335:, considering it "better to say things as they are, than to create events out of nothing, which although perhaps more entertaining and satisfying to viewers or readers, are falsehoods and lies, going against the truth." He was highly critical of contemporary writers who relied more on their fantasies than logic and truth. Hoping to keep his story grounded in reality, Kwee researched the history of the Baduy, the geological formation of Krakatoa, and the events of 1883 and 1928; in total he consulted 15 books, all in English or Dutch. The writing began on 19 March 1928 and was completed on 28 May of that year.
275:
29:
253:. Learning of this, Moelia arranges for Noesa Brama's release. The priest returns home to find that his wife and daughter have gone – seemingly willingly – with the men from Palembang, while Moelia takes a steamboat and chases the kidnappers. Before he can stop them, Krakatoa erupts again, overturning the fleeing ship. Moelia barely has enough time to rescue the women before the mountain erupts a second time, killing the fugitives.
266:
willingly with the men from
Palembang. He weds Moelia and Retna Sari and has them promise that their first son will be raised a Hindu and become king of the Baduy; he then surrenders all his power to his daughter. Later, hoping that his spirit and those of his ancestors can control the volcano, Noesa Brama secretly commits suicide by jumping into the well. Several weeks later, activity at the volcano drops, although it remains active.
328:, Kwee asked himself "is it impossible for one to write a drama about Krakatoa?" Owing to the length of time between the 1883 and 1928 eruptions, Kwee decided to begin his story with the separation of two young siblings. Further elements of the story were inspired by the mountain-dwelling Baduy, a group which tended to avoid outsiders and claimed to be descended from the Hindu kings of Pajajaran.
579:, Batavia. Kwee prepared the story for the performances, abbreviating and simplifying it for the stage. One of the main difficulties, he wrote, was presenting Krakatoa on stage: it was a technical challenge, yet could not be abandoned as "performing this play without showing the eruption of Krakatoa would be like performing
464:. Chinese Malay works which featured exclusively indigenous characters had only developed in the 1920s. Uncommonly for ethnic Chinese writers of this period, Kwee attempts to centre the novel around indigenous people and present it from their perspective, "impersonating" these indigenous cultures through his narrative.
596:
as a "language of administration", a language for everyday dealings, while the
Indonesian nationalists appropriated the language to help build a national culture. Chinese Malay literature, written in "low" Malay, was steadily marginalised. Sumardjo, however, sees a question of classification: though
225:
priest, Noesa Brama, who is curing the sick and injured. Moelia travels to Mount
Ciwalirang to interview him, and finds Noesa Brama an intelligent and well-spoken man. Over lunch Moelia falls in love with the priest's daughter, Retna Sari. He learns that she must marry a man of equal standing to her
301:
and educated at schools that focuses on preparing students for life in a modern world, as opposed to promoting tradition for its own sake. By the time he wrote the novel, Kwee was an active proponent of
Buddhist teachings. He also wrote extensively on themes relating to the archipelago's indigenous
205:
begins stirring for the first time in 200 years. In the nearby village of
Waringin, Sadidjah confides in her husband, village head Tjakra Amidjaja, that she has had a bad dream about the volcano; she fears that it will be their death. Tjakra Amidjaja consoles her, and tells her that they will leave
256:
Moelia informs his father, revealed to be Hasan, of the eruptions, and the older man comes to his son's home. There he meets Retna Sari and her mother. They discover that Retna Sari's mother is
Soerijati, explaining the familial resemblance. She reveals that she had been found and raised by Noesa
265:
Moelia and his family depart for
Ciwalirang the following morning, hoping that Noesa Brama will consent to the marriage of Moelia and Retna Sari. The priest accepts the proposal, but expresses regret over the destruction of the statue after he discovers that Retna Sari and Soerijati had not gone
261:
in a cave atop Mount
Ciwalirang with the inscription "At the time when I am damaged, the land and all your descendants will be destroyed, cursed by Rakata's anger", damage to which the priests believe caused the Krakatoa eruption. Unknown to them, Noesa Brama – enraged at the thought of his
447:
features no
Chinese characters in major roles; the only such characters are mentioned in passing, shopowners who provide emergency food supplies to the regent. Historically, Malay-language works by ethnic Chinese authors centred on Chinese characters, to the point that terms such as
503:; 1938). She writes that the panoramic views of the archipelago "help the readers to imagine the geography of a nation yet to be united", whereas the "impersonation" presents a "region of theosophy where religious difference is unified in the belief of goodness."
