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335:. The nets are strung across a stream and allowed to sit overnight, collecting samples. These nets are crucial in the understanding of how watersheds function. Quantitative estimates derived from drift nets used in this way in rivers need careful consideration given the clogging of the nets and decay in performance that can occur as a result.
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is the most overexploited. With 21 modern states with coastline on the sea, there are many fisheries harvesting one small area. When drift net gear was banned, manufacturers modified the design of the nets so they no longer fell under the banned definition. A new definition was established in 2007 as
61:
attached to a rope along the top of the net and weights attached to another rope along the bottom of the net. Drift nets generally rely on the entanglement properties of loosely affixed netting. Folds of loose netting, much like a window drapery, snag on a fish's tail and fins and wrap the fish up in
31:
284:
practices to increase. Illegal, unregulated, or unreported fishing catch between 11 and 26 million tons a year which accounts for one quarter of global catch. Illegal fishing includes taking undersized fish, fishing in closed waters, taking more fish than permitted, or fishing during seasonal
128:(UNFAO) estimated global by-catch rates to be as high as 27 million tons of fish discarded by fisheries each year. Many individuals of non-target species perish as by-catch in the cast of each drift net. As a result, many such species are now endangered. Species caught as by-catch include
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materials with smaller mesh size. Synthetic nets last longer, are odourless and may be nearly invisible in the water, and do not biodegrade. Most countries regulate drift net fisheries within their territories. Such fisheries are also often regulated by international agreements.
152:. Since nets are placed and may not be retrieved for days, air-breathing mammals that become tangled in the nets drown if they are unable to free themselves. In certain areas, exemption from punitive measure due to the unintentional by-catch of marine mammals, as outlined by the
238:. Synthetic nets are resistant to rot or breakdown, therefore ghost nets fish indefinitely in the oceans. Marine animals are easily tangled in ghost nets as are the predators the dead animals attract. The float line on the net allows it to be pushed in the current which causes
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Prior to the 1960s net size was not limited, and commercially produced nets were commonly as long as 50 kilometres (31 mi). In 1987 the U.S. enacted the
Driftnet Impact, Monitoring, Assessment and Control Act limiting the length of nets used in American waters to 1.5
293:"any gillnet held on the sea surface or at a certain distance below it by floating devices, drifting with the current, either independently or with the boat to which it may be attached. It may be equipped with devices aiming to stabilize the net or to limit drift".
277:. While fishing in international waters, vessels must comply with regulations of the country in whose flag they fly, but there are no enforcers on the high seas. International waters make up 50% of the world's surface, yet are its least protected habitat.
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Drift net fishing became a commercial fishing practice because it is cost effective. Nets can be placed by low-powered vessels making it fuel efficient. Drift nets are also effective at bringing in large amounts of fish in one catch.
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Any fish that crosses the path of a drift net in the ocean may be tangled or caught in the net. This leads to fish species becoming endangered or even extinct. Non-target individuals caught in the net are called
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and various sharks swim north, the divers discovered that many drift net boats had placed nets that night. The nets were one mile long each and nearly 100 feet (30 m) high placed to target swordfish and
311:. Japan operated about 900 drift net vessels, earning around $ 300 million a year. Those fishing boats were blamed not only for indiscriminate destruction of marine life, but also for poaching North Pacific
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fisheries are the main contributor to sea bird by-catch, sea birds are also caught in drift nets in significant numbers. Studies conducted on 30 small-scale drift net fisheries in the
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size. The larger mesh only caught the larger fish, allowing the smaller, younger ones to slip through. When drift net fishing grew in scale during the 1950s, the industry changed to
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106:(UNGA) placed a moratorium on the practice of drift net fishing. In 1992 the UN banned the use of drift nets longer than 2.5 km long in international waters.
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if fish are captured when their gills get stuck in the net. The size of the mesh varies depending on the fish being targeted. These nets usually target schools of
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In the 1990s, drift net fisheries were responsible for 30,000 tons of sharks and skates in global by-catch annually. While filming
National Geographic's
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opposed a U.S. driftnet ban because it would allegedly conflict with a treaty with Japan and Canada regarding salmon fishing in the North
Pacific.
