Drunk driving in the United States

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Legislature established a deferred prosecution option for offenders arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol or impairing drugs (DUI). It was intended to encourage individuals to seek appropriate treatment and, under this option, defendants with a significant alcohol or drug dependence problem could petition a court to defer disposition of their charge until they have completed intensive substance dependence treatment and met other conditions required by the court. If the defendant successfully completed the terms of the program, the charge was dismissed; for those who failed, the deferred status was revoked and the defendant was prosecuted for the original DUI charge. (RCW 10.05.010 and 10.05.020) In 1992, the University of Washington Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute evaluated DUI deferred prosecution and concluded the program reduced DUI recidivism. In 1998, the legislature modified the DUI statutes. Among other things, the length of deferred prosecution supervision was increased from two to five years and defendants were restricted to one deferred prosecution per lifetime.

1676:. This test involves speaking or blowing into a hand held breathalyzer to give a reading, if this is over the legal limit, the driver will be arrested, and required to perform a test on another breathalyzer, which can be used for a conviction. Refusing a roadside or evidential test is an offense, and is subject to the same penalty as high range drunk driving. This detection method is not employed in the UK, and it is not an offence in England, Wales or Australia for a fully licensed driver to drive with a BAC of less than 0.08% (Australia and Scotland have limits of 0.05%), however in Australia this detection, even if under the legal limit, may still result in a penalty if there is an open container of alcohol in the vehicle. In Australia it is an offence for any learner or probationary driver to drive with a BAC above 0.00%. In addition, anyone instructing or supervising a learner driver must have a BAC of under 0.05%. 184: 406:, refusing to submit to a test of one's breath or blood upon being arrested for driving under the influence carries an additional punishment of a one-year license suspension pursuant to California Vehicle Code Section 13558(c)(1). Some states have passed laws that impose criminal penalties based upon principles of implied consent. However, in 2016, the Kansas Supreme Court ruled that Kansans who refuse to submit to either a breath or blood test in DUI investigations cannot be criminally prosecuted for that refusal. The court found unconstitutional a state law making it a crime to refuse such a test when no court-ordered warrant exists. In its 6-1 ruling, the court found that the tests were in essence searches and the law punishes people for exercising their constitutional right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. 1628:) prohibits pilots from flying aircraft with an alcohol level of 0.04% or more, or within eight hours of consuming alcohol ("eight hours, bottle to throttle"), or while under the impairing influence of any drug. The same prohibition applies to any other crew members on duty aboard the aircraft (flight attendants, etc.). Some airlines impose additional restrictions, and many pilots also impose stricter standards upon themselves. Commercial pilots found to be in violation of regulations are typically fired or resign voluntarily, and they may lose their pilot certificates and be subject to criminal prosecution under Federal or State laws, effectively ending their careers. 572:

Responsibility, and it is needed to reinstate a suspended driver's license after a DUI conviction in 49 states and the District of Columbia. It is submitted to the State's DMV by an auto insurance company to serve as proof that a driver has the minimum liability insurance that the states requires. They are essentially an agreement between a driver's insurance company and the respective State's DMV that requires the driver's insurance company to notify the respective State's DMV that the driver's insurance has either been terminated or lapsed; thus instituting a suspension of the driver's driving privileges until proof of insurance is re-filed with the State's DMV.

722:" level (set to either levels consistent with culinary alcohol or measurement errors). Violations can occur from a driver exceeding the "zero tolerance" level, but can also occur from use by other drivers within legal limits, or from test anomalies. In some states, anomalies are routinely discounted, for example as not consistent with patterns of BAC levels or at levels incompatible with life (e.g., significant mouth alcohol - which as BAC would be fatal). In some states, "fail" readings not consistent with actual alcohol use can be cleared by a routine process, but other states automatically deem these "fail" readings as violations. 1415:

to submit to an evidentiary chemical test of the suspect's breath or blood. These breath testing devices used are smaller, inexpensive versions of the larger, more sophisticated instruments at the police stations, commonly known as an Evidentiary Breath Test using an EBT device, or Evidentiary Breath Test device. An increasing number jurisdictions began using Portable Evidentiary Breath Test devices, or PEBT devices, that are more sophisticated versions of the smaller, inexpensive versions of the larger, larger instruments at the police stations. Another distinction is that, while the larger EBTs usually employ

227:(BAC) of 0.01% or greater. The NHTSA defines nonfatal collisions as alcohol-related if the crash report indicates evidence of alcohol present, even if no driver or occupant was tested for alcohol. The NHTSA specifically notes that alcohol-related does not necessarily mean a driver or non-occupant was tested for alcohol and that the term does not indicate a collision or fatality was caused by the presence of alcohol. If anyone involved in the crash (even a passenger) has a BAC of 0.01% or greater, then the NTHSA classifies the crash as alcohol-related. Alcohol-related injuries were estimated at 275,000 in 2003. 345:

states permit enforcement of DUI, DWI, and OWI/OVI statutes based on "operation and control" of a vehicle, while others require actual "driving". "The distinction between these terms is material, for it is generally held that the word 'drive,' as used in statutes of this kind, usually denotes movement of the vehicle in some direction, whereas the word 'operate' has a broader meaning so as to include not only the motion of the vehicle, but also acts which engage the machinery of the vehicle that, alone or in sequence, will set in motion the motive power of the vehicle." (

1523:(2013). This was a case decided by United States Supreme Court, on appeal from the Supreme Court of Missouri, regarding exceptions to the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution under exigent circumstances. The United States Supreme Court ruled that police must generally obtain a warrant before subjecting a drunken-driving suspect to a blood test, and that the natural metabolism of blood alcohol does not establish a per se exigency that would justify a blood draw without consent. 1259: 252: 1600: 5976: 1283:

for people with medical conditions, injuries, 65 years or older, and 50 pounds or greater overweight. The officer will administer one or more field sobriety tests. FSTs are considered "divided attention tests" that test the suspect's ability to perform the type of mental and physical multitasking that is required to operate an automobile. However, these tests can be problematic for people with non-obvious disabilities affecting

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others is either permitted or authorisation easily obtained, but some jurisdictions restrict or deny authorisation. (Such restrictions on mechanics can be problematic, for example, if limited to designated "licensed mechanics" or as applied to routine repair procedures requiring operation of the ignition and starter systems.) Some jurisdictions criminalize such temporary bypass of IIDs.

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issuing insurance company provide the relevant state's DMV with timely updates as to the status of such coverage. If the policy with the SR22 cancels, a form called an SR26 is issued and sent to the state DMV. Upon notice that there has been a lapse in coverage, the state will suspend the driver's license again. Another SR-22 filing will need to be submitted to regain driving privileges.

635: 164:, 1 out of every 10 arrests for all crimes in the U.S., compared to 1.9 million such arrests during the peak year in 1983, accounting for 1 out of every 80 licensed drivers in the U.S. This represented a 220% increase in DUI arrests from 1970 to 1986, while the number of licensed drivers increased by just 42% in the same period. 1164:"Probable cause" is established by obtaining evidence from the police encounter sufficient to meet the "probable cause" standard for arrest. "Probable cause" is not necessarily sufficient to obtain a conviction, but is a prerequisite for arrest. Examples of "probable cause" for a drunk driving arrest includes: 879:

Investigation that encompasses the Pre-Field Sobriety Test Questioning and the Field Sobriety Testing, including a Preliminary Alcohol Screening Test where applicable. This Phase also includes the post-arrest evidentiary chemical test despite that it occurs subsequent to a DUI arrest, not prior to a DUI arrest.

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Refusal to take a preliminary breath test (PBT) in Michigan subjects a non-commercial driver to a "civil infraction" penalty, with no violation "points", but is not considered to be a refusal under the general "implied consent" law. In some states, the state may present evidence of refusal to take a

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Minnesota has a similar program, where the plates are white with either blue or black text. The plate number is a "W", followed by a letter and four numbers. These plates may be issued to drivers with at least two offenses in a five-year period; three offenses in a ten-year period; having a BAC twice

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New Jersey enacted the first law that specifically criminalized driving an automobile while intoxicated, in 1906. The New Jersey statute provided that "o intoxicated person shall drive a motor vehicle." Violation of this provision was punishable by a fine of up to $ 500, or a term of up to 60 days in

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In the United States, paying the DUI ticket, court costs, and attorney fees is just the start of a person's financial obligations after a DUI conviction. Additional costs of a DUI conviction will often involve the installation and maintenance fees of a vehicle Ignition Interlock Device, which serves

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An increasingly used field sobriety test involves having the suspect breathe into a small, handheld breath testing device. These are often referred to as PAS Tests, or "Preliminary Alcohol Screening" Tests", or a PBT, "Preliminary Breath Test" and precede the actual arrest and subsequent requirement

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In operation, the driver blows into the IIDs to enable the car's starter. After a variable time period of approximately 20–40 minutes, the driver is required to re-certify (blow again) within a time period consistent with safely pulling off the roadway. If the driver fails to re-certify within the

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While SR-22s are typically filed with the respective State's DMV, some States require the driver to carry proof of the SR-22 or to carry it in the registered vehicle, (particularly if the driver has been cited for coverage lapses or other administrative infractions). SR-22s may attest coverage for a

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These innovative courts use substance abuse intervention with repeat offenders who plead guilty to driving while intoxicated. Those accepted into the diversionary program are required to abstain from alcohol. Some are required to wear a device that monitors and records any levels of alcohol detected

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Approximately twenty to thirty states have criminalized impaired riding of a bicycle, whereas others have no sanctions relevant to cycling. Most such laws extend driving laws to all vehicles ("all vehicles" as opposed to "motor vehicles"), but a few address impaired bike riding separately. In some

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Early laws, such as that enacted in New Jersey, required proof of a state of intoxication with no specific definition of what level of inebriation qualified. The first generally accepted legal BAC limit was 0.15%. New York, for example, which had enacted a prohibition on driving while intoxicated in

