189:
633:
38:
390:
183:
681:
from the shore which is held by the
Dumnonii, a British tribe. The men of this island even now preserve an old custom: they do not use coins. They give and accept, obtaining the necessities of life by exchange rather than by money. They reverence gods, and the men and women equally declare knowledge
459:
the
Cornish-Britains 'Dewnan', and by the Welsh Britains 'Duffneint' , that is, 'low valleys', for that the people dwell for the most part beneath in Vales; by the English Saxons 'Deven-schire', whereof grew the Latin name 'Devonia', and by that contraction which the vulgar people useth, 'Denshire'.
458:
Damnonii, or (as we find in some other copies) more truly
Danmonii. ... . But... the Country of this nation is at this day divided into two parts, known by later names of Cornwall and Denshire ... The near or hithermore region of the Danmonians that I spake of is now commonly called Denshire, by
1022:
across the
Channel, rather than with the southeast of Britain. They do not seem to have been politically centralised: coins are relatively rare, none of them locally minted, and the structure, distribution and construction of Bronze Age and Iron Age hill forts,
990:, a site of some importance that was inhabited from the late Bronze/early Iron Age to the mid 6th century now lies buried under the sands on the opposite side of the Camel estuary near St. Enodoc's Church, and may have been a western coastal equivalent of a
712:, and has apparent links with the British population, suggesting an ancient connection of peoples along the western Atlantic seaboard which is also borne out by the modern genetics of Devonian and Cornish populations.
795:
A legionary bath-house was built inside the fortress sometime between 55 and 60 and underwent renovation shortly afterwards (c. 60-65) but by c. 68 (perhaps even 66) the legion had transferred to a newer fortress at
1239:
history of
Dumnonia comes from a variety of sources and is considered exceedingly difficult to interpret given that historical fact, legend and confused pseudo-history are compounded by a variety of sources in
467:
during the course of his studies and it would appear that he is the origin of the interpretation of
Dumnonii as "deep valley dwellers" from his understanding of the Welsh of his time. The modern Welsh term is
1176:
of
Massilia late in the 4th century BC after his circumnavigation of the British Isles. Underground mining was described in this account, although it cannot be determined when it had started.
1076:
seem to have been reconstructed during this period. Post-Roman imported pottery has been excavated from many sites across the region, and the apparent surge in late 5th century
890:
includes the last two names (in slightly different forms, as "Tamaris" and "Uxelis"), and adds several more names which may be settlements in the territory. These include:
816:
walls had been completed. They were 3 metres thick and 6 metres high and enclosed exactly the same area as the earlier fortress. However, by the late 4th century the
1837:
1766:
Annales
Cambriae: a Translation of Harleian 3859; PRO E.164/1; Cottonian Domitian, A 1; Exeter Cathedral Library MS. 3514 and MS Exchequer DB Neath, PRO E
1162:
1801:
1622:
1463:
Polyhistor § 22.7 {9}. trans. Arwen
Elizabeth Apps, Gaius Iulius Solinus and His Polyhistor, Macquarie University, 2011 (PhD Dissertation)
418:
484:
root *dubno- or *dumno- meaning "the deep" or "the earth" (or alternatively meaning "dark" or "gloomy") appears in personal names such as
949:
1798:
Biographies of monarchs & other royalty from those little known kingdoms that existed in
Britain during the Age of King Arthur at-
110:
1830:
1745:
1157:
During the period c. 500-450 BC, the tin deposits seem to have become more important, and fortified settlements appear such as at
606:-inscribed stones they have left behind, confirmed and supplemented by toponymical studies. The stones are sometimes inscribed in
570:, which is also the name of another people from lowland Scotland, although there are no known links between the two populations.
1555:
Iron Age Communities in Britain: an Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh Century BC Until the Roman Conquest,
1316:
693:
emerged, covering the entire peninsula, although it is believed by some to have effectively been a collection of sub-kingdoms.
1377:
259:
1674:
1014:
The Dumnonii are thought to have occupied relatively isolated territory in Cornwall, Devon, Somerset and possibly part of
1823:
1682:
1048:
abandonment of Britain, but were subsequently replaced, in the 6th and 7th centuries, by the unenclosed farms taking the
2111:
1213:
occupation although it appears that output declined because of new supplies brought in from the deposits discovered in
37:
1029:, and defensible farmsteads in the south west point to a number of smaller tribal groups living alongside each other.
