be high mass planets are more likely to be
467:
292:
system, where it found an apparent planet with a period of approximately 1 year. However, this planet was not found in re-reduced data, suggesting that this detection was an artifact of the Earth's orbital motion around the Sun.
1556:. This method is unsuitable for finding planets around these types of stars, as changes in the stellar emission spectrum caused by the intrinsic variability of the star can swamp the small effect caused by a planet.
872:
Thus, assuming a value for the inclination of the planet's orbit and for the mass of the star, the observed changes in the radial velocity of the star can be used to calculate the mass of the extrasolar planet.
615:
145:
in
Southern France in 1993, could measure radial-velocity shifts as low as 7 m/s, low enough for an extraterrestrial observer to detect Jupiter's influence on the Sun. Using this instrument, astronomers
328:
using
Doppler spectroscopy to observe the radial velocity of an imaginary star which is being orbited by a planet in a circular orbit. Observations of a real star would produce a similar graph, although
3590:
3585:
231:
in the spectrum increasing and decreasing regularly over a period of time. Statistical filters are then applied to the data set to cancel out spectrum effects from other sources. Using mathematical
3580:
130:
to change velocity by about 12.4 m/s over a period of 12 years, and the Earth's effect is only 0.1 m/s over a period of 1 year – so long-term observations by instruments with a very high
179:; the paper has since been cited over 1,000 times. Since that date, over 1,000 exoplanet candidates have been identified, many of which have been detected by Doppler search programs based at the
344:, the observed period of the planet's orbit around the star (equal to the period of the observed variations in the star's spectrum) can be used to determine the planet's distance from the star (
288:
system, resulting in an apparent detection of a second planet with a period of approximately 1000 days. However, this may be an artifact of stellar activity. The method is also applied to the
3575:
855:
2229:
Wright, J.T.; Upadhyay, S.; Marcy, G. W.; Fischer, D. A.; Ford, Eric B.; Johnson, John Asher (2009). "Ten New and
Updated Multi-planet Systems, and a Survey of Exoplanetary Systems".
1596:
A representation of a star orbited by a planet. All the movement of the star is along the viewer's line-of-sight; Doppler spectroscopy will give a true value of the planet's mass.
796:
650:
137:
Advances in spectrometer technology and observational techniques in the 1980s and 1990s produced instruments capable of detecting the first of many new extrasolar planets. The
1567:
of observations to be increased, increasing the chance of observing smaller and more distant planets, but planets like the Earth remain undetectable with current instruments.
661:
20:
3570:
3732:
3597:
336:
This theoretical star's velocity shows a periodic variance of ±1 m/s, suggesting an orbiting mass that is creating a gravitational pull on this star. Using
219:
Properties (mass and semimajor axis) of planets discovered through 2013 using radial velocity, compared (light gray) with planets discovered using other methods.
528:
362:
370:
99:
Exoplanets discovered by year (as of
February 2014). Those discovered using radial velocity are shown in black, whilst all other methods are in light grey.
3624:
1618:
3409:
3404:
2360:
2174:
2054:
1601:: In this case none of the star's movement is along the viewer's line-of-sight and the Doppler spectroscopy method will not detect the planet at all.
3565:
3028:
87:'s parent star. As of November 2022, about 19.5% of known extrasolar planets (1,018 of the total) have been discovered using Doppler spectroscopy.
223:
A series of observations is made of the spectrum of light emitted by a star. Periodic variations in the star's spectrum may be detected, with the
126:
or more, making them useless for the detection of orbiting planets. The expected changes in radial velocity are very small – Jupiter causes the
3332:
2109:
Wright, J. T.; Marcy, G. W.; Fischer, D. A; Butler, R. P.; Vogt, S. S.; Tinney, C. G.; Jones, H. R. A.; Carter, B. D.; et al. (2007).
2297:
Demangeon, Oliver D. S.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Alibert, Y.; Barros, S. C. C.; Adibekyan, V.; Tabernero, H. M.; et al. (July 2021).