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Alcohol use was the number one contributing factor in U.S. recreational boating deaths between 2003 and 2012, accounting for 15 percent of the fatalities in 2003, and 17 percent in 2012. A Canadian study published in 2011 examined 18 years of data on recreational boating, and concluded that a "true

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has very similar penalties for a BUI as it does for a DUI. Those convicted of boating while intoxicated face penalties including, fines of up to $ 2,500, jail time of up to one year, loss of one's operator's license for up to three years and mandatory enrollment and completion of a Virginia Alcohol

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Drunk driving is a public health concern in the United States, and reducing its frequency may require an integrated community-based approach utilizing sanctions and treatments. Several intervention programs have been developed, such as the Paradigm Developmental Model of Treatment (PDMT), a program

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If it is determined after arrest that the person's BAC is not at or above the legal limit of 0.08%, they will probably be released without any charges. One may, however, still be charged with driving under the influence of alcohol on the basis of driving symptoms, observed impairment, admissions or

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Different requirements apply in many states to drivers under DUI probation, in which case participation in a preliminary breath test (PBT) may be a condition of probation, and for commercial drivers under "drug screening" requirements. Some US states, notably California, have statutes on the books

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at this time because the encounter legally has not gone from "investigatory" to "accusatory", and because the police want the suspect to believe the questions are not being made to gather "probable cause" evidence. At this point, the suspect is not required to provide more than identification and

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The police must have a reason to engage in a traffic stop. This typically involves either observing a traffic violation or observing behavior, such as weaving or lane departure, that would raise a "reasonable suspicion" of driving while impaired. The police must have an articulable reason for the

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to DUI offenders who are granted limited driving privileges such as work-related driving until a court can rule that they can have full privileges back. In 2004, the plates became mandated by state law to all DUI offenders. Unlike Ohio's standard-issue plates (which as of 2008 have a picture of the

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The consequences of an impaired driving charge include both criminal and administrative penalties. Criminal penalties are imposed as a result of criminal prosecution. Administrative penalties are imposed by a state agency, and in some cases may apply even if a person stopped for impaired driving is

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In construing the terms DUI, DWI, OWI and OVI, some states make it illegal to drive a motor vehicle while under the influence or driving while intoxicated while others indicate that it is illegal to operate a motor vehicle. There is a split of authority across the country regarding this issue. Some

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After the passage of federal legislation, the legal limit for commercial drivers is now set at 0.04%. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) regulation prohibits those who hold a commercial driver's license from driving with an alcohol concentration of 0.04 or greater. A commercial

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laws were enacted which criminalized driving a vehicle with 0.01% or 0.02% BAC for drivers under 21. This is true even in Puerto Rico, despite maintaining a legal drinking age of 18. Research in the American Economic Review suggests that sanctions imposed at BAC thresholds are effective in reducing

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Unlike the United States, these countries do not see restricting access to alcohol as having any useful role to play in reducing drunk driving. Their experience is that random breath tests, severe penalties, including potential imprisonment for a first offense (in UK), combined with blanket public

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Regarding blood tests, some commentators, such as Brown University's Jacob Appel, have criticized the role of medical personnel in this process. According to Appel, "If physicians acquiesce today in the removal of a resistant patient's blood, soon they may be called upon to pump the contents of an

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The NHTSA have published numerous training manuals associated with FSTs. As a result of the NHTSA studies, the walk-and-turn test was determined to be 68% accurate, and the one-leg stand test is only 65% accurate when administered to people within the study parameters. The tests were not validated

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Also, Australian and British law do not recognize the crime of DUI manslaughter, and sentences for causing death by drunk driving are much lower than the United States. In the UK, a judge makes a sentencing decision based on the amount of alcohol present. This can lead to imprisonment for a first

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prohibits intoxicated use of motorized farm implements, or boating, the latter whether a pilot or passenger, with much the same threshold of intoxication. In the case of boating, the laws extend to include kayaks, canoes, sailboats—any flotation device that needs to be steered in water. Different

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The following list of DUI symptoms, from a publication issued by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (DOT HS-805-711), is widely used in training officers to detect drunk drivers. After each symptom is a percentage figure which, according to NHTSA, indicates the statistical chances

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The State of Washington used to permit those charged with a first offense drunk driving to complete a diversion program that resulted in the charges being dismissed upon the completion of a Diversion Program. In 1975, under the revised code of Washington or RCW Section 10.05, the Washington State

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says physician reporting may deter some patients from seeking care, writing "Reporting may remove some dangerous drivers from the roads, but if in doing so it actually creates other dangerous drivers, by scaring them away from treatment, then society has sacrificed confidentiality for no tangible

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alcohol level as the threshold point for an independent criminal offense. This is often referred to as the "legal limit". It is a permissive presumption of guilt where the person's BAC is 0.08% or greater (units of milligrams per deciliter, representing 8 g of alcohol in 10 liters of blood). Some

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is an addendum to an insurance policy. It is an administrative form that attests to an insurance company's coverage, or the posting of a personal public bond in the amount of the state's minimum liability coverage for the licensed driver or vehicle registration. The SR in SR-22 stands for Safety

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time and larger fines, even on a first offense. For instance, Ohio requires a mandatory 72-hour jail sentence for a first offense conviction; however, the jail time component is satisfied by attendance of the Ohio A.W.A.R.E. Program, which is a 72-hour alcohol-education program. Compared to many

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The NHTSA outlines several indicators of impairment, commonly referred to as “impairment cues.” These cues encompass behaviors like tightly gripping the steering wheel, driving with a closely positioned face to the windshield, slouching in the seat, and maintaining a fixed stare straight ahead.

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Various US states have different penalties for disabling IIDs. In some cases, the driver may be penalized if a family member or mechanic disables the IID when not in use by the sanctioned individual, or temporarily for servicing the vehicle. In some implementations, disabling by mechanics and

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For the most part, DUI or DWI are synonymous terms that represent the criminal offense of operating (or in some jurisdictions merely being in physical control of) a motor vehicle while being under the influence of alcohol or drugs or a combination of both. The key inquiry focuses on whether the

1664:(population 36 million, 32 million cars) there were 950 deaths from traffic crashes involving drivers with a Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) of 0.08 or greater) in 2009 (31% of all fatal collisions). Alcohol consumption per capita in the UK and Australia is higher than in the United States and the 1316:

According to NHTSA, these tests were not designed to measure impairment, but rather to give a probability that a driver is at or above a 0.08% BAC. However, studies have shown that there are reasons to doubt the tests' usefulness in helping an officer to make such a determination. In 1991, Dr.

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As stated, the form is required in 49 states and the US District of Columbia in order to register a vehicle for usage on public roads. It is also required to redeem a license which has been suspended due to coverage lapse in these required states. These states also, generally, require that the

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All states have a "catch-all" provision designed to cover those circumstances where the person is below 0.08%, but the person still appears impaired by definition of law. These types of "catch-all" statutes cover situations involving a person under the influence of drugs or under the combined

558:… that which may or shall be imposed through judicial or administrative action under the law of a State, territory, possession, or district, for a conviction for operating a motor vehicle under the influence of a drug or alcohol, shall be considered to be a punishment provided by that law … 99:(BAC) of 0.08% or higher is illegal. For drivers under 21 years old, the legal limit is lower, with state limits ranging from 0.00 to 0.02. Lower BAC limits apply when operating boats, airplanes, or commercial vehicles. Among other names, the criminal offense of drunk driving may be called 878:

The "Vehicle in Motion" Phase deals with the law enforcement officers' observations of the suspect's driving maneuvers. The "Personal Contact" Phase is where the officer actually comes into contact with the suspected impaired driver. The "Pre-Arrest Screening" Phase is portion of the DUI

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was more than double that for the total population during 1996, and almost 4 in 10 Native Americans held in local jails had been charged with a public order offense, most commonly driving while intoxicated. In 2012, 29.1 million people admitted to driving under the influence of alcohol.

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A suspect requested to participate in a FST is likely to be told that the purpose is to determine whether the suspect is impaired; however, FST tests are widely regarded having, as their primary purpose, gaining tangible evidence for use against the suspect in the establishment of

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visited the issue of whether states can criminalize a refusal to submit to a chemical test. The United States Supreme Court decided that states may criminalize a refusal to submit to a breath test; but not a refusal to submit to a blood test absent a McNeely warrant, named after

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The investigation and NHTSA "phases" are distinct from the legal stages of the police arrest process. Instead, the investigation has, as its purpose, to take the process from initial contact through all of the evidence stages, through to prosecution. The primary goals are to:

1434:, although it is not part of the series of performance tests. The PBT (or PAS) uses a portable breath tester. While the tester provides numerical blood alcohol content (BAC) readings, its primary use is for screening and establishing probable cause for arrest, to invoke the 682:

devices (IID), with varying thresholds for installation requirements. Criminal process thresholds for installation requirements vary between minimum BAC levels (e.g., 0.20%, or 0.15%) or repeat offense, with about half of the states requiring installation on first offense.

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In countries such as the United Kingdom and Australia drunk driving and deaths caused by drunk driving are considerably lower than in the United States. Drunk driving deaths in the UK (population 61 million, 31 million cars) were 380 in 2010 (21% of all fatal crashes). In

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the same function as a Breathalyzer to enable the vehicle to start. A person convicted of a driving under the influence charge, can also expect to pay higher insurance rates and premiums. In addition, DUI records prevent entry into Canada without proper documentation.

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Every jurisdiction imposes the completion of alcohol education programs, commonly known as DUI programs, subsequent to a DUI/DWI/OWI conviction. Additionally, some states impose an additional requirement that a person attend a Victim Impact Panel (VIP) administered by

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other countries, such as Sweden, penalties for drunk driving in the United States are considered less severe unless alcohol is involved in an incident causing injury or death of another, such as DUI, DWI or OWI with Great Bodily Injury (GBI) or Vehicular Manslaughter.