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1956:
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Couch AJ, Dyer F, Lintermans M, Ross-Magee P. (2016) Drift net performance for larval fish sampling in rivers. PeerJ Preprints 4:e2416v1
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drift net fishing began to draw public attention in the mid-1980s when Japan and other Asian countries began to send large fleets to the
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671:
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798:
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315:, harming the U.S. and Canadian fishing industries, and threatening the jobs of fishermen who did not use such methods. The first
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pollution is largely caused by plastic-made fishing gear like drift nets, that are wearing down by use, lost or thrown away.
153:
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Drift nets lost or abandoned at sea due to storms causing strong currents, accidental loss, or purposeful discard become
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Bycatch is thrown back to the ocean either dead or with injuries that may result in death. If not eaten, dead animals
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510:"The problem of incidental catches of sharks and rays, its likely consequences, and some possible solutions"
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Most countries have jurisdiction over the waters within 200 nautical miles of their shores, called the
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401:, "Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food, Directorate of Fisheries Research", 1991
222:. Large amounts of dead matter decomposing in the ocean causes the surrounding levels of
645:"With Ropes and Nets, Fishing Fleets Contribute Significantly to Microplastic Pollution"
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383:"Caught in the net: driftnet fishing restrictions and the european court of justice"
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Drift nets also are used in ecological studies in studying the downstream drift of
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closures. Illegal fishing is prominent due to lack of enforcement or punishments.
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without being anchored to the bottom. The nets are kept vertical in the water by
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loose netting as it struggles to escape. However, the nets can also function as
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564:"Bycatch in gillnet fisheries - an overlooked threat to waterbird populations"
483:"Why study bycatch? An introduction to the Theme Section on fisheries bycatch"
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1986:
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176:. They swam half the length of one net and in that length discovered 32 dead
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Despite controls, violations of drift net fishing laws are commonplace. The
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765:: documentary film about the illegal driftnet fishery in the Mediterranean
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all of which were thrown back into the ocean when the net was hauled in.
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618:"Dumped fishing gear is biggest plastic polluter in ocean, finds report"
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Traditionally drift nets were made of organic materials, such as
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519:, "Pacific Fisheries Coalition, Shark Conference Hawaii", 2000
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estimate that 90,000 sea birds die annually in drift nets.
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678:, "United Nations Department of Public Information", 1997
470:"Defining and estimating global marine fisheries bycatch"
707:
1824:
425:"Cooperative efforts dealing with driftnet fishing"
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496:"New England/Mid-Atlantic | NOAA Fisheries"
126:United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
669:"The agreement on high seas fishing: an update"
448:. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. p. 302.
81:. Prior to 1950, nets tended to have a larger
1810:
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375:
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156:, is extended to commercial drift fishermen.
399:"Gillnetting (Laboratory Leaflet Number 69)"
1957:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
1882:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
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584:"General information on dissolved oxygen"
246:habitats as the nets drag the sea floor.
597:"Ghost nets hurting marine environments"
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102:(1.7 mi; 2.8 km). In 1989 the
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749:https://peerj.com/preprints/2416/?td=wk
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385:, "Journal of Environmental Law", 2010
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643:Magazine, Smithsonian; Kindy, David.
485:, "Endangered Species Research", 2008
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595:Food and Agriculture Organization,
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280:Declining fish stocks have caused
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573:, "Biological Conservation", 2009
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269:. Outside these boundaries lie
104:United Nations General Assembly
2240:Fishing techniques and methods
1620:Double-Heart of Stacked Stones
616:Laville, Sandra (2019-11-06).
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807:Fishing equipment and methods
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154:Marine Mammal Protection Act
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1857:Fish diseases and parasites
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725:February 18, 2011, at the
708:Marine Stewardship Council
410:Animal Welfare Institute,
350:Catastrophic drift netting
165:California Channel Islands
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544:"Web Across the Currents"
446:Living in the Environment
444:Miller, G. Tyler (2004).
