728:. During the auditory tests, sustained tones and excerpts from musical works were played on the electric and pipe organs while a group of musicians and laymen attempted to distinguish between the instruments. While attorneys for Hammond argued that the test listeners were wrong or guessed nearly half the time, witnesses for the FTC claimed that Hammond employees had unfairly manipulated the Skinner organ to sound more like the Hammond. In 1938, the FTC ordered Hammond to "cease and desist" a number of advertising claims, including that its instrument was equivalent to a $ 10,000 pipe organ. After the FTC's decision, Hammond claimed that the hearings had vindicated his company's assertions that the organ produced "real", "fine", and "beautiful" music, phrases which were each cited in the FTC's original complaint, but not included in the "cease and desist" order. Hammond also claimed that although the hearing was expensive for his company, the proceedings generated so much publicity that "as a result we sold enough extra organs to cover the expense."
1295:. When a key is pressed on the organ, it completes a circuit of nine electrical switches, which are linked to the drawbars. The position of the drawbars, combined with the switches selected by the key pressed, determines which tonewheels are allowed to sound. Every tonewheel is connected to a synchronous motor via a system of gears, which ensures that each note remains at a constant relative pitch to every other. The combined signal from all depressed keys and pedals is fed through to the vibrato system, which is driven by a metal scanner. As the scanner rotates around a set of pickups, it changes the pitch of the overall sound slightly. From here, the sound is sent to the main amplifier, and on to the audio speakers.
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consoles, and hence were more widely used. Several different types of M series instruments were produced between 1948 and 1964; they contained two 44-note manuals with one set of drawbars each, and a 12-note pedalboard. The M model was produced from 1948 to 1951, the M-2 from 1951 to 1955, and the M-3 from 1955 to 1964. The M series was replaced by the M-100 series in 1961, which used a numbering system to identify the body style and finish as used on earlier console series. It included the same manuals as the M, but increased the pedalboard size to 13 notes, stretching a full octave, and included a number of presets.
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416:, which allows players to perform rapid passages more easily than on a piano. In contrast to piano and pipe organ keys, Hammond keys have a flat-front profile, commonly referred to as "waterfall" style. Early Hammond console models had sharp edges, but starting with the B-2, these were rounded, as they were cheaper to manufacture. The M series of spinets also had waterfall keys (which has subsequently made them ideal for spares on B-3s and C-3s), but later spinet models had "diving board" style keys which resembled those found on a church organ. Modern Hammond-Suzuki models use waterfall keys.
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familiar B-3 sound. Hammond-Suzuki promotional material states that it would be difficult for even an experienced B-3 player to distinguish between the old and new B-3 organs. A review of the New B-3 by Hugh
Robjohns called it "a true replica of an original B-3 ... in terms of the look and layout, and the actual sound". The instrument project nearly stalled after a breakdown in negotiations between Japanese and United States staff, the latter of whom insisted on manufacturing the case in the United States and designing the organ to identical specifications to the original.
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April 1935, and the first model, the Model A, was made available in June of that year. Over 1,750 churches purchased a
Hammond organ in the first three years of production, and by the end of the 1930s, over 200 instruments were being made each month. By 1966, an estimated 50,000 churches had installed a Hammond. For all its subsequent success with professional musicians, the original company did not target its products at that market, principally because Hammond did not think there would be a sufficient return.
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996:. The B-3 and C-3 were replaced by the B-3000, designed to be a model for professional use that had the same look and feel of the earlier organs. It contained the same controls, but was 200 pounds (91 kg) lighter than a B-3. Although promoted by Hammond as a suitable replacement, musicians did not think it had a comparable sound. In 1979, a Japanese offshoot, Nihon Hammond, introduced the X-5, a portable solid-state clone of the B-3.
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Suzuki
Musical Instrument Corporation, which rebranded the company as Hammond-Suzuki. Although nominally a Japanese company, founder Manji Suzuki was a fan of the instrument and retained several former Hammond Organ Company staff for research and development, and ensured that production would partially remain in the United States. The new company produced their own brand of portable organs, including the XB-2, XB-3 and XB-5.
992:(IC) model, the Concorde, in 1971. The company had stopped manufacturing tonewheel organs entirely by 1975, due to increased financial inefficiency, and switched to making IC models full-time. Console models included the 8000 Aurora (1976) and 8000M Aurora (1977), which contained drawbars and a built-in rotating speaker. Spinet organs included the K-100 and J-400 series, and the "Cadette" V series. Some models included a
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720:(FTC) filed a complaint claiming that the Hammond Company made "false and misleading" claims in advertisements for its organ, including that the Hammond could produce "the entire range of tone coloring of a pipe organ". The complaint resulted in lengthy hearing proceedings, which featured a series of auditory tests that pitted a Hammond costing about $ 2600 against a $ 75,000 Skinner pipe organ in the
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of the instrument. For example, A-105 was "Tudor styling in light oak or walnut", while the A-143 was "warm cherry finish, Early
American styling". This model numbering scheme was used for several other series of console and spinet organs that subsequently appeared. The D-100 series, which provided a self-contained version of the RT-3, followed in 1963.
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allowed sound from the speakers to escape by a louvered opening on one side and a gap in the top. The most commercially successful set of Tone
Cabinets were probably the PR series cabinets introduced in 1959. The 40-watt PR40 weighed 126 pounds (57 kg) and was 37.5 inches (950 mm) high. It has a good response from bass pedals.
1543:. The instrument was not initially favored by classical organ purists, because the tones of two notes an octave apart were in exact synchronization, as opposed to the slight variation present on a pipe organ. However, the instrument did gradually become popular with jazz players. One of the first performers to use the Hammond organ was
278:, which proceeded to manufacture digital simulations of the most popular tonewheel organs. This culminated in the production of the "New B-3" in 2002, a recreation of the original B-3 organ using digital technology. Hammond-Suzuki continues to manufacture a variety of organs for both professional players and churches. Companies such as
605:, which must run for about 12 seconds. Then, the "Run" switch is turned on for about four seconds. The "Start" switch is then released, whereupon the organ is ready to generate sound. The H-100 and E-series consoles and L-100 and T-100 spinet organs, however, had a self-starting motor that required only a single "On" switch. A
1675:, and he was presented with a brand new B-3 and Leslie 122RV upon joining. Allman recalls the instrument was cumbersome to transport, particularly on flights of stairs, which often required the whole band's assistance. Author Frank Moriarty considers Allman's Hammond playing a vital ingredient of the band's sound.
985:. It contained separate "vibrato bass" and "vibrato treble" in an attempt to simulate a Leslie speaker. Hammond designed it as the company's flagship product, in response to market competition and to replace the B-3. However, it was considered expensive at $ 9,795 and it sold poorly. It did not sound like a B-3.
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The original
Hammond organ was never designed to be transported regularly. A Hammond B-3 organ, bench, and pedalboard weighs 425 pounds (193 kg). This weight, combined with that of a Leslie speaker, makes the instrument cumbersome and difficult to move between venues. This created a demand for a
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or "leakage" occurs when the instrument's magnetic pickups receive the signal from rotating metal tonewheels other than those selected by the organist. Hammond considered crosstalk a defect that required correcting, and in 1963 introduced a new level of resistor–capacitor filtering to greatly reduce
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The L-100 series entered production at the same time as the M-100. It was an economy version, with various cost-cutting changes so the organ could retail for under $ 1,000. The vibrato was a simpler circuit than on other consoles and spinets. Two variations of the vibrato were provided, plus a chorus
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In 1959, Hammond introduced the A-100 series. It was effectively a self-contained version of the B-3/C-3, with an internal power amplifier and speakers. The organ was manufactured in a variety of different chassis, with the last two digits of the specific model number determining the style and finish
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or "phonic wheel" by listening to the moving gears of his electric clocks and the tones produced by them. He gathered pieces from a second-hand piano he had purchased for $ 15 and combined it with a tonewheel generator in a similar form to the telharmonium, albeit much shorter and more compact. Since
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when a key is pressed. The selected percussion harmonic fades out, leaving the sustained tones the player selected with the drawbars. The volume of this percussive effect is selectable as either normal or soft. Harmonic
Percussion retriggers only after all notes have been released, so legato passages
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music. Author Edward Macan thinks this is because of its versatility, allowing both chords and lead lines to be played, and a choice between quiet and clean, and what
Emerson described as a "tacky, aggressive, almost distorted, angry sound". However, progressive rock historian Paul Stump argued that
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or pedal switch, with the most distinctive effect occurring as the speaker rotation speed changes. The most popular
Leslies were the 122, which accepted a balanced signal suitable for console organs, and the 147, which accepted an unbalanced signal and could be used for spinet organs with a suitable
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magazine's
Stephen Fortner praised the single manual SK1, indicated that it gave an accurate sound throughout the range of drawbar settings, and said the organ sound was "fat, warm, utterly authentic". The XK-1c model was introduced in early 2014, which is simply an organ-only version of the SK1. An
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The B-2 and C-2, introduced in 1949, allowed vibrato to be enabled or disabled on each manual separately. In 1954, the B-3 and C-3 models were introduced with the additional harmonic percussion feature, advertised as "touch response percussion control". Despite several attempts by Hammond to replace
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keyboards, the two manuals are positioned on two levels close to each other. Each is laid out in a similar manner to a piano keyboard, except that pressing a key on a Hammond results in the sound continuously playing until it is released, whereas with a piano, the note's volume decays. No difference
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Some Hammond organs have an audible pop or click when a key is pressed. Originally, key click was considered a design defect and Hammond worked to eliminate or at least reduce it with equalization filters. However, many performers liked the percussive effect, and it has been accepted as part of the
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Leslie initially tried to sell his invention to Hammond, but Laurens Hammond was unimpressed and declined to purchase it. Hammond modified their interface connectors to be "Leslie-proof", but Leslie quickly engineered a workaround. Some Hammond staff thought Laurens Hammond was being irrational and
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To cater more specifically to the church market, Hammond introduced the Concert Model E in July 1937, which included a full 32-note pedalboard and four electric switches known as toe pistons, allowing various sounds to be selected by the feet. The model E was replaced by the model RT in 1949, which
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1972 — The Birth Of Roland: "Almost immediately after establishing the company, Kakehashi received an offer from the Hammond Organ Company; they wished to buy a 60-percent shareholding in the new business. However, he had no wish to be the junior partner in his own company for a second time, so he
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to a Hammond organ. The first models to be produced were the 20-watt A-20 and 40-watt A-40. The A-20 was designed for churches and small-capacity halls, and featured a set of doors in front of the speaker, that could be closed when the organ was not in use. The D-20 was introduced in 1937 and only
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In 1985, Hammond went out of business, though servicing and spares continued to be available after this under the name of the Organ Service Company. In early 1986, the Hammond brand and rights were acquired by Hammond Organ Australia, run by Noel Crabbe. Then in 1989, the name was purchased by the
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To address concerns that the sound of the Hammond was not rich enough to accurately mimic a pipe organ, the model BC was introduced in December 1936. It included a chorus generator, in which a second tonewheel system added slightly sharp or flat tones to the overall sound of each note. The cabinet
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On April 24, 1934, Hammond filed a patent for an "electrical musical instrument", which was personally delivered to the patent office by Hanert, explaining that they could start production immediately and it would be good for local employment in Chicago. The invention was unveiled to the public in
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In addition to drawbars, many Hammond tonewheel organ models also include presets, which make predefined drawbar combinations available at the press of a button. Console organs have one octave of reverse colored keys (naturals are black, sharps and flats are white) to the left of each manual, with
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in 1965, and the following year, Hammond finally decided to officially support the Leslie speaker. The T-200 spinet, introduced in 1968, was the first Hammond to have an integrated Leslie speaker. Hammond finally purchased Leslie in 1980. Hammond-Suzuki acquired the rights to Leslie in 1992; the
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The company has since released the XK-3, a single-manual organ using the same digital tonewheel technology as the New B-3. The XK-3 is part of a modular system that allows an integrated lower manual and pedals to be added. In response to some clones, including a variety of vintage keyboards in a
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The Hammond Organ Company produced an estimated two million instruments in its lifetime; these have been described as "probably the most successful electronic organs ever made". A key ingredient to the Hammond organ's success was the use of dealerships and a sense of community. Several dedicated
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where a note's sound is combined with another sound at a slightly different and varying pitch. The best known vibrato and chorus system consists of six settings, V1, V2, V3, C1, C2 and C3 (i.e., three each of vibrato and chorus), which can be selected via a rotary switch. Vibrato / chorus can be
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effect can be created on the Hammond organ by turning the "Run" switch off and on again. This briefly cuts power to the generators, causing them to run at a slower pace and generate a lower pitch for a short time. Hammond's New B3 contains similar switches to emulate this effect, though it is a
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The E-100 series was a cost-reduced version of the A-100 introduced in 1965, with only one set of drawbars per manual, a reduced number of presets, and a slightly different tone generator. This was followed by the H-100 series, with a redesigned tonewheel generator and various other additional
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to cover female organists' legs while playing in a skirt, often a consideration when a church organ was placed in front of the congregation. The model C did not contain the chorus generator, but had space in the cabinet for it to be fitted. The concurrent model D was a model C with a prefitted
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label between 1956 and 1963. He eschewed a bass player, and played all the bass parts himself using the pedals, generally using a walking bassline on the pedals in combination with percussive left-hand chords. His trio format, composed of organ, guitar, and drums, became internationally known
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In 2002, Hammond-Suzuki launched the New B-3, a recreation of the original electromechanical instrument using contemporary electronics and a digital tonewheel simulator. The New B-3 is constructed to appear like the original B-3, and the designers attempted to retain the subtle nuances of the
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The Leslie was originally designed to mimic the complex tones and constantly shifting sources of sound emanating from a large group of ranks in a pipe organ. The effect varies depending on the speed of the rotors, which can be toggled between fast (tremolo) and slow (chorale) using a console
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Though the instrument had been originally designed for use in a church, Hammond realized that the amateur home market was a far more lucrative business, and started manufacturing spinet organs in the late 1940s. Outside of the United States, they were manufactured in greater numbers than the
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respectively. The gearing and starter motors are different, and run at 1,200 RPM and 1,500 RPM respectively. Third-party companies manufacture adapters that can allow a Hammond organ designed for one region to run in the other, which are used by internationally touring bands.