1326:). The blood-alcohol concentration of each of the 21 DUI subjects was 0.00, unknown to the officers. The result: the officers gave their opinion that 46% of these innocent people were too drunk to be able to drive. This study showed the possible inaccuracy of FSTs. 1731:

Cycling while impaired significantly increases the risk of injury and fatal accidents. One source gives a 20× (2000%) increased risk from cycling impaired. Since cycling involves learned reactions, the cyclist should consider strategies for remaining clear of

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Research in the United Kingdom has shown that the danger group for drunk driving is young men in their early 20s rather than teenagers. It is not uncommon for police forces in Australia to randomly stop motorists, typically at a checkpoint, and submit them to a

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The penalties for drunk driving vary among states and jurisdictions. It is not uncommon for the penalties to be different from county to county within any given state depending on the practices of the individual jurisdiction. Some jurisdictions require

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The police have received a report, possibly from an anonymous citizen, that a described car has been driving erratically. The officer should verify the erratic driving before pulling the driver over. In some cases, the driver will no longer be in the

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1910, amended this law in 1941 to provide that it would constitute prima facie evidence of intoxication when an arrested person was found to have a BAC of 0.15 percent or higher, as ascertained through a test administered within two hours of arrest.

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According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, police officers should conduct DUI Investigations according to a specific protocol called phases. According to the NHTSA training, DUI Investigations are categorized by these phases:

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These ignition interlock sanctions are meant as punishment, but also as a deterrence. When required under a high BAC level or multiple offense threshold, ignition interlock requirements address a strong tendency of repeat offense by drivers with

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conducted a study of the accuracy of FSTs. His staff videotaped people performing six common field sobriety tests, then showed the tapes to 14 police officers and asked them to decide whether the suspects had "had too much to drink and drive"

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Following are common procedures when a law enforcement officer has reason to suspect a driver is intoxicated. While local procedures vary under the tens of thousands of courts in the US having traffic jurisdiction, the basic procedure is:

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Laws relating to what exactly constitutes probable cause vary from state to state. In California it is a refutable presumption that a person with a BAC of 0.08% or higher is driving under the influence. However, section 23610(a)(2) of the

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While chemical tests are used to determine the driver's BAC, they do not determine the driver's level of impairment. However, state laws usually provide for a rebuttable legal presumption of intoxication at a BAC of 0.08% or higher (see

336:, concluding that requiring breath tests is constitutional without a search warrant; however, requiring more intrusive blood tests involving piercing the skin is not, as the goal of traffic safety can be obtained by less invasive means. 1397:

laws. (Police are not obliged to advise the suspect that participation in a FST or other pre-arrest procedures is voluntary. In contrast, formal evidentiary tests given under implied consent requirements are considered mandatory.)

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A drunk driving charge is a type of police arrest process, so a basic understanding of the process of police engagement is essential to understanding how that process applies to that process as applied to a drunk driving charge.

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influence of alcohol and drugs. With the advent of the legalization of marijuana, these catch-all provisions cover those prosecutions pursuing those charged with driving under the influence of drugs or even drugs and alcohol.

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states (e.g., Colorado) include a lesser charge, sometimes referred to as "driving while ability impaired" that may apply to individuals with a 0.05% or above, but less than the 0.08% per se limit for the more serious charge.

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Police are not obliged to advise the suspect that participation in a FST or other pre-arrest procedures is voluntary. In contrast, formal evidentiary tests given under implied consent requirements are considered mandatory.

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If the officer observes enough to have a reasonable suspicion to legally justify a further detention and investigation, they will ask the driver to step out of the vehicle, and request that the driver submit to voluntary

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on all new vehicles, set to the legal limit for the driver. Issues to be solved, besides consumer and voter acceptance, include difficulty in obtaining accurate measurements without inconvenience, and a need to achieve

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requirements. In US law, this is necessary to sustain a conviction based on evidential testing (or implied consent refusal). Regardless of the terminology, in order to sustain a conviction based on evidential tests,

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The officer on patrol has observed erratic, suspicious driving, or a series of traffic infractions indicating the possibility that the driver may be impaired. This is by far the most common reason for stopping a

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The officer will typically approach the driver's window and ask some preliminary questions. During this phase of the stop, the officer will note if they detect any of the following indicators of intoxication:

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The legal stages are relevant because of the degree of evidence required at each stage. (For example, the police need not demonstrate guilt "beyond a reasonable doubt" in order to execute a traffic stop.)

2412:, NOLO Press ("As a general rule (and unlike chemical testing), there is no legal penalty for refusing to take these tests although the arresting officer can typically testify as to your refusal in court.") 937:

Each stage has different requirements for establishing a basis for police or prosecutorial action. Without establishing that basis, the process is illegal and can cause a prosecution to fail under the

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for determining when a driver is legally drunk from 0.08 blood-alcohol content to 0.05. The idea is part of an initiative to eliminate drunk driving, which accounts for about a third of all road deaths.

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driver's faculties were impaired by the substance that was consumed. The detection and successful prosecution of drivers impaired by prescription medication or illegal drugs can therefore be difficult.

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for later analysis to determine the BAC or possible presence of drugs. Some states sought to impose criminal punishment for a refusal to submit to a chemical test of their breath or blood; however, in

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collisions in 2003. Approximately 60% of the BAC values for motor vehicle collisions are missing or unknown. To analyze what they believe is the complete data, statisticians estimate BAC information.

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imposes a BAC limit of 0.02%, that if, after an on-duty traffic crash, the determination that an employee violated that rule may result in termination of employment with no chance of future rehire.

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Gee, R. L.; & Haberstroh, S. (2007). "Considerations and recommendations for addressing repeat DUI offenders: An appraisal of White and Gasperin and DiStefano and Hohman (ATQ, 25, 2007)".

1423:) technology. When used for purposes of a Preliminary Alcohol Screening Test, or PAS Test, their purpose, along with the other FSTs, is to assist the officer in determining whether he/she has 960:

One exception is a roadblock (where legal). Roadblocks do not involve reasonable suspicion, but must meet particular legal standards to avoid arbitrariness while still assuring randomness.

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During the traffic stop, the police will attempt to obtain sufficient evidence to support "probable cause". This includes asking questions, and requesting further evidence or confession.

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An arrestee will be offered a chemical test of breath, blood or, much less frequently, urine. Breath test results are usually available immediately; urine and blood samples are sent to a

1559:(DRE). Assuming sufficient evidence of impaired driving from drugs, the arrested may face charges of driving under the influence of drugs or the combined influence of alcohol and drugs. 1360:

FSTs and SFSTs are promoted as, "used to determine whether a subject is impaired", but FST tests are widely regarded having, as their primary purpose, establishing tangible evidence of "

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The Counting Test (counting backwards from a number ending in a number other than 5 or 0 and stopping at a number ending other than 5 or 0. The series of numbers should be more than 15).

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Drivers with a BAC of 0.10% are 6 to 12 times more likely to get into a fatal collision or injury than drivers without positive blood alcohol. The NHTSA states 275,000 were injured in

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in a straight line). This test is designed to measure a person's ability to follow directions and remember a series of steps while dividing attention between physical and mental tasks.

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performance on the field sobriety tests. And if there is suspicion of drug usage, a blood or urine test is likely, or at least the testimony of a specially trained officer called a

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the legal limit; or having a child in the car at the time of arrest. In Minnesota, DUI plates are referred to as "whiskey plates", whiskey being the name of the letter W in the

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Recent analysis has shown cities in which ride sharing services operate show mixed results as to whether the availability of those services affects rates of impaired driving.

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to cyclists. While police activities targeting impaired cyclists are rare, a cyclist could encounter police in a circumstance where the cyclist would otherwise be ticketed.

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states that driving with a BAC between 0.05% and 0.08% "shall not give rise to any presumption that the person was or was not under the influence of an alcoholic beverage".

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arrests were made nationwide in 1996. In 1997 an estimated 513,200 DUI offenders were under correctional supervision, down from 593,000 in 1990 and up from 270,100 in 1986.

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In Germany, a legal limit of 0.05% lowers to 0.03% if a driver is found to be at fault in a traffic crash. 0.00% is the standard for those who are under 21 years of age.

593:(MADD), which was established in 1982. Both DUI classes and Victim Impact Panels are available in some states for first offense DUIs dependent on the judge's decision. 3310: 1375:

A secondary purpose is to provide supporting corroborative tangible evidence for use against the suspect for use at trial in jurisdictions that permit such evidence.

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have been developed for the purpose of administering roadside or laboratory tests that can detect the actual level of a controlled substance in an individual's body.

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of those statutes has not been tested. (As a practical matter, most criminal lawyers advise not engaging in discussion or "justifying" a refusal with the police.)

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vehicle regardless of operator (owner liability coverage), or cover a specific person regardless of the specific vehicle operated (operator liability coverage).

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The NHTSA defines fatal collisions as "alcohol-related" if they believe the driver, a passenger, or non-motorist (such as a pedestrian or pedal cyclist) had a

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In the US, most of the laws and penalties were greatly enhanced starting in the late 1970s, and through the 1990s, largely due to pressure from groups like

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The Bureau of Justice Statistics estimated that in 1996 local law enforcement agencies made 1,467,300 arrests nationwide for driving under the influence of

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Ohio countryside), the DUI plates are yellow with red writing with no registration stickers or graphics. They are commonly referred to as "party plates".

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states have different laws and classifications on the level of transgression attached to a citation for boating under the influence. For example,

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The National Institute for Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism suggests environmental interventions to help eliminate drinking and driving all together.

5693: 5250: 2759: 2074: 230:

According to NTSB, 100,000 people have died in alcohol-impaired driving crashes between the NTSB issued its 2013 Reaching Zero report and 2022.