548:
3303:
2886:
1540:
To correct for this effect, and so determine the true mass of an extrasolar planet, radial-velocity measurements can be combined with
251:
in the case of a circular orbit), and the amplitude of the curve will allow the minimum mass of the planet to be calculated using the
3619:
3163:
2571:
3339:
3602:
3439:
3168:
3286:
1766:
3772:
3315:
1990:
198:
Beginning in the early 2000s, a second generation of planet-hunting spectrographs permitted far more precise measurements. The
3747:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3320:
122:
in the star's emission. However, the technology of the time produced radial-velocity measurements with errors of 1,000
3429:
3419:
341:
3153:
1638:
1552:
A further disadvantage is that the gas envelope around certain types of stars can expand and contract, and some stars are
277:
over the space determined by one or more sets of
Keplerian orbital parameters. This analysis may be implemented using the
3465:
3399:
2513:
2832:
3811:
3757:
3607:
3414:
3291:
1892:
3790:
3424:
1363:
191:
Observatories (respectively, the
California, Carnegie and Anglo-Australian planet searches), and teams based at the
3485:
3475:
2963:
1683:
2298:
801:
3560:
3511:
3434:
3273:
2576:
1613:
192:
60:
3516:
3742:
3389:
3344:
3223:
3213:
3208:
3193:
3188:
267:
3727:
3073:
3379:
3158:
1921:
188:
39:
3033:
2368:
2023:
1741:
3722:
3521:
2458:
2364:
763:
3180:
2454:
3555:
3550:
3540:
3298:
2958:
2487:
The Radial
Velocity Equation in the Search for Exoplanets ( The Doppler Spectroscopy or Wobble Method )
750:{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {PL} }={\frac {M_{\mathrm {star} }V_{\mathrm {star} }}{V_{\mathrm {PL} }}}\,}
623:
142:
2486:
3785:
3535:
3203:
2988:
2872:
2115:
1709:
866:
2418:
1673:
215:
3545:
3490:
3351:
3243:
3138:
2898:
2541:
278:
274:
3258:
3767:
3470:
3394:
2968:
2506:
3480:
3361:
2973:
2923:
2110:
1678:
486:
2948:
3449:
3218:
3093:
2993:
2827:
1929:
1777:
1564:
3018:
2327:
3762:
3737:
3717:
2998:
2913:
2609:
2536:
2323:
2248:
2193:
2134:
2111:"Four New Exoplanets and Hints of Additional Substellar Companions to Exoplanet Host Stars"
2073:
2005:
1948:
1841:
1805:
1767:"Doppler spectroscopy and astrometry – Theory and practice of planetary orbit measurements"
1718:
1559:
The method is best at detecting very massive objects close to the parent star – so-called "
330:
252:
203:
31:) could produce changes in position and velocity of the latter as they orbit their common
8:
3530:
3078:
3058:
3013:
2983:
2792:
2787:
2586:
296:
Although radial-velocity of the star only gives a planet's minimum mass, if the planet's
138:
2252:
2197:
2138:
2077:
2009:
1952:
1845:
1722:
462:{\displaystyle r^{3}={\frac {GM_{\mathrm {star} }}{4\pi ^{2}}}P_{\mathrm {star} }^{2}\,}
3126:
3043:
3003:
2918:
2618:
2499:
2339:
2313:
2264:
2260:
2238:
2211:
2183:
2150:
2124:
2091:
2063:
1964:
1938:
1873:
1830:
Mayor, Michel; Queloz, Didier (1995). "A Jupiter-mass companion to a solar-type star".
1221:
535:
513:
347:
162:" in the constellation Pegasus. Although planets had previously been detected orbiting
131:
3374:
3008:
2756:
2751:
2700:
2550:
2343:
2206:
2169:
2086:
2049:
1968:
1865:
1857:
1781:
1368:
1076:
896:
655:
The mass of the planet can then be found from the calculated velocity of the planet:
271:
64:
24:
2268:
2215:
2154:
95:
3752:
3500:
3263:
3253:
3113:
3063:
2953:
2943:
2867:
2797:
2782:
2581:
2331:
2256:
2201:
2142:
2095:
2081:
1956:
1877:
1849:
1832:
1646:
1267:
184:
180:
174:
123:
80:
2335:
3198:
3038:
2938:
2862:
2852:
2631:
1707:(1952). "Proposal for a project of high-precision stellar radial velocity work".
1374:
306:
263:
72:
2299:"A warm terrestrial planet with half the mass of Venus transiting a nearby star"
302:
3103:
3098:
2903:
2812:
1917:
1762:
1381:
539:
32:
1651:
3805:
3238:
3233:
3228:
2908:
2847:
2802:
2741:
2736:
2711:
2646:
2636:
2626:
1861:
1553:
297:
228:
167:
151:
110:
to detect distant planets. He described how a very large planet, as large as
76:
2026:. Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto. 2009-12-16. Archived from
1869:
3384:
3369:
3248:
3145:
3068:
2837:
2817:
2807:
2705:
2641:
1291:
531:
333:
in the orbit will distort the curve and complicate the calculations below.
