122:
241:
1366:
1356:
495:
412:
25:
187:
249:
tuned in. The bushing in line with the wheel can be kept relatively stiff to effectively handle cornering loads while the off-line joint can be softer to allow the wheel to recess under fore-aft impact loads. For a rear suspension, a pair of joints can be used at both ends of the arm, making them more H-shaped in plan view. Alternatively, a fixed-length
369:
from 1935, and advertised it as a safety feature. During that time MacPherson strut was still in the area of aviation technology and was derived from aircraft landing mechanisms. Later on, in 1951, Ford
Company decided to use the MacPherson strut on small production cars, the English Ford Consul and
476:
of the suspension can be tuned easily and wheel motion can be optimized. It is also easy to work out the loads that different parts will be subjected to which allows more optimized lightweight parts to be designed. They also provide increasing negative camber gain all the way to full jounce travel,
272:
to transfer the forces at the knuckle end of the suspension to the internal spring and damper. This is then known as a "push rod" if bump travel "pushes" on the rod (and subsequently the rod must be joined to the bottom of the upright and angled upward). As the wheel rises, the push rod compresses
221:
for horizontal radial movement in older designs, and rubber or trunnion bushings for vertical hinged movement. In newer designs, a ball joint at each end allows for all movement. Attached to the knuckle at its center is a bearing hub, or in many older designs, a spindle to which the wheel bearings
248:
At the knuckle end, single ball joints are typically used, in which case the steering loads have to be taken via a steering arm, and the wishbones look A- or L-shaped. An L-shaped arm is generally preferred on passenger vehicles because it allows a better compromise of handling and comfort to be
373:
Double wishbones have traditionally been considered to have superior dynamic characteristics as well as load-handling capabilities and are therefore commonly found on sports cars and racing cars throughout automotive history . Examples of cars with double wishbone suspension include the
213:
as the suspension jounces (rises), and often this arrangement is titled an "SLA" or "short, long arms" suspension. When the vehicle is in a turn, body roll results in positive camber gain on the lightly loaded inside wheel, while the heavily loaded outer wheel gains negative camber.
312:
mechanism formed by the unequal arm lengths causes a change in the camber of the vehicle as it rolls, which helps to keep the contact patch square on the ground, increasing the ultimate cornering capacity of the vehicle. It also reduces the wear on the outer edge of the tire.
265:) and other parameters for a given set of bushing or ball-joint locations. The various bushings or ball joints do not have to be on horizontal axes, parallel to the vehicle center line. If they are set at an angle, then anti-dive and anti-squat geometry can be dialed in.
329:
Long spindle SLAs tend to have better kingpin geometry, but the proximity of the spindle to the tire restricts fitting oversized tires or snow chains. The location of the upper balljoint may have styling implications in the design of the sheet metal above it.
559:. Due to the increased number of components within the suspension setup, it takes much longer to service and is heavier than an equivalent MacPherson design. At the other end of the scale, it offers less design choice than the more costly and complex
325:
Short spindle SLAs tend to require stiffer bushings at the body, as the braking and cornering forces are higher. Also, they tend to have poorer kingpin geometry, due to the difficulty of packaging the upper ball joint and the brakes inside the wheel.
273:
the internal spring via a pivot or pivoting system. The opposite arrangement, a "pull rod", will pull on the rod during bump travel, and the rod must be attached to the top of the upright, angled downward. Locating the spring and
316:
SLAs can be classified as short spindle, in which the upper ball joint on the spindle is inside the wheel, or long spindle, in which the spindle tucks around the tire and the upper ball joint sits above the tire.
153:
mount to the wishbones to control vertical movement. Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel, controlling such parameters as
301:
and is shorter than the lower link, which is an A-arm or an L-arm, or sometimes a pair of tension/compression arms. In the latter case, the suspension can be called a multi-link, or
472:
The double wishbone suspension provides the engineer with more design choices than some other types do. It is fairly easy to work out the effect of moving each joint, so the
370:
Ford Zephyr. Thus, the double wishbone was applied early in automobile history and there is no genetic relationship between MacPherson strut and double wishbone suspension.