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In the US, Hammond manufactures a number of dedicated console organs, including the B-3mk2 and the C-3mk2, and the A-405, a Chapel Console Organ. The company has a dedicated Church Advisory Team that provides a consultancy, so churches can choose the most appropriate instrument.
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The first model in production, in June 1935, was the Model A. It contained most of the features that came to be standard on all console Hammonds, including two 61-key manuals, a 25-key pedalboard, an expression pedal, 12 reverse-color preset keys, and one for the pedals.
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triggered by the pedals. Joey DeFrancesco embraced the instrument during the 1990s, and later collaborated with Jimmy Smith. He is positive about the future of the Hammond organ, saying "Everybody loves it. It makes you feel good... I think it's bigger now than ever."
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of the note. While each individual drawbar generates a relatively pure sound similar to a flute or electronic oscillator, more complex sounds can be created by mixing the drawbars in varying amounts. Because of this, the Hammond organ can be considered a type of
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alloy wire to ensure a high-quality electrical connection when pressing a key. This design was discontinued with the introduction of the transistor organ. This means tonewheel organs have between 3.2 and 8.4 grams of palladium, depending on make and model.
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that mixed various vibrato signals together. The expression pedal, based on a cheaper design, was not as sophisticated as on the other organs. The L-100 sold particularly well in the UK, with several notable British musicians using it instead of a B-3 or C-3.
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Hammond was not a musician, he asked the company's assistant treasurer, W. L. Lahey, to help him achieve the desired organ sound. To cut costs, Hammond made a pedalboard with only 25 notes, instead of the standard 32 on church organs, and it quickly became a
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who were offering them, with a greater feature set compared to tonewheel Hammonds. The first organ that bridged the gap between tonewheel and transistor was the X-66, introduced in May 1967. The X-66 contained just 12 tonewheels, and used electronics for
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Hammond manufactured from 1969 onwards have the footage of each drawbar engraved on its end. Some drawbar settings have become well-known and associated with certain musicians. A very popular setting is 888000000 (i.e., with the drawbars labeled "16′",
1754:, with whom he used and abused an L-100, putting knives in the instrument, setting fire to it, playing it upside down, or riding it across stage in the manner of a horse. He continued to play the instrument in this manner alongside other keyboards in
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initially, the popularity of the Hammond organ in progressive rock was less due to the suitability of the instrument to the genre than to its ubiquity in popular music, much like the electric guitar. Emerson first found commercial success with
847:
Criticism that the Hammond organ was more aesthetically suitable to the home instead of the church led to the introduction of the model C in September 1939. It contained the same internals as the AB or BC, but covered on the front and sides by
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two octaves higher. Hammond used a 25-note pedalboard because he found that on traditional 32-note pedalboards used in church pipe organs, the top seven notes were seldom used. The Hammond Concert models E, RT, RT-2, RT-3 and D-100 had 32-note
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736:, mailed out to subscribers. Advertisements tended to show families gathered around the instrument, often with a child playing it, as an attempt to show the organ as a center-point of home life and to encourage children to learn music.
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in volume occurs regardless of how heavily or lightly the key is pressed (unlike with a piano), so overall volume is controlled by a pedal (also known as a "swell" or "expression" pedal). The keys on each manual have a lightweight
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in 2001; this used buttons to emulate the physical action of pulling or pushing a drawbar, with an LED graph indicating its current state. Clavia has released several updated versions of the Electro since then, and introduced the
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1591:", Emerson limited the use of Leslie because he felt that was Preston's domain at the time, whereas he himself was approaching the instrument with an aesthetic combining "a white European attitude", classical music, and rock.
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circuitry, though, unlike the L-100, it did include the scanner-vibrato as seen on the B-3. Other than the T-100 series models, all other T-Series models included a built-in rotating Leslie speaker and some included an analog
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company currently markets a variety of speakers under this name. As well as faithful reissues of the original 122 speaker, the company announced in 2013 that they would start manufacturing a standalone Leslie simulator in a
893:. The organ was not particularly well made, and suffered a reputation for being unreliable. Hammond service engineer Harvey Olsen said, "When they work, they sound pretty decent. But die-hard enthusiasts won't touch it."
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them, these two models remained popular and stayed in continuous production through early 1975. The last B-3 and C-3 organs manufactured were built from leftover parts, and are not considered as good as earlier models.
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above middle C as the top note. The RT-2, RT-3 and D-100 also contained a separate solo pedal system that had its own volume control and various other features. Spinet models have 12- or 13-note miniature pedalboards.
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which generated tones that could be transmitted over wires. The instrument was bulky enough to require several railway cars for its transportation, because the alternators had to be large enough to generate high
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updated flagship organ, the XK-5, was launched in 2016, and a stage keyboard, the SK-X followed in 2019, which allows a player to select an individual instrument (organ, piano or synthesizer) for each manual.
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of the note being played, the drawbar marked "16′" is an octave below, and the drawbars marked "4′", "2′" and "1′" are one, two and three octaves above, respectively. The other drawbars generate various other
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The sound on a tonewheel Hammond organ is varied through the manipulation of drawbars. A drawbar is a metal slider that controls the volume of a particular sound component, in a similar way to a fader on an
1931:, stated, "the Hammond never really went away. There are a lot of studios that have had a B-3 or C-3 sitting away in there since the 70s." The instrument underwent a brief renaissance in the 1980s with the
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was made deeper to accommodate this. Production of the old Model A cases stopped, but the older model continued to be available as the AB until October 1938. A model BA of 1938 may be seen and heard at the
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Before a Hammond organ can produce sound, the motor that drives the tonewheels must come up to speed. On most models, starting a Hammond organ involves two switches. The "Start" switch turns a dedicated
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classic sound. Hammond research and development engineer Alan Young said, "the professionals who were playing popular music that the attack was so prominent. And they objected when it was eliminated."
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each key activating a preset; the far left key (C), also known as the cancel key, de-activates all presets, and results in no sound coming from that manual. The two right-most preset keys (B and B
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Because the tones on a Hammond organ are mechanically generated, different models were manufactured for the US and European markets, which run on 110 V/60 Hz and 240 V/50 Hz
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playing one. When Fisher asked if he could play it, McLagan told him, "They're yelling out for Hammond players; why don't you go out and buy one for yourself?" Fisher played the organ lines on
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retained the full-sized pedalboard, but otherwise was internally identical to the B and C models. RT-2 and RT-3 models subsequently appeared in line with the B-2/C-2 and B-3/C-3, respectively.
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system in pipe organs, in which the physical length of the pipe corresponds to the pitch produced. Most Hammonds contain nine drawbars per manual. The drawbar marked "8′" generates the
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Though transistor Hammonds were criticised for their sound, the company remained commercially successful. Many such models were sold to churches, funeral homes and private residences.
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did not believe it was practical at that point to move the entire manufacturing operation from the US to Japan, and also viewed Hammond's declining sales figures as a problem.
538:) activate the corresponding set of drawbars for that manual, while the other preset keys produce preselected drawbar settings that are internally wired into the preset panel.
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1366:. However, the sound of tonewheel crosstalk is now considered part of the signature of the Hammond organ, to the extent that modern digital clones explicitly emulate it.
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continued into the 1930s, sales of the bridge table declined and he decided to look elsewhere for a commercially successful product. Hammond was inspired to create the
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1598:"I took to riding the L100 like a bucking bronco. It weighs 350 lb; when it's on top of you, you need the adrenalin rush you get onstage to chuck it around."
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The first attempts to electronically copy a Hammond appeared in the 1970s, including the Roland VK-1 and VK-9, the Yamaha YC45D, and the Crumar Organizer. The
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Gordon Reid said that the CX-3 "came close to emulating the true depth and passion of a vintage Hammond", particularly when played through a Leslie speaker.
1494:) has also produced a software emulation, the EVB3. This has led to a Hammond organ module with all controls and features of the original instrument in the
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The Hammond organ makes technical compromises in the notes it generates. Rather than produce harmonics that are exact multiples of the fundamental as in
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more portable and reliable way of generating the same sound. Electronic and digital keyboards that imitate the sound of the Hammond are referred to as "
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1970:
has received critical acclaim for her performances on the Hammond, particularly her use of the bass pedals, and has modified the instrument to include
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The Hammond organ was perceived as outdated by the late 1970s, particularly in the UK, where it was often used to perform pop songs in social clubs.
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degree in 1916. By the start of the 1920s, he had designed a spring-driven clock, which provided enough sales for him to start his own business, the
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Rod Spark, a longtime Hammond enthusiast, said these models were "a matter of taste, of course, but I don't think they're a patch on the old ones".
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The basic component sound of a Hammond organ comes from a tonewheel. Each one rotates in front of an electromagnetic pickup. The variation in the
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to get a growling, overdriven sound, which became known as his trademark and he is strongly identified with it. This organ was later acquired by
1927:
was an exception to this, and used a Hammond onstage during the band's early career. Andy Thompson, better known for being an aficionado of the
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as "the greatest living keyboard player in the world today" and dubbed the "Hendrix of the Hammond Organ" (an accolade also given to Emerson).
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adapter. The Pro-Line series of Leslies which were made to be portable for gigging bands using solid-state amps were popular during the 1970s.
469:. As a drawbar is incrementally pulled out, it increases the volume of its sound. When pushed all the way in, the volume is decreased to zero.