243:
147:
107:
3310:
3088:
3083:
3053:
3023:
2978:
2933:
2928:
2857:
2842:
2777:
2721:
2716:
2682:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2129:
2068:
1943:
1704:
1560:
1546:
1173:
1168:
1120:
1101:
1096:
1009:
963:
862:
173:
In
November 1995, the scientists published their findings in the journal
159:
155:
103:
68:
2440:
2403:
2389:
317:
3281:
3048:
2822:
2746:
2672:
2651:
2455:"An NIR laser frequency comb for high precision Doppler planet surveys"
1541:
1340:
1326:
1312:
325:
262:, used to detect single or multiple extrasolar planets from successive
248:
224:
2731:
2726:
2692:
2677:
2566:
2296:
2170:"A Bayesian periodogram finds evidence for three planets in HD 11964"
1853:
1534:
1245:
1216:
1197:
1149:
1125:
983:
530:, the velocity of the planet around the star can be calculated using
285:
259:
236:
119:
2361:"ESPRESSO and CODEX the next generation of RV planet hunters at ESO"
2284:, Florian Rodler, Mercedes Lopez-Morales, Ignasi Ribas, 27 June 2012
2050:"A Bayesian Kepler periodogram detects a second planet in HD 208487"
610:{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {PL} }={\sqrt {GM_{\mathrm {star} }/r}}\,}
3121:
2481:
2318:
2146:
1960:
289:
232:
166:, 51 Pegasi b was the first planet ever confirmed to be orbiting a
115:
2281:
2243:
2188:
3133:
1584:
1575:
1240:
1144:
948:
933:
918:
163:
111:
1972:
3444:
2772:
2596:
2531:
2027:
1192:
886:
798:
is the velocity of parent star. The observed
Doppler velocity,
337:
84:
16:
Indirect method for finding extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs
2355:
2353:
2491:
2419:"The Doppler Method, or Radial Velocity Detection of Planets"
1286:
199:
2350:
1774:
ASTRO 497: "Astronomy of Extrasolar Planets" lectures notes
889:
235:
techniques, astronomers can isolate the tell-tale periodic
28:
2228:
266:
measurements of the star they are orbiting. It involves a
3733:
Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer
170:
star, and the first detected using Doppler spectroscopy.
127:
44:
deduce the gravitational influence of extrasolar planets.
19:
2108:
865:
of the planet's orbit to the line perpendicular to the
1897:
Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System
804:
766:
664:
626:
551:
516:
373:
350:
1313:
For MK-type stars with planets in the habitable zone
876:
1619:
Systemic (amateur extrasolar planet search project)
309:was detected in the infrared part of the spectrum.
1893:"Will the real 'first exoplanet' please stand up?"
849:
790:
749:
644:
609:
522:
461:
356:
258:The Bayesian Kepler periodogram is a mathematical
3410:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
3405:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
2282:Weighing The Non-Transiting Hot Jupiter Tau BOO b
2175:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2055:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1666:
23:Diagram showing how a smaller object (such as an
3803:
3029:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
2482:California and Carnegie Extrasolar Planet Search
2292:
2290:
1806:"A user's guide to Elodie archive data products"
207:extraterrestrial observer to detect even Earth.
2507:
2287:
2167:
2047:
1761:
850:{\displaystyle K=V_{\mathrm {star} }\sin(i)}
1916:
1829:
1639:"Lessons from scorching hot weirdo-planets"
479:is the distance of the planet from the star
2514:
2500:
2572:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters
2317:
2242:
2205:
2187:
2128:
2085:
2067:
1942:
1703:
1650:
746:
606:
458:
3440:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
2016:
1825:
1823:
1755:
1086:Star's Radial Velocity Due to the Planet
901:Star's Radial Velocity Due to the Planet
316:
214:
94:
38:
18:
2024:"ESPRESSO – Searching for other Worlds"
1890:
1281:Third-generation spectrograph (likely)
324:The graph to the right illustrates the
242:If an extrasolar planet is detected, a
3804:
1884:
1808:. Haute-Provence Observatory. May 2009
1744:. The Internet Encyclopedia of Science
27:) orbiting a larger object (such as a
3748:Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets
2495:
2410:
1988:
1982:
1820:
1798:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1697:
270:of the radial-velocity data, using a
106:proposed in 1952 the use of powerful
3430:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
3420:Habitability of neutron star systems
1674:"Exoplanet and Candidate Statistics"
1636:
3773:Sudarsky's gas giant classification
3400:Habitability of binary star systems
1630:
791:{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {star} }}
284:The method has been applied to the
13:
3758:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
3415:Habitability of natural satellites
1991:"Setting New Standards With HARPS"
1910:
1729:
826:
823:
820:
817:
782:
779:
776:
773:
738:
735:
722:
719:
716:
713:
701:
698:
695:
692:
674:
671:
636:
633:
590:
587:
584:
581:
561:
558:
506:is the observed period of the star
447:
444:
441:
438:
408:
405:
402:
399:
239:that indicates a planet in orbit.