183: 3670: 1753: 1271: 199: 3179: 4439: 3198: 456: 17: 3560: 4592: 2850: 310:

In 2022, this BAC reduction was implemented by Utah with success when some states failed and other did not try to implement BAC reduction.

3534: 3470:

DiStefano, G.; & Hohman, M. (2007). "The paradigm developmental model of treatment: A framework for treating DUI multiple offenders".

2183:

An Act Defining Motor Vehicles and Providing for the Registration of Same, 1906 N.J. Laws ch. 113, §§ 19, 35, p. 177, 186 (April 12, 1906)

1478:

If the officer has sufficient probable cause that the suspect has been driving under the influence of alcohol, they will make the arrest,

6005: 3751: 1621: 974:

A police officer has stopped a vehicle for a lesser traffic offense, notices the signs of intoxication, and begins the DUI investigation.

3587: 5896: 5466: 3118: 2711:"Oregon Department of Transportation : SR-22 Information : Oregon Driver & Motor Vehicle Services : State of Oregon" 150: 2449: 6015: 6000: 5448: 4793: 271:

In 1938, the American Medical Association created a "Committee to Study Problems of Motor Vehicle Accidents". At the same time, the

4834: 4373: 3699: 3505: 1351:

The Preliminary Alcohol Screening Test, PAS Test or PBT, (breathe into a "portable or preliminary breath tester", PAS Test or PBT).

977:

The driver has been involved in an automobile collision; the officer has responded to the scene and is conducting an investigation.

402:

Every state has enhanced penalties for refusing to submit to an Implied Consent Test pursuant to the State's Implied Consent Laws.

2096: 5436: 4950: 1808: 539: 435:

endorsed physician reporting in 1999, but deferred to the states on whether such notification should be mandatory or permissive.

3023: 2710: 2476: 5313: 1914: 1578:

will be given to them. If they cannot make bail or is not granted OR, they will be kept in jail to wait for the arraignment on

283: 1837:"Four in Ten Criminal Offenders Report Alcohol as a Factor in Violence: But Alcohol-Related Deaths and Consumption in Decline" 1836: 1443:

must be shown (or the suspect must volunteer to take the evidential test without implied consent requirements being invoked).

726:

time period, the car will alarm in a manner similar to setting off the car's immobilizer (but mechanically independent of the

471:

Some U.S. employers impose their own rules for drug and alcohol use by employees who operate motor vehicles. For example, the

5419: 3941: 2538: 2009: 1869: 3089:

Cole and Nowaczyk, "Field Sobriety Tests: Are they Designed for Failure?", 79 Perceptual and Motor Skills Journal 99 (1994).

2248: 1384: 6010: 4927: 4368: 3314: 1955: 299: 427:

Six states require physicians to report patients who drive while impaired. Another 25 states permit physicians to violate

5653: 5578: 4539: 3101: 1302:

Test, which involves following an object with the eyes (such as a pen) to determine characteristic eye movement reaction.

3776: 2145:"Transitioning to Multiple Imputation – A New Method to Impute Missing Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) values in FARS" 1935: 5551: 5377: 4984: 4429: 2733: 2641: 1486:

obligation to submit to an evidentiary chemical test of blood, breath or possibly urine depending on the jurisdiction.

1173:

Certain officers regularly observe the facial expressions of drivers in opposing traffic, seeking signs of impairment.

930: 547: 323: 168: 2956:

in this context are in most instances criminal in nature, but intentionally circumvent criminal due process under the

192: 5941: 5916: 5676: 5354: 4040: 3806: 3636: 3336: 2923: 2204: 319:

driver with an alcohol concentration of 0.02 or greater, but less than 0.04, must be removed from duty for 24 hours.

71: 2793: 5370: 5161: 4585: 4236: 1696: 1206:

While it is inadvisable to lie to police, the suspect has the option to "respectfully decline" to answer questions.

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The Preliminary Breath Test (PBT) or Preliminary Alcohol Screening test (PAS) is sometimes categorised as part of

5546: 5021: 4974: 1980: 1156:" to legally justify a further detention and investigation, they will ask the driver to step out of the vehicle. 460: 3221: 2879: 2409: 5186: 5004: 4808: 4383: 4333: 1532: 1451:

field sobriety test in court, although this is of questionable probative value in a drunk driving prosecution.

428: 2041: 4706: 4406: 4348: 3506:"Underage Drinking-Why Do Adolescents Drink, What Are the Risks, and How Can Underage Drinking Be Prevented?" 1891: 1345:

The Finger Count Test (touch each finger of hand to thumb counting with each touch (1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 1)).

590: 279: 256: 3036: 1781: 187:

Percentage of US traffic collision fatalities where driver blood alcohol level was 0.01 and above, 1999–2012

95:, or with a blood alcohol level in excess of the legal limit. For drivers 21 years or older, driving with a 49: 5632: 5599: 5387: 4856: 4798: 4716: 4701: 4691: 4353: 4211: 4025: 4010: 3975: 3820: 1483: 1482:

the suspect and transport them to the police station. En route, the officer may advise them of their legal

1435: 966:

There are several situations in which the officer will come into contact with a driver, some examples are:

806: 432: 5979: 5321: 4635: 4578: 4254: 4100: 4079: 1654: 1513: 1336:, or the Modified-Position-of-Attention Test, (feet together, head back, eyes closed for thirty seconds). 463:, both of which are part of the USDOT, respectively impose a 0.04% BAC limit for train crew and aircrew. 399:

are often used to obtain such probable cause evidence, necessary for arrest or invoking implied consent.

384: 101: 96: 3388: 2598:(2009). "Must physicians report impaired driving? Rethinking a duty on a collision course with itself". 5842: 5805: 5583: 4829: 4721: 4471: 4343: 4259: 4216: 4151: 3962: 3414: 2767: 1527:

unwilling patient's stomach or even to perform involuntary surgery to retrieve an evidentiary bullet."

1508: 652: 328: 3362: 5741: 5407: 5291: 4844: 4753: 4696: 4517: 4095: 4050: 3934: 3234: 2144: 1339:

The Finger-to-Nose Test (tip head back, eyes closed, touch the tip of nose with tip of index finger).

673: 535: 3678: 3618: 2397:, go to "Bill Search and Legislative Materials", then "New York State Laws". Accessed April 2, 2008. 1274:(NHTSA) has developed a model system for managing Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) training. 606: 415:

states, enhanced penalties are automobile-specific. Some states, notably Oregon, do not extend the

5870: 4396: 4338: 4068: 3195: 3176: 5267: 2499: 2234:

An Act to Amend the Vehicle and Traffic Law, 1941 N.Y. Laws ch. 726, § 1, p. 1623 (Apr. 25, 1941)

1562:

Most of the time, the driver will either be kept in a holding cell (sometimes referred to as the "

5921: 5726: 5663: 5561: 5536: 4803: 4434: 4231: 4226: 3564: 3295: 2973:(2 ed.). U.S. Dept. of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 1985. 2319: 2170: 1702: 1556: 1491: 531: 272: 3158: 2858: 2422:

Ogundipe, K. A.; Weiss, K. J. (2009). "Drunk driving, implied consent, and self-incrimination".

5494: 5441: 5397: 5360: 5277: 5245: 5036: 5009: 4489: 4424: 4401: 4363: 4183: 4110: 3061: 2526: 2014:

Center for Traffic Sciences, University of Wuerzburg, Röntgenring 11, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany

1712: 1390: 1288: 1253: 1238: 1229: 917: 661: 543: 472: 403: 5683: 2670:"UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD DRUG AND ALCOHOL POLICY Effective October 1, 2013 (see section 5.1.2)" 5282: 4866: 4861: 4765: 4727: 4620: 4479: 4281: 4201: 4020: 4015: 4000: 3980: 3594: 1859: 1416: 1299: 224: 3866: 3841: 1409: 5847: 5834: 5778: 5593: 5206: 4999: 4918: 4851: 4748: 4528: 4499: 4206: 4131: 3927: 2718: 2563: 1153: 951: 396: 92: 5556: 3250:"ORS 813.136 (2015) - Consequence of refusal or failure to submit to field sobriety tests" 2263: 1936:

Results from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings

213:

in the US. Over the decade 2001–2010, this rate showed only a 3% variation, and no trend.

8: 5931: 5800: 5541: 5526: 5476: 5176: 5166: 4945: 4875: 4663: 4554: 4544: 4358: 4325: 4073: 3954: 2984: 1519: 1267: 763: 443: 392: 3726:"World's heaviest drinking countries revealed - and the UK doesn't even make the top 10" 3703: 3513: 546:, recognizes collateral actions related to DUI convictions as punishments. According to 5758: 5701: 5617: 5516: 5509: 5471: 5431: 5232: 5133: 5048: 5026: 4880: 4839: 4601: 4512: 4484: 4310: 4271: 4058: 3487: 3452: 3263: 2623: 2390: 2107: 1673: 1665: 1579: 1318: 743: 719: 715: 679: 2642:"Alcohol and Drug Testing Regulations (Parts 219 and 40) Interpretive Guidance Manual" 1624: 1200:

The confession is the easiest way to establish "probable cause", and police know that

5788: 5658: 5521: 5499: 5402: 5272: 5216: 4994: 4933: 4923: 4895: 4871: 4456: 4315: 3491: 3456: 2615: 2431: 2200: 1922: 1915:"American Indians are Violent Crime Victims at Double the Rate of General Population" 1865: 1201: 981: 939: 854: 568: 3290: 2627: 1844: 387:; however, in order to sustain a conviction based on evidence from a chemical test, 5771: 5721: 5365: 5296: 5262: 5255: 5138: 5105: 5095: 4533: 4288: 4246: 4156: 4063: 3990: 3895: 3479: 3444: 2607: 2571: 2275: 1886: 1211: 1178: 767: 3700:"News & Alerts - California Dept. of Justice - Office of the Attorney General" 3137: 2669: 2017: 694:

Ignition interlock requirements are also imposed in some instances after positive

5946: 5622: 5607: 5588: 5088: 5083: 4957: 3202: 3183: 3125: 2194: 1819: 1645:

figure" of alcohol-related deaths in that country "may lie between 46% and 56%".