1773:
1096:. The area of Dumnonia had been mined since ancient times, and the tin was exported from the ancient trading port of
411:
552:
356:
1693:
1430:
527:
before the foundation of the Roman city, in about AD 50. The Dumnonii gave their name to the English county of
188:
1802:
https://web.archive.org/web/20090812235920/http://www.trevithick-society.org.uk/industry/cornish_history.htm
800:. This saw the dismantling of the Isca fortress, and the site was then abandoned. Around AD 75, work on the
404:
371:
162:
868:
292:
274:
203:
1846:
1357:
559:, 1828), one of the inventors of the "historic race" of Gauls, could confidently equate them with the
908:
in Devon where there is a Roman earthwork that may be military, or possibly a tax collection station.
1716:
1619:
938:- a settlement and harbour that served Isca Dumnoniorum to which it was connected by road and river.
1757:
Phillimore, Egerton, ed., "The Annales Cambriae and Old Welsh Genealogies from Harleian MS. 3859",
1476:
1300:
667:
implies the existence of a sub-tribe called the Cornavii or Cornovii, perhaps the ancestors of the
1322:
2096:
1025:
579:
2101:
2077:
1281:
1276:
1254:
1101:
1072:, were refortified for the use of chieftains or kings. Other high-status settlements such as
481:
1920:
1537:
1460:
1286:
1040:. Local archaeology has revealed instead the isolated enclosed farmsteads known locally as
872:
674:
451:
107:
1641:
Champion, Timothy "The Appropriation of the Phoenicians in British Imperial Ideology" in:
517:"water" for "Water of the Dumnonii". The Latin name suggests that the city was already an
8:
1912:
1306:
1200:
1049:
1018:. Their cultural connections, as expressed in their ceramics, were with the peninsula of
968:(Devon) - evidence of a Roman settlement has been found on the north side of the harbour.
920:
887:
756:
664:
627:
532:
376:
208:
171:
2003:
1741:
1737:
1733:
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1629:
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912:
789:
759:
word for flowing water, which was given to the River Exe. The Gaelic term for water is
632:
361:
213:
1793:
978:
New settlements continued to be built throughout the Roman period, including sites at
2106:
1769:
1293:
1236:
1214:
686:
366:
90:
1515:
1270:
1185:
1112:, was traditionally thought to have been visited by metal traders from the eastern
1092:
Apart from fishing and agriculture, the main economic resource of the Dumnonii was
991:
775:
726:
587:
583:
540:
509:
338:
320:
315:
269:
264:
138:
54:
1806:
1447:
994:. Byzantine and African pottery has been discovered at the site. At Magor Farm in
1626:
1403:
Lectures on the origin and growth of religion as illustrated by Celtic heathendom
1181:
1073:
709:
678:
611:
591:
394:
1435:"And Shall These Mute Stones Speak?": post-Roman inscriptions in western Britain
1332:
1109:
1033:
983:
935:
928:
668:
560:
548:
489:
464:
431:
2090:
1973:
1815:
1217:(Spain and Portugal). However, when these supplies diminished, production in
1196:
1192:
1113:
1077:
748:
677:, probably in the 3rd century, remarks: "This turbid strait also divides the
476:
later theorized that the tribal name was derived from the name of a goddess,
80:
1032:
Dumnonia is noteworthy for its many settlements that have survived from the
1907:
1897:
1241:
1210:
1205:
1118:
During the first millennium BC trade became more organised, first with the
1045:
955:
905:
901:
771:
595:
297:
134:
618:, Devon, as late as the 14th century, in addition to its use in Cornwall.
473:
2048:
1902:
1877:
1683:"Observation et histoire: Race chez Amédée Thierry et William F. Edwards"
1158:
1119:
1037:
911:
Purocoronavis, which may refer to an important native hill fort, such as
879:
701:
493:
1221:
increased and appears to have reached a peak during the 3rd century AD.
1104:). Tin extraction (mainly by streaming) had existed here from the early
770:
Isca Dumnoniorum originated with a settlement that developed around the
697:
2043:
2033:
1963:
1887:
1566:
Pearce, Susan M. (1978) The Kingdom of Dumnonia. Padstow: Lodenek Press
1169:
1154:
valleys. It went then through the Mediterranean Sea in ships to Gades.