253:
can perform the function of a wishbone as long as the shape of the other wishbone provides control of the upright. This arrangement has been successfully used in the
555:
Double wishbone suspensions are more complex, impose more difficult packaging constraints, and are thus often more expensive than other systems like a
481:, which provides negative camber gain only at the beginning of jounce travel and then reverses into positive camber gain at high jounce amounts.
686:
386:. Short long arms suspension, a type of double wishbone suspension, is very common on front suspensions for medium-to-large cars such as the
1390:
516:
433:
89:
42:
61:
68:
258:
640:
75:
969:
1085:
886:
254:
57:
679:
542:
459:
108:
646:
524:
441:
1095:
1042:
520:
437:
46:
1120:
727:
672:
1195:
630:– a variant of Double wishbone suspension with a short link at the front pivot bushing of the lower A-arm
82:
1032:
863:
622:
582:
302:
268:
In many racing cars, the springs and dampers are relocated inside the bodywork. The suspension uses a
1331:
1220:
1160:
1125:
915:
218:
354:
1110:
962:
767:
742:
505:
422:
659:
1080:
1052:
612:
607:
509:
426:
35:
1070:
1060:
873:
297:) is also known as an unequal-length double wishbone suspension. The upper arm is typically an
134:
910:
722:
597:
560:
175:
1165:
1100:
752:
577:
8:
1190:
1170:
955:
893:
707:
1336:
1241:
617:
366:
230:
350:
337:
characteristic, as it is easy to end up with excessive, or curved, bump steer curves.
141:-shaped arms to locate the wheel. Each wishbone or arm has two mounting points to the
1355:
1130:
1065:
1017:
999:
930:
244:
Double wishbone suspension in action, displayed at the Toyota Museum in Nagoya, Japan
1205:
1012:
898:
777:
592:
556:
478:
375:
309:
206:
163:
261:, the suspension is a 4-bar link, and it is easy to work out the camber gain (see
1225:
1155:
792:
782:
150:
201:", though the arms themselves can be A-shaped or L-shaped. A single wishbone or
1326:
1140:
1135:
1026:
1022:
826:
816:
811:
712:
274:
146:
205:
can also be used in various other suspension types, such as variations of the
1384:
1369:
1308:
1293:
1273:
1200:
1037:
1007:
903:
772:
737:
627:
572:
345:
The double wishbone suspension was introduced in the 1930s. French car maker
278:
240:
121:
391:
1278:
1215:
1185:
1180:
925:
847:
383:
262:
210:
191:
171:
159:
155:
217:
Between the outboard end of the arms is a knuckle. The knuckle contains a
1359:
1283:
1256:
1251:
1115:
1105:
806:
801:
732:
587:
387:
250:
167:
281:, and also allows the designer to make the suspension more aerodynamic.
1341:
1303:
1145:
978:
920:
473:
379:
334:
234:
664:
346:
1298:
1288:
1210:
1175:
842:
762:
717:
602:
269:
494:
411:
277:
inboard increases the total mass of the suspension, but reduces the
24:
1090:
747:
395:
362:
358:
142:
138:
1261:
1075:
1246:
1150:
947:
641:"PEUGEOT TECHNOLOGY: Double Wishbone: Derivation and History"
298:
226:
202:
186:
1268:
757:
197:
The double-wishbone suspension can also be referred to as "
989:
137:
design for automobiles using two (occasionally parallel)
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
225:To resist fore-aft loads such as acceleration and
382:, and the third through eighth generation of the
1382:
963:
680:
333:SLAs require some care when setting up their
284:
209:. The upper arm is usually shorter to induce
523:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
440:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
970:
956:
687:
673:
647:"The MacPherson Strut - Ate Up With Motor"
543:Learn how and when to remove this message
460:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
643:. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
239:
190:Double wishbone suspension (front) on a
185:
120:
16:Automotive independent suspension design
694:
394:, and the first two generations of the
1383:
951:
668:
649:. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
521:adding citations to reliable sources
488:
438:adding citations to reliable sources
405:
125:Wishbones and upright painted yellow
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
13:
1391:Automotive suspension technologies
1086:Continuously variable transmission
145:and one joint at the knuckle. The
14:
1402:
653:
181:
1365:
1364:
1354:
493:
484:
410:
23:
34:needs additional citations for
977:
660:Suspension Geometry Calculator
1:
1121:Automated manual transmission
634:
401:
349:began using it in their 1934
728:Electronic Stability Control
320:
58:"Double wishbone suspension"
7:
1196:Semi-automatic transmission
566:
10:
1407:
1033:Internal combustion engine
623:Twist-beam rear suspension
583:Dual ball joint suspension
340:
303:dual-ball joint suspension
291:short long arms suspension