1394: 1369: 703: 416: 379:

laws which state that a licensed driver has given their consent to an evidential

376: 1962: 929:

Note: Local terminology will vary, but these general classifications fall under

551: 5961: 5766: 5746: 5708: 5573: 4989: 4979: 4969: 4777: 4743: 4609: 4523: 4446: 4178: 4146: 4117: 3985: 3286: 3145:

see "Phase III—Pre-arrest Screening and Administration of Field Sobriety Tests"

2595: 1473: 1424: 1403: 1361: 1284: 859:

Proceed to obtain proof of intoxication, typically using chemical test results.

840: 702:. Ignition interlock requirements are also imposed in some instances after an 439: 388: 291: 287: 161: 1608:

encouraging a paradigm shift in the offender's view of oneself and the world.

754:

There are no present plans to introduce universal IID installation in the US.

5994: 5936: 5812: 5716: 5612: 5196: 5128: 5078: 5073: 5058: 5053: 5031: 4940: 4907: 4772: 4641: 4451: 4300: 4168: 4163: 3995: 2953: 2359:"Supreme Court requires warrants for some, but not all drunken-driving tests" 1549: 814: 699: 154: 88: 2645: 1861:

Alcohol Problems in the United States: Twenty Years of Treatment Perspective

887:

Odor of an alcoholic beverage on the driver's breath or in the car generally

332:, held that both breath tests and blood tests constitute a search under the 5891: 5881: 5671: 4962: 4173: 4121: 4105: 4030: 3970: 2619: 2575: 2435: 1571: 1333: 1258: 908:

The plain-view presence of containers of alcoholic beverages in the vehicle

846: 698:, as a physical deterrent for drivers with alcoholic use disorder, or as a 380: 303: 240: 3799:"Random breath testing the Australian way: a model for the United States?" 3483: 3448: 2500:"Kansas DUI law that makes test refusal a crime is ruled unconstitutional" 1538: 1329:

Alternative tests, which have not been scientifically validated, include:

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Preliminary Breath Test (PBT) or Preliminary Alcohol Screening test (PAS)

1306: 727: 251: 3415:"Preventing road traffic injury: A public health perspective for Europe" 3249: 2334:"Implementation Guidelines for Alcohol and Drug Regulations - Chapter 7" 1599: 5956: 5783: 5731: 5531: 5504: 5414: 5191: 5171: 5100: 4683: 4673: 4507: 4305: 4141: 4136: 4126: 4005: 1661: 1563: 1503: 688: 372: 5886: 5793: 5627: 5426: 5392: 5240: 5211: 5181: 5113: 5068: 5041: 4889: 4824: 4658: 4653: 4570: 4549: 3752:"The countries where drinking is banned until 25 -- or allowed at 13" 3593:. Transport Canada and The Canadian Red Cross Society. Archived from 3588:"Boating Immersion and Trauma Deaths in Canada: 18 Years of Research" 3037:"DWI Detection and Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) Resources" 1420: 748: 516: 436: 3899: 1419:, the PEBT and PAS devices use a relatively simple electrochemical ( 902:

Difficulty in understanding and responding intelligently to question

5486: 5145: 3652:"Number of cars declines for the first time since Second World War" 2097:"NHTSA Digest of Impaired Driving and Select Beverage Control Laws" 1981:"Does Uber Really Prevent Drunken Driving? It Depends on the Study" 1706: 1637: 1632: 1479: 542:

when the act or omission is not made punishable by an enactment of

2554:. Baltimore, Md: The Johns Hopkins Injury Prevention Center; 1993. 2394: 2192: 5926: 5648: 5201: 4760: 4416: 3950: 3222:

DUI: Refusal to Take a Field Test, or Blood, Breath or Urine Test

2898:"Task Force Backs Ignition Interlocks as Drunk Driving Deterrent" 2410:

DUI: Refusal to Take a Field Test, or Blood, Breath or Urine Test

1631:

Similar laws apply to other activities involving transportation;

620: 207: 751:

reliability, in order to not interfere with vehicle usability.

494: 360: 3890:

Rubenzer, S. (January/February 2011). "Judging intoxication",

3434: 3367:

Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Disabilities

2880:"MADD Report: 2.3 Million Drunk Drivers Stopped by Interlocks" 2151:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. January 2002 640:

By comparison, a regular Minnesota plate has colored graphics.

290:

whose 13-year-old daughter Cari was killed by a drunk driver.

178: 5951: 5854: 5014: 3469: 2320:"NTSB Evaluates States' Progress on Alcohol-Impaired Driving" 2171:"NTSB Evaluates States' Progress on Alcohol-Impaired Driving" 2010:"Grand Rapids Effects Revisited: Accidents, Alcohol and Risk" 356: 210: 202:(NHTSA) estimates that about 18,000 people died in 2006 from 91:

with the operator's ability to do so impaired as a result of

3140:

The use of field sobriety tests in drunk driving enforcement

2990:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. March 2010 562: 2475:. National Conference of State Legislatures. Archived from 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1699:: pilots arrested in 2002 for attempting to fly while drunk 1567: 1266:

One of the most controversial aspects of a DUI stop is the

945: 825: 648: 634: 3009:

Pulled Over? Here's the Right Way to Handle a Traffic Stop

2469:"Blood Alcohol Testing: No Consent, No Warrant, No Crime?" 2225:

N.Y. Stats 1910, ch. 374, p. 673, 683 § 290 (May 31, 1910)

1603:

Relative risk of a collision based on blood alcohol levels

1385:

Field sobriety testing § Field sobriety test refusals

905:

Fumbling with his or her driver's license and registration

3313:. Florida Media Group LLC. Florida Weekly. Archived from 2424:

Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

2089: 1614: 1455:

penalizing PBT refusal for drivers under 21; however the

1368:) to sustain an arrest and (significantly) to invoke the 5383:

Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States

2264:"Punishment and Deterrence: Evidence from Drunk Driving" 1941: 1566:") until they are deemed sober enough to be released on 993:

through research that a driver is over the legal limit.

1342:

The Alphabet Test (recite all or part of the alphabet).

3916:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011. 2958:

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

2564:"Use of Alcohol as a Risk Factor for Bicycling Injury" 1463:

3. Arrest (including invoking the implied consent law)

957:

stop, but does not need probable cause for an arrest.

3389:"What is the new policy on criminal inadmissibility?" 2734:"What Happens If I Let My SR22 Car Insurance Cancel?" 2295:"Make DUI limit 0.05% blood-alcohol level, NTSB says" 2137: 1585: 1262:

Police administer a one-leg-stand test after a crash.

757: 4631:

Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States

3062:"Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus: The Science and the Law" 3024:

Civil Rights During a Traffic Stop: 5 Reminders

2539:

A state-by-state guide to biking under the influence

1680:

service broadcasting are a more effective strategy.

742:

Proposals (none official) have been made to install

5302:

List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita

3196:

Admissibility of Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Evidence

3102:

Instructor Guide - DWI Detection and SFST Refresher

2073:. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from 2046:

U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

1887:"Drunken-driving arrests up 220 percent since 1970" 1709:

caused by a drunk driver that resulted in 27 deaths

1204:encourages people to respond to police questions. 1152:

If the officer observes enough evidence to have a "

431:to report impaired drivers, if they so choose. The 167:The arrest rate for alcohol-related offenses among 44:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