14:
3823:
3425:Habitability of red dwarf systems
2475:
877:Radial-velocity comparison tables
645:{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {PL} }}
3522:Stars with proto-planetary discs
3486:NASA Star and Exoplanet Database
3476:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia
2964:Extraterrestrial sample curation
2595:
2416:
2207:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12361.x
2087:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11240.x
1684:NASA Exoplanet Science Institute
1583:
1574:
364:) using the following equation:
75:measurements via observation of
3435:Habitable zone for complex life
2873:Ultra-short period planet (USP)
2577:Methods of detecting exoplanets
2447:
2433:
2421:. University of Texas at Austin
2396:
2382:
2275:
2222:
2161:
2102:
2041:
1614:Methods of detecting exoplanets
1537:will be greater than measured.
1211:Second-generation spectrograph
1187:Second-generation spectrograph
202:spectrograph, installed at the
193:Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search
3616:Discovered exoplanets by year
2521:
1922:"Catalog of Nearby Exoplanets"
1637:Wenz, John (10 October 2019).
1527:
1259:Third-generation spectrograph
1235:Third-generation spectrograph
1163:First-generation spectrograph
1139:First-generation spectrograph
1115:First-generation spectrograph
844:
838:
1:
3743:Extrasolar planets in fiction
3390:Extraterrestrial liquid water
1891:Brennan, Pat (July 7, 2015).
1624:
342:third law of planetary motion
268:Bayesian statistical analysis
3763:Planets in globular clusters
3380:Circumstellar habitable zone
2367:. 2010-10-16. Archived from
2306:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2261:10.1088/0004-637X/693/2/1084
210:
7:
3723:Exoplanet naming convention
2833:Planet/Brown dwarf boundary
2459:Chinese Academy of Sciences
2443:. Exoplanets Data Explorer.
2406:. Exoplanets Data Explorer.
2392:. Exoplanets Data Explorer.
2365:Chinese Academy of Sciences
2336:10.1051/0004-6361/202140728
1989:Mayor; et al. (2003).
1607:
652:is the velocity of planet.
10:
3828:
2959:Extraterrestrial materials
2593:
1028:
312:
143:Haute-Provence Observatory
90:
3812:Astronomical spectroscopy
3786:Discoveries of exoplanets
3781:
3710:
3499:
3458:
3360:
3272:
3179:
3112:
2989:Interplanetary dust cloud
2885:
2765:
2691:
2617:
2604:
2559:
2527:
2231:The Astrophysical Journal
2116:The Astrophysical Journal
1652:10.1146/knowable-101019-2
3491:Open Exoplanet Catalogue
3466:Nearby Habitable Systems
3352:Transit-timing variation
1742:"Radial velocity method"
279:Markov chain Monte Carlo
275:probability distribution
3768:Small planet radius gap
3471:Exoplanet Data Explorer
3395:Galactic habitable zone
2969:Giant-impact hypothesis
2328:2021A&A...653A..41D
497:is the mass of the star
55:, or colloquially, the
3728:Exoplanet phase curves
3566:Terrestrial candidates
3517:Multiplanetary systems
3481:NASA Exoplanet Archive
3164:Mean-motion resonances
2974:Gravitational collapse
2924:Circumstellar envelope
1920:; et al. (2006).
1679:NASA Exoplanet Archive
851:
792:
751:
646:
611:
524:
487:gravitational constant
463:
358:
321:
220:
100:
53:radial-velocity method
45:
36:
3603:Potentially habitable
3508:Exoplanetary systems
3450:Superhabitable planet
3209:F/Yellow-white dwarfs
3094:Sample-return mission
2994:Interplanetary medium
2168:P.C. Gregory (2007).
2048:P.C. Gregory (2007).
1930:Astrophysical Journal
1778:Penn State University
1565:signal-to-noise ratio
852:
793:
752:
647:
612:
525:
464:
359:
320:
218:
98:
42:
22:
3738:Extragalactic planet
3718:Carl Sagan Institute
2999:Interplanetary space
2914:Circumplanetary disk
2587:Planet-hosting stars
802:
764:
662:
624:
549:
514:
371:
348:
253:binary mass function
204:La Silla Observatory
49:Doppler spectroscopy
3079:Protoplanetary disk
3059:Planetary migration
3014:Interstellar medium
2793:Circumtriple planet
2788:Circumbinary planet
2253:2009ApJ...693.1084W
2198:2007MNRAS.381.1607G
2139:2007ApJ...657..533W
2078:2007MNRAS.374.1321G
2010:2003Msngr.114...20M
1953:2006ApJ...646..505B
1846:1995Natur.378..355M
1723:1952Obs....72..199S
1319:
1062:
882:
457:
141:, installed at the
139:ELODIE spectrograph
51:(also known as the
3044:Nebular hypothesis
3019:Interstellar space
3004:Interstellar cloud
2984:Internal structure
2919:Circumstellar disc
1645:. Annual Reviews.