1131:
1105:
1093:
979:
941:
825:
Next to these , but more to the west, are the Dumnoni, whose towns are:
797:
656:
615:
146:
2058:
1998:
1983:
1943:
1867:
1857:
1081:
744:
524:
492:. Another group with a similar name but with no known links were the
1142:
whence it was conveyed across the Bay of Biscay to the mouth of the
944:(Cornwall) - a square military enclosure, seemingly associated with
735:
name for Exeter is Isca Dumnoniorum ("Water of the Dumnonii"). This
2063:
2053:
2018:
2013:
1993:
1938:
1933:
1892:
1882:
1351:
1345:
1327:
1248:. The main sources available for discussion of this period include
1230:
1218:
1135:
1065:
1062:
1019:
999:
965:
959:
916:
705:
690:
637:
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118:
114:
72:
20:
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599:
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1173:
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896:
853:
785:
736:
648:
519:
455:
1968:
1862:
1249:
1127:
1015:
986:. The style is native in form with no Romanised features. Near
780:
504:
142:
126:
60:
2008:
1978:
1245:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1123:
1097:
1003:
971:
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732:
641:
607:
603:
528:
443:
122:
76:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1988:
1721:
1311:
833:
Isca, where is located Legio II Augusta 17°30 52°45.
788:. It is also listed in two routes of the late 2nd century
1608:
1603:
Observations on the Tin Trade of the Ancients in Cornwall
1448:"Celtic Inscribed Stones Project (CISP) on-line database"
945:
1209:, that is Tin Islands. Tin working continued throughout
1002:, an archaeological site has been identified as being a
614:
suggested the continuance of a Brythonic dialect in the
566:
Victorian historians often referred to the tribe as the
531:, and their name is represented in Britain's two extant
16:
Celtic tribe in southwestern Britain during the Iron Age
1717:
Celtic Inscribed Stones Project (CISP) online database
1180:'s account was noted later by other writers including
1138:) around 600 BC. Smelted Cornish tin was collected at
1706:, II ed. BCA, London, 1995, p. 335-343; fig. 151
450:
was in ancient time inhabited by those Britains whom
1658:(Peoples of Roman Britain series). London: Duckworth
1224:
919:. The name has led to speculation about the Cornish
878:
Tamara, generally considered to be somewhere on the
1794:
http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100002/index.html
1588:Thomas, Charles (1981) reviewing Pearce (1978) in
1320:as well as "The Descent of the Men of the North" (
1108:around the 22nd century BC. West Cornwall, around
767:meaning "fortified settlement on the river Uisc".
763:. This is reflected in the Welsh name for Exeter:
480:, probably meaning "the goddess of the deep". The
747:certainly existed prior to the foundation of the
2088:
1378:"Home/Travel Writing/William Camden/Selection 8"
743:term meaning an important town) on the banks of
1783:, London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts.
1084:imports is yet to be explained satisfactorily.
446:as being two parts of the same 'country' which:
1845:
1575:Kain, Roger; Ravenhill, William (eds.) (1999)
1348:(details of the three tribes bearing the name)
1165:, to protect both the tin smelters and mines.
704:alongside) was established in the province of
145:period. They were bordered to the east by the
1831:
1645:, Volume 7, Issue 4, pp. 451-65, October 2001
1426:
1424:
412:
1516:"The Celtic Tribes of Britain: The Dumnonii"
636:The location of the Dumnonii in what is now
513:("Isca of the Dumnonii"), contains the root
1549:
1547:
1375:
1838:
1824:
1421:
419:
405:
962:tin port that continued into Roman times.
586:similar to the forerunner of more recent
1579:. Exeter / provides detailed information
1544:
808:had commenced on the site of the former
631:
137:peninsula of Britain, from at least the
1779:Williams (ab Ithel), John, ed. (1860),
1510:
1508:
1506:
1203:was one of the places proposed for the
655:places the Dumnonii to the west of the
2089:
1577:Historical Atlas of South-West England
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1405:. London: Williams and Norgate; p. 597
1376:Southhall, Humphrey; Camden, William.
1317:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
1195:was later on under the control of the
523:, or walled town, on the banks on the
1819:
1437:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
1191:It is likely that tin trade with the
1126:) around 1100 BC, and later with the
847:
784:(cities) attributed to the tribe by
1751:
1483:
1036:period, but also for its lack of a
864:Voliba, which remains unidentified,
720:
13:
1664:
1416:Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise
1061:As in most other Brythonic areas,
1044:. These seem to have survived the
904:". Probably to be identified with
689:period a Brythonic kingdom called
14:
2123:
1787:
1726:Ecclesiastical History of England
1225:Sub-Roman and post-Roman Dumnonia
974:- an ancient port trading in tin.
894:Nemetostatio, a name relating to
1382:A vision of Britain through time
1168:The earliest account of Cornish
812:and by the late 2nd century the
388:
187:
181:
36:
1648:
1635:
1595:
1582:
1569:
1560:
578:The people of Dumnonia spoke a
125:(and some areas of present-day
1530:
1469:
1465:https://topostext.org/work/747
1454:
1440:
1408:
1395:
1369:
1009:
715:
503:The Roman name of the town of
133:) in the further parts of the
1:
1711:The Roman Invasion of Britain
1363:
1087:
900:, signifying "sanctuary' or "
852:As well as Isca Dumnoniorum,
610:, sometimes in both scripts.