317:
In 1928, Kwee was asked by a friend, who was hoping to establish a film company, to write a "sensational" story which could be used as the basis for a movie. Ongoing activity at
Krakatoa was foremost in the author's mind and, after reading
164:
was written over a period of two months after the author was asked to prepare a "sensational" story for a film. Before the final instalment had been published, the novel had already been adapted for the stage. Although Kwee was known as a
722:... lebih baek tuturkan kaadaan yang sabetulnya, dari pada ciptaken yang ada dalem angen-angen, yang meskipun ada lebih menyenangken dan mempuasken pada pembaca atau penonton, tapi palsu dan justa, bertentangan dengan kaadaan yang benar.
351:
includes a degree of mysticism, as evidenced by the apparent connection between the statue in the cave and the eruption of Krakatoa. Indeed, in many of his writings (both fiction and non-fiction), Kwee exhibited an interest in the
372:
mystic, philosopher and poet. The Indonesian literary critic Jakob Sumardjo finds the mystical elements (and the fact that no Hindu-era statues with inscriptions have been found) detract from the overall value of the novel.
206:
the village in two days. In the meantime, the volcano grows increasingly violent and Tjakra Amidjaja and Sadidjah stay behind to manage the evacuation. They send their children, Hasan and Soerijati, to stay with family in
471:
is set in a rural area, far from the cities where the ethnic Chinese populace were concentrated. Geography plays a major role. The novel starts on a macro scale, depicting the origins of the archipelago from
484:, Sumatra, and Krakatoa, before focusing on the home of Tjakra Amidjaja and the beginning of the plot. A later passage details the view from Mount Ciwalirang, showing Java, Krakatoa and Sumatra.
603:
of the time, it was not Indonesian, and as such, he asks whether works in vernacular Malay should be classified as local literature, Indonesian literature, or simply Chinese Malay literature.
249:
The following week, the men from Palembang lie to the police, leading to Noesa Brama's arrest for planning a rebellion; the men then persuade Retna Sari and her mother to follow them to
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242:, and that both Retna Sari and her mother bear a striking resemblance to his own grandmother. Several days later, he returned to the mountain and overhears a group of men from
246:
planning to kidnap Retna Sari. He chases them away, then briefly visits Noesa Brama before returning home. Though he attempts to forget Retna Sari, he is unable to do so.
153:
priest-king. Ultimately, these families are reunited by the wedding of their children, after which the priest sacrifices himself to calm a stirring Krakatoa.
262:
daughter marrying a commoner – has deliberately destroyed this statue by throwing it down a well, causing the eruption which stopped the fugitives.
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population, and was a keen social observer. He read extensively in Dutch, English, and Malay and drew on these influences after becoming a writer. His
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that are unknowingly tied together by siblings who were separated in 1883. The brother becomes a political figure, while the sister marries a
522:, between 7 April and 22 December 1928. This serial was then published as a novel by Hoa Siang In Kiok in 1929. A new printing, adopting the
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argues that this "geographic panorama", combined with the sympathetic depiction of other cultures and religions, shows elements of
1394:
Sidharta, Myra (1996). "Kwee Tek Hoay, Pengarang Serbabisa" [Kwee Tek Hoay, All-round Author]. In Suryadinata, Leo (ed.).
1438:
Sumardjo, Jakob (1989). "Kwee Tek Hoay Sebagai Sastrawan" [Kwee Tek Hoay as a Man of Letters]. In Sidharta, Myra (ed.).
1162:
Budianta, Melani (2007). "Diverse Voices: Indonesian Literature and Nation-building". In Hock Guan Lee; Leo Suryadinata (eds.).
691:
592:. In his doctoral thesis, J. Francisco B. Benitez posits a socio-political cause for this. The Dutch colonial government used
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Sidharta, Myra (1989). "Daftar Karya Tulis Kwee Tek Hoay" [Bibliography of Kwee Tek Hoay]. In Sidharta, Myra (ed.).
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214:, and Soerijati is lost after she falls out of the carriage she is in; Hasan, however, arrives safely in Rangkas Gombong.