3097: 3095: 2886:. Guardian Interlock (20-Mar-2017). 20 March 2017. 1921:(Press release). February 19, 1999. Archived from 923: 5307:Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States 4712:Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism 3821:"Drink Driving Penalties and Maximum Punishments" 3637:"UK drink driving related deaths at all time low" 2245:"Puerto Rico OKs one lowest drunk-driving limits" 5992: 3205:, American Prosecutors Research Institute (2002) 3186:, Idaho Prosecuting Attorneys Association (2015) 2405: 2403: 1287:(the awareness of the body's movement), such as 1181:of having consumed alcohol in the recent past. 538:applicable on lands reserved or acquired by the 275:set up a "Committee on Tests for Intoxication". 5694:Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility 3092: 2922:6σ refers to long-term defect levels below 3.4 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2134:DOT HS 809775, a.k.a. Traffic Safety Facts 2003 1858:McGovern, Thomas F.; White, William L. (2003). 1378: 853:, the chemical test results are subject to the 762:Some states, such as California, allow for the 510: 4392:Commercial Driver's License Information System 3649: 2697:"Washington State Institute for Public Policy" 2594: 2552:Injuries to Bicyclists: A National Perspective 2004: 2002: 1843:(Press release). April 5, 1998. Archived from 1809:"DWI Offenders under Correctional Supervision" 1364:". Probable cause is necessary under US law ( 1272:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1055:Slow speed (more than 10 mph below limit) 911:Admission of consumption of alcoholic beverage 200:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 4586: 4440:Disabled parking permits of the United States 3935: 3463: 3154: 3152: 2522: 2520: 2421: 2415: 2400: 2381: 2379: 2193:H. Laurence Ross; Joseph R. Gusfield (1994). 2065:Chambers, Matthew; Lieu, Mindy; Moore, Chip. 2064: 1857: 1539:4. Criminal charge, and "civil law" sanctions 1119:Stopping inappropriately (other than in lane) 890:Slurred speech in response to the questioning 737: 667: 583: 457:United States Federal Railroad Administration 5251:International Women's Collaboration Brew Day 3884: 3669:(OTS), California Office of Traffic Safety. 3017: 2896: 2581: 2130: 2128: 1648: 1467: 1389:In all US jurisdictions, participation in a 3671:"California Office of Traffic Safety (OTS)" 3291:A Tragic Injustice to the Hippocratic Oath? 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3169: 3167: 2848: 2338:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration 2042:"2 - Overview of the Alcohol-Crash Problem" 1999: 1393:(FST) is voluntary, and not required under 1111:Signaling inconsistent with driving actions 845:, which is necessary to sustain the use of 773: 525: 179:Traffic collisions, injuries and fatalities 5897:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933 5467:List of countries with alcohol prohibition 4593: 4579: 3949: 3942: 3928: 3914:One for the Road: Drunk Driving Since 1900 3264:"Missouri v. McNeely, 569 U.S. 141 (2013)" 3149: 2971:Guide for detecting drunk drivers at night 2904:. North Carolina Health News. 8 March 2018 2824:""Ask a Trooper" discusses Whiskey plates" 2517: 2376: 2058: 1919:United States Bureau of Justice Statistics 1841:United States Bureau of Justice Statistics 1816:United States Bureau of Justice Statistics 4794:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption 3535:"Penalties for Boating While Intoxicated" 3071:. American Prosecutors Research Institute 3002: 2550:Baker SP, Li G, Fowler C, Dannenberg AL. 2125: 1929: 1806: 1574:" (OR). A date to appear in court for an 1103:Driving into opposing or crossing traffic 563:SR-22 - Proof of Financial Responsibility 302:recommended that all 50 states lower the 72:Learn how and when to remove this message 56:, without removing the technical details. 4374:List of countries by minimum driving age 3208: 3189: 3164: 2944:California Vehicle Code §§ 23592 et seq. 2935:California Vehicle Code §§ 14600 et seq. 2851:"Fixit: 'Whiskey plates' indicate a DUI" 2791: 2787: 2785: 2532: 2036: 2034: 1907: 1829: 1598: 1294:The three validated tests by NHTSA are: 1257: 1063:Stopping (without cause) in traffic lane 1039:Driving on other than designated roadway 946:1. Reasonable suspicion and traffic stop 250: 182: 5437:Legal drinking age in the United States 3702:. Ag.ca.gov. 2007-12-19. Archived from 3428: 3395:. Government of Canada. 7 November 2012 3308: 3248:Committee, Oregon Legislative Counsel. 2985:"The Visual Detection of DWI Motorists" 2466: 2356: 1851: 1543: 1247: 678:Most states impose the installation of 233: 14: 5993: 4600: 3749: 3723: 3114: 3112: 3110: 2821: 2292: 2261: 1978: 1615:Flying and boating under the influence 1225:Preliminary breath test (PBT) evidence 770:of vehicles under certain conditions. 422: 284:Students Against Destructive Decisions 206:collisions, representing 40% of total 122:vehicle under the influence of alcohol 5420:List of dry communities by U.S. state 4574: 3923: 3796: 3750:Howard, Jacqueline (1 January 2019). 3585: 3247: 2782: 2731: 2529:, League of American Bicyclists (PDF) 2527:"Bicycling under the influence" chart 2497: 2031: 1800: 501: 487: 450: 111:driving while intoxicated or impaired 54:make it understandable to non-experts 4928:List of methanol poisoning incidents 3369:. State of Georgia. 29 December 2009 1884: 1761:National Center for Victims of Crime 1718: 1228:Pseudo-scientific test results from 1220:3. Documented test results, such as 1159: 1135:Accelerating or decelerating rapidly 709: 466: 352:All states in the U.S. designate a " 300:National Transportation Safety Board 28: 5654:Alcohol consumption recommendations 5579:Temperance and Good Citizenship Day 3803:Alcohol Health & Research World 3724:Molloy, Antonia (15 October 2015). 3235:"SOS - Substance Abuse and Driving" 3107: 2071:Bureau of Transportation Statistics 1619:Federal Aviation Regulation 91.17 ( 1277: 1210:The suspect is typically not given 893:Watery, blood shot, or reddish eyes 706:under similar forensic procedures. 24: 6006:Crime in the United States by type 5378:Alcohol packaging warning messages 4985:Alcohol use among college students 4647:Drunk driving in the United States 4430:Decriminalised parking enforcement 3906: 3842:"Drink-driving dinner lady jailed" 3563:. U.S. Coast Guard. Archived from 2878: 2794:"DUI plates are another Ohio flop" 1586:Cost of an impaired driving charge 758:Vehicle impoundment and forfeiture 695: 324:Supreme Court of the United States 193:risk of having a traffic collision 25: 6027: 5942:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 5917:Index of alcohol-related articles 5355:Administrative License Suspension 4237:Category: Speed limits by country 4041:Vienna Convention on Road Traffic 3892:Behavioral Sciences & The Law 3668: 2924:defects per million opportunities 2822:Bonnie, Amistadi (29 July 2013). 2467:Soronen, Lisa (12 January 2016). 2357:Marimow, Ann E. (June 23, 2016). 1807:Maruschak, Laura M. (June 1999). 1183:Relevant examples of confessions: 1023:Almost striking object or vehicle 980:The driver has been stopped at a 383:or similar manner of determining 6016:United States transportation law 6001:Alcohol law in the United States 5975: 5974: 5371:Alcoholic beverage control state 5162:Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate 3867:"Drink Driving Limits in Europe" 3119:Standardized Field Sobriety Test 2498:Rizzo, Tony (26 February 2016). 2395:New York State Assembly web site 1705:, about a 1988 bus collision in 1697:America West Airlines Flight 556 1497: 1007:Straddling center or lane marker 874:Phase 3 - "Pre-Arrest Screening" 633: 619: 605: 33: 4975:Alcohol in association football 3859: 3834: 3813: 3790: 3769: 3743: 3717: 3692: 3662: 3643: 3629: 3611: 3579: 3553: 3527: 3498: 3407: 3381: 3355: 3329: 3302: 3280: 3256: 3241: 3227: 3131: 3083: 3054: 3029: 2977: 2963: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2916: 2890: 2872: 2842: 2815: 2752: 2725: 2703: 2689: 2662: 2634: 2557: 2544: 2491: 2460: 2442: 2350: 2326: 2312: 2286: 2262:Hansen, Benjamin (April 2015). 2255: 2237: 2228: 2219: 2186: 2177: 2163: 1972: 1725: 924:Overall stop and arrest process 782: 461:Federal Aviation Administration 397:preliminary breath tests (PBTs) 5187:List of deaths through alcohol 5005:Epidemiology of binge drinking 4809:Subjective response to alcohol 4384:Traffic violations reciprocity 3472:Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 3437:Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 2600:The Journal of Clinical Ethics 2067:"Drunk Driving by the Numbers" 1979:Fortin, Jacey (7 April 2017). 1878: 1774: 1746: 1533:blood alcohol test assumptions 1087:Tires on center or lane marker 826:Investigation "Phases" (NHTSA) 484:not convicted of the offense. 429:doctor-patient confidentiality 409: 313: 13: 1: 5677:Sweat alcohol content monitor 4707:Alcoholism in rural Australia 4407:Non-Resident Violator Compact 4349:Inter-American Driving Permit 3650:David Millward (2010-04-07). 3309:Decotis, Mark (17 May 2012). 3128:, AAA (US) "DUI Justice Link" 1892:The Christian Science Monitor 1754:"Driving Under the Influence" 1594: 1195:"I was at the Stone Balloon." 1127:Turning abruptly or illegally 868:Phase 1 - "Vehicle in Motion" 596: 591:Mothers Against Drunk Driving 280:Mothers Against Drunk Driving 195:increases with a higher BAC. 144: 139: 18:Drunk driving (United States) 5600:Adult Children of Alcoholics 5388:Drunk driving law by country 4799:Long-term effects of alcohol 4717:Disease theory of alcoholism 4702:Alcoholism in family systems 4692:Alcohol and Native Americans 4354:International Driving Permit 4212:Assured clear distance ahead 4026:School bus traffic stop laws 4011:Left- and right-hand traffic 3976:Assured clear distance ahead 3143:, 2000-R-0873 (9-Nov-2000); 3069:Department of Transportation 1885:Yost, Pete (March 1, 1988). 1782:"DUI Under 21 Laws by State" 1739: 1379:Field Sobriety Test Refusals 1192:"I was at a friend's party." 871:Phase 2 - "Personal Contact" 714:In most US implementations, 696:chemical blood alcohol tests 626:Minnesota drunk driver plate 511:Driving While Impaired court 478: 433:American Medical Association 339: 153:, approximately 1.5 million 151:Bureau of Justice Statistics 7: 6011:Driving under the influence 5322:International whisk(e)y day 4636:Driving under the influence 4369:Driving licences by country 4334:Commercial driver's license 4080:Rules of the Road (Ireland) 3541:. Kalkomey Enterprises, LLC 3393:Immigration and Citizenship 3341:California Judicial Council 3177:Field Sobriety Tests Review 2902:Northcarolinahealthnews.org 2293:Jansen, Bart (2013-05-14). 1956:"Traffic Safety Facts 2004" 1690: 1655:Driving under the influence 1550:Arrest § United States 1514:United States Supreme Court 984:(also known as roadblocks). 385:blood alcohol concentration 102:driving under the influence 97:blood alcohol concentration 10: 6032: 5843:Christian views on alcohol 5449:List of alcohol laws of US 4722:High-functioning alcoholic 4344:Graduated driver licensing 4217:National Maximum Speed Law 2849:Karen Youso (2007-03-23). 2454:Leginfo.legislature.ca.gov 1652: 1547: 1509:Birchfield v. North Dakota 1471: 1382: 1355: 1251: 1236: 949: 835:Identify impaired drivers; 738:Universal IID installation 671: 668:Ignition interlock devices 584:Alcohol education programs 514: 329:Birchfield v. North Dakota 286:(SADD) and activists like 246: 87:is the act of operating a 5970: 5909: 5863: 5833: 5757: 5742:Alcoholic spirits measure 5727:Low-alcoholic malt drinks 5641: 5485: 5457: 5408:Ignition interlock device 5345: 5336: 5292:Drunken monkey hypothesis 5225: 5154: 5125:Routes of administration 4906: 4817: 4786: 4754:Alcohol congener analysis 4736: 4697:Alcoholism in adolescence 4682: 4619: 4608: 4498: 4470: 4415: 4382: 4324: 4277:Mobile phones and driving 4245: 4192: 4088: 4049: 3961: 3894:vol. 29, no. 1: 116–137. 