1761:; 9 (1888) pp. 141–183.
1713:. London, 1993, p. 159.
1601:Hawkins, Christopher (1811)
1518:. Roman Britain Organisation
1298:, along with texts from the
1130:, who had settled Massilia (
621:
152:
7:
1354:(tribe in central Scotland)
1339:
931:sites in Dumnonia include:
573:
293:Cornish Stannary Parliament
10:
2128:
1847:Iron Age tribes in Britain
1781:Annales Cambriae (4441288)
1704:The Towns of Roman Britain
1358:Dark Ages (historiography)
1228:
1146:and then to Gades via the
724:
625:
18:
2112:Historical Celtic peoples
2072:
1853:
1605:. London: J. J. Stockdale
860:names three other towns:
434:, in his 1607 edition of
321:Proposed Cornish Assembly
86:
68:
49:
44:
35:
30:
1301:Black Book of Carmarthen
867:Uxella, possibly on the
117:, the area now known as
19:Not to be confused with
2078:Celtic tribes in Europe
1654:Webster, Graham (1991)
1643:Nations and Nationalism
1553:Cunliffe, Barry (2005)
1330:and elsewhere) and the
1237:Sub-Roman or Post-Roman
831:Tamara 15°00 52°15
829:Uxella 15°00 52°45
827:Voliba 14°45 52°00
778:and is one of the four
602:, are evidenced by the
463:Camden had learnt some
1695:L'Histoire des Gaulois
1681:Piguet, Marie-France.
1418:, Errance, Paris, 2003
835:
645:
580:Southwestern Brythonic
563:("les Cornouailles").
461:
1477:"Population genetics"
1323:Bonedd Gwŷr y Gogledd
1282:William of Malmesbury
1277:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1255:De Excidio Britanniae
1122:, who settled Gades (
823:
635:
448:
1557:4th ed. pp. 201-206.
1461:Gaius Julius Solinus
1287:Gesta Regum Anglorum
755:is derived from the
708:directly across the
675:Gaius Iulius Solinus
663:that appears in the
557:Histoire des Gaulois
1811:Roman-Britain.co.uk
1307:Red Book of Hergest
948:workings at nearby
888:Ravenna Cosmography
665:Ravenna Cosmography
628:Cornovii (Cornwall)
533:Brythonic languages
395:Cornwall portal
209:History of Cornwall
1697:pt iii, chapter II
1630:Trevithick Society
1625:2009-08-12 at the
1538:"ISCA DVMNONIORVM"
1414:Xavier Delamarre,
1401:Rhys, John (1892)
1265:Historia Brittonum
1102:St Michael's Mount
790:Antonine Itinerary
646:
377:Geological history
362:Cornish literature
254:Rulers (or titles)
214:Cornish devolution
2084:
2083:
1924:
1916:
1709:Webster, Graham.
1692:Thierry, Amédée.
848:Other settlements
454:called Dunmonii,
429:
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310:Modern governance
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95:
91:Kings of Dumnonia
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1186:Diodorus Siculus
1163:Kenidjack Castle
992:Saxon Shore Fort
843:
820:was in decline.
776:Legio II Augusta
774:fortress of the
751:in about AD 50.
727:Isca Dumnoniorum
721:Isca Dumnoniorum
682:of the future."