285:Short long arms suspension
131:double wishbone suspension
1350:
1332:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
1319:
1234:
1221:Transmission control unit
1161:Limited-slip differential
1126:Electrorheological clutch
1051:
998:
985:
872:
856:
835:
825:
791:
700:
359:Packard Motor Car Company
1111:Dual-clutch transmission
1081:Constant-velocity joint
613:Trailing-arm suspension
608:Torsion beam suspension
229:, the arms require two
1061:Automatic transmission
245:
194:
135:independent suspension
126:
598:Multi-link suspension
561:multi-link suspension
243:
189:
124:
1166:Locking differential
1101:Direct-shift gearbox
578:Corvette leaf spring
517:improve this section
434:improve this section
43:improve this article
1191:Preselector gearbox
1171:Manual transmission
695:Automotive handling
176:mechanical abrasion
1337:Electric generator
1242:Wheel hub assembly
618:Twin-Traction Beam
367:Packard One-Twenty
246:
195:
127:
1378:
1377:
1131:Epicyclic gearing
1000:Automotive engine
945:
944:
941:
940:
934:
931:Semi-trailing arm
907:
890:
553:
552:
545:
470:
469:
462:
365:, used it on the
363:Detroit, Michigan
119:
118:
111:
93:
1398:
1368:
1367:
1358:
1235:Wheels and tires
1206:Torque converter
972:
965:
958:
949:
948:
928:
901:
899:MacPherson strut
884:
857:Semi-independent
833:
832:
778:Vehicle dynamics
689:
682:
675:
666:
665:
593:MacPherson strut
557:MacPherson strut
548:
541:
537:
534:
528:
497:
489:
479:MacPherson strut
465:
458:
454:
451:
445:
414:
406:
376:Aston Martin DB7
310:four-bar linkage
207:MacPherson strut
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1346:
1315:
1230:
1226:Universal joint
1156:Hotchkiss drive
1047:
994:
981:
976:
946:
937:
882:Double wishbone
868:
852:
821:
787:
783:Weight transfer
696:
693:
656:
637:
569:
549:
538:
532:
529:
514:
498:
487:
466:
455:
449:
446:
431:
415:
404:
343:
323:
287:
211:negative camber
192:Saab Quantum IV
184:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1404:
1394:
1393:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1327:Electric motor
1323:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1141:Friction drive
1138:
1136:Fluid coupling
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1027:Plug-in hybrid
1020:
1015:
1010:
1004:
1002:
996:
995:
986:
983:
982:
975:
974:
967:
960:
952:
943:
942:
939:
938:
936:
935:
923:
918:
916:Sliding pillar
913:
908:
896:
891:
878:
876:
870:
869:
867:
866:
860:
858:
854:
853:
851:
850:
845:
839:
837:
830:
823:
822:
820:
819:
814:
809:
804:
798:
796:
789:
788:
786:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
713:Center of mass
710:
704:
702:
698:
697:
692:
691:
684:
677:
669:
663:
662:
655:
654:External links
652:
651:
650:
644:
636:
633:
632:
631:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
568:
565:
551:
550:
501:
499:
492:
486:
483:
468:
467:
418:
416:
409:
403:
400:
355:Traction Avant
342:
339:
322:
319:
286:
283:
259:elevation view
183:
182:Implementation
180:
147:shock absorber
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1403:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1371:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1201:Shift-by-wire
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1038:Petrol engine
1036:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1008:Diesel engine
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
991:
984:
980:
973:
968:
966:
961:
959:
954:
953:
950:
932:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
905:
904:Chapman strut
900:
897:
895:
892:
888:
883:
880:
879:
877:
875:
871:
865:
862:
861:
859:
855:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
838:
834:
831:
828:
824:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
797:
794:
790:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
773:Unsprung mass
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
738:Inboard brake
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
703:
699:
690:
685:
683:
678:
676:
671:
670:
667:
661:
658:
657:
648:
645:
642:
639:
638:
629:
628:Weissach axle
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
573:Chapman strut
571:
570:
564:
562:
558:
547:
544:
536:
526:
522:
518:
512:
511:
507:
502:This section
500:
496:
491:
490:
485:Disadvantages
482:
480:
475:
464:
461:
453:
443:
439:
435:
429:
428:
424:
419:This section
417:
413:
408:
407:
399:
397:
396:Mazda6/Atenza
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
371:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
338:
336:
331:
327:
318:
314:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
282:
280:
279:unsprung mass
276:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
242:
238:
237:at the body.
