34:
278:
131:
394:
creators who base their materials on other creators' works normally publish in small numbers to maintain a low profile from litigation. This makes a talented creator's or circle's products a coveted commodity as only the fast or the lucky will be able to get them before they sell out.
261:, poets and novelists met and published literary magazines (many of which are still publishing today). Many modern writers in Japan came from these literary circles. One famous example is
402:
has expanded significantly, attracting thousands of creators and fans alike. Advances in personal publishing technology have also fueled this expansion by making it easier for
682:
600:
675:
1370:
985:
619:[Otaku market worth 186.6 billion yen in 2007, sees growth due to an increase in the number of casual otaku].
117:
98:
70:
169:
is a group of people who share an interest, activity, or hobby. The word is sometimes translated into
English as "
1012:
895:
668:
55:
77:
1339:
1146:
1022:
646:
84:
616:
223:
works are typically amateur and derivative in nature, though some professional artists participate in
975:
783:
1365:
1027:
820:
810:
66:
350:
groups were used by artists to make a professional debut. This changed in the coming decades with
1268:
965:
51:
44:
1241:
1210:
1176:
1153:
1141:
1261:
1017:
960:
725:
1103:
1002:
756:
269:
society of literary writers that first published collected works in magazine form in 1885.
158:
8:
1281:
1273:
934:
832:
234:
indicated that, of the 186¥ billion (US$ 1.66 billion) in revenue seen by the
1171:
882:
705:
301:
1297:
1108:
997:
872:
827:
805:
761:
710:
596:
449:
are the ones getting the most exposure outside Japan, as well as within Japan, where
150:
91:
1113:
970:
844:
742:
1360:
1324:
1047:
890:
773:
650:
383:
1307:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1042:
502:
227:
culture as a way to publish material outside the regular publishing industry.
1354:
1098:
1088:
255:
178:
474:
1302:
1256:
1220:
929:
849:
837:
317:
251:
231:
190:
181:"). Self-published creative works produced by these groups are also called
1251:
354:
groups forming as school clubs and the like. This culminated in 1975 with
1334:
1215:
1181:
1163:
1128:
1118:
924:
862:
857:
778:
766:
660:
419:
379:
306:
201:
1136:
990:
426:
are based on popular manga, anime, or video game series. However, many
406:
creators to write, draw, promote, publish, and distribute their works.
312:
262:
1311:
1236:
1093:
980:
944:
750:
737:
467:
436:
213:
418:
are often perceived to be derivative of existing work, analogous to
33:
1246:
1158:
1076:
939:
815:
720:
322:
277:
266:
1037:
1007:
867:
732:
715:
697:
375:
355:
297:
281:
567:
174:
170:
20:
430:
consisting of original content also exist. Among the numerous
284:, pictured here in 2002, is the largest venue for the sale of
909:
793:
643:
566:
which is sexually explicit in nature and even pornographic (
529:
235:
197:
186:
130:
471:: Printed works such as comics, novels, and magazines.
390:
materials are bought, sold, and traded by attendees.
382:
of "Comic Market") held in the summer and winter at
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
657:artists/circles/books, including name translations
1352:
540:
516:
492:
453:are by tradition the most popular and numerous
398:Over the last decade, the practice of creating
339:
162:
555:
534:
510:
486:
442:
333:
676:
177:", "coterie", "society", or "circle" (as in "
374:conventions, the largest of which is called
242:sales made up 14.9% (US$ 274 million).
690:
683:
669:
386:. Here, over 20 acres (81,000 m) of
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
276:
134:Manga for sale at Comic City, a regular
129:
617:"2007年のオタク市場規模は1,866億円、ライトオタク増加により市場拡大"
330:groups such as Fujiko's New Manga Party
250:Literary circles first appeared in the
230:Annual research by the research agency
1353:
664:
409:
245:
56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
16:Japanese term for a group of friends
422:. To an extent, this is true: many
13:
986:List of American independent films
595:]. Tokyo: Media Create. 2007.
14:
1382:
644:The Doujinshi & Manga Lexicon
637:
138:event held at venues around Japan
272:
32:
896:Experimental musical instrument
43:needs additional citations for
609:
581:
211:works are collectively called
1:
1340:Social peer-to-peer processes
653:: user-submitted database of
593:White Paper on Otaku Industry
621:internet.watch.impress.co.jp
296:started to appear in Japan.