598:immigrants, the
510:Isca Dumnoniorum
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414:
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357:Cornish language
316:Cornwall Council
270:Duke of Cornwall
265:King of Cornwall
260:Legendary rulers
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141:up to the early
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1172:was written by
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856:'s 2nd century
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1328:Peniarth MS 45
1229:Main article:
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1070:Hembury Castle
1034:Romano-British
1026:Cornish rounds
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2102:West Country
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1898:Catuvellauni
1780:
1765:
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1725:
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1694:
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1675:
1656:The Cornovii
1655:
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1381:
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1091:
1060:
1055:
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1038:villa system
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926:
906:North Tawton
902:sacred grove
895:
885:
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660:
652:
647:
577:
565:
556:
544:
536:
518:
514:
508:
502:
482:proto-Celtic
477:
469:
462:
449:
438:, describes
435:
430:
298:Stannary law
236:
103:
99:
97:
53:
25:
2049:Trinovantes
1759:Y Cymmrodor
1699:(in French)
1159:Chun Castle
1120:Phoenicians
1110:Mount's Bay
1010:Archaeology
880:River Tamar
761:uisce/uisge
716:Settlements
702:Cornouaille
659:. The name
582:dialect of
494:Fir Domnann
172:History of
2091:Categories
2044:Textoverdi
2034:Suessiones
1964:Durotriges
1923:(Northern)
1888:Carnonacae
1592:12; p. 417
1364:References
1170:tin mining
1132:Marseilles
1106:Bronze Age
1094:tin mining
1088:Industries
1068:, such as
1066:hill forts
980:Chysauster
942:Nanstallon
873:Launceston
838:—Ptolemy,
798:Gloucester
749:Roman city
657:Durotriges
626:See also:
616:South Hams
147:Durotriges
135:South West
2059:Venicones
1999:Ordovices
1984:Lopocares
1944:Deceangli
1921:Cornovii
1915:(Central)
1913:Cornovii
1878:Caledonii
1868:Brigantes
1858:Atrebates
1676:Geography
1590:Britannia
1296:Ecclesiae
1082:Byzantine
1053:toponymic
1050:Brythonic
913:Carn Brea
869:River Axe
858:Geography
840:Geography
810:principia
757:Brythonic
745:River Exe
687:sub-Roman
653:Geography
622:Territory
525:River Exe
474:John Rhŷs
436:Britannia
153:Etymology
45:Geography
2107:Dumnonia
2075:Part of:
2064:Votadini
2054:Vacomagi
2019:Setantii
2014:Selgovae
1994:Novantae
1959:Dumnonii
1939:Decantae
1934:Damnonii
1903:Coritani
1893:Carvetii
1883:Cantiaci
1807:Dumnonii
1738:Book III
1623:Archived
1352:Damnonii
1346:Cornovii
1340:See also
1304:and the
1231:Dumnonia
1219:Dumnonia
1136:Narbonne
1074:Tintagel
1063:Iron Age
1020:Armorica
1000:Camborne
966:Plymouth
960:Iron Age
950:Boscarne
921:Cornovii
917:Tintagel
871:, or at
806:basilica
765:Caerwysg
706:Armorica
700:(and of
698:Domnonée
691:Dumnonia
638:Cornwall
574:Language
568:Damnonii
545:Dyfnaint
498:Connacht
486:Dumnorix
470:Dyfnaint
456:Ptolomee
440:Cornwall
242:Cornovii
237:Dumnonii
232:Dumnonia
204:Timeline
174:Cornwall
163:a series
161:Part of
139:Iron Age
131:Somerset
119:Cornwall
115:Dumnonia
104:Dumnones
100:Dumnonii
73:Cornwall
69:Location
31:Dumnonii
21:Damnonii
2039:Taexali
2029:Smertae
2024:Silures
1954:Dobunni
1949:Demetae
1929:Creones
1873:Caereni
1742:Book IV
1734:Book II
1687:L'Homme
1671:Ptolemy
1433:(1994)
1260:Nennius
1201:Britain
1178:Pytheas
1174:Pytheas
1080:and/or
998:, near
996:Illogan
988:Padstow
897:nemeton
854:Ptolemy
818:civitas
814:civitas
786:Ptolemy
737:oppidum
685:In the
649:Ptolemy
588:Cornish
561:Cornish
541:Cornish
537:Dewnans
520:oppidum
452:Solinus
198:History
149:tribe.
108:British
106:were a
50:Capital
2004:Parisi
1969:Epidii
1863:Belgae
1772:
1746:Book V
1730:Book I
1522:5 July
1387:1 June
1310:, and
1268:, the
1250:Gildas
1215:Iberia
1197:Veneti
1128:Greeks
1042:rounds
1016:Dorset
927:Other
842:II.ii.
781:poleis
592:Breton
584:Celtic
515:*iska-
505:Exeter
372:Mining
351:Topics
165:on the
127:Dorset
87:Rulers
61:Exeter
2009:Regni
1979:Iceni
1326:, in
1246:Latin
1211:Roman
1152:Rhone
1148:Loire
1144:Loire
1140:Ictis
1124:Cadiz
1098:Ictis
1046:Roman
1004:villa
972:Ictis
875:, and
772:Roman
741:Latin
733:Latin
642:Devon
608:Latin
604:Ogham
600:Déisi
596:Irish
549:Welsh
529:Devon
478:Domnu
465:Welsh
444:Devon
339:Truro
143:Saxon
123:Devon
111:tribe
77:Devon
1989:Lugi
1770:ISBN
1722:Bede
1524:2012
1389:2024
1312:Bede
1290:and
1258:and
1244:and
1235:The
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1161:and
1150:and
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915:or
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547:in
539:in
535:as
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287:Law
102:or
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1740:,
1736:,
1732:,
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