1318:
1222:Terrestrial planet
1060:
881:
847:
788:
747:
642:
607:
536:law of gravitation
520:
510:Having determined
459:
432:
354:
322:
227:of characteristic
221:
101:
65:extrasolar planets
46:
37:
3799:
3798:
3375:Astrooceanography
3009:Interstellar dust
2881:
2880:
2757:Ultra-hot Neptune
2752:Ultra-hot Jupiter
2701:Eccentric Jupiter
2551:Planetary science
1840:(6555): 355–359.
1643:Knowable Magazine
1524:
1523:
1309:
1308:
1054:
1053:
744:
604:
523:{\displaystyle r}
430:
357:{\displaystyle r}
25:extrasolar planet
3819:
3753:Neptunian desert
3139:Tidally detached
3074:Planet formation
3064:Planetary system
2954:Exozodiacal dust
2944:Disrupted planet
2868:Ultra-cool dwarf
2798:Disrupted planet
2783:Chthonian planet
2615:
2614:
2599:
2582:Planetary system
2516:
2509:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2321:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2246:
2237:(2): 1084–1099.
2226:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2191:
2182:(4): 1607–1616.
2165:
2159:
2158:
2132:
2130:astro-ph/0611658
2106:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2071:
2069:astro-ph/0609229
2062:(4): 1321–1333.
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1995:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1971:. Archived from
1946:
1944:astro-ph/0607493
1926:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1854:10.1038/378355a0
1827:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1780:. Archived from
1771:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1738:
1727:
1726:
1717:(870): 199–200.
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1634:
1587:
1578:
1507:
1480:
1453:
1426:
1399:
1320:
1317:
1268:Habitable planet
1063:
1059:
995:
883:
880:
856:
854:
853:
848:
831:
830:
829:
797:
795:
794:
789:
787:
786:
785:
756:
754:
753:
748:
745:
743:
742:
741:
728:
727:
726:
725:
706:
705:
704:
684:
679:
678:
677:
651:
649:
648:
643:
641:
640:
639:
616:
614:
613:
608:
605:
600:
595:
594:
593:
571:
566:
565:
564:
529:
527:
526:
521:
468:
466:
465:
460:
456:
451:
450:
431:
429:
428:
427:
414:
413:
412:
411:
388:
383:
382:
363:
361:
360:
355:
189:Anglo-Australian
3827:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3791:Search projects
3777:
3706:
3495:
3454:
3356:
3328:Radial velocity
3268:
3224:K/Orange dwarfs
3214:G/Yellow dwarfs
3175:
3169:Titius–Bode law
3108:
3039:Molecular cloud
2939:Detached object
2890:
2888:
2877:
2863:Toroidal planet
2853:Sub-brown dwarf
2761:
2687:
2659:(Super-Mercury)
2632:Coreless planet
2608:
2606:
2600:
2591:
2555:
2523:
2520:
2478:
2473:
2464:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2417:Endl, Michael.
2415:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2374:
2372:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2301:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2227:
2223:
2166:
2162:
2107:
2103:
2046:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2017:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1924:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1889:
1885:
1828:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1769:
1765:(Spring 2006).
1760:
1756:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1730:
1710:The Observatory
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1530:
1525:
1505:
1478:
1451:
1424:
1397:
1384:
1377:
1366:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1315:
1310:
1305:Not detectable
1091:Detectable by:
1087:
1083:
1082:Orbital Period
1074:
1073:Semimajor Axis
1070:
1015:
994:
987:
969:
909:
902:
895:
879:
816:
815:
811:
803:
800:
799:
772:
771:
767:
765:
762:
761:
734:
733:
729:
712:
711:
707:
691:
690:
686:
685:
683:
670:
669:
665:
663:
660:
659:
632:
631:
627:
625:
622:
621:
596:
580:
579:
575:
570:
557:
556:
552:
550:
547:
546:
515:
512:
511:
505:
496:
452:
437:
436:
423:
419:
415:
398:
397:
393:
389:
387:
378:
374:
372:
369:
368:
349:
346:
345:
315:
307:carbon monoxide
281:(MCMC) method.