540:
1505:
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Kwee, Tek Hoay (2001b). "Drama dari Krakatau" [Drama of Krakatoa]. In A.S., Marcus; Benedanto, Pax (eds.).
124:
52:
588:
As with all works written in vernacular Malay, the novel has not been considered part of the Indonesian literary
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303:
1207:
Damono, Sapardi Djoko (2006). "Sebermula Adalah Realisme" [In the Beginning there was Realism]. In
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Kwee, Tek Hoay (2001a). "Permulaan Kata" [Foreword]. In A.S., Marcus; Benedanto, Pax (eds.).
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from March to September 1931. Volcanic eruptions also featured in contemporary Chinese Malay poetry.
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1123:: Alternative Subjectivities and Multiple Modernities in Nineteenth Century Insular Southeast Asia
234:". Upon returning home, Moelia realises that Noesa Brama must be the last male descendant of the
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Pada saat aku rusak, rusaklah juga ini negri dengen sekalian turunanmu, katimpah murkanya Rakata
735:
maenken ini drama zonder kasih liat meletusnya Krakatau ada sama juga seperti maenken lelakon
1314:] (in Indonesian). Vol. 2. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. pp. 427–590.
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1291:] (in Indonesian). Vol. 2. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. pp. 428–34.
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was performed on stage before its completion. On 28 March 1928, the Moon Opera performed
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575:, Jakarta). The troupe performed the story again on 31 March and 5 April, the latter at
1147:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Komunitas Bamboo working with the Jakarta Art Council.
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consists of sixteen chapters, which were spread over 125 pages in the first printing.
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Forty-four years pass. Moelia, the son of the Regent of Rangkas Gombong and Assistant
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530:, an anthology of Chinese Malay literature. This volume also included Kwee's novella
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480:, then progresses increasingly towards the micro scale, passing through views of
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210:. Krakatoa erupts several hours later. The village is wiped out in the resulting
440:; 1929), as dealing with the community's fears after Krakatoa resumed activity.
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is replete with mysticism. Thematic analyses have focused on the depiction of
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De Njai: Moeder van Alle Volken: 'De Roos uit Tjikembang' en Andere Verhalen
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100:
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100 Years of Kwee Tek Hoay: From Textile Peddler to Pen-Wielding Warrior
1377:
100 Years of Kwee Tek Hoay: From Textile Peddler to Pen-Wielding Warrior
380:
which were inspired by volcanic eruptions. The second, Liem Khing Hoo's
1219:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Lontar Foundation. pp. xvii–xxix.
477:
235:
1440:
100 Tahun Kwee Tek Hoay: Dari Penjaja Tekstil sampai ke Pendekar Pena
1373:
100 Tahun Kwee Tek Hoay: Dari Penjaja Tekstil sampai ke Pendekar Pena
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243:
239:
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1473:: Mother of All Peoples: 'De Roos uit Tjikembang' and Other Stories
1166:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 51–73.
202:
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250:
211:
1446:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Sinar Harapan. pp. 89–121.
1379:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Sinar Harapan. pp. 306–25.
1236:"Kwee Tek Hoay: A Productive Chinese Writer of Java (1880–1952)"
456:) were often understood to mean mainland China, rather than the
347:
Although Kwee was a staunch supporter of realism in literature,
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258:
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Mustahilkah orang tida bisa ciptaken satu drama dari Krakatau?
690:
No film with a similar title or plot is recorded; compare the
572:
428:
389:
146:
94:
856:
145:, the sixteen-chapter book centres on two families in 1920s
1402:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Grasindo. pp. 323–48.
1182:"Chinese-Indonesian writers told tales of life around them"
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As with many stories with predominantly indigenous casts,
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Unlike many contemporary works by ethnic Chinese authors,
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was a mid-level position essentially the equivalent of a
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in the novel; such a theme has also been found in Kwee's
1266:(in Indonesian). Jakarta City Government. Archived from
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tida ada lebih rendah dari Sultan Yokya atawa Sunan Solo
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Sutedja-Liem, Maya (2007). "De Roos uit Tjikembang".
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293:. Born to an ethnic Chinese textile merchant and his
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1475:] (in Dutch). Leiden: KITLV. pp. 269–342.
