25:
401:
113:
432:
knowledge of the trier of fact. He is thus an expert for the purpose of applying the 12 step evaluation and determining whether that evaluation indicates drug impairment. His expertise has been conclusively and irrebuttably established by
Parliament. Knowledge of the underlying science is not a precondition to the admissibility of a DRE’s opinion."
302:
DRE training and certification standards are defined by the
International Association of Chiefs of Police Training is available only to "a person ... in the employ and under the direct control of a public criminal justice agency involved in the enforcement of criminal or traffic safety laws or an
273:
Different jurisdictions take a variety of approaches to DRE testimony. Some jurisdictions hold DRE protocol and evidence to be scientific evidence; some do not. Some jurisdictions permit DRE testimony to be introduced as expert testimony (usually under Rule of
Evidence 702 or the equivalent in that
240:
If a DRE determines that a driver was too impaired to operate a vehicle in a safe manner, they will look for indications of the drugs suspected, by the common perceivable effects the drugs have on the human body. There are seven categories of classifications a DRE is looking for, including; central
387:
The DRE Student Manual identifies three scientific studies as being those that validate DRE testing. These studies are: Bigelow 1985 (aka the Johns
Hopkins study); Compton 1986 (aka the LAPD-173 study); and Adler 1994 (aka the Arizona DRE Validation Study). However, all three of these studies have
278:
The acronym 'DRE' has been used to refer not just to the DRE officers, but also to the examination they perform, the "Drug
Recognition Examination", or "Drug Recognition Evaluation." The confluence of acronyms leads to confusion, and the IACP now calls the evaluation done by DRE officers the "Drug
431:
In 2017, the
Supreme Court of Canada held that "a DRE is a 'drug recognition expert', certified as such for the purposes of the 12 step evaluation. By reason of his training and experience, a DRE undoubtedly possesses expertise on determining drug impairment that is outside the experience and
303:
institution involved in providing training services to officers of law enforcement agencies.". IACP standards require DREs training to be done using an official
Student Manual. This manual. is widely cited in court as defining standards for the performance of a Drug Influence Evaluation.
435:
This mirrors US case law where testimony of police officers regarding alcohol impairment is admitted in court without the need for the officer to be an expert in, or to testify to, the underlying sciences of the sobriety tests they are trained to administer.
319:
concentration (BrAC) test results and determines if the subject's apparent impairment is consistent with the subject's BrAC. If so, the officer will not normally call a DRE. If the impairment is not explained by the BrAC, the officer requests a DRE
274:
state), while some jurisdiction require DRE testimony to be introduced as non-expert opinion testimony. Some jurisdictions analyze DRE testimony through the lens of
Daubert, while other jurisdictions use the Frye analysis.
268:
DREs often testify in court, where the term "expert" has important legal implications. The
Traffic Resource for Judges describes different approaches taken by state courts in how DRE evidence is admitted.
448:
released a documentary video called MK Occupy
Minnesota. The video documents testimony from participants that police officers in Minneapolis gave them cannabis as part of a Drug Recognition Expert program.
286:
in the early 1970s. The officers' drug recognition methods were officially recognized by the LAPD management in 1979, and adopted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in the early 1980s.
634:
NHTSA: Drug Evaluation and classification training: the Drug Recognition Expert School. Washington, D.C.: National Traffic Highway Safety Administration;2010. DOT HS172A R01/10.
237:. All DREs follow the same 12 step procedure called a Drug Influence Evaluation (DIE), to purportedly determine which category of drugs is causing the driver to be impaired.
370:
Toxicological examination: After completing the evaluation, the DRE normally requests a urine, blood and/or saliva sample from the subject for a toxicology lab analysis.
384:
Claims regarding the effectiveness of DREs have not been supported by research. These claims are critical to the admission of DRE expert testimony in criminal trials.
735:
Bigelow GE, et al. Identifying Types of Drug Intoxication: Laboratory Evaluation of the Subject Examination Procedure. Washington, D.C.: NHTSA 1985, DOT HS 806
726:
NHTSA: Drug Evaluation and Classification Training: the Drug Recognition Expert School. Washington, D.C.: NHTSA 2010. DOT HS172A R01/10, Session III, page 4ff
517:
54:
900:
644:
137:
of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be
895:
291:
485:
Seiders, Gregory T. "Call in the Experts: The Drug Recognition Expert Protocol and Its Role In Effectively Prosecuting Drugged Drivers."
612:
542:
744:
Compton RP. Field Evaluation of the Los Angeles Police Department Drug Detection Program. Washington, D.C.: NHTSA1986. DOT HS 807 012;
189:
70:
581:
294:(IACP). To remain certified and in good standing, DREs must track their evaluations and enter the results into an online database.
161:
791:
845:
168:
753:
Adler EV, Burns M: Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) Validation Study. Phoenix: Arizona Governor's Office of Highway Safety; 1994.