189:, magazines, novels, music (
7:
541:
517:
493:
340:
254:when groups of like-minded
163:
10:
1387:
1371:Japanese words and phrases
292:After World War II, manga
200:, merch, and video games (
18:
1290:
1229:
1194:
1127:
1084:
1075:
976:American eccentric cinema
953:
917:
908:
881:
801:
792:
784:Amateur press association
696:
556:
535:
511:
494:dōjin sofuto / dōjin gēmu
487:
443:
334:
154:
574:
460:
361:
19:Not to be confused with
966:Cinema of Transgression
1282:Independent TV station
1211:Independent soft drink
1177:Open-source video game
691:Independent production
289:
139:
1262:Visionary environment
961:Independent animation
414:In Western cultures,
280:
133:
1274:Independent circuit
1104:Open-source software
1003:Guerrilla filmmaking
52:improve this article
1242:Amateur photography
935:Amateur pornography
883:Musical instruments
863:Tracker (MOD) music
706:Alternative comics
649:2022-07-07 at the
410:Western perception
302:Shotaro Ishinomori
290:
246:Literary societies
238:industry in 2007,
140:
1348:
1347:
1298:Independent media
1190:
1189:
1109:Software cracking
1071:
1070:
998:Exploitation film
904:
903:
873:Underground music
821:Open-source label
806:Independent music
711:Alternative manga
602:978-4-944180-14-1
499:: games, software
128:
127:
120:
102:
1378:
1330:
1277:
1114:Unofficial patch
1082:
1081:
1031:
971:Independent film
915:
914:
845:Cassette culture
799:
798:
685:
678:
671:
662:
661:
631:
630:
628:
627:
613:
607:
606:
585:
561:
559:
558:
546:
544:
538:
537:
522:
520:
514:
513:
498:
496:
490:
489:
448:
446:
445:
346:. At this time,
345:
343:
337:
336:
168:
166:
156:
123:
116:
112:
109:
103:
101:
60:
36:
28:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1366:Self-publishing
1351:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1328:
1286:
1275:
1225:
1204:
1186:
1123:
1067:
1048:Low-budget film
1029:
1023:'60s–'70s
949:
900:
891:Circuit bending
877:
788:
774:Self-publishing
692:
689:
651:Wayback Machine
640:
635:
634:
625:
623:
615:
614:
610:
603:
587:
586:
582:
577:
562:, is a form of
553:
532:
508:
484:
463:
440:
412:
384:Tokyo Big Sight
370:attend regular
364:
331:
275:
248:
148:
124:
113:
107:
104:
61:
59:
49:
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1384:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1322:
1315:
1308:Do it yourself
1305:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1133:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1063:Double feature
1060:
1058:No wave cinema
1055:
1053:No-budget film
1050:
1045:
1043:Midnight movie
1040:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1005:
1000:
995:
994:
993:
988:
983:
978:
968:
963:
957:
955:
951:
950:
948:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
921:
919:
912:
906:
905:
902:
901:
899:
898:
893:
887:
885:
879:
878:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
847:
842:
841:
840:
835:
825:
824:
823:
818:
808:
802:
796:
790:
789:
787:
786:
781:
776:
771:
770:
769:
764:
759:
747:
746:
745:
735:
730:
729:
728:
718:
713:
708:
702:
700:
694:
693:
688:
687:
680:
673:
665:
659:
658:
639:
638:External links
636:
633:
632:
608:
601:
579:
578:
576:
573:
572:
571:
548:
524:
500:
472:
462:
459:
411:
408:
363:
360:
274:
271:
265:, who led the
247:
244:
126:
125:
40:
38:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1383:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1099:Free software
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1089:Cowboy coding
1087:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
956:
952:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
920:
916:
913:
911:
907:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
886:
884:
880:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
852:
848:
846:
843:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
829:
826:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
800:
797:
795:
791:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
753:
752:
748:
744:
741:
740:
739:
736:
734:
731:
727:
724:
723:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
701:
699:
695:
686:
681:
679:
674:
672:
667:
666:
663:
656:
652:
648:
645:
642:
641:
622:
618:
612:
604:
598:
594:
590:
584:
580:
569:
565:
552:
549:
543:
531:
528:
525:
519:
507:
505:
501:
495:
488:同人ソフト / 同人ゲーム
483:
481:
477:
473:
470:
469:
465:
464:
458:
456:
452:
439:
438:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
407:
405:
401:
396:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
366:Avid fans of
359:
357:
353:
349:
342:
341:Shin Manga-to
329:
325:
324:
319:
315:
314:
309:
308:
303:
299:
298:Manga artists
295:
287:
283:
279:
273:Manga circles
270:
268:
264:
260:
258:
253:
243:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
216:
215:
210:
206:
204:
199:
195:
193:
188:
184:
180:
179:sewing circle
176:
172:
165:
160:
152:
147:
146:
137:
132:
122:
119:
111:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69: –
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
57:
53:
47:
46:
41:This article
39:
35:
30:
29:
26:
22:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1303:Indie design
1257:Outsider art
1221:Microbrewery
1164:
954:Professional
930:Amateur film
850:
838:Pirate radio
811:Record label
749:
654:
624:. Retrieved
620:
611:
592:
588:
583:
563:
550:
526:
518:dōjin ongaku
503:
479:
475:
466:
454:
450:
435:
434:categories,
431:
427:
423:
415:
413:
403:
399:
397:
391:
387:
371:
367:
365:
351:
347:
327:
321:
318:Fujio Fujiko
311:
305:
293:
291:
285:
256:
252:Meiji period
249:
239:
232:Media Create
229:
224:
220:
219:
212:
208:
202:
191:
185:, including
182:
144:
143:
141:
135:
114:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
25:
1335:Maker Faire
1276:(wrestling)
1216:Homebrewing
1142:development
1137:Indie games
1129:Video games
1119:Warez scene
1028:'80s–
925:Home movies
858:Lo-fi music
779:Small press
757:conventions
542:dōjin guzzu
420:fan fiction
380:portmanteau
307:Kamen Rider
1355:Categories
1329:(magazine)
1147:developers
1013:Golden Age
991:Mumblecore
626:2024-06-17
457:products.
358:in Tokyo.
313:Cyborg 009
263:Ozaki Koyo
142:In Japan,
108:March 2007
78:newspapers
1312:DIY ethic
1269:Indie RPG
1252:Naïve art
1237:Indie art
1094:Demoscene
981:Indiewood
945:Machinima
751:Doujinshi
738:Minicomic
655:doujinshi
551:ero dōjin
468:Doujinshi
451:doujinshi
437:doujinshi
326:) formed
214:doujinshi
207:). Print
1247:Mail art
1182:ROM hack
1159:Fan game
1154:Homebrew
1077:Software
940:Fan film
816:Netlabel
762:printers
726:business
721:Webcomic
647:Archived
323:Doraemon
267:Kenyusha
151:Japanese
67:"Doujin"
1291:General
1038:Z movie
1030:present
1008:B movie
918:Amateur
868:Podsafe
833:Station
733:Webtoon
716:Fanzine
698:Reading
589:オタク産業白書
547:: goods
523:: music
478:soft /
376:Comiket
356:Comiket
282:Comiket
259:writers
159:Hepburn
92:scholar
1361:Doujin
1319:Doujin
1201:Drinks
1165:Doujin
851:Doujin
743:Co-ops
599:
568:hentai
564:doujin
455:doujin
432:doujin
428:doujin
424:doujin
416:doujin
404:doujin
400:doujin
392:Doujin
388:doujin
372:doujin
368:doujin
352:doujin
348:doujin
328:doujin
316:) and
294:doujin
288:works.
286:doujin
240:doujin
225:doujin
221:Doujin
209:doujin
203:doujin
192:doujin
183:doujin
175:fandom
171:clique
145:doujin
136:doujin
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
21:Douyin
1230:Other
910:Video
853:music
828:Radio
794:Audio
767:shops
591:[
575:Notes
536:同人グッズ
530:goods
527:Dōjin
506:music
504:Dōjin
480:dōjin
476:Dōjin
461:Types
362:Today
300:like
236:otaku
198:anime
194:music
187:manga
164:dōjin
99:JSTOR
85:books
1326:Make
1198:Food
1167:soft
1018:'50s
597:ISBN
557:エロ同人
512:同人音楽
482:game
335:新漫画党
257:waka
205:soft
173:", "
71:news
1172:Mod
444:同人誌
378:(a
196:),
54:by
1357::
570:).
539:,
515:,
491:,
338:,
310:,
217:.
161::
157:,
155:同人
153::
1314:)
1310:(
684:e
677:t
670:v
629:.
605:.
560:)
554:(
545:)
533:(
521:)
509:(
497:)
485:(
447:)
441:(
344:)
332:(
320:(
304:(
167:)
149:(
121:)
115:(
110:)
106:(
96:·
89:·
82:·
75:·
48:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
