2561:
pastoralists. In 1659 Doman, a
Khoikhoi who had worked as a translator for the Dutch and had even traveled to Java, led an armed attempt to expel the Dutch from the Cape peninsula. The attempt was a failure, although warfare dragged on until an inconclusive peace was established a year later. During the following decade, pressure on the Khoikhoi grew as more of the Dutch became free burghers, expanded their landholdings, and sought pastureland for their growing herds. War broke out again in 1673 and continued until 1677, when Khoikhoi resistance was destroyed by a combination of superior European weapons and Dutch manipulation of divisions among the local people. Thereafter, Khoikhoi society in the western Cape disintegrated. Some people found jobs as shepherds on European farms; others rejected foreign rule and moved away from the Cape. The final blow for most came in 1713 when a Dutch ship brought smallpox to the Cape. Hitherto unknown locally, the disease ravaged the remaining Khoikhoi, killing 90 percent of the population. Throughout the eighteenth century, the settlement continued to expand through internal growth of the European population and the continued importation of slaves. The approximately 3,000 Europeans and slaves at the Cape in 1700 had increased by the end of the century to nearly 20,000 Europeans, and approximately 25,000 slaves.
7031:
733:
850:
835:
2552:(later Benin), the second with almost 200 people, most of them children, captured from a Portuguese slaver off the coast of Angola. Except for a few individuals, these were to be the only slaves ever brought to the Cape from West Africa. From 1658 to the end of the company's rule, many more slaves were brought regularly to the Cape in various ways, chiefly by Company-sponsored slaving voyages and slaves brought to the Cape by its return fleets. From these sources and by natural growth, the slave population increased from zero in 1652 to about 1,000 by 1700. During the 18th century, the slave population increased dramatically to 16,839 by 1795. After the slave trade was initiated, all of the slaves imported into the Cape until the British stopped the trade in 1807 were from East Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, and South and Southeast Asia. Large numbers were brought from
2319:
1082:
391:
527:
403:
2206:
969:
1196:
1597:. The dividends distributed by the company had exceeded the surplus it garnered in Europe in every decade from 1690 to 1760 except 1710β1720. However, in the period up to 1730 the directors shipped resources to Asia to build up the trading capital there. Consolidated bookkeeping therefore probably would have shown that total profits exceeded dividends. In addition, between 1700 and 1740 the company retired 5.4 million guilders of long-term debt. The company therefore was still on a secure financial footing in these years. This changed after 1730. While profits plummeted the
1122:
supply in Europe, except for Spain and
Portugal. The Dutch and English had to obtain it by creating a trade surplus with other European countries. Coen discovered the obvious solution for the problem: to start an intra-Asiatic trade system, whose profits could be used to finance the spice trade with Europe. In the long run this obviated the need for exports of precious metals from Europe, though at first it required the formation of a large trading-capital fund in the Indies. The VOC reinvested a large share of its profits to this end in the period up to 1630.
8313:
45:
8524:
1891:
1067:
2310:, adventurous spirit, and decisiveness. However, it unleashed a wave of criticism, since such romantic views about the Dutch Golden Age ignores the inherent historical associations with colonialism, exploitation and violence. Balkenende later stressed that "it had not been his intention to refer to that at all". But in spite of criticisms, the "VOC-mentality", as a characteristic of the selective historical perspective on the Dutch Golden Age, has been considered a key feature of Dutch cultural policy for many years.
1797:, eight delegates were from the Chamber of Amsterdam (one short of a majority on its own), four from the Chamber of Zeeland, and one from each of the smaller Chambers, while the seventeenth seat was alternatively from the Chamber of Middelburg-Zeeland or rotated among the five small Chambers. Amsterdam had thereby the decisive voice. The Zeelanders in particular had misgivings about this arrangement at the beginning. The fear was not unfounded, because in practice it meant Amsterdam stipulated what happened.
2241:
1498:
demand, in which it had to compete on an equal footing with other suppliers. This made for low profit margins. The business information systems of the time made this difficult to discern for the