242:damage to plant life and
53:, hang vertically in the
1877:Individual fishing quota
674:August 17, 2011, at the
515:October 7, 2011, at the
180:in the net as well as 2
1731:Fishing light attractor
1716:Fish aggregating device
718:Monterey Bay Aquarium,
569:March 26, 2012, at the
472:, "Marine Policy", 2009
263:exclusive economic zone
1711:Electric pulse fishing
1582:Turtle excluder device
769:National Geographic's
689:"Saving the high seas"
529:National Geographic's
35:
694:July 2, 2010, at the
481:Soykan, C.U. et al.,
249:In addition, oceanic
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1867:Fisheries management
738:Spalding, M., , 2014
649:Smithsonian Magazine
271:international waters
230:Environmental damage
2025:Fishing tournaments
1887:Sustainable fishery
1340:Scallop aquaculture
317:Bush administration
301:North Pacific Ocean
1967:Commercial fishing
1939:History of fishing
1287:Fishing techniques
967:Fishing rod tapers
771:An Incidental Kill
602:2018-08-01 at the
549:2011-07-18 at the
430:2008-05-09 at the
412:"Driftnet Fishing"
218:to break down the
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2020:Catch and release
1924:Artisanal fishing
1872:Fisheries science
1852:Diversity of fish
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182:hammerhead sharks
43:fishing technique
27:Fishing technique
16:(Redirected from
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2101:Artificial flies
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2015:Big-game fishing
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498:. 20 July 2021.
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161:Incidental Kill
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2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
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1913:
1908:
1898:
1895:
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1890:
1888:
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1878:
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1855:
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1850:
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1844:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1756:Otter fishing
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1686:Blast fishing
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
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1603:
1601:
1598:
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1583:
1580:
1578:
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1568:
1565:
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1555:
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1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
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1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
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1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1411:Fishing lines
1408:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:Trout binning
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:Pearl hunting
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1259:Fish stringer
1257:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1187:Drop shot rig
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1154:Shortfloating
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:Fishing float
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1121:Topwater lure
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
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1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1053:Fishing lures
1050:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1020:Worm charming
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
985:
983:
979:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
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952:
950:
946:
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937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
919:
917:
913:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
896:Multifilament
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
876:
874:
870:
865:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
811:
802:
797:
795:
790:
788:
783:
782:
779:
773:
772:
767:
764:
761:
760:
750:
744:
735:
728:
724:
721:
715:
709:
704:
697:
693:
690:
684:
677:
673:
670:
664:
650:
646:
639:
625:
624:
619:
612:
605:
601:
598:
592:
585:
579:
572:
568:
565:
562:Zydelis, R.,
559:
552:
548:
545:
539:
533:
532:
525:
518:
514:
511:
505:
497:
491:
484:
478:
471:
465:
457:
455:0-534-27411-0
451:
447:
440:
433:
429:
426:
420:
413:
407:
400:
394:
392:
384:
381:Caddell, R.,
378:
376:
374:
372:
367:
356:
351:
348:
346:
343:
342:
336:
334:
330:
329:invertebrates
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
291:
286:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
265:, set by the
264:
254:
252:
251:microplastics
247:
245:
241:
237:
227:
226:to decrease.