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The T series, produced from 1968 to 1975, was the last of the tonewheel spinet organs. Unlike all the earlier Hammond organs, which used
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sound the effect only on the first note or chord, making Harmonic Percussion uniquely a "single-trigger", but still a polyphonic effect.
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on one manual but not the other, and rewiring the motor. The modifications created, in Banton's own words, "unimaginable sonic chaos".
1475:, founded by former Hammond-Suzuki sales representative Tom Tuson in 2003, specializes in Hammond clones, and has an endorsement from
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played with the feet, for bass notes. Most console Hammond pedalboards have 25 notes, with the bottom note a low C and the top note a
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The B-3 and C-3 models introduced the concept of "Harmonic Percussion", which was designed to emulate the percussive sounds of the
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Although they are sometimes included in the category of electronic organs, the majority of Hammond organs are, strictly speaking,
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chorus. Development of the vibrato system took place during the early 1940s, and was put into production shortly after the end of
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1351:, it uses the nearest-available frequencies generated by the tonewheels. The only guaranteed frequency for a Hammond's tuning is
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and AC power directly from the organ via a six-pin cable. Spinet organs contained their own built-in amplifier and speakers.
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I Believe in Music: Life Experiences and Thoughts on the Future of Electronic Music by the Founder of the Roland Corporation
215:
Around two million Hammond organs have been manufactured. The organ was originally marketed by the Hammond Organ Company to
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switched from piano to Hammond in the 1950s, and toured regularly throughout the 1960s and 1970s. In his Hammond playing,
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Many players prefer to play the Hammond through a cabinet with a rotating speaker known, after several name changes, as a
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1416:(single manual) and BX-3 (dual manual) were the first lightweight organs to produce a sound comparable to the original.
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274:. These organs were less popular, and the company went out of business in 1985. The Hammond name was purchased by the
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1454:, which appeared in 2002, also provided emulations of other vintage keyboards and provided a connector for a Leslie.
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Laurens Hammond died in 1973, and the company struggled to survive, proposing the acquisition of a majority stake in
1963:", which features a Hammond mixed into the foreground (the instrument was recorded live rather than being sampled).
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1203:. The typical Leslie system is an integrated speaker/amplifier combination in which sound is emitted by a rotating
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945:, while the T-500 also included a built-in cassette recorder. It was one of the last tonewheel Hammonds produced.
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modified his Hammond E-100 extensively with customized electronics, including the ability to put effects such as
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rather than electronic organs, because the sound is produced by moving parts rather than electronic oscillators.
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to vary sounds. Until 1975, Hammond organs generated sound by creating an electric current from rotating a metal
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and John M. Hanert and first manufactured in 1935. Multiple models have been produced, most of which use sliding
5073:
6354:
4822:
1915:
from the 1960s, or use no keyboards at all. Other groups started taking advantage of cheaper and more portable
1147:
4328:
1948:
1507:
827:
17:
3155:
2950:
1559:
thinks the Hammond became "the poor man's big band", but because of that, it became more economical to book
6344:
1618:
1219:. This creates a characteristic sound because of the constantly changing pitch shifts that result from the
3468:
1583:
sought partly to replicate the sound achieved by McDuff in his arrangement of "Rock Candy". An admirer of
5672:
4782:
860:
429:
392:
294:
of the original tonewheel organs. The sound of a tonewheel Hammond can be emulated using modern software
4847:
1317:
769:
have two 44-note manuals and one octave of pedals, plus an internal power amplifier and set of speakers.
6364:
6334:
5931:
5734:
1869:
1853:
1523:'s use of the Hammond organ from the 1950s on gained commercial success and influenced other organists.
1065:
2659:
857:. The various models available were the BV and CV (vibrato only) and BCV and DV (vibrato and chorus).
6374:
5450:
Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: VolumeII: Performance and Production, Volume 11
4125:
4064:
1826:. Banks later claimed he only used the Hammond because a piano was impractical to transport to gigs.
1741:
achieved critical success in the jazz genre using both original tonewheel Hammonds and the "New B-3".
1626:
1447:
933:
841:
247:'s use of the Hammond B-3, with its additional harmonic percussion feature, inspired a generation of
3572:
3149:
1072:, and samples of wind and brass instruments alongside the standard drawbar and tonewheel emulation.
6224:
2583:"BBC World Service – The Documentary Podcast, A History of Music and Technology: The Hammond Organ"
2386:
1755:
717:
351:
3797:
2466:
932:
for preamplification, amplification, percussion and chorus-vibrato control, the T series used all-
6359:
6264:
5992:
5864:
4706:
4036:
2782:
2765:
1992:
1720:
1337:
A prototype light-weight tonewheel generator, produced at the Hammond Organ Company's factory in
982:
4462:
3381:
972:
In the 1960s, Hammond began to manufacture transistor organs in response to competitors such as
5852:
4102:
2550:
2009:
1944:
1877:
1807:
1642:
1566:
Jimmy Smith began to play Hammond regularly in the 1950s, particularly in his sessions for the
1544:
1520:
1511:
1303:
647:
244:
197:
5711:
5406:
5249:
1844:", although he complained about its weight. Winston Wright was regarded in the music scene of
1667:
had introduced him to Jimmy Smith's music, and started to write material with it. His brother
913:
744:
Hammond organs, as manufactured by the original company, can be divided into two main groups:
6160:
5815:
4873:
3972:
1849:
1823:
1572:
1352:
1101:
1097:
721:
651:
477:
112:
4165:
3292:
2087:
1244:
autocratic towards Leslie, but Don Leslie later said it helped give his speakers publicity.
1011:
Hammond-Suzuki produced the XB-3, a digital emulation of a tonewheel organ, during the 1990s
306:
A number of features of the Hammond organ are not usually found on other keyboards like the
6127:
1940:
1936:
1771:
1672:
1654:
1614:
1435:
512:′" and "8′" fully pulled out), and has been identified as the "classic" Jimmy Smith sound.
5408:
Caribbean Popular Music: An Encyclopedia of Reggae, Mento, Ska, Rock Steady, and Dancehall
732:
organ dealers set up business in the United States and there was a bi-monthly newsletter,
8:
6132:
6122:
6012:
5958:
5054:
Musical Instruments: History, Technology, and Performance of Instruments of Western Music
3628:
3500:
3473:
3440:
1966:
Jazz, blues, and gospel musicians continued to use Hammond organs into the 21st century.
1960:
1650:
1288:
1273:
1074:
2275:
387:
6292:
5907:
5837:
5339:
5181:
The Hammond Organ: An introduction to the instrument and the players who made it famous
5158:
1967:
1892:
1728:
1686:
1575:
in 1957. Medeski says musicians "were inspired when they heard Jimmy Smith's records".
1483:
1208:
1016:
989:
864:
The Concert Model E was designed for church use and features a full 32-note pedalboard.
760:
725:
643:
491:
283:
271:
164:
127:
1678:
1486:
B4 series, which has been praised for its attention to detail and choice of features.
1100:
to use with a console organ was the Hammond Tone Cabinet, which contained an external
6251:
6234:
5691:
5665:
5593:
5574:
5555:
5549:
5534:
5513:
5494:
5475:
5454:
5433:
5412:
5391:
5370:
5346:
5323:
5300:
5279:
5272:
5267:
5253:
5242:
5226:
5205:
5184:
5165:
5142:
5121:
5100:
5079:
5058:
5052:
5037:
5016:
4995:
4974:
4953:
4932:
4913:
4716:
4680:
3549:
2662:, Laurens Hammond, "Electrical Musical Instrument", issued April 24, 1934
1787:
1567:
1536:
1528:
1374:
1348:
1277:
1020:
216:
205:
6137:
1482:
The Hammond organ has also been emulated in software. One prominent emulator is the
917:
The T-402 was one of the last tonewheel organs manufactured and included a built in
550:
effect that provides a small variation in pitch while a note is being played, and a
6188:
6152:
5977:
5954:
5923:
5773:
5757:
3524:
1971:
1873:
1746:
1738:
1716:
1610:
1476:
1406:
1387:
1228:
1204:
1200:
663:
433:
424:
367:
291:
260:
252:
149:
3233:
1653:
playing guitar and piano, but he switched to Hammond when he hired one to record "
592:
Console Hammond organs such as the B-3 require two switches; "Start" to drive the
6239:
6219:
6091:
5825:
5528:
5469:
5448:
5427:
5385:
5364:
5220:
5199:
5136:
5094:
5031:
5010:
4989:
4907:
4707:"'I was smothering myself with myself, stardom was never real': the conversation"
4702:
2413:
1924:
1848:
as one of the best organ players, and used the Hammond when performing live with
1811:
1606:
1594:
1540:
756:
659:
623:
201:
185:
5697:
One of the first large, detailed articles on the Hammond Organ and how it worked
6313:
6297:
6259:
6203:
6165:
6084:
6002:
5912:
5656:
4170:
4130:
4097:
4069:
4041:
3967:
3386:
2391:
2044:
1920:
1908:
1896:
1861:
1819:
1783:
1712:
1689:
1588:
1284:
1220:
1196:
1188:
1163:
1129:
1048:
1029:
993:
807:
525:
466:
458:
420:
413:
404:
331:
209:
181:
168:
41:
5701:
5571:
Manufacturing the Muse: Estey Organs and Consumer Culture in Victorian America
3319:
2872:
2748:"Federal Trade Commission Sponsors Auditory Test—Hammond vs. $ 75,000 Organ".
1991:
has a Hammond organ as one of his main instruments, and has been described by
524:
Preset keys on a Hammond organ are reverse-colored and sit to the left of the
440:
Hammond organ manuals and pedalboards were originally manufactured with solid
251:, and its use became more widespread in the 1960s and 1970s in genres such as
6328:
6274:
6198:
6079:
6062:
6042:
5972:
5783:
5222:
The Music Tech Dictionary: A Glossary of Audio-Related Terms and Technologies
4720:
3774:
1865:
1837:
1803:
1759:
1664:
1646:
1600:
1584:
1580:
1468:
1109:
849:
602:
593:
551:
295:
270:
In the 1970s, the Hammond Organ Company abandoned tonewheels and switched to
52:
5717:
4946:
Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas, eds. (2002).
3900:
3826:
2582:
1516:
1331:
635:
for a loud enough signal. The Hammond organ solved this problem by using an
6269:
6180:
6142:
6022:
5889:
5869:
5820:
4903:
3601:
3412:
2941:
1956:
1912:
1841:
1815:
1779:
1775:
1734:
1668:
1660:
1638:
1622:
1556:
1459:
1431:
1253:
1212:
1061:
973:
942:
918:
890:
854:
619:
486:
134:
1400:"came close to emulating the true depth and passion of a vintage Hammond".
6170:
6101:
6027:
5884:
5805:
5800:
5793:
5788:
5768:
4260:
2004:
1988:
1932:
1916:
1857:
1799:
1791:
1724:
1700:
1693:
1634:
1630:
1576:
1552:
1548:
1451:
1443:
1105:
1057:
929:
575:. When selected, this feature plays a decaying second- or third-harmonic
457:
The sound on a Hammond is varied using drawbars, similar to faders on an
453:
311:
4970:
All Music Guide to Electronica: The Definitive Guide to Electronic Music
4750:
1888:
1446:, introduced in 1997, attempted to emulate the sound of a Hammond using
1056:
single package, Hammond released the SK series of organs, which include
588:
6229:
6193:
6057:
6052:
6017:
5997:
5879:
5857:
5721:
1980:
1836:
music made frequent use of the Hammond throughout the 1960s and 1970s.
1795:
1767:
1763:
1560:
1532:
1464:
1426:
1175:
937:
876:
831:
The B-3 was the most popular Hammond organ, produced from 1954 to 1974.