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Kesastraan Melayu Tionghoa dan Kebangsaan Indonesia
1285:
Kesastraan Melayu Tionghoa dan Kebangsaan Indonesia
769:
754:
528:
Kesastraan Melayu Tionghoa dan Kebangsaan Indonesia
1356:Peranakan Chinese Literature in the Malay Language
1312:Chinese Malay Literature and the Indonesian Nation
1289:Chinese Malay Literature and the Indonesian Nation
1164:Language, Nation and Development in Southeast Asia
1051:
1126:(Ph.D. thesis). Madison: University of Wisconsin.
812:The Jakarta Post 2000, Chinese-Indonesian writers
1492:
1358:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
1145:History of Film 1900–1950: Making Films in Java
356:; this includes writing detailed depictions of
156:First published as a serial in Kwee's magazine
1337:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gunung Agung.
1258:
799:
257:Brama's father; she also tells of a statue of
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169:and researched the volcano before writing,
1140:Sejarah Film 1900–1950: Bikin Film di Jawa
396:and was published in the monthly magazine
27:
1423:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1352:Sastra Cina Peranakan dalam Bahasa Melayu
635:was a government official. The Assistant
189:, the book is not considered part of the
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1217:Anthology of Indonesian Dramas 1895–1930
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438:Syair on the Eruption of Mount Krakatoa
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692:list of films of the Dutch East Indies
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160:between 7 April and 22 December 1928,
1521:Novels first published in serial form
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739:zonder ada itu Prins dari Denemarken.
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376:Kwee's work is the earliest of three
226:father, one who is "no less than the
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312:The Victim of a "Contemptible Woman"
1396:Sastra Peranakan Tionghoa Indonesia
1328:
952:
13:
1213:Antologi Drama Indonesia 1895–1930
297:wife, Kwee had been raised in the
14:
1537:
1113:Benitez, J. Francisco B. (2004).
507:Publication history and reception
418:and was published as a serial in
308:Djadi Korbannja "Perempoean Hina"
16:1929 Malay novel by Kwee Tek Hoay
585:without the Prince of Denmark."
487:The Indonesian literary scholar
1420:Fetish, Recognition, Revolution
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434:Sair Petjanja Goenoeng Krakatau
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532:Roema Sekola jang Saja Impiken
289:was written by the journalist
116:[ˈdramadaˈrikraˈkatau]
1:
1335:Indonesian-Chinese Literature
1190:. 26 May 2000. Archived from
748:
551:As with Kwee's earlier work
536:The Schoolhouse of My Dreams
181:), as well as geography and
33:Cover, first printing (1929)
7:
553:Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang
541:Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang
402:in 1929. The third, Kwee's
386:The Eruption of Mount Kelud
221:of Sindanglaut, hears of a
10:
1542:
1331:Sastera Indonesia-Tionghoa
382:Meledaknja Goenoeng Keloet
314:), was published in 1924.
269:
177:cultures by Kwee (himself
1350:Salmon, Claudine (1985).
649:Subdivisions of Indonesia
643:in modern-day Indonesia (
597:vernacular Malay was the
476:caused by the sinking of
342:
280:1883 eruption of Krakatoa
278:Kwee was inspired by the
191:Indonesian literary canon
185:. As with other works of
143:1883 eruption of Krakatoa
92:
84:
74:
66:
58:
48:
38:
26:
1506:Chinese Malay literature
1417:Siegel, James T (1997).
651:for further information.
518:form in Kwee's magazine
497:Drama dari Boeven Digoel
325:The Last Days of Pompeii
187:Chinese Malay literature
138:The Last Days of Pompeii
1516:Novels by Kwee Tek Hoay
1264:Encyclopedia of Jakarta
1129:(subscription required)
514:was first published in
331:Kwee thought himself a
196:
1252:10.3406/arch.1980.1526
865:, pp. xvii, xvix.
538:; 1925) and the novel
501:Drama of Boeven Digoel
283:
1511:Malay-language novels
1329:Nio, Joe Lan (1962).
546:The Rose of Cikembang
277:
955:, pp. 37, 109;
647:, p. 188). See
524:1972 spelling reform
378:Chinese Malay novels
320:Edward Bulwer-Lytton
228:Sultan of Yogyakarta
133:Edward Bulwer-Lytton
22:Drama dari Krakatau
1234:Kwee, John (1980).