504:
175:
831:
208:
94:
157:
46:
445:
678:"The methodological quality of three foundational law enforcement drug influence evaluation validation studies"
412:
283:
134:
521:
59:
130:
229:
officer trained in a scientifically validated method to identify people whose driving is impaired by
182:
146:
652:
246:
50:
810:
123:
8:
588:
262:
35:
704:
677:
463:
142:
39:
709:
606:
536:
138:
74:
16:
Law enforcement officer trained to identify people whose driving is impaired by drugs
842:
836:
699:
689:
63:
849:
332:
226:
411: with: jurisdictions where it has been ruled inadmissible. You can help by
234:
866:
The Standardized Field Sobriety Tests: A Review of Scientific and Legal Issues
776:
889:
254:
694:
713:
316:
579:
International Standards of the Drug Evaluation and Classification Program
353:
340:
865:
855:
400:
242:
458:
258:
250:
777:"MK Occupy Minnesota: Drugs & the DRE Program at Peavey Plaza"
880:
315:
Breath Alcohol Test: The arresting officer reviews the subject's
129:
Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing
811:"Trooper put on leave as probe of drug-training tactics widens"
792:"Minnesota police accused of giving out pot to watch behavior"
359:
344:
327:
230:
875:
762:
556:
57:
and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as
856:
Drugs and Driving: When Science and Policy Don't Mix
763:
R. v. Bingley, [2017] 1 SCR 170, 2017 SCC 12
505:"Drug Recognition Experts Combating Drugged Driving"
887:
282:DREs were developed by police officers from the
872:, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Aug., 2008), pp. 293–313
388:been shown to have major methodological flaws.
765:(CanLII), retrieved on 2018-05-28, xref. ¶ 33.
852:International Association of Chiefs of Police
808:
374:
292:International Association of Chiefs of Police
809:Roper, Eric; McKinney, Matt (May 10, 2012).
38:, which are uninformative and vulnerable to
832:LAPD Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) Homepage
439:
364:Subject's Statements and Other Observations
53:and maintains a consistent citation style.
862:, Vol. 97,No. 4 (2006–07, pp. 283–285
843:Drug Evaluation and Classification Program
682:Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine
671:
669:
703:
693:
625:International Standards of the DECP §1.1
481:
479:
209:Learn how and when to remove this message
95:Learn how and when to remove this message
774:
379:
666:
645:"12 Step Process – IACP DECP Multisite"
888:
789:
611:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
541:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
499:
497:
495:
476:
367:Analysis and Opinions of the Evaluator
337:Divided Attention Psychophysical Tests
311:A DIE involves the following 12 steps
306:
901:Drug control law in the United States
896:Law enforcement in the United States
675:
395:
358:Check for injection sites and third
106:
18:
837:Drug Recognition Expert Evaluations
492:
45:Please consider converting them to
13:
507:. 4 April 2017. Web. 16 July 2017.
326:Preliminary examination and first
323:Interview of the arresting officer
14:
912:
860:Canadian Journal of Public Health
825:
399:
391:
111:
23:
802:
783:
768:
756:
747:
738:
729:
720:
444:On May 2, 2012, activists with
297:
290:Certification is issued by the
233:other than, or in addition to,
790:Bailey, David (May 14, 2012).
637:
628:
619:
573:
549:
510:
49:to ensure the article remains
1:
469:
284:Los Angeles Police Department
223:Drug Recognition Expert (DRE)
279:Influence Evaluation", DIE.
124:general notability guideline
7:
452:
10:
917:
375:Critique & Controversy
131:reliable secondary sources
120:The topic of this article
158:"Drug Recognition Expert"
122:may not meet Knowledge's
775:HongPong (May 2, 2012).
440:Police Handing Out Drugs
247:dissociative anesthetics
695:10.1186/1477-5751-12-16
870:Law and Human Behavior
868:, Steven J. Rubenzer,
349:Dark room examinations
276:
489:26.2 (2017): 229–275.
380:Scientific validation
271:
557:"Shaping the future"
881:PaperRevolution.org
676:Kane, Greg (2013).