819:
627:
606:
473:
408:
379:
326:
315:
256:
232:
220:
5695:. No. April 1936. Hearst Magazines. April 1936. pp. 569–571.
2318:
2316:
2314:
2086:(in Japanese). Hammond Suzuki Co., Ltd. April 22, 2005. Archived from
1840:
started to play the instrument after hearing Booker T & the MGs' "
1239:
A "half-moon"-shaped switch for changing the speed of a Leslie speaker
953:
520:
6106:
6007:
5894:
5842:
5778:
5341:
Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture
4711:
2014:
1928:
1904:
1495:
1491:
1413:
1397:
1363:
1358:
1292:
1043:
977:
667:
655:
636:
568:
482:
441:
236:
193:
117:
5726:
5471:
Complete Course in Professional Piano Tuning, Repair, and Rebuilding
4762:
3853:
3445:
1947:' Hammond playing was integral to the Prisoners-influenced sound of
889:
features. An extended model, the H-300, also featured an integrated
6037:
5982:
5832:
4787:
4731:
3841:
2311:
1983:
learned to play the Hammond organ at age two and used it on 2016's
1751:
1704:
1682:
1392:
1235:
1069:
688:
576:
248:
240:
4496:
3939:
3757:
3755:
2729:"Federal Trade Commission Decision: Official Findings and Order".
1935:
movement. Taylor played the Hammond through the 1980s, first with
1291:
at a particular frequency, which represents a signal similar to a
1007:
6069:
5987:
5810:
5619:
4929:
Mellotron: The Machine and the Musicians that Revolutionised Rock
2505:
2503:
2501:
2357:
2355:
2328:
1952:
1845:
1707:
became inspired to play the Hammond after hearing Jimmy Smith's "
1472:
1338:
1183:
632:
572:
547:
290:
have achieved success in providing more lightweight and portable
5624:
3573:"Software vs Hardware: Tonewheel Organ Implementations Compared"
1758:. Other prominent Hammond organists in progressive rock include
901:
6096:
6032:
5647:
Hammond/Leslie resource and home of the Hammond Zone user group
5642:
3752:
1976:
1833:
1671:
specifically requested he play the instrument when forming the
1487:
1455:
1216:
1116:
752:
400:
287:
264:
4631:
4607:
3692:
2826:
2498:
2352:
2219:
1264:
6074:
5051:
Campbell, Murray; Greated, Clive Alan; Myers, Arnold (2004).
4619:
2084:"Hammond XK-3 STORY: 3. History—locus of Hammond Combo Organ"
307:
224:
5510:
Any Sound You Can Imagine: Making Music/Consuming Technology
1162:
A simple chord sequence played on a Hammond organ through a
957:
Hammond started making transistor organs by the mid-1970s.
654:, in 1928. As well as clocks, his early inventions included
5491:
The Music's All that Matters: A History of Progressive Rock
4949:
All Music Guide to Jazz: The Definitive Guide to Jazz Music
4226:
4224:
4222:
3199:
3197:
2340:
1955:
music, albeit mostly via samples. A significant use is the
1711:". He modified his Hammond so it could be played through a
564:
279:
228:
4430:
2562:
2560:
1547:, who was known as the "first lady of the Hammond organ".
1115:
The tone cabinet was originally the only method of adding
806:
A medley played on a 1935 Model A Hammond organ through a
751:
have two 61-note manuals and a pedalboard of at least two
5075:
Are We Not New Wave?: Modern Pop at the Turn of the 1980s
4583:
4547:
4535:
3915:
3060:
3058:
2838:
2180:
1872:' keyboard player, made prominent use of the Hammond on "
1829:
1248:
239:
owners found that organ trios were cheaper than hiring a
5653:"A complete list of vintage Hammond & Leslie models"
5629:
5096:
Complete Blues Keyboard Method: Mastering Blues Keyboard
4945:
4802:
4756:
4655:
4406:
4266:
4219:
4145:
3728:
3194:
2688:
2686:
2543:"Hammond B3: Modelled Electromechanical Tonewheel Organ"
2125:
2066:
2064:
2062:
1629:
first encountered the Hammond in 1966, having heard the
880:
The H-100 was an unsuccessful attempt to replace the B-3
4595:
4442:
4370:
4358:
3877:
3358:
3346:
3334:
2557:
1268:
The tonewheel rotates beside an electromagnetic pickup.
5675:– includes original patent diagrams for the instrument
5316:
Classic Keys: Keyboard sounds that launched rock music
4571:
4236:
3680:
3668:
3656:
3644:
3272:
3260:
3248:
3209:
3170:
3070:
3055:
3031:
2934:"Events of the Year 1955 in the Organ World in Review"
2902:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2698:
2515:
2434:
2422:
2256:
2192:
1617:
said the Hammond "became popular when people such as
4418:
4284:
3704:
3182:
3043:
3007:
2973:
2971:
2914:
2855:
2853:
2683:
2630:
2628:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2209:
2207:
2149:
2113:
2059:
1645:", which topped the UK charts in the summer of 1967.
395:
pedalboard, a console Hammond normally has 25 pedals.
5953:
5718:
A History of Music and Technology: The Hammond Organ
5673:
The Hammond Organ on '120 Years Of Electronic Music'
5050:
4643:
4559:
4523:
4511:
4477:
4394:
4382:
4308:
4296:
3859:
3847:
3823:"Technical Information for Hammond Tone Wheel Organ"
3740:
3716:
3496:"Hammond announces new XK-5 flagship portable organ"
2322:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2137:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
905:
The L-100 spinet was particularly popular in the UK.
5708:
Documentary on the Hammond's seventieth anniversary
4738:
4346:
4272:
4248:
4207:
3927:
3865:
2446:
5338:
5271:
5241:
5160:Jazzwomen: Conversations with Twenty-One Musicians
5157:
3987:
3106:
3094:
3082:
3019:
2995:
2983:
2968:
2890:
2850:
2710:
2671:
2640:
2625:
2613:
2601:
2481:
2204:
1587:'s work also, particularly the 1965 instrumental "
5366:Wailing Blues – The Story of Bob Marley's Wailers
5155:
5117:The Third Element: A Brief History of Electronics
4874:"Lachy Doley: finding the joy of musical freedom"
4768:
3825:. Keyboard Exchange International. Archived from
3375:
3373:
2161:
2094:
6326:
5313:
3945:
3761:
3698:
2832:
2509:
2361:
2334:
2225:
1019:in 1972, which the latter turned down. Roland's
618:The Hammond organ's technology derives from the
596:and "Run" to drive the main tonewheel generator.
5687:"Electric Pipeless Organ Has Millions of Tones"
1895:has been praised for her work on the Hammond's
1381:
1051:and other keyboard sounds in addition to organ.
219:as a lower-cost alternative to the wind-driven
3956:
3954:
3370:
227:. It quickly became popular with professional
154:2 Ă— 61-note manuals, 25-note pedals (consoles)
5939:
5742:
1471:was Clavia's first organ with real drawbars.
472:The labeling of the drawbar derives from the
235:—small groups centered on the Hammond organ.
156:2 Ă— 44-note manuals, 13-note pedals (spinets)
6340:Electric and electronic keyboard instruments
5387:Seventies rock: the decade of creative chaos
5030:Bush, Douglas Earl; Kassel, Richard (2006).
5008:
3318:. Organ Service Company, Inc. Archived from
3232:. Organ Service Company, Inc. Archived from
2780:"Hammond is Ordered to 'Cease and Desist'".
2346:
1625:label came over to London and played gigs".
200:, and then strengthening the signal with an
139:Vibrato, chorus, reverb, harmonic percussion
4030:
4028:
4007:"Joey DeFrancesco — born to play B-3 organ"
3951:
3789:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
1951:. The sound of the Hammond has appeared in
626:. The telharmonium used revolving electric
399:Most Hammond organs have two 61-note (five-
321:
318:, but others are unique to the instrument.
5946:
5932:
5749:
5735:
5663:
5197:
5156:Enstice, Wayne; Stockhouse, Janis (2004).
5029:
5012:The Guide to United States Popular Culture
4701:
4637:
4613:
3897:"Hammond Filter Capacitor Replacement Kit"
2844:
2458:
2131:
419:Hammond console organs come with a wooden
40:
6350:Musical instruments invented in the 1930s
5404:
5266:
5218:
5071:
5009:Browne, Ray Broadus; Browne, Pat (2001).
4823:"Music Review: 'The Revival,' Cory Henry"
4625:
4589:
4553:
4499:. Jon Lord (official site). June 25, 2007
3921:
3570:
3382:"Hammond XK3/XLK3 & Leslie 2121/2101"
3203:
2763:"Hammond Arguments presented in Briefs".
2037:"Marmon Group sells Hammond Organ rights"
1919:that were beginning to become available.
1852:, as well as playing it on sessions with
1555:also started using the Hammond. Organist
1396:According to journalist Gordon Reid, the
1362:this crosstalk, along with 50–60 Hz
583:
5507:
5446:
5383:
5314:Lenhoff, Alan; Robertson, David (2019).
5292:
5239:
5178:
4966:
4808:
4661:
4448:
4376:
4364:
4230:
4151:
4025:
3734:
3686:
3674:
3662:
3650:
3522:
3379:
3364:
3352:
3340:
3284:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3176:
3076:
3064:
3037:
2908:
2820:
2808:
2796:
2773:
2704:
2566:
2527:
2440:
2428:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2262:
2198:
2186:
2155:
2076:
2070:
1887:
1733:
1677:
1593:
1527:Early customers of the Hammond included
1515:
1425:
1391:
1263:
1234:
1182:
1042:
1006:
952:
912:
900:
875:
859:
826:
587:
555:selected for each manual independently.
519:
452:
386:
325:
5467:
5362:
4848:"The Jimi Hendrix of the Hammond Organ"
4673:
4601:
4577:
4326:
4056:
3883:
3433:
2949:(2): 6. January 1, 1956. Archived from
2031:
2029:
1663:became interested in the Hammond after
1047:The Hammond SK1 included emulations of
755:. Most consoles do not have a built-in
14:
6327:
5568:
5113:
4902:
4757:Bogdanov, Woodstra & Erlewine 2002
4436:
4424:
4412:
4267:Bogdanov, Woodstra & Erlewine 2002
4242:
4163:
4062:
3434:Fortner, Stephen (December 13, 2011).
3154:. The Hammond Organ Company. pp.
2692:
2143:
1434:emulated drawbars using buttons and a
761:external amplifier and speaker cabinet
558:
208:. The organ is commonly used with the
5927:
5756:
5730:
5587:
5488:
5425:
5336:
5134:
5092:
4987:
4541:
4529:
4460:
4400:
4388:
4290:
3710:
3466:
3313:
3227:
3221:
3215:
2577:
2575:
2452:
2384:
2367:
1223:created by the moving sound sources.
541:
276:Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation
5547:
5530:Pop Cult: Religion and Popular Music
5526:
4926:
4820:
4783:"Joey DeFrancesco: Artist Biography"
4744:
4649:
4565:
4517:
4483:
4352:
4314:
4302:
4278:
4254:
4213:
4123:
4090:
4034:
3993:
3960:
3933:
3871:
3795:
3746:
3722:
3590:
3188:
3112:
3100:
3088:
3049:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2920:
2896:
2859:
2716:
2677:
2646:
2634:
2619:
2607:
2540:
2521:
2492:
2467:"Synthesizing Hammond Organ Effects"
2464:
2213:
2174:
2119:
2107:
2026:
1745:The Hammond was a key instrument in
1649:started his musical career with the
1450:technology. An updated version, the
948:
5198:Fowles, Paul; Wade, Graham (2012).
4463:"Deep Purple's Jon Lord and 'Burn'"
3899:. Goff Professional. Archived from
3600:. Goff Professional. Archived from
3302:decided to forge ahead on his own."