3885:General and cited sources 3363:"DUI: The $ 10,000 Toast" 2199:. Yale University Press. 2196:Confronting Drunk Driving 1864:. Routledge. p. 86. 1649:International comparisons 1468:Probable cause for arrest 1404:probable cause for arrest 1362:probable cause for arrest 674:Ignition interlock device 389:probable cause for arrest 4540:"How's my driving?" sign 4397:Driver License Agreement 4339:European driving licence 4069:The Highway Code (Malta) 3619:"Annual road fatalities" 3311:"The Real Cost of a DUI" 3138:Connecticut OLR report, 2855:Minneapolis Star Tribune 2268:American Economic Review 1305:The Walk-and-Turn Test ( 1189:"I had a glass of wine." 999:Turning with wide radius 805:(including invoking the 774:Investigation and arrest 526:Administrative penalties 447:return in lives saved." 130:operating while impaired 5922:Alcohol and spaceflight 5664:Alcohol server training 5537:Managed alcohol program 5110:Binge drinking devices 4804:Pharmacology of ethanol 4435:Disabled parking permit 4232:Speed limits by country 4227:Speed limit enforcement 3823:. Drinkdrivinglaw.co.uk 3797:Homel, Ross J. (1990). 3777:"Publications - GOV.UK" 3639:. Metro. 5 August 2010. 3296:The Wall Street Journal 2792:Bob Dyer (2007-06-19). 2570:. 2001;285(7):893–896. 2393:section 1192, found at 1703:Carrollton bus disaster 1641:Safety Action Program. 1557:Drug Recognition Expert 1492:California Vehicle Code 813:4. criminal charge and 793:1. reasonable suspicion 704:implied consent refusal 700:pseudo-civil punishment 651:began to issue special 532:Assimilative Crimes Act 522:in their bloodstreams. 273:National Safety Council 5527:Alcohol rehabilitation 5495:Alcohol detoxification 5398:Field sobriety testing 5361:Alcohol exclusion laws 5278:Health effects of wine 5246:International Beer Day 5010:Holiday heart syndrome 4518:Drivers' working hours 4490:Clunk Click Every Trip 4425:Alternate-side parking 4402:Driver License Compact 4111:Field sobriety testing 3104:, NHTSA (rev. 10/2015) 2826:. KFGO. Archived from 2760:"Victim Impact Panels" 2576:10.1001/jama.285.7.893 1713:DUI laws in California 1666:legal age for drinking 1604: 1432:field sobriety testing 1312:The One-Leg-Stand Test 1289:Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 1263: 1254:Field sobriety testing 1239:Field sobriety testing 689:alcoholic use disorder 662:NATO phonetic alphabet 560: 473:Union Pacific Railroad 391:must be demonstrated. 295:repeat drunk driving. 260: 188: 5779:Disulfiram-like drugs 5314:Ritual use of alcohol 5283:Wine and food pairing 5268:Apéritif and digestif 4919:Adulterated moonshine 4766:Blood alcohol content 4728:Seeing pink elephants 4282:Texting while driving 4202:85th percentile speed 4016:Bidirectional traffic 4001:New Zealand Road Code 3981:Australian Road Rules 3586:Barss, Peter (2011). 3561:"Accident Statistics" 3484:10.1300/J020v25n03_10 3449:10.1300/J020v25n03_11 3343:. State of California 2884:Guardianinterlock.com 2766:. AAA. Archived from 1602: 1548:Further information: 1417:infrared spectroscopy 1383:Further information: 1261: 1079:Following too closely 1015:Appearing to be drunk 847:chemical test results 815:"civil law" sanctions 691:(AUD or alcoholism). 556: 349:(1977) 269 S.C. 356 298:On May 14, 2013, the 254: 225:blood alcohol content 186: 5848:Alcohol in the Bible 5835:Religion and alcohol 5801:General anaesthetics 5594:Alcoholics Anonymous 5552:List of mixed drinks 5000:Alcohol intoxication 4915:Adulterated alcohol 4529:Epilepsy and driving 4207:Advisory speed limit 4132:Road traffic control 3539:Boat Virginia Course 3159:Field Sobriety Tests 2798:Akron Beacon Journal 2764:AAA DUI Justice Link 2612:10.1086/JCE200920204 2280:10.1257/aer.20130189 2251:on October 29, 2015. 1987:. The New York Times 1544:Booking and charging 1298:The Horizontal Gaze 1248:Field sobriety tests 1230:field sobriety tests 1215:vehicle information. 1154:Reasonable Suspicion 952:Reasonable suspicion 918:field sobriety tests 395:(FSTs or SFSTs) and 393:Field sobriety tests 259:drunk driving poster 234:Laws and regulations 5932:Gateway drug effect 5713:Low-alcohol drinks 5542:Non-alcoholic drink 5477:Temperance movement 5459:Alcohol prohibition 5177:Gilbert Paul Jordan 5167:Dionysian Mysteries 4951:on college campuses 4946:Alcohol advertising 4664:Public intoxication 4555:Slow moving vehicle 4545:Old age and driving 4096:Parking enforcement 3625:. 12 February 2021. 2363:The Washington Post 2113:on 27 November 2020 1520:Missouri v. McNeely 1391:Field Sobriety Test 1370:implied consent law 1268:field sobriety test 1095:Braking erratically 982:sobriety checkpoint 849:in court. Without 749:Six Sigma (6σ) 444:New York University 437:Medical bioethicist 423:Physician reporting 417:implied consent law 93:alcohol consumption 5759:Addiction medicine 5702:Get Your Sexy Back 5642:Alcohol limitation 5618:Sober living house 5584:Twelve-step groups 5517:Brief intervention 5510:Open-container law 5472:Neo-prohibitionism 5432:Legal drinking age 5233:Alcoholic beverage 5134:Alcohol inhalation 5049:Drinking in public 5027:Blackout Wednesday 4885:Beverage-specific 4602:Alcohol and health 4513:Digital tachograph 4485:Click It or Ticket 4311:Vehicular homicide 4272:Distracted driving 3912:Barron H. Lerner, 3869:. Safetravel.co.uk 3510:Pubs.niaaa.nih.gov 3317:on 4 December 2017 3201:2017-09-19 at the 3182:2018-06-15 at the 3124:2018-06-15 at the 2830:on 25 October 2015 2732:Delbridge, Emily. 2479:on 10 October 2020 2391:New York Penal Law 1985:The New York Times 1895:. Associated Press 1674:random breath test 1605: 1319:Clemson University 1264: 680:ignition interlock 540:Federal government 502:Diversion programs 488:Criminal penalties 451:Federal regulation 261: 189: 5988: 5987: 5905: 5904: 5855:Islam and alcohol 5789:Calcium carbimide 5659:Alcohol education 5547:List of cocktails 5522:Designated driver 5500:Alcohol-free zone 5403:Hip flask defence 5332: 5331: 5273:Hangover remedies 5217:Whiskey Rebellion 5207:Six o'clock swill 4995:Austrian syndrome 4934:Surrogate alcohol 4924:Denatured alcohol 4896:Red wine headache 4568: 4567: 4472:Automotive safety 4457:Parking violation 4316:Wrong-way driving 4247:Moving violations 3963:Rules of the road 2721:on April 8, 2008. 1968:on July 21, 2011. 1871:978-0-7890-2049-9 1788:. Thomson Reuters 1719:Explanatory notes 1457:Constitutionality 1317:Spurgeon Cole of 1202:social convention 1160:2. Probable cause 1150: 1149: 940:exclusionary rule 855:exclusionary rule 798:2. probable cause 710:Operation of IIDs 467:Private employers 149:According to the 82: 81: 74: 16:(Redirected from 6023: 5978: 5977: 5772:Chlordiazepoxide 5722:Low-alcohol beer 5366:Alcohol monopoly 5343: 5342: 5263:Drinking culture 5256:Women in brewing 5139:Vodka eyeballing 5106:Passive drinking 4617: 4616: 4595: 4588: 4581: 4572: 4571: 4534:Hours of service 4359:Learner's permit 4326:Driver licensing 4289:Reckless driving 4255:Impaired driving 4101:Impaired driving 4074:Road Users' Code 4064:The Highway Code 4051:Road user guides 3991:Green Cross Code 3944: 3937: 3930: 3921: 3920: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3853: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3828: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3805:. Archived from 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3784: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3677:. Archived from 3666: 3660: 3659: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3599: 3592: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3512:. Archived from 3502: 3496: 3495: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3419: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3306: 3300: 3299:, April 6, 2004. 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3274: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3206: 3193: 3187: 3171: 3162: 3156: 3147: 3135: 3129: 3116: 3105: 3099: 3090: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3066: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3048: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2989: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2967: 2961: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2857:. Archived from 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2809: 2800:. Archived from 2789: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2770:on 29 April 2016 2756: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2717:. Archived from 2707: 2701: 2700: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2683: 2674: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2656: 2650: 2644:. Archived from 2638: 2632: 2631: 2592: 2579: 2561: 2555: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2504:Kansas City Star 2495: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2398: 2383: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2344: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2274:(4): 1581–1617. 2259: 2253: 2252: 2247:. Archived from 2241: 2235: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2213: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2112: 2106:. Archived from 2101: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2052: 2038: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2025: 2016:. Archived from 2006: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1961:. Archived from 1960: 1952: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1818:. Archived from 1813: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1758: 1750: 1733: 1729: 1627: 1278:Issues with FSTs 1212:Miranda warnings 996: 995: 931:US Supreme Court 838:Establish clear 637: 623: 609: 334:Fourth Amendment 169:Native Americans 77: 70: 66: 63: 57: 37: 36: 29: 21: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6020: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5966: 5947:Self-medication 5901: 5859: 5829: 5767:Benzodiazepines 5753: 5637: 5623:Sobering center 5608:Sober companion 5589:Al-Anon/Alateen 5481: 5453: 5338: 5328: 5221: 5150: 5090:In vino veritas 5084:Hair of the dog 4902: 4818:Adverse effects 4813: 4782: 4732: 4678: 4622: 4621:Alcohol-related 4612: 4604: 4599: 4569: 4564: 4494: 4466: 4411: 4378: 4320: 4241: 4188: 4127:Pretextual stop 4084: 4059:Driver's manual 4045: 3957: 3948: 3909: 3907:Further reading 3900:10.1002/bsl.935 3887: 3882: 3881: 3872: 3870: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3851: 3849: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3826: 3824: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3795: 3791: 3782: 3780: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3760: 3758: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3730:The Independent 3722: 3718: 3709: 3707: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3684: 3682: 3667: 3663: 3648: 3644: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3584: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3519: 3517: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3468: 3464: 3433: 3429: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3372: 3370: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3337:"Cost of a DUI" 3335: 3334: 3330: 3320: 3318: 3307: 3303: 3285: 3281: 3272: 3270: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3246: 3242: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3209: 3203:Wayback Machine 3194: 3190: 3184:Wayback Machine 3172: 3165: 3157: 3150: 3136: 3132: 3126:Wayback Machine 3117: 3108: 3100: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3074: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3046: 