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
107:
105:
101:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
79:biodegradable
77:, which were
76:
71:
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:Drift netting
32:
19:
2245:Fishing nets
2206:
2194:
2073:Spearfishing
1862:Fish farming
1746:Kite fishing
1655:Lobster trap
1650:Fishing weir
1517:Glass floats
1501:
1484:Fishing nets
1459:Spin fishing
1391:Spearfishing
1315:Clam digging
1177:Carolina rig
1111:Surface lure
1043:Plastic worm
1038:Deadsticking
1030:Plastic bait
1015:Vermicompost
982:Fishing bait
962:Fishing reel
924:Arlesey Bomb
891:Monofilament
873:Fishing line
770:
743:
734:
714:
703:
683:
663:
652:. Retrieved
648:
638:
627:. Retrieved
623:The Guardian
621:
611:
591:
582:Murphy, S.,
578:
558:
538:
530:
524:
508:Bonfil, R.,
504:
490:
477:
464:
445:
439:
419:
406:
326:
295:
287:
279:
260:
248:
233:
205:
194:
160:
158:
148:, and other
118:
96:
92:
72:
68:pelagic fish
55:water column
50:
38:
37:
2058:Fishing net
2030:Fly fishing
1892:Overfishing
1847:Aquaculture
1832:topic areas
1741:Ice fishing
1721:Fish toxins
1630:Fish corral
1605:Barrier net
1542:Lampuki net
1537:Lampara net
1497:Cheena vala
1449:Jug fishing
1218:Diving mask
1169:Fishing rig
1096:Spinnerbait
1071:Little Cleo
949:Fishing rod
839:Circle hook
353: [
178:blue sharks
110:Controversy
2224:Categories
2152:Fish ponds
2053:Fishfinder
2040:Techniques
2002:Recreation
1982:Processing
1962:By country
1726:Fishfinder
1640:Fish wheel
1592:Fish traps
1572:Tangle net
1532:Ice jigger
1507:Ghost nets
1439:Jiggerpole
1429:Drum lines
1366:Bowfishing
1310:Ama divers
1264:Tackle box
1159:Quiver tip
1126:Zara Spook
1101:Spoon lure
1010:Groundbait
939:Sandsinker
934:Downrigger
654:2022-05-10
629:2022-05-10
363:References
345:Earthtrust
323:Other uses
240:ecological
236:ghost nets
201:Baltic Sea
124:. In 1994
51:drift nets
2145:Locations
2048:Fish trap
1972:Marketing
1929:Fisherman
1839:Fisheries
1826:Fisheries
1635:Fish nest
1615:Crab trap
1600:Almadraba
1577:Trawl net
1562:Seine net
1502:Drift net
1386:Polespear
1298:Gathering
1197:Texas rig
1106:Spoonplug
1076:Mormyshka
990:Bait fish
901:Power pro
831:Fish hook
542:Hall, H.
303:to catch
275:high seas
273:, or the
244:substrate
208:decompose
197:long line
195:Although
190:manta ray
169:swordfish
146:sea birds
87:synthetic
64:gill nets
49:, called
18:Drift net
2208:Category
2180:Glossary
2083:Trolling
2078:Trawling
1987:Products
1949:Industry
1776:Snagging
1761:Pa-aling
1751:Muro-ami
1736:Flossing
1701:Dredging
1665:Trabucco
1625:Eel buck
1557:Salambaw
1552:Lift net
1547:Lave net
1527:Hand net
1522:Haaf net
1512:Gill net
1492:Cast net
1474:Trotline
1469:Trolling
1424:Dropline
1396:Speargun
1330:Noodling
1223:Hip boot
1192:Hair rig
1182:Chod rig
1116:Swimbait
929:Bombarda
723:Archived
692:Archived
672:Archived
600:Archived
567:Archived
547:Archived
513:Archived
428:Archived
339:See also
297:Japanese
212:bacteria
188:, and a
186:sea lion
134:dolphins
122:by-catch
2196:Outline
2010:Angling
1992:Seafood
1977:Markets
1916:Fishing
1830:fishing
1444:Jigging
1419:Angling
1401:Trident
1376:Harpoon
1371:Gigging
1305:Abalone
1243:Wetsuit
1233:Snorkel
1206:Apparel
995:Boilies
881:Braided
854:Sniggle
849:Hookset
163:in the
142:turtles
115:Bycatch
2136:Sinker
2093:Tackle
1766:Payaos
1681:Basnig
1464:Tip-up
1359:Spears
1238:Waders
1091:Sabiki
1066:Heddon
906:Swivel
698:, 2008
606:, 2009
586:, 2007
553:, 1987
452:
434:, 2006
414:, 2014
313:salmon
216:oxygen
167:where
138:whales
130:sharks
59:floats
45:where
2185:Index
2126:Lures
1674:Other
1252:Other
1213:Creel
1005:Clonk
886:Knots
357:]
309:squid
210:, as
41:is a
2121:Line
2116:Hook
2106:Bait
1828:and
1610:Corf
1086:Plug
1000:Chum
844:Gaff
450:ISBN
331:and
307:and
305:tuna
214:use
184:, a
83:mesh
75:hemp
47:nets
2131:Rod
2226::
647:.
620:.
390:^
370:^
355:ru
144:,
140:,
136:,
132:,
70:.
1818:e
1811:t
1804:v
800:e
793:t
786:v
729:,
657:.
632:.
458:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