3151:Hammond T-500 series service manual
1911:bands tended to prefer second-hand
739:
622:, an instrument created in 1897 by
24:
5666:"History of the Hammond B-3 organ"
5650:
5551:The Hammond Organ: Beauty in the B
4327:Glancey, Jonathan (May 31, 2002).
3860:Campbell, Greated & Myers 2004
3848:Campbell, Greated & Myers 2004
2572:
2323:Campbell, Greated & Myers 2004
1609:is cited as being the bridge from
1501:
1259:
1136:
780:
432:(AGO) pedalboards going up to the
340:
25:
6391:
5620:Suzuki Musical Inst. MFG. (Japan)
5608:
4674:Perrone, Pierre (July 29, 1996).
4465:. Circus Magazine. pp. 42–45
2043:. January 3, 1986. Archived from
1323:Hammond CV tongenerator (details)
1123:
1002:
773:
5655:. jackhollow.com. Archived from
5078:. University of Michigan Press.
5036:. Routledge Chapman & Hall.
4967:Bogdanov, Vladimir, ed. (2001).
4866:
4840:
4814:
4780:
4774:
4695:
4667:
4489:
4454:
4320:
4185:
4157:
4117:
4084:
3999:
3889:
3815:
3777:. Hammond USA. November 13, 2012
3767:
3552:. Hammond USA. November 13, 2012
3467:Orant, Tony (February 7, 2014).
3290:
2418:(photograph). TheatreOrgans.com.
1330:
1316:
1302:
1174:Problems playing this file? See
1152:
896:
818:Problems playing this file? See
796:
698:
687:
662:table shuffler. However, as the
378:Problems playing this file? See
356:
5405:Moskowitz, David Vlado (2006).
5320:University of North Texas Press
4091:Reid, Gordon (September 2002).
3798:"Synthesizing tonewheel organs"
3616:
3564:
3542:
3516:
3488:
3460:
3427:
3401:
3307:
3293:"The History Of Roland: Part 1"
3142:
3127:Hammond T-series Owner's Manual
3118:
2926:
2865:
2756:
2741:
2722:
2652:
2406:
2290:
2268:
2231:
1685:put his Hammond C-3 through an
1571:following an appearance at the
1309:Hammond CV tongenerator (whole)
1247:The Leslie company was sold to
1091:
988:Hammond introduced their first
642:Laurens Hammond graduated from
546:Hammond organs have a built-in
5411:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
5248:. SAF Publishing Ltd. p.
4035:Reid, Gordon (December 2001).
3796:Reid, Gordon (November 2003).
3571:Watkinson, Mike (April 2004).
2276:"Hammond A-100 Service manual"
1467:with the same technology. The
13:
1:
5573:. Wesleyan University Press.
5512:. Wesleyan University Press.
5390:. Taylor Trade Publications.
5244:Procol Harum: Beyond the Pale
5201:Concise History of Rock Music
5138:Historical Dictionary of Jazz
4769:Enstice & Stockhouse 2004
4461:Cohen, Scott (October 1974).
4164:Magnus, Nick (January 2006).
4124:Reid, Gordon (October 2012).
3961:Reid, Gordon (January 2001).
2465:Reid, Gordon (January 2004).
2020:
1508:List of Hammond organ players
958:
189:
82:1986–present (digital models)
80:1967–1985 (transistor models)
5474:. Rowman & Littlefield.
5296:The Oxford Companion to Jazz
5293:Kirchner, Bill, ed. (2005).
5164:. Indiana University Press.
3946:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
3762:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
3699:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
3469:"Hammond XK-1C organ review"
3411:. Hammond UK. Archived from
3380:Robjohns, Hugh (July 2005).
3316:"Frequently Asked Questions"
2833:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
2510:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
2387:"The History of the Hammond"
2362:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
2335:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
2226:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019
1382:Clones and emulation devices
78:1935–1975 (tonewheel models)
7:
5590:Steve Winwood: Roll With It
5345:. Oxford University Press.
5299:. Oxford University Press.
5278:. Hal Leonard Corporation.
5183:. Hal Leonard Corporation.
5099:. Alfred Music Publishing.
5057:. Oxford University Press.
3523:Robjohns, Hugh (May 2019).
3130:. The Hammond Organ Company
2549:(July 2003). Archived from
2385:Spark, Rod (October 1997).
1998:
1086:
448:
430:American Guild of Organists
393:American Guild of Organists
370:) played on a Hammond organ
301:
167:to Hammond Tone Cabinet or
10:
6396:
5630:Hammond Suzuki Europe B.V.
5357:hammond organ progressive.
5033:The Organ: An Encyclopedia
4166:"Native Instruments B4 II"
4063:Magnus, Nick (July 1997).
1979:-winning jazz keyboardist
1870:Bob Marley and the Wailers
1619:Booker T. & the M.G.'s
1613:to rock. British organist
1505:
1385:
1215:beneath a stationary bass
1127:
1066:Wurlitzer electronic piano
613:
515:
57:The Hammond Organ Company
6306:
6285:
6250:
6212:
6179:
6151:
6115:
5965:
5903:
5764:
5569:Waring, Dennis G (2002).
5493:. Quartet Books Limited.
5468:Stevens, Floyd A (2001).
5219:Gallagher, Mitch (2008).
2658:
1448:digital signal processing
1207:over a stationary treble
656:three-dimensional glasses
160:
148:
143:
133:
123:
111:
101:
96:
92:$ 2,745 (Model B-3, 1955)
86:
74:
51:
39:
34:
5703:Hammond Organ Seventieth
5384:Moriarty, Frank (2003).
5240:Johansen, Claes (2001).
5204:. Mel Bay Publications.
5179:Faragher, Scott (2011).
5072:Cateforis, Theo (2011).
4497:"Jon Lord – A Biography"
4329:"Hendrix of the Hammond"
3775:"Leslie (product range)"
2347:Browne & Browne 2001
1756:Emerson, Lake and Palmer
1498:audio production suite.
1353:concert A at 440 Hz
1108:. The cabinet carried a
718:Federal Trade Commission
322:Keyboards and pedalboard
314:. Some are similar to a
97:Technical specifications
62:Hammond Organ Australia
6265:Piano Technicians Guild
5865:Kienle Resonator System
5625:Hammond Suzuki USA Inc.
5508:Théberge, Paul (1997).
5447:Shepherd, John (2003).
5135:Davis, John S. (2012).
5114:Corbin, Alfred (2006).
5093:Clark, Merrill (1999).
4988:Brice, Richard (2001).
4193:"Logic Pro 10.1 review"
3632:. Vol. 33–34. 2007
2415:Inside of Hammond Organ
1721:Van der Graaf Generator
1191:with a transparent case
90:$ 1,193 (Model A, 1935)
6380:Rock music instruments
6370:Folk music instruments
5429:The Modern Organ Guide
5337:Macan, Edward (1997).
4931:. Bennet & Bloom.
4676:"Obituary:Rob Collins"
4638:Fowles & Wade 2012
4614:Fowles & Wade 2012
3230:"Organ Identification"
2845:Bush & Kassel 2006
2132:Bush & Kassel 2006
2010:List of Hammond organs
1900:
1878:Lyceum Theatre, London
1876:", as recorded at the
1742:
1697:
1643:A Whiter Shade of Pale
1603:
1524:
1512:List of jazz organists
1439:
1401:
1269:
1240:
1192:
1141:
1052:
1012:
969:
921:
906:
881:
865:
832:
785:
648:mechanical engineering
597:
584:Start and run switches
528:
461:
396:
345:
335:
198:electromagnetic pickup
6355:Amplified instruments
5816:Fender Contempo Organ
5712:Hammond Organ History
5588:Welch, Chris (1990).
5527:Till, Rupert (2010).
5426:Riley, Chris (2006).
5369:. Music Sales Group.
5363:Masouri, Jon (2010).
4037:"Clavia Nord Electro"
3903:on September 10, 2013
3598:"Leslie 147A Speaker"
3409:"Hammond SK1 and SK2"
3314:Welch, Jerry (2011).
3228:Welch, Jerry (2011).
2731:The American Organist
2660:US patent 1956350
1891:
1850:Toots and the Maytals
1737:
1709:Walk on the Wild Side
1681:
1597:
1577:"Brother" Jack McDuff
1573:Newport Jazz Festival
1519:
1429:
1395:
1267:
1238:
1199:, after its inventor
1186:
1140:
1098:loudspeaker enclosure
1046:
1010:
956:
916:
904:
879:
863:
844:, Brentford England.
830:
784:
722:University of Chicago
652:Hammond Clock Company
591:
523:
456:
390:
344:
329:
6286:Amplifiers, speakers
6128:Generalized keyboard
5959:keyboard instruments
5668:. TheatreOrgans.com.
5659:on October 18, 2017.
5489:Stump, Paul (1997).
5225:. Cengage Learning.
3975:on February 18, 2015
2750:Piano Trade Magazine
2553:on November 6, 2006.
2298:"Scrap Metal Junkie"
2239:"SK Series Brochure"
1941:James Taylor Quartet
1673:Allman Brothers Band
1436:light-emitting diode
1110:balanced mono signal
610:digital instrument.
6345:American inventions
6133:Isomorphic keyboard
6123:Enharmonic keyboard
6013:Electronic keyboard
5548:Vail, Mark (2002).
5141:. Scarecrow Press.
4927:Awde, Nick (2008).
4854:. November 23, 2018
4640:, pp. 136–137.
4616:, pp. 165–166.
4544:, pp. 196–197.
4439:, pp. 100–101.
4013:. February 14, 2014
2956:on October 25, 2022
2873:"MMCatalogue (All)"
1939:and later with the
1854:Lee "Scratch" Perry
1696:'s hard rock sound.
1651:Spencer Davis Group
1621:and artists on the
1289:alternating current
759:or speakers, so an
681:Model A (1935–1938)
559:Harmonic percussion
403:) keyboards called
272:integrated circuits
46:A Hammond C-3 organ
6293:Keyboard amplifier
6213:Piano construction
5908:Keyboard amplifier
5838:Eminent 310 Unique
5554:. Backbeat Books.
5268:Kakehashi, IkutarĹŤ
4973:. Backbeat Books.
4952:. Backbeat Books.
4821:Michelle, Mercer.
4771:, pp. 96–110.
4705:(April 14, 2012).
4628:, p. 104,160.
3415:on August 11, 2013
2877:The Musical Museum
2524:, pp. 83, 87.
2122:, pp. 66, 69.
1968:Barbara Dennerlein
1901:
1893:Barbara Dennerlein
1743:
1698:
1604:
1525:
1484:Native Instruments
1440:
1402:
1270:
1241:
1209:compression driver
1193:
1142:
1053:
1013:
990:integrated circuit
983:frequency division
970:
922:
907:
882:
866:
833:
786:
726:Rockefeller Chapel
644:Cornell University
598:
542:Vibrato and chorus
529:
492:additive synthesis
467:audio mixing board
462:
459:audio mixing board
397:
346:
336:
334:of the Hammond B-2
223:, or instead of a
165:Amphenol connector
6365:Blues instruments
6335:Electronic organs
6322:
6321:
5921:
5920:
5758:Electronic organs
5692:Popular Mechanics
5599:978-0-399-51558-3
5592:. Perigee Books.
5580:978-0-8195-6508-2
5561:978-0-87930-705-9
5540:978-0-8264-3236-0
5519:978-0-8195-6309-5
5481:978-0-8304-1593-9
5460:978-0-8264-6322-7
5439:978-1-59781-667-0
5418:978-0-313-33158-9
5397:978-1-58979-024-7
5376:978-0-85712-035-9
5352:978-0-19-509887-7
5329:978-1-57441-776-0
5306:978-0-19-518359-7
5285:978-0-634-03783-2
5259:978-0-946719-28-0
5232:978-1-59863-914-8
5211:978-1-61911-016-8
5190:978-1-4584-0287-5
5171:978-0-253-01014-8
5148:978-0-8108-6757-4
5127:978-1-4678-1338-9
5106:978-1-4574-1396-4
5085:978-0-472-03470-3
5064:978-0-19-816504-0
5043:978-0-415-94174-7
5022:978-0-87972-821-2
5015:. Popular Press.