487:Widener Law Journal
307:12-Step DRE process
263:narcotic analgesics
848:2016-11-06 at the
464:Occupy Minneapolis
446:Occupy Minneapolis
245:, CNS stimulants,
126:
858:, Mark Asbridge,
429:
428:
219:
218:
211:
193:
121:
105:
104:
97:
55:Several templates
908:
819:
818:
806:
800:
799:
787:
781:
780:
772:
766:
760:
754:
751:
745:
742:
736:
733:
727:
724:
718:
717:
707:
697:
673:
664:
663:
661:
660:
651:. Archived from
641:
635:
632:
626:
623:
617:
616:
610:
602:
600:
599:
593:
587:. Archived from
586:
577:
571:
570:
568:
567:
553:
547:
546:
540:
532:
530:
529:
520:. Archived from
514:
508:
501:
490:
483:
424:
421:
403:
396:
352:Examination for
333:Eye examinations
214:
207:
203:
200:
194:
192:
151:
115:
114:
107:
100:
93:
89:
86:
80:
78:
67:
27:
26:
19:
916:
915:
911:
910:
909:
907:
906:
905:
886:
885:
850:Wayback Machine
828:
823:
822:
807:
803:
796:Chicago Tribune
788:
784:
773:
769:
761:
757:
752:
748:
743:
739:
734:
730:
725:
721:
674:
667:
658:
656:
643:
642:
638:
633:
629:
624:
620:
604:
603:
597:
595:
591:
584:
582:"Archived copy"
580:
578:
574:
565:
563:
561:www.theiacp.org
555:
554:
550:
534:
533:
527:
525:
518:"Archived copy"
516:
515:
511:
502:
493:
484:
477:
472:
455:
442:
425:
419:
416:
409:needs expansion
394:
382:
377:
309:
300:
241:nervous system
227:law enforcement
215:
204:
198:
195:
152:
150:
128:
116:
112:
101:
90:
84:
81:
69:
58:
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
914:
904:
903:
898:
884:
883:
878:
873:
863:
853:
840:
834:
827:
826:External links
824:
821:
820:
801:
782:
767:
755:
746:
737:
728:
719:
665:
636:
627:
618:
572:
548:
509:
503:Page, Thomas.
491:
474:
473:
471:
468:
467:
466:
461:
454:
451:
441:
438:
427:
426:
406:
404:
393:
390:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
371:
368:
365:
362:
356:
350:
347:
338:
335:
330:
324:
321:
317:breath alcohol
308:
305:
299:
296:
217:
216:
119:
117:
110:
103:
102:
85:September 2022
47:full citations
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
913:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
891:
882:
879:
877:
874:
871:
867:
864:
861:
857:
854:
851:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
816:
812:
805:
797:
793:
786:
778:
771:
764:
759:
750:
741:
732:
723:
715:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
672:
670:
655:on 2018-08-26
654:
650:
646:
640:
631:
622:
614:
608:
594:on 2013-12-02
590:
583:
576:
562:
558:
552:
544:
538:
524:on 2019-12-15
523:
519:
513:
506:
500:
498:
496:
488:
482:
480:
475:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
450:
447:
437:
433:
423:
420:December 2021
414:
410:
407:This section
405:
402:
398:
397:
392:Admissibility
389:
385:
369:
366:
363:
361:
357:
355:
351:
348:
346:
342:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
325:
322:
318:
314:
313:
312:
304:
295:
293:
288:
285:
280:
275:
270:
266:
264:
260:
256:
255:hallucinogens
252:
248:
244:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
213:
210:
202:
199:November 2013
191:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
163:
160: –
159:
155:
154:Find sources:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
125:
118:
109:
108:
99:
96:
88:
76:
75:documentation
72:
65:
64:documentation
61:
56:
52:
48:
43:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
876:OccupyMN.org
869:
859:
815:Star Tribune
814:
804:
795:
785:
770:
758:
749:
740:
731:
722:
685:
681:
657:. Retrieved
653:the original
649:www.decp.org
648:
639:
630:
621:
596:. Retrieved
589:the original
575:
564:. Retrieved
560:
551:
526:. Retrieved
522:the original
512:
486:
443:
434:
430:
417:
413:adding to it
408:
386:
383:
310:
301:
298:DRE training
289:
281:
277:
272:
267:
239:
222:
220:
205:
196:
186:
179:
172:
165:
153:
91:
82:
71:Citation bot
33:
354:muscle tone
343:and second
341:Vital signs
320:evaluation.
243:depressants
135:independent
890:Categories
779:. YouTube.
659:2016-10-14
598:2013-11-15
566:2019-07-30
528:2019-12-15
470:References
169:newspapers
143:redirected
51:verifiable
459:Drug test
259:inhalants
133:that are
36:bare URLs
846:Archived
714:24188398
607:cite web
537:cite web
453:See also
251:cannabis
40:link rot
705:3828623
235:alcohol
183:scholar
147:deleted
712:
702:
688:: 16.
261:, and
185:
178:
171:
164:
156:
139:merged
60:reFill
592:(PDF)
585:(PDF)
360:pulse
345:pulse
328:pulse
231:drugs
225:is a
190:JSTOR
176:books
145:, or
34:uses
839:RCMP
710:PMID
613:link
543:link
162:news
68:and
700:PMC
690:doi
415:.
892::
813:.
794:.
708:.
698:.
686:12
684:.
680:.
668:^
647:.
609:}}
605:{{
559:.
539:}}
535:{{
494:^
478:^
265:.
257:,
253:,
249:,
221:A
141:,
817:.
798:.
716:.
692::
662:.
615:)
601:.
569:.
545:)
531:.
422:)
418:(
212:)
206:(
201:)
197:(
187:·
180:·
173:·
166:·
149:.
127:.
98:)
92:(
87:)
83:(
79:.
77:)
73:(
66:)
62:(
42:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.