264:radial-velocity
213:
93:
73:radial-velocity
61:indirect method
17:
12:
11:
5:
3825:
3815:
3814:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3505:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3340:Transit method
3337:
3336:
3335:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3287:Direct imaging
3284:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3104:Star formation
3101:
3099:Scattered disc
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2949:Excretion disk
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2904:Accretion disk
2901:
2895:
2893:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2813:Eyeball planet
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2612:
2602:
2601:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2477:
2476:External links
2474:
2472:
2471:
2446:
2432:
2409:
2395:
2381:
2349:
2286:
2274:
2221:
2160:
2147:10.1086/510553
2123:(1): 533–545.
2101:
2040:
2015:
1981:
1978:on 2007-07-07.
1961:10.1086/504701
1937:(2–3): 25–33.
1909:
1883:
1819:
1797:
1754:
1728:
1696:
1665:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1592:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1337:Planetary mass
1335:
1330:
1327:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:0.09 m/s
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:0.30 m/s
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:0.45 m/s
1020:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:0.46 m/s
1000:
997:
992:
980:
979:
977:
974:
971:
967:
960:
959:
957:
954:
951:
945:
944:
942:
939:
936:
930:
929:
927:
926:12.7 m/s
924:
921:
915:
914:
911:
907:
899:
892:
878:
875:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
828:
825:
822:
819:
814:
810:
807:
784:
781:
778:
775:
770:
758:
757:
740:
737:
732:
724:
721:
718:
715:
710:
703:
700:
697:
694:
689:
682:
676:
673:
668:
638:
635:
630:
618:
617:
603:
599:
592:
589:
586:
583:
578:
574:
569:
563:
560:
555:
540:orbit equation
519:
508:
507:
503:
498:
494:
489:
480:
470:
469:
455:
449:
446:
443:
440:
435:
426:
422:
418:
410:
407:
404:
401:
396:
392:
386:
381:
377:
353:
314:
311:
298:spectral lines
229:spectral lines
212:
209:
134:are required.
92:
89:
77:Doppler shifts
33:center of mass
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3824:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3264:Yellow giants
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:Merging stars
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:Asteroid belt
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2884:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Pulsar planet
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Double planet
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Super-Neptune
2740:
2738:
2737:Super-Jupiter
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:Helium planet
2710:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:Hycean planet
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2637:Desert planet
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2627:Carbon planet
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2603:
2598:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2442:
2436:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2399:
2391:
2385:
2371:on 2011-07-04
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2065:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2030:on 2010-10-17
2029:
2025:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1998:ESO Messenger
1992:
1985:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1936:
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1807:
1801:
1787:on 2008-12-17
1783:
1779:
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1768:
1764:
1758:
1743:
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1735:
1733:
1724:
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1419:
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1376:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1350:
1347:
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1321:
1304:
1301:
1299:246.04 years
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1253:164.79 years
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
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1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
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1177:
1175:
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1111:
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1100:
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1007:
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998:
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978:
976:1.4 m/s
975:
972:
965:
962:
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958:
956:1.5 m/s
955:
952:
950:
947:
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943:
941:4.8 m/s
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
928:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
912:
906:
900:
898:
893:
891:
888:
885:
884:
874:
870:
868:
867:line-of-sight
864:
860:
841:
835:
832:
812:
808:
805:
768:
730:
708:
687:
680:
666:
658:
657:
656:
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628:
601:
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572:
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541:
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493:
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394:
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384:
379:
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367:
366:
365:
351:
343:
339:
334:
332:
327:
319:
310:
308:
305:in 2012 when
304:
299:
294:
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287:
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280:
276:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
217:
208:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:
171:
169:
168:main-sequence
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:Didier Queloz
149:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:spectrographs
105:
97:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
57:wobble method
54:
50:
41:
34:
30:
26:
21:
3608:Proper names
3385:Earth analog
3370:Astrobiology
3362:Habitability
3327:
3299:Microlensing
3259:White dwarfs
3229:M/Red dwarfs
3219:Herbig Ae/Be
3204:Brown dwarfs
3146:Rogue planet
3127:Interstellar
3069:Planetesimal
2838:Planetesimal
2818:Giant planet
2808:Ecumenopolis
2706:Mini-Neptune
2642:Dwarf planet
2463:. Retrieved
2461:. 2010-10-16
2449:
2435:
2423:. Retrieved
2412:
2398:
2384:
2373:. Retrieved
2369:the original
2309:
2305:
2277:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2179:
2173:
2163:
2120:
2114:
2104:
2059:
2053:
2043:
2032:. Retrieved
2028:the original
2018:
2001:
1997:
1984:
1973:the original
1934:
1928:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:
1886:
1837:
1831:
1810:. Retrieved
1800:
1789:. Retrieved
1782:the original
1773:
1763:A. Wolszczan
1757:
1746:. Retrieved
1714:
1708:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1677:
1668:
1656:. Retrieved
1642:
1632:
1598:
1593:
1561:hot Jupiters
1558:
1551:
1547:brown dwarfs
1539:
1531:
1323:Stellar mass
1292:Dwarf planet
1275:365.26 days
1205:29.46 years
1157:11.86 years
1133:14.29 years
1069:Planet Type
1055:
989:
904:
871:
858:
759:
654:
619:
509:
500:
491:
482:
476:
471:
335:
331:eccentricity
323:
303:Tau Boötis b
295:
283:
257:
244:minimum mass
241:
222:
197:
175:
172:
148:Michel Mayor
136:
102:
69:brown dwarfs
63:for finding
56:
52:
48:
47:
35:(red cross).