5001:978-0-7506-5040-3
4991:Music Engineering
4980:978-0-87930-628-1
4959:978-0-87930-717-2
4938:978-1-898948-02-5
4919:978-0-06-211204-0
4912:. HarperCollins.
4681:independent.co.uk
4126:"Clavia Nord C2D"
4105:on March 22, 2014
3948:, pp. 88–89.
3604:on March 22, 2014
3299:(November 2004).
3191:, pp. 94–95.
3016:, pp. 74–75.
2786:. August 1, 1938.
2737:(8). August 1938.
2337:, pp. 85–86.
2090:on July 15, 2009.
2041:Chicago Sun-Times
1655:Gimme Some Lovin'
1537:Eleanor Roosevelt
1529:Albert Schweitzer
1407:clonewheel organs
1349:equal temperament
1278:electromechanical
1211:, and a rotating
1157:
1021:Ikutaro Kakehashi
949:Transistor organs
801:
734:The Hammond Times
703:
658:and an automatic
361:
174:
173:
16:(Redirected from
6387:
6375:Jazz instruments
5948:
5941:
5934:
5925:
5924:
5774:Clonewheel organ
5751:
5744:
5737:
5728:
5727:
5720:– BBC series by
5707:
5696:
5669:
5664:Glen E. Nelson.
5660:
5646:
5603:
5584:
5565:
5544:
5523:
5504:
5485:
5464:
5443:
5422:
5401:
5380:
5359:
5344:
5333:
5310:
5289:
5277:
5263:
5247:
5236:
5215:
5194:
5175:
5163:
5152:
5131:
5110:
5089:
5068:
5047:
5026:
5005:
4984:
4963:
4942:
4923:
4909:My Cross to Bear
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4778:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4748:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4703:Hodgkinson, Will
4699:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4415:, p. 67-68.
4410:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4240:
4234:
4228:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4101:. Archived from
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4032:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3971:. Archived from
3958:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3550:"Console Organs"
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3444:. Archived from
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3377:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3322:on June 28, 2013
3311:
3305:
3304:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3236:on June 27, 2013
3225:
3219:
3218:, p. 58,63.
3213:
3207:
3201:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3053:
3052:, p. 85-86.
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2938:
2930:
2924:
2923:, p. 33,49.
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2579:
2570:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2541:Robjohns, Hugh.
2538:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2496:
2490:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2469:. Sound On Sound
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2382:
2365:
2359:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2189:, p. 33–34.
2184:
2178:
2172:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2092:
2091:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2047:on June 11, 2014
2033:
1961:So What'cha Want
1943:. In the 1990s,
1880:, for the album
1874:No Woman, No Cry
1868:, best known as
1747:progressive rock
1739:Joey DeFrancesco
1717:Joey DeFrancesco
1611:rhythm and blues
1477:Joey DeFrancesco
1422:
1388:Clonewheel organ
1334:
1320:
1306:
1287:induces a small
1201:Donald J. Leslie
1159:
1158:
1139:
1035:
963:
960:
850:"modesty panels"
803:
802:
783:
740:Tonewheel organs
705:
704:
691:
664:Great Depression
537:
536:
511:
510:
506:
503:
363:
362:
343:
261:progressive rock
253:rhythm and blues
161:External control
70:
65:
60:
44:
32:
31:
21:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6318:
6302:
6281:
6246:
6208:
6175:
6166:Manual keyboard
6147:
6111:
6092:Piano accordion
5961:
5952:
5922:
5917:
5899:
5826:Vox Continental
5760:
5755:
5700:
5685:
5651:Peters, Bevis.
5641:
5611:
5606:
5600:
5581:
5562:
5541:
5520:
5501:
5482:
5461:
5440:
5432:. Xulon Press.
5419:
5398:
5377:
5353:
5330:
5307:
5286:
5260:
5233:
5212:
5191:
5172:
5149:
5128:
5120:. AuthorHouse.
5107:
5086:
5065:
5044:
5023:
5002:
4981:
4960:
4939:
4920:
4893:
4883:
4881:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4857:
4855:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4831:
4829:
4819:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4793:
4791:
4779:
4775:
4767:
4763:
4755:
4751:
4743:
4739:
4725:
4723:
4700:
4696:
4686:
4684:
4672:
4668:
4660:
4656:
4648:
4644:
4636:
4632:
4624:
4620:
4612:
4608:
4600:
4596:
4588:
4584:
4576:
4572:
4564:
4560:
4552:
4548:
4540:
4536:
4528:
4524:
4516:
4512:
4502:
4500:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4482:
4478:
4468:
4466:
4459:
4455:
4447:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4411:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4387:
4383:
4375:
4371:
4363:
4359:
4351:
4347:
4337:
4335:
4325:
4321:
4313:
4309:
4301:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4269:, p. 1170.
4265:
4261:
4253:
4249:
4241:
4237:
4229:
4220:
4212:
4208:
4198:
4196:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4176:
4174:
4162:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4136:
4134:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4106:
4089:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4033:
4026:
4016:
4014:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3976:
3959:
3952:
3944:
3940:
3932:
3928:
3920:
3916:
3906:
3904:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3882:
3878:
3870:
3866:
3858:
3854:
3846:
3842:
3832:
3830:
3829:on May 19, 2000
3821:
3820:
3816:
3806:
3804:
3794:
3790:
3780:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3760:
3753:
3745:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3721:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3661:
3657:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3569:
3565:
3555:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3533:
3531:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3477:
3465:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3448:on May 27, 2013
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3378:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3312:
3308:
3289:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3237:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3159:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2589:. June 18, 2019
2581:
2580:
2573:
2565:
2558:
2539:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2499:
2491:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2383:
2368:
2360:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2095:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2023:
2001:
1959:' 1992 single "
1925:Dave Greenfield
1812:Mott the Hoople
1692:to fit in with
1607:Booker T. Jones
1599:
1541:George Gershwin
1514:
1504:
1502:Notable players
1458:introduced the
1420:
1390:
1384:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1262:
1260:Tone generation
1181:
1180:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1096:The authorized
1094:
1089:
1049:electric pianos
1033:
1005:
968:model pictured.
961:
951:
899:
825:
824:
816:
814:
813:
812:
811:
804:
797:
794:
787:
781:
776:
757:power amplifier
742:
710:
709:
708:
707:
706:
699:
694:
693:
692:
683:
682:
624:Thaddeus Cahill
616:
586:
561:
544:
534:
533:
518:
508:
504:
501:
499:
451:
385:
384:
376:
374:
373:
372:
371:
366:A single note (
364:
357:
354:
347:
341:
324:
304:
206:speaker cabinet
186:Laurens Hammond
155:
91:
81:
79:
68:
67:Hammond-Suzuki
66:
63:
61:
58:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6393:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6360:Rhythm section
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6314:Prepared piano
6310:
6308:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6298:Leslie speaker
6295:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6267:
6262:
6256:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6237:
6227:
6222:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6204:Pedal keyboard
6201:
6196:
6191:
6185:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6157:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6138:JankĂł keyboard
6135:
6130:
6125:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6085:Electric piano
6082:
6072:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6003:Clavicytherium
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5951:
5950:
5943:
5936:
5928:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5913:Leslie speaker
5910:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5771:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5754:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5715:
5709:
5698:
5682:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5670:
5661:
5648:
5643:"Hammond Zone"
5638:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5614:Official sites
5610:
5609:External links
5607:
5605:
5604:
5598:
5585:
5579:
5566:
5560:
5545:
5539:
5524:
5518:
5505:
5499:
5486:
5480:
5465:
5459:
5444:
5438:
5423:
5417:
5402:
5396:
5381:
5375:
5360:
5351:
5334:
5328:
5311:
5305:
5290:
5284:
5264:
5258:
5237:
5231:
5216:
5210:
5195:
5189:
5176:
5170:
5153:
5147:
5132:
5126:
5111:
5105:
5090:
5084:
5069:
5063:
5048:
5042:
5027:
5021:
5006:
5000:
4985:
4979:
4964:
4958:
4943:
4937:
4924:
4918:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4891:
4880:. May 31, 2017
4865:
4839:
4813:
4811:, p. 248.
4801:
4773:
4761:
4759:, p. 325.
4749:
4737:
4694:
4666:
4664:, p. 507.
4654:
4652:, p. 531.
4642:
4630:
4626:Cateforis 2011
4618:
4606:
4604:, p. 596.
4594:
4592:, p. 320.
4590:Moskowitz 2006
4582:
4570:
4568:, p. 200.
4558:
4556:, p. 158.
4554:Cateforis 2011
4546:
4534:
4522:
4520:, p. 186.
4510:
4488:
4486:, p. 122.
4476:
4453:
4441:
4429:
4417:
4405:
4393:
4381:
4369:
4357:
4345:
4319:
4317:, p. 169.
4307:
4305:, p. 168.
4295:
4293:, p. 236.
4283:
4271:
4259:
4247:
4245:, p. 153.
4235:
4233:, p. 384.
4218:
4206:
4184:
4171:Sound on Sound
4156:
4154:, p. 148.
4144:
4131:Sound on Sound
4116:
4098:Sound on Sound
4083:
4070:Sound on Sound
4055:
4042:Sound on Sound
4024:
3998:
3986:
3968:Sound on Sound
3950:
3938:
3926:
3924:, p. 105.
3922:Gallagher 2008
3914:
3888:
3886:, p. 189.
3876:
3864:
3862:, p. 441.
3852:
3840:
3814:
3802:Sound on Sound
3788:
3766:
3751:
3749:, p. 130.
3739:
3737:, p. 164.
3727:
3725:, p. 129.
3715:
3713:, p. 427.
3703:
3691:
3679:
3667:
3655:
3643:
3615:
3589:
3577:Sound on Sound
3563:
3541:
3529:Sound on Sound
3515:
3504:. June 8, 2016
3487:
3459:
3426:
3400:
3387:Sound on Sound
3369:
3367:, p. 154.
3357:
3355:, p. 143.
3345:
3343:, p. 135.
3333:
3306:
3297:Sound on Sound
3291:Reid, Gordon.
3283:
3271:
3259:
3247:
3220:
3208:
3206:, p. 176.
3204:Kakehashi 2002
3193:
3181:
3169:
3141:
3117:
3105:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3054:
3042:
3030:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2982:
2967:
2925:
2913:
2901:
2889:
2864:
2849:
2847:, p. 169.
2837:
2825:
2813:
2801:
2789:
2772:
2769:. May 1, 1938.
2755:
2740:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2695:, p. 319.
2682:
2670:
2651:
2639:
2624:
2612:
2600:
2571:
2569:, p. 369.
2556:
2547:Sound on Sound
2526:
2514:
2497:
2480:
2457:
2445:
2433:
2421:
2405:
2392:Sound on Sound
2366:
2351:
2349:, p. 361.
2339:
2327:
2325:, p. 447.
2310:
2289:
2267:
2255:
2230:
2218:
2203:
2191:
2179:
2160:
2148:
2146:, p. 151.
2136:
2134:, p. 168.