1135:Biran, Misbach Yusa
698:, pp. 379–86).
561:Drama dari Krakatau
557:Drama dari Krakatau
555:, an adaptation of
512:Drama dari Krakatau
469:Drama dari Krakatau
445:Drama dari Krakatau
432:, Ong Tjong Sian's
410:), was inspired by
388:), was inspired by
349:Drama dari Krakatau
337:Drama dari Krakatau
287:Drama dari Krakatau
171:Drama dari Krakatau
162:Drama dari Krakatau
110:Drama dari Krakatau
23:
826:, pp. 333–34.
800:JCG, Kwee Tek Hoay
677:". Translation by
563:at Pasar Senen in
404:Drama dari Merapie
364:from Germany; and
284:
21:
1482:978-90-6718-301-7
1453:978-979-416-040-4
1430:978-0-691-02652-7
1409:978-979-553-855-4
1386:978-979-416-040-4
1321:978-979-9023-45-2
1298:978-979-9023-45-2
1270:on 28 August 2012
1226:978-979-99858-2-8
1209:Lontar Foundation
1194:on 7 January 2014
1173:978-981-230-482-7
1154:978-979-3731-58-2
1099:, pp. 82–83.
788:Sutedja-Liem 2007
607:Explanatory notes
474:rising sea levels
462:Dutch East Indies
458:Malay Archipelago
127:novel written by
121:Drama of Krakatoa
106:
105:
79:Dutch East Indies
75:Publication place
70:Hoa Siang In Kiok
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489:Melani Budianta
424:Claudine Salmon
420:Moestika Romans
408:Drama of Merapi
358:Therese Neumann
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299:Chinese culture
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208:Rangkas Gombong
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131:. Inspired by
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1047:
1046:Budianta 2007
1042:
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1035:
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1023:
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1011:
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982:
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958:
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1192:the original
1185:
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1122:
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1097:Benitez 2004
1092:
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419:
416:Mount Merapi
412:Central Java
407:
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366:Omar Khayyám
362:fasting girl
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123:) is a 1929
120:
109:
108:
107:
18:
1501:1929 novels
1106:Works cited
969:Salmon 1985
863:Damono 2006
733:Original: "
720:Original: "
707:Original: "
696:Biran (2009
673:Original: "
645:Siegel 1997
594:Court Malay
565:Weltevreden
493:nationalism
304:first novel
236:Hindu kings
183:nationalism
1495:Categories
1070:Kwee 2001a
1058:Kwee 2001b
914:Kwee 2001b
902:Kwee 2001b
890:Kwee 2001a
875:Kwee 2001a
851:Kwee 2001a
776:Kwee 2001b
764:Kwee 2001a
749:References
679:Kwee (1980
478:Poseidonis
175:indigenous
548:; 1927).
450:tanah-air
394:East Java
244:Palembang
240:Pajajaran
201:In 1883,
67:Publisher
59:Published
1526:Krakatoa
1364:39909566
1274:11 March
1240:Archipel
1198:14 March
1137:(2009).
953:Nio 1962
520:Panorama
454:homeland
203:Krakatoa
158:Panorama
141:and the
101:64687346
49:Language
1343:3094508
1211:(ed.).
569:Batavia
333:realist
270:Writing
251:Sumatra
230:or the
212:tsunami
167:realist
1479:
1450:
1427:
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1318:
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1223:
1170:
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737:Hamlet
637:Wedana
633:Wedana
582:Hamlet
516:serial
354:occult
343:Themes
295:native
259:Vishnu
219:Wedana
39:Author
1467:[
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1121:Syair
641:camat
590:canon
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571:(now
429:syair
390:Kelud
223:Baduy
151:Baduy
147:Batam
85:Pages
1477:ISBN
1471:Njai
1469:The
1448:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1404:ISBN
1381:ISBN
1360:OCLC
1339:OCLC
1316:ISBN
1293:ISBN
1276:2013
1221:ISBN
1200:2012
1168:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1119:and
1117:Awit
482:Java
370:Sufi
360:, a
197:Plot
95:OCLC
62:1929
1248:doi
694:in
460:or
414:'s
392:in
238:of
88:125
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