3620:before 2000
3536:Discoveries
3311:Polarimetry
3199:Binary star
3089:Rubble pile
3084:Ring system
3054:Outer space
3024:Kuiper belt
2979:Hills cloud
2934:Debris disk
2929:Cosmic dust
2858:Sub-Neptune
2843:Protoplanet
2778:Brown dwarf
2766:Other types
2722:Hot Neptune
2717:Hot Jupiter
2708:(Gas dwarf)
2683:Super-Earth
2668:Ocean world
2663:Lava planet
2657:Iron planet
2619:Terrestrial
2560:Main topics
1918:R.P. Butler
1902:28 February
1689:27 November
1542:astrometric
1528:Limitations
1181:12.92 days
1174:Super-Earth
1169:Gliese 581c
1121:55 Cancri d
1102:Hot Jupiter
1097:51 Pegasi b
1010:Super-Earth
964:Super-Earth
863:inclination
160:Hot Jupiter
156:51 Pegasi b
154:identified
104:Otto Struve
3531:Exoplanets
3512:Host stars
3459:Catalogues
3282:Astrometry
3244:Subdwarf B
3181:Host stars
3154:Retrograde
3049:Oort cloud
2887:Formation
2823:Mesoplanet
2747:Super-puff
2673:Mega-Earth
2652:Ice planet
2537:Definition
2522:Exoplanets
2465:2010-10-16
2441:"GJ 581 c"
2425:26 October
2404:"55 Cnc d"
2390:"51 Peg b"
2375:2010-10-16
2319:2108.03323
2034:2010-10-26
1812:26 October
1791:2009-04-19
1748:2007-04-27
1625:References
1229:2.25 days
1109:4.23 days
538:, and the
326:sine curve
249:sine curve
225:wavelength
132:resolution
120:blueshifts
3625:2000–2009
3591:1501–2000
3586:1001–1500
3274:Detection
3239:Red giant
2899:Accretion
2891:evolution
2732:Ice giant
2727:Gas giant
2678:Sub-Earth
2567:Exoplanet
2344:236957385
2244:0812.1582
2189:0709.0970
1969:119067572
1862:1476-4687
1705:O. Struve
1535:true mass
1246:Ice giant
1217:L 98-59 b
1198:Gas giant
1150:Gas giant
1126:Gas giant
988:0.4
984:L 98-59 b
894:Distance
836:
421:π
286:HD 208487
260:algorithm
237:sine wave
211:Procedure
116:redshifts
3806:Category
3581:501–1000
3561:Heaviest
3541:Extremes
3249:Subgiant
3122:Exocomet
2269:18169921
2216:16796923
2155:35682784
1870:01586310
1608:See also
1554:variable
1331:☉
1302:0.00003
1061:Planets
857:, where
290:HD 11964
233:best-fit
81:spectrum
59:) is an
3556:Largest
3551:Nearest
3254:T Tauri
3150:Orbits
3134:Exomoon
3114:Systems
2828:Planemo
2693:Gaseous
2324:Bibcode
2249:Bibcode
2194:Bibcode
2135:Bibcode
2096:8220838
2074:Bibcode
2006:Bibcode
1949:Bibcode
1878:4339201
1842:Bibcode
1719:Bibcode
1658:4 April
1385:(days)
1378:(cm/s)
1241:Neptune
1145:Jupiter
1066:Planet
949:Neptune
934:Neptune
919:Jupiter
913:Notice
861:is the
485:is the
472:where:
313:Example
164:pulsars
112:Jupiter
91:History
83:of the
79:in the
3571:Kepler
3546:Firsts
3445:Tholin
3316:Timing
3234:Pulsar
3159:Trojan
2773:Blanet
2532:Planet
2342:
2312:: 38.
2267:
2214:
2153:
2094:
2004:: 20.