2124:
2112:
2093:
2075:
2058:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1949:the Charlatans
1921:The Stranglers
1862:Gregory Isaacs
1800:Richard Wright
1784:Thijs van Leer
1713:Marshall stack
1690:Marshall stack
1627:Matthew Fisher
1503:
1500:
1418:Sound on Sound
1386:Main article:
1383:
1380:
1336:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1285:magnetic field
1261:
1258:
1221:Doppler effect
1197:Leslie speaker
1189:Leslie speaker
1171:
1164:Leslie speaker
1161:
1151:
1148:Chord sequence
1146:
1145:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1130:Leslie speaker
1128:Main article:
1125:
1124:Leslie speaker
1122:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1030:Sound on Sound
1004:
1003:Hammond-Suzuki
1001:
994:headphone jack
950:
947:
898:
895:
842:Musical Museum
815:
808:Leslie speaker
805:
795:
790:
789:
788:
779:
778:
777:
775:
774:Console organs
772:
771:
770:
764:
749:Console organs
741:
738:
697:
696:
695:
686:
685:
684:
680:
679:
678:
677:
615:
612:
585:
582:
560:
557:
543:
540:
517:
514:
450:
447:
375:
365:
355:
350:
349:
348:
339:
338:
337:
323:
320:
303:
300:
296:audio plug-ins
210:Leslie speaker
182:electric organ
172:
171:
169:Leslie speaker
162:
158:
157:
152:
146:
145:
141:
140:
137:
131:
130:
125:
124:Synthesis type
121:
120:
115:
109:
108:
105:
99:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
76:
72:
71:
69:(1989–present)
55:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
27:Electric organ
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6392:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6307:Miscellaneous
6305:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6284:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6150:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6080:Digital piano
6078:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6064:
6063:Theatre organ
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6048:Hammond organ
6046:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5973:Bowed clavier
5971:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5949:
5944:
5942:
5937:
5935:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5848:Hammond organ
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5799:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5784:Nord C Series
5782:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5763:
5759:
5752:
5747:
5745:
5740:
5738:
5733:
5732:
5729:
5723:
5719:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5706:(video). BBC.
5705:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5667:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5612:
5601:
5595:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5572:
5567:
5563:
5557:
5553:
5552:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5533:. Continuum.
5532:
5531:
5525:
5521:
5515:
5511:
5506:
5502:
5500:0-7043-8036-6
5496:
5492:
5487:
5483:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5466:
5462:
5456:
5453:. Continuum.
5452:
5451:
5445:
5441:
5435:
5431:
5430:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5403:
5399:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5368:
5367:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5343:
5342:
5335:
5331:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5312:
5308:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5291:
5287:
5281:
5276:
5275:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5255:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5224:
5223:
5217:
5213:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5182:
5177:
5173:
5167:
5162:
5161:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5140:
5139:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5098:
5097:
5091:
5087:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5035:
5034:
5028:
5024:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4930:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4904:Allman, Gregg
4901:
4900:
4895:
4894:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4809:Faragher 2011
4805:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4781:Huey, Steve.
4777:
4770:
4765:
4758:
4753:
4747:, p. 22.
4746:
4741:
4733:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4662:Bogdanov 2001
4658:
4651:
4646:
4639:
4634:
4627:
4622:
4615:
4610:
4603:
4598:
4591:
4586:
4580:, p. 71.
4579:
4574:
4567:
4562:
4555:
4550:
4543:
4538:
4532:, p. 34.
4531:
4526:
4519:
4514:
4498:
4492:
4485:
4480:
4464:
4457:
4451:, p. 44.
4450:
4449:Moriarty 2003
4445:
4438:
4433:
4427:, p. 97.
4426:
4421:
4414:
4409:
4403:, p. 73.
4402:
4397:
4391:, p. 33.
4390:
4385:
4379:, p. 66.
4378:
4377:Johansen 2001
4373:
4367:, p. 65.
4366:
4365:Johansen 2001
4361:
4355:, p. 21.
4354:
4349:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4311:
4304:
4299:
4292:
4287:
4281:, p. 19.
4280:
4275:
4268:
4263:
4257:, p. 18.
4256:
4251:
4244:
4239:
4232:
4231:Kirchner 2005
4227:
4225:
4223:
4216:, p. 15.
4215:
4210:
4194:
4188:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4152:Faragher 2011
4148:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4120:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4093:"Roland VK-8"
4087:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4065:"Roland VK-7"
4059:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4031:
4029:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3995:
3990:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3957:
3955:
3947:
3942:
3936:, p. 45.
3935:
3930:
3923:
3918:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3885:
3880:
3874:, p. 48.
3873:
3868:
3861:
3856:
3850:, p. 71.
3849:
3844:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3776:
3770:
3764:, p. 78.
3763:
3758:
3756:
3748:
3743:
3736:
3735:Faragher 2011
3731:
3724:
3719:
3712:
3707:
3701:, p. 75.
3700:
3695:
3689:, p. 63.
3688:
3687:Faragher 2011
3683:
3677:, p. 61.
3676:
3675:Faragher 2011
3671:
3665:, p. 60.
3664:
3663:Faragher 2011
3659:
3653:, p. 65.
3652:
3651:Faragher 2011
3647:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3551:
3545:
3530:
3526:
3525:"Hammond SKX"
3519:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3463:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3436:"Hammond SK1"
3430:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3376:
3374:
3366:
3365:Faragher 2011
3361:
3354:
3353:Faragher 2011
3349:
3342:
3341:Faragher 2011
3337:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3281:, p. 83.
3280:
3279:Faragher 2011
3275:
3269:, p. 95.
3268:
3267:Faragher 2011
3263:
3257:, p. 85.
3256:
3255:Faragher 2011
3251:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3212:
3205:
3200:
3198:
3190:
3185:
3179:, p. 82.
3178:
3177:Faragher 2011
3173:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3115:, p. 92.
3114:
3109:
3103:, p. 87.
3102:
3097:
3091:, p. 91.
3090:
3085:
3079:, p. 47.
3078:
3077:Théberge 1997
3073:
3067:, p. 78.
3066:
3065:Faragher 2011
3061:
3059:
3051:
3046:
3040:, p. 84.
3039:
3038:Faragher 2011
3034:
3028:, p. 77.
3027:
3022:
3015:
3010:
3004:, p. 74.
3003:
2998:
2992:, p. 72.
2991:
2986:
2980:, p. 83.
2979:
2974:
2972:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2935:
2929:
2922:
2917:
2911:, p. 54.
2910:
2909:Faragher 2011
2905:
2899:, p. 71.
2898:
2893:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2862:, p. 33.
2861:
2856:
2854:
2846:
2841:
2835:, p. 72.
2834:
2829:
2823:, p. 25.
2822:
2821:Faragher 2011
2817:
2811:, p. 18.
2810:
2809:Faragher 2011
2805:
2799:, p. 16.
2798:
2797:Faragher 2011
2793:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2767:
2759:
2752:. April 1937.
2751:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2719:, p. 60.
2718:
2713:
2707:, p. 26.
2706:
2705:Faragher 2011
2701:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2680:, p. 59.
2679:
2674:
2661:
2655:
2649:, p. 57.
2648:
2643:
2637:, p. 63.
2636:
2631:
2629:
2622:, p. 55.
2621:
2616:
2610:, p. 36.
2609:
2604:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2568:
2567:Faragher 2011
2563:
2561:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2523:
2518:
2512:, p. 84.
2511:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2495:, p. 69.
2494:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2468:
2461:
2455:, p. 47.
2454:
2449:
2443:, p. 53.
2442:
2441:Faragher 2011
2437:
2431:, p. 52.
2430:
2429:Faragher 2011
2425:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2364:, p. 85.
2363:
2358:
2356:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2299:
2293:
2278:. Hammond USA
2277:
2271:
2265:, p. 58.
2264:
2263:Faragher 2011
2259:
2244:. Hammond USA
2240:
2234:
2228:, p. 67.
2227:
2222:
2216:, p. 89.
2215:
2210:
2208:
2201:, p. 50.
2200:
2199:Faragher 2011
2195:
2188:
2187:Faragher 2011
2183:
2177:, p. 76.
2176:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2158:, p. 34.
2157:
2156:Faragher 2011
2152:
2145:
2140:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2110:, p. 68.
2109:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2073:, p. 14.
2072:
2071:Faragher 2011
2067:
2065:
2063:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:the Prisoners
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:Tyrone Downie
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1838:Junior Marvin
1835:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:Mike Finnigan
1662:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1647:Steve Winwood
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1601:Keith Emerson
1596:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1585:Billy Preston
1582:
1581:Keith Emerson
1578:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1490:(now part of
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1333:
1319:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1165:
1149:
1131:
1121:
1118:
1117:reverberation
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1000:
997:
995:
991:
986:
984:
979:
975:
967:
955:
946:
944:
939:
935:
931:
926:
920:
915:
911:
903:
897:Spinet organs
894:
892:
886:
878:
874:
870:
862:
858:
856:
851:
845:
843:
837:
829:
823:
821:
809:
793:
768:
767:Spinet organs
765:
762:
758:
754:
750:
747:
746:
745:
737:
735:
729:
727:
723:
719:
716:In 1936, the
714:
690:
676:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
629:
625:
621:
611:
608:
604:
603:starter motor
595:
594:starter motor
590:
581:
578:
574:
570:
566:
556:
553:
552:chorus effect
549:
539:
527:
522:
513:
495:
493:
488:
484:
479:
475:
470:
468:
460:
455:
446:
443:
438:
435:
431:
426:
422:
417:
415:
410:
406:
402:
394:
389:
383:
381:
369:
353:
333:
328:
319:
317:
313:
309:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:organ players
246:
242:
238:
234:
231:musicians in
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:Hammond organ
170:
166:
163:
159:
153:
151:
147:
142:
138:
136:
132:
129:
126:
122:
119:
116:
114:
110:
106:
104:
100:
95:
89:
85:
77:
73:
56:
54:
50:
43:
38:
35:Hammond organ
33:
30:
19:
18:Drawbar organ
6143:Short octave
6047:
6023:Harmonichord
5890:Telharmonium
5875:Organ makers
5870:Lowrey organ
5847:
5821:Gibson G-101
5702:
5690:
5657:the original
5589:
5570:
5550:
5529:
5509:
5490:
5470:
5449:
5428:
5407:
5386:
5365:
5356:
5340:
5315:
5295:
5273:
5243:
5221:
5200:
5180:
5159:
5137:
5116:
5095:
5074:
5053:
5032:
5011:
4990:
4969:
4948:
4928:
4908:
4896:Bibliography
4882:. Retrieved
4877:
4868:
4856:. Retrieved
4851:
4842:
4830:. Retrieved
4826:
4816:
4804:
4792:. Retrieved
4786:
4776:
4764:
4752:
4740:
4730:– via
4724:. Retrieved
4710:
4697:
4685:. Retrieved
4679:
4669:
4657:
4645:
4633:
4621:
4609:
4602:Masouri 2010
4597:
4585:
4578:Masouri 2010
4573:
4561:
4549:
4537:
4525:
4513:
4501:. Retrieved
4491:
4479:
4467:. Retrieved
4456:
4444:
4432:
4420:
4408:
4396:
4384:
4372:
4360:
4348:
4336:. Retrieved
4333:The Guardian
4332:
4322:
4310:
4298:
4286:
4274:
4262:
4250:
4238:
4209:
4197:. Retrieved
4187:
4175:. Retrieved
4169:
4159:
4147:
4135:. Retrieved
4129:
4119:
4107:. Retrieved
4103:the original
4096:
4086:
4074:. Retrieved
4068:
4058:
4046:. Retrieved
4040:
4015:. Retrieved
4011:Mercury News
4010:
4001:
3996:, p. 9.