236:
232:
228:
223:
222:are mounted.
220:
215:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:double A-arms
193:
188:
179:
178:), and more.
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1279:Racing slick
1216:Transfer box
1186:Park-by-wire
1181:Parking pawl
1096:Differential
1071:Direct-drive
1053:Transmission
1043:Steam engine
988:Part of the
987:
926:Trailing arm
881:
848:De Dion tube
708:Car handling
554:
539:
530:
515:Please help
503:
471:
456:
447:
432:Please help
420:
384:Honda Accord
372:
344:
332:
328:
324:
315:
307:
294:
290:
288:
267:
263:camber angle
247:
224:
216:
198:
196:
172:scrub radius
160:caster angle
156:camber angle
130:
128:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1257:Alloy wheel
1116:Drive wheel
1106:Drive shaft
1066:Chain drive
874:Independent
758:Tire / Tyre
733:Fishtailing
701:Main topics
588:Leaf spring
477:unlike the
388:Peugeot 407
235:ball joints
168:roll center
151:coil spring
1342:Alternator
990:Automobile
979:Powertrain
921:Swing axle
911:Multi-link
887:Jaguar IRS
864:Twist beam
827:Suspension
768:Understeer
753:Suspension
635:References
533:March 2022
474:kinematics
450:March 2022
402:Advantages
392:Citroën C5
380:Mazda MX-5
335:bump steer
255:Jaguar IRS
251:driveshaft
69:newspapers
1211:Transaxle
1176:Manumatic
1146:Gearshift
1018:Fuel cell
843:Beam axle
836:Dependent
812:Pneumatic
763:Transaxle
743:Oversteer
718:Downforce
603:Strut bar
504:does not
421:does not
321:Drawbacks
270:bellcrank
174:, scuff (
166:pattern,
1385:Category
1370:Category
1309:Tubeless
1294:Run-flat
1274:Off-road
1091:Coupling
1013:Electric
894:Dubonnet
748:Steering
723:Drifting
567:See also
563:system.
357:models.
231:bushings
170:height,
139:wishbone
99:May 2012
817:Torsion
525:removed
510:sources
442:removed
427:sources
351:Rosalie
347:Citroën
341:History
227:braking
219:kingpin
143:chassis
83:scholar
1360:Portal
1320:Hybrid
1284:Radial
1262:Hubcap
1076:Clutch
1023:Hybrid
992:series
793:Spring
378:, the
275:damper
133:is an
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1304:Spare
1247:Wheel
1151:Giubo
829:types
795:types
299:A-arm
257:. In
203:A-arm
90:JSTOR
76:books
1299:Snow
1289:Rain
1269:Tire
807:Leaf
802:Coil
508:any
506:cite
425:any
423:cite
353:and
308:The
149:and
62:news
1252:Rim
519:by
436:by
361:of
295:SLA
233:or
164:toe
45:by
1387::
398:.
390:,
305:.
289:A
162:,
158:,
129:A
1029:)
1025:(
971:e
964:t
957:v
933:)
929:(
906:)
902:(
889:)
885:(
688:e
681:t
674:v
546:)
540:(
535:)
531:(
527:.
513:.
463:)
457:(
452:)
448:(
444:.
430:.
293:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