1967:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1833:Nature
1433:0.089
1406:0.028
1382:Period
1296:39.26
1278:0.089
1264:Earth
1256:0.281
1250:30.10
1193:Saturn
1088:(m/s)
1042:Earth
1029:Earth
908:radial
887:Planet
760:where
620:where
532:Newton
338:Kepler
187:, and
176:Nature
85:planet
3711:Other
3576:1–500
3501:Lists
2610:types
2605:Sizes
2340:S2CID
2314:arXiv
2302:(PDF)
2265:S2CID
2239:arXiv
2212:S2CID
2184:arXiv
2151:S2CID
2125:arXiv
2092:S2CID
2064:arXiv
1994:(PDF)
1976:(PDF)
1965:S2CID
1939:arXiv
1925:(PDF)
1874:S2CID
1785:(PDF)
1770:(PDF)
1599:Right
1594:Left:
1514:0.63
1498:0.78
1487:0.40
1471:0.65
1460:0.25
1444:0.47
1417:0.21
1390:0.10
1360:Type
1287:Pluto
1272:1.00
1232:0.46
1226:0.02
1208:2.75
1202:9.58
1184:3.18
1178:0.07
1160:12.4
1154:5.20
1136:45.2
1130:5.77
1112:55.9
1106:0.05
1056:Ref:
1032:0.09
999:0.02
272:prior
200:HARPS
158:, a "
71:from
3700:2024
3695:2023
3690:2022
3685:2021
3680:2020
3675:2019
3670:2018
3665:2017
3660:2016
3655:2015
3650:2014
3645:2013
3640:2012
3635:2011
3630:2010
3345:list
3333:list
3321:list
3304:list
3292:list
2889:and
2607:and
2427:2012
1904:2022
1866:OCLC
1858:ISSN
1814:2012
1691:2022
1660:2022
1520:209
1501:2.0
1493:115
1474:1.0
1447:1.0
1420:1.0
1409:168
1393:1.0
1364:RHAB
1351:Lum.
1012:(5 M
973:0.1
966:(5 M
938:0.1
890:Mass
504:star
495:star
185:Lick
181:Keck
150:and
118:and
67:and
29:star
2542:IAU
2332:doi
2310:653
2257:doi
2235:693
2202:doi
2180:381
2143:doi
2121:657
2082:doi
2060:374
2002:114
1957:doi
1935:646
1850:doi
1838:378
1647:doi
1517:25
1511:K0
1508:10
1504:4.0
1490:18
1484:K5
1481:10
1477:1.6
1466:67
1463:26
1457:M0
1454:10
1450:6.3
1439:21
1436:65
1430:M5
1427:10
1423:7.9
1403:M8
1400:10
833:sin
534:'s
340:'s
128:Sun
124:m/s
3808::
3598:K2
2457:.
2363:.
2352:^
2338:.
2330:.
2322:.
2308:.
2304:.
2289:^
2263:.
2255:.
2247:.
2233:.
2210:.
2200:.
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2178:.
2172:.
2149:.
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2090:.
2080:.
2072:.
2058:.
2052:.
2000:.
1996:.
1963:.
1955:.
1947:.
1933:.
1927:.
1895:.
1872:.
1864:.
1856:.
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1822:^
1776:.
1772:.
1731:^
1715:72
1713:.
1682:.
1676:.
1641:.
1549:.
1412:6
1375:RV
1371:)
1369:AU
1357:)
1353:(L
1348:)
1334:)
1079:)
1077:AU
1045:1
1019:1
1016:)
1014:🜨
996:)
993:🜨
970:)
968:🜨
953:1
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897:AU
869:.
542::
255:.
195:.
183:,
3194:B
3189:A
2515:e
2508:t
2501:v
2468:.
2429:.
2378:.
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2334::
2326::
2316::
2271:.
2259::
2251::
2241::
2218:.
2204::
2196::
2186::
2157:.
2145::
2137::
2127::
2098:.
2084::
2076::
2066::
2037:.
2012:.
2008::
1959::
1951::
1941::
1906:.
1880:.
1852::
1844::
1816:.
1794:.
1751:.
1725:.
1721::
1693:.
1662:.
1649::
1506:×
1479:×
1452:×
1425:×
1398:×
1396:8
1367:(
1355:0
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1328:M
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818:s
813:V
809:=
806:K
783:r
780:a
777:t
774:s
769:V
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736:P
731:V
723:r
720:a
717:t
714:s
709:V
702:r
699:a
696:t
693:s
688:M
681:=
675:L
672:P
667:M
637:L
634:P
629:V
602:r
598:/
591:r
588:a
585:t
582:s
577:M
573:G
568:=
562:L
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518:r
501:P
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483:G
477:r
454:2
448:r
445:a
442:t
439:s
434:P
425:2
417:4
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385:=
380:3
376:r
352:r
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