265:
The volume of bulk goods is usually measured by filling a standard container, so the containers' names and the units' names are often the same, and indeed both are called "measures". Normally, a level or struck measure is assumed, with the excess being swept off level ("struck") with the measure's
269:
There was historically a tendency for landowners to demand heaped bushels of commodities from their peasants, while at the same time peasants were obliged to purchase commodities from stricken containers. Rules outlawing this practice were circumvented through use of heavy round strickles, which
219:
Because it is difficult to measure actual volume and easy to measure mass, many of these units are now also defined as units of mass, specific to each commodity, so a bushel of apples is a different weight from a bushel of wheat (weighed at a specific moisture level). Indeed, the bushel, the
101:
The names are often the same as for the units used to measure liquids, despite representing different volumes. The larger volumes of the dry measures apparently arose because they were based on heaped rather than "struck" (leveled) containers.
196:
Many of the units are associated with particular goods, so for instance the dry hogshead has been used for sugar and for tobacco, and the peck for apples. There are also special measures for specific goods, such as the
266:
brim—the stick used for this is called a "strickle". Sometimes heaped or heaping measures are used, with the commodity heaped in a cone above the measure.
202:
210:
479:
193:
of volume are the same for both dry and liquid goods. They have a different value from both the dry and liquid US versions.
480:""How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement" by Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"
157:, most units of volume exist both in a dry and a liquid version, with the same name, but different values: the dry
524:
566:
545:
586:
604:
162:
198:
235:
and in freight calculations is often a volume measurement rather than a mass measurement.
8:
51:
154:
483:
221:
63:
31:
23:
95:
47:
42:. They have largely been replaced by the units used for measuring volumes in the
39:
105:
Today, many units nominally of dry measure have become standardized as units of
190:
113:); and many other units are commonly conflated or confused with units of mass.
598:
122:
43:
38:
and that were typically shipped and sold in standardized containers such as
138:
83:
55:
247:
243:
587:
https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/upload/18-appdx-e-h133-16-final2.pdf
206:
79:
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158:
142:
59:
239:
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75:
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best-known unit of dry measure because it is the quoted unit in
433:
375:
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166:
110:
91:
27:
346:
170:
134:
126:
67:
35:
404:
317:
186:
174:
141:
are now used. However, the stere is still widely used for
106:
87:
71:
228:
129:, equal to a one-meter cube, but this is not part of the
78:. They were formerly used for many other foods, such as
130:
257:
US dry measures are 16% larger than liquid measures.
148:
596:
260:
224:, is in fact a unit of mass in those contexts.
50:but are still used for some commodities in the
242:, dry and liquid measures are the same: the
525:"Cubic Inches to US Pints (Dry) conversion"
567:"Milliliters to US Pints (Dry) conversion"
546:"Milliliters to US Pints (Dry) conversion"
273:
16:Units of volume for non-liquid commodities
270:would compress the contents of a bushel.
86:, and for industrial commodities such as
597:
54:. They were or are typically used in
503:
74:, dried and fresh produce, and some
13:
14:
616:
125:, the unit of dry volume was the
508:Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press
149:Imperial and US customary units
116:
580:
559:
538:
517:
497:
472:
189:are only used for dry goods.
1:
465:
261:Struck and heaped measurement
7:
10:
621:
46:and liquid volumes in the
274:US units of dry measure
209:of wool or cotton, the
462:(rounded to 4 digits)
504:Kula, Witold (1986).
131:modern metric system
231:used in specifying
52:US customary system
155:US customary units
460:
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222:commodity markets
64:commodity markets
612:
589:
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506:Measures and Men
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482:. Archived from
476:
278:
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227:Conversely, the
121:In the original
32:bulk commodities
620:
619:
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605:Units of volume
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581:
572:
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569:. Wight Hat Ltd
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560:
551:
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548:. Wight Hat Ltd
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527:. Wight Hat Ltd
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48:imperial system
17:
12:
11:
5:
618:
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591:
590:
579:
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450:2,150.42 exact
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191:Imperial units
150:
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118:
115:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
617:
606:
603:
602:
600:
588:
583:
568:
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547:
541:
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486:on 2012-02-18
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217:
216:
212:
208:
204:
201:of wood, the
200:
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144:
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123:metric system
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108:
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99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
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61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:metric system
41:
37:
34:that are not
33:
29:
25:
21:
582:
571:. Retrieved
561:
550:. Retrieved
540:
529:. Retrieved
519:
513:
509:
505:
499:
488:. Retrieved
484:the original
474:
461:
287:dm or litres
268:
264:
256:
237:
226:
218:
214:
195:
178:
152:
120:
117:Metric units
104:
100:
20:Dry measures
19:
18:
139:cubic meter
84:salted fish
66:to measure
56:agriculture
30:to measure
573:2015-09-08
552:2015-09-08
531:2015-09-08
490:2017-12-25
466:References
248:tablespoon
213:of fruit,
311:UK pints
304:UK pints
80:salt pork
599:Category
307:cm or ml
300:cm or ml
290:US pints
252:teaspoon
185:and the
159:hogshead
143:firewood
137:and the
70:, dried
60:agronomy
456:62.011
427:15.503
398:7.7513
369:1.9379
340:0.9689
293:gallons
240:cooking
233:tonnage
76:seafood
40:barrels
434:bushel
376:gallon
325:0.5506
296:inches
284:symbol
250:, the
246:, the
238:In US
205:, the
183:bushel
173:, dry
169:, dry
167:gallon
165:, dry
163:barrel
161:, dry
133:; the
111:bushel
94:, and
92:cement
62:, and
36:fluids
28:volume
453:35239
441:35.24
421:537.6
412:8.810
392:268.8
383:4.405
363:67.20
354:1.101
347:quart
337:550.6
334:33.60
331:0.125
171:quart
135:liter
127:stere
109:(see
72:beans
68:grain
24:units
424:8810
405:peck
395:4405
366:1101
360:0.25
318:pint
281:unit
215:etc.
207:bale
203:sack
199:cord
187:peck
181:The
179:etc.
175:pint
107:mass
96:lime
88:coal
82:and
22:are
380:gal
244:cup
229:ton
211:box
153:In
26:of
601::
444:64
438:bu
432:1
415:16
409:pk
403:1
374:1
351:qt
345:1
322:pt
316:1
254:.
177:,
145:.
98:.
90:,
58:,
576:.
555:.
534:.
510:.
493:.
447:8
418:2
389:1
386:8
357:2
328:1
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