3044: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3007: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2954:Civil penalties 2952: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2921: 2917: 2907: 2905: 2895: 2891: 2877: 2873: 2864: 2862: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2820: 2816: 2807: 2805: 2790: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2730: 2726: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2681: 2679: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2593: 2582: 2562: 2558: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2496: 2492: 2482: 2480: 2465: 2461: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2401: 2384: 2377: 2367: 2365: 2355: 2351: 2342: 2340: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2291: 2287: 2260: 2256: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2154: 2152: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2126: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2080: 2078: 2077:on 28 June 2017 2063: 2059: 2050: 2048: 2040: 2039: 2032: 2023: 2021: 2008: 2007: 2000: 1990: 1988: 1977: 1973: 1965: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1942: 1934: 1930: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1883: 1879: 1872: 1856: 1852: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1822: 1811: 1805: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1765: 1763: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1736: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1693: 1657: 1651: 1620: 1617: 1597: 1588: 1570:or on his "own 1552: 1546: 1541: 1500: 1484:implied consent 1476: 1470: 1465: 1436:implied consent 1412: 1395:implied consent 1387: 1381: 1358: 1280: 1256: 1250: 1241: 1162: 954: 948: 926: 828: 807:implied consent 785: 776: 760: 740: 712: 676: 670: 645: 644: 643: 642: 641: 638: 629: 628: 627: 624: 615: 614: 613: 610: 599: 586: 565: 528: 519: 513: 504: 490: 481: 469: 453: 425: 412: 377:implied consent 347:State v. Graves 342: 316: 249: 236: 218:alcohol-related 204:alcohol-related 181: 147: 142: 78: 67: 61: 58: 50:help improve it 47: 38: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6029: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5962:French paradox 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5839: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5813:Sulfonic acids 5810: 5809: 5808: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5763: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5747:Standard drink 5744: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5711: 5709:Liquor license 5706: 5705: 5704: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5581: 5576: 5574:Temperance bar 5571: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5497: 5491: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5463: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5429: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5363: 5358: 5351: 5349: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5316: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5275: 5270: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5235: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5116: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4990:Binge drinking 4987: 4982: 4980:Alcohol powder 4977: 4972: 4970:Alcohol myopia 4967: 4966: 4965: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4943: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4921: 4912: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4892: 4883: 4878: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4778:Wine chemistry 4775: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4746: 4744:Beer chemistry 4740: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4725: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4688: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4625: 4614: 4606: 4605: 4598: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4575: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4531: 4526: 4524:Drowsy driving 4521: 4515: 4510: 4504: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4480:Seat belt laws 4476: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4447:Double parking 4444: 4443: 4442: 4432: 4427: 4421: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4388: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4330: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4297: 4296: 4294:Brake checking 4286: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4262: 4251: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4198: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4179:Traffic ticket 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4118:Highway patrol 4115: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4098: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4055: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3986:Boulevard rule 3983: 3978: 3973: 3967: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3947: 3946: 3939: 3932: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3858: 3833: 3812: 3809:on 2012-07-08. 3789: 3768: 3742: 3716: 3691: 3661: 3642: 3628: 3610: 3578: 3552: 3526: 3497: 3478:(3): 133–147. 3462: 3443:(3): 149–155. 3427: 3406: 3380: 3354: 3328: 3301: 3287:Jacob M. Appel 3279: 3255: 3240: 3226: 3207: 3188: 3163: 3148: 3130: 3106: 3091: 3082: 3053: 3028: 3016: 3001: 2976: 2962: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2915: 2889: 2871: 2841: 2814: 2781: 2751: 2724: 2702: 2688: 2661: 2633: 2596:Jacob M. Appel 2580: 2556: 2543: 2531: 2516: 2490: 2459: 2441: 2414: 2399: 2375: 2349: 2325: 2311: 2285: 2254: 2236: 2227: 2218: 2205: 2185: 2176: 2162: 2136: 2124: 2088: 2057: 2030: 1998: 1971: 1940: 1928: 1925:on 2011-05-09. 1906: 1877: 1870: 1850: 1847:on 2010-05-28. 1828: 1825:on 2010-06-09. 1799: 1773: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1723: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1700: 1692: 1689: 1650: 1647: 1616: 1613: 1596: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1499: 1496: 1474:Probable cause 1472:Main article: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1441:probable cause 1425:probable cause 1411: 1408: 1380: 1377: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1303: 1285:proprioception 1279: 1276: 1252:Main article: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1237:Main article: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1226: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1208: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1170: 1169: 1168:1. Observation 1161: 1158: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1143:Headlights off 1140: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1003: 1000: 990: 989: 985: 978: 975: 972: 950:Main article: 947: 944: 925: 922: 913: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 899:Droopy eyelids 897: 894: 891: 888: 876: 875: 872: 869: 861: 860: 857: 851:probable cause 841:probable cause 836: 827: 824: 819: 818: 810: 800: 795: 784: 781: 775: 772: 759: 756: 739: 736: 720:zero tolerance 718:are set to a " 711: 708: 672:Main article: 669: 666: 653:license plates 639: 632: 631: 630: 625: 618: 617: 616: 612:Ohio DUI plate 611: 604: 603: 602: 601: 600: 598: 595: 585: 582: 564: 561: 548:18 U.S.C. 534:, which makes 527: 524: 515:Main article: 512: 509: 503: 500: 489: 486: 480: 477: 468: 465: 452: 449: 424: 421: 411: 408: 341: 338: 315: 312: 292:Zero tolerance 288:Candy Lightner 248: 245: 235: 232: 180: 177: 146: 143: 141: 138: 80: 79: 41: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6028: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5981: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5937:Mood disorder 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5806:Nitrous oxide 5804: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5717:Fermented tea 5715: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5613:Sober curious 5611: 5609: 5606: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5335: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5297:Ladies' night 5295: 5293: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5197:Rum Rebellion 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5129:Alcohol enema 5127: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5079:Flaming drink 5077: 5075: 5074:Dutch courage 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5059:Drunk walking 5057: 5055: 5054:Drunk dialing 5052: 5050: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5032:Drinking game 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4941:Alcohol abuse 4939: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4908:Social issues 4905: 4897: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4845:breast cancer 4843: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4773:Fusel alcohol 4771: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4642:Drunk driving 4640: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4618: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4591: 4589: 4584: 4582: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4452:Parking chair 4450: 4448: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4301:Street racing 4299: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4265:United States 4263: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4169:Traffic guard 4167: 4165: 4164:Traffic court 4162: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3996:Move over law 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3940: 3938: 3933: 3931: 3926: 3925: 3922: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3888: 3868: 3862: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3822: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3778: 3772: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3731: 3727: 3720: 3706:on 2011-08-12 3705: 3701: 3695: 3681:on 2017-09-06 3680: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3638: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3600:on 2013-05-15 3596: 3589: 3582: 3567:on 2013-08-14 3566: 3562: 3556: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3516:on 2018-08-18 3515: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3423: 3416: 3410: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3298: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3251: 3244: 3236: 3230: 3223: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3197: 3192: 3185: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3174:accord, p. 29 3170: 3168: 3161:, findlaw.com 3160: 3155: 3153: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3134: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3086: 3070: 3063: 3057: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3026:, findlaw.com 3025: 3020: 3014: 3010: 3005: 2986: 2980: 2972: 2966: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2941: 2932: 2925: 2919: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2861:on 2009-01-29 2860: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2804:on 2009-06-22 2803: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2786: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2739: 2735: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2698: 2692: 2678: 2671: 2665: 2651:on 2015-01-06 2647: 2643: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2606:(2): 136–40. 2605: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2553: 2547: 2540: 2535: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2505: 2501: 2494: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2450:"Law section" 2445: 2437: 2433: 2430:(3): 386–91. 2429: 2425: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2380: 2364: 2360: 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