3989:
3977:. Retrieved
3973:the original
3966:
3941:
3929:
3917:
3905:. Retrieved
3901:the original
3891:
3884:Stevens 2001
3879:
3867:
3855:
3843:
3831:. Retrieved
3827:the original
3817:
3805:. Retrieved
3801:
3791:
3779:. Retrieved
3769:
3742:
3730:
3718:
3706:
3694:
3682:
3670:
3658:
3646:
3634:. Retrieved
3627:
3618:
3606:. Retrieved
3602:the original
3592:
3580:. Retrieved
3576:
3566:
3554:. Retrieved
3544:
3532:. Retrieved
3528:
3518:
3506:. Retrieved
3499:
3490:
3478:. Retrieved
3472:
3462:
3450:. Retrieved
3446:the original
3439:
3429:
3417:. Retrieved
3413:the original
3403:
3391:. Retrieved
3385:
3360:
3348:
3336:
3324:. Retrieved
3320:the original
3309:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3238:. Retrieved
3234:the original
3223:
3211:
3184:
3172:
3160:. Retrieved
3150:
3144:
3132:. Retrieved
3126:
3120:
3108:
3096:
3084:
3072:
3045:
3033:
3021:
3009:
2997:
2985:
2958:. Retrieved
2951:the original
2946:
2942:The Diapason
2940:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2880:. Retrieved
2876:
2867:
2840:
2828:
2816:
2804:
2792:
2783:The Diapason
2781:
2775:
2766:The Diapason
2764:
2758:
2749:
2743:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2673:
2654:
2642:
2615:
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2586:
2551:the original
2546:
2517:
2471:. Retrieved
2460:
2448:
2436:
2424:
2414:
2408:
2396:. Retrieved
2390:
2342:
2330:
2301:. Retrieved
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2270:
2258:
2246:. Retrieved
2233:
2221:
2194:
2182:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2115:
2088:the original
2078:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:the original
2040:
1993:Glenn Hughes
1984:
1965:
1957:Beastie Boys
1917:synthesizers
1913:combo organs
1902:
1882:
1842:Green Onions
1828:
1816:Verden Allen
1776:Rick Wakeman
1744:
1699:
1661:Gregg Allman
1659:
1639:Procol Harum
1623:Stax Records
1615:James Taylor
1605:
1565:
1557:John Medeski
1526:
1481:
1460:Nord Electro
1441:
1432:Nord Electro
1417:
1411:
1403:
1372:
1368:
1357:
1346:
1282:
1271:
1246:
1242:
1225:
1194:
1173:
1114:
1095:
1092:Tone cabinet
1081:
1073:
1062:Rhodes piano
1054:
1038:
1028:
1025:
1014:
998:
987:
971:
965:
943:drum machine
930:vacuum tubes
927:
923:
919:drum machine
908:
891:drum machine
887:
883:
871:
867:
855:World War II
846:
838:
834:
817:
766:
763:is required.
748:
743:
733:
730:
715:
711:
672:
641:
620:Telharmonium
617:
599:
562:
545:
530:
496:
487:subharmonics
471:
463:
439:
418:
398:
377:
305:
269:
259:(especially
214:
184:invented by
177:
175:
144:Input/output
53:Manufacturer
29:
6252:Maintenance
6225:Innovations
6171:Split sharp
6161:Frequencies
6102:Synthesizer
6028:Harpsichord
5966:Instruments
5885:Riha Adagio
5806:Doric Organ
5801:Combo organ
5794:Roland VK-8
5789:Roland VK-7
5769:Chord organ
4884:November 4,
4858:November 4,
4437:Allman 2012
4425:Allman 2012
4413:Allman 2012
4243:Corbin 2006
4195:. Mac World
2960:October 25,
2693:Waring 2002
2144:Corbin 2006
2005:Chord organ
1989:Lachy Doley
1985:The Revival
1945:Rob Collins
1933:mod revival
1897:bass pedals
1858:Jimmy Cliff
1808:Steve Walsh
1792:Ken Hensley
1725:Hugh Banton
1701:Deep Purple
1694:Deep Purple
1635:Ian McLagan
1631:Small Faces
1589:Billy's Bag
1561:organ trios
1553:Count Basie
1549:Fats Waller
1545:Ethel Smith
1521:Jimmy Smith
1444:Roland VK-7
1058:grand piano
962: 1973
934:solid-state
628:alternators
478:fundamental
312:synthesizer
245:Jimmy Smith
233:organ trios
204:to drive a
64:(1986–1989)
59:(1935–1985)
6329:Categories
6189:Expression
6058:Reed organ
6053:Pipe organ
6018:Fortepiano
5998:Clavichord
5880:Philicorda
5858:Organ trio
5722:Nick Mason
4994:. Newnes.
4542:Stump 1997
4530:Macan 1997
4503:August 17,
4401:Welch 1990
4389:Macan 1997
4291:Davis 2012
4199:August 17,
3963:"Korg CX3"
3711:Brice 2001
3624:"Ask Mike"
3480:August 20,
3216:Riley 2006
2453:Clark 1999
2303:August 31,
2282:August 31,
2021:References
1981:Cory Henry
1824:Tony Banks
1796:Pink Floyd
1788:Uriah Heep
1764:Rod Argent
1729:distortion
1687:overdriven
1533:Henry Ford
1506:See also:
1465:Nord Stage
1176:media help
938:transistor
820:media help
675:standard.
607:pitch bend
421:pedalboard
409:pipe organ
407:. As with
391:Unlike an
380:media help
316:pipe organ
292:emulations
221:pipe organ
113:Oscillator
6220:Acoustics
6008:Claviharp
5895:Tonewheel
5843:Guitorgan
5779:Korg CX-3
5714:– YouTube
4878:ABC Local
4745:Vail 2002
4721:0140-0460
4712:The Times
4650:Awde 2008
4566:Awde 2008
4518:Vail 2002
4484:Till 2010
4353:Vail 2002
4338:August 1,
4315:Vail 2002
4303:Vail 2002
4279:Vail 2002
4255:Vail 2002
4214:Vail 2002
4017:March 17,
3994:Vail 2002
3934:Vail 2002
3872:Vail 2002
3833:April 25,
3807:April 25,
3781:August 1,
3747:Vail 2002
3723:Vail 2002
3189:Vail 2002
3162:August 1,
3134:August 1,
3113:Vail 2002
3101:Vail 2002
3089:Vail 2002
3050:Vail 2002
3026:Vail 2002
3014:Vail 2002
3002:Vail 2002
2990:Vail 2002
2978:Vail 2002
2921:Vail 2002
2897:Vail 2002
2882:August 8,
2860:Vail 2002
2717:Vail 2002
2678:Vail 2002
2647:Vail 2002
2635:Vail 2002
2620:Vail 2002
2608:Vail 2002
2522:Vail 2002
2493:Vail 2002
2248:March 20,
2214:Vail 2002
2175:Vail 2002
2120:Vail 2002
2108:Vail 2002
2015:Novachord
1929:Mellotron
1772:Tony Kaye
1496:Logic Pro
1414:Korg CX-3
1398:Korg CX-3
1364:mains hum
1359:Crosstalk
1293:sine wave
1254:stomp box
1229:half-moon
1102:amplifier
1068:, Hohner
978:Wurlitzer
668:tonewheel
637:amplifier
569:xylophone
483:harmonics
442:palladium
237:Jazz club
202:amplifier
194:tonewheel
118:Tonewheel
103:Polyphony
6107:Virginal
6038:Melodica
5983:Carillon
5978:Calliope
5833:Electone
5636:Archives
5270:(2002).
4906:(2012).
4794:July 30,
4788:AllMusic
4732:ProQuest
4726:June 15,
4687:June 15,
4469:July 30,
4177:July 30,
4137:July 30,
4109:July 30,
4076:July 30,
4048:July 30,
3979:July 30,
3907:July 30,
3636:July 30,
3629:Keyboard
3608:July 30,
3582:July 30,
3556:July 31,
3534:June 20,
3508:July 18,
3501:Keyboard
3474:Keyboard
3452:July 31,
3441:Keyboard
3419:July 31,
3393:July 31,
3326:July 31,
3240:July 31,
2473:July 30,
2398:July 30,
2051:July 31,
1999:See also
1972:samplers
1909:new wave
1752:the Nice
1705:Jon Lord
1683:Jon Lord
1568:BlueNote
1469:Nord C2D
1375:AC mains
1274:electric
1087:Speakers
1075:Keyboard
1070:clavinet
673:de facto
577:overtone
535:♭
449:Drawbars
425:middle C
330:The two
302:Features
241:big band
217:churches
196:near an
190:drawbars
150:Keyboard
128:Additive
6235:Aliquot
6199:Sustain
6116:Layouts
6070:Orphica
5988:Celesta
5955:Musical
5811:Farfisa
4832:May 15,
4827:NPR.org
2593:July 2,
1953:hip-hop
1846:Jamaica
1820:Genesis
1473:Diversi
1438:display
1339:Antwerp
1106:speaker
753:octaves
646:with a
633:voltage
614:History
573:marimba
548:vibrato
526:manuals
516:Presets
507:⁄
405:manuals
332:manuals
263:), and
135:Effects
6275:Wrench
6270:Tuning
6260:Action
6230:Wiring
6181:Pedals
6097:Spinet
6033:Keytar
5596:
5577:
5558:
5537:
5516:
5497:
5478:
5457:
5436:
5415:
5394:
5373:
5349:
5326:
5303:
5282:
5256:
5229:
5208:
5187:
5168:
5145:
5124:
5103:
5082:
5061:
5040:
5019:
4998:
4977:
4956:
4935:
4916:
4719:
2666:
1977:Grammy
1860:, and
1834:reggae
1818:, and
1804:Kansas
1760:Argent
1539:, and
1488:Emagic
1456:Clavia
1421:'s
1217:woofer
1213:baffle
1034:'s
1017:Roland
974:Lowrey
966:Regent
964:–1976
792:Medley
660:bridge
571:, and
414:action
401:octave
352:C note
288:Clavia
286:, and
284:Roland
265:reggae
180:is an
6240:Cross
6075:Piano
6043:Organ
5993:Chime
5680:Media
2954:(PDF)
2937:(PDF)
2242:(PDF)
1883:Live!
1780:Focus
1669:Duane
1492:Apple
485:and
308:piano
225:piano
87:Price
75:Dates
6194:Soft
6153:Keys
5957:and
5853:List
5594:ISBN
5575:ISBN
5556:ISBN
5535:ISBN
5514:ISBN
5495:ISBN
5476:ISBN
5455:ISBN
5434:ISBN
5413:ISBN
5392:ISBN
5371:ISBN
5347:ISBN
5324:ISBN
5301:ISBN
5280:ISBN
5254:ISBN
5227:ISBN
5206:ISBN
5185:ISBN
5166:ISBN
5143:ISBN
5122:ISBN
5101:ISBN
5080:ISBN
5059:ISBN
5038:ISBN
5017:ISBN
4996:ISBN
4975:ISBN
4954:ISBN
4933:ISBN
4914:ISBN
4886:2021
4860:2021
4834:2016
4796:2013
4728:2021
4717:ISSN
4689:2021
4505:2013
4471:2013
4340:2013
4201:2015
4179:2003
4139:2013
4111:2013
4078:2013
4050:2013
4019:2017
3981:2013
3909:2013
3835:2011
3809:2011
3783:2013
3638:2013
3610:2013
3584:2013
3558:2013
3536:2019
3510:2017
3482:2014
3454:2013
3421:2013
3395:2013
3328:2013
3242:2013
3164:2013
3136:2013
2962:2022
2884:2024
2595:2019
2475:2013
2400:2013
2305:2020
2284:2020
2250:2017
2053:2013
1907:and
1905:Punk
1832:and
1774:and
1641:'s "
1551:and
1510:and
1452:VK-8
1442:The
1430:The
1205:horn
1104:and
976:and
565:harp
474:stop
280:Korg
257:rock
229:jazz
176:The
107:Full
4852:4BC
2587:BBC
1830:Ska
1822:'s
1814:'s
1806:'s
1798:'s
1790:'s
1782:'s
1770:'s
1768:Yes
1762:'s
1723:'s
1703:'s
1657:".
1409:".
1276:or
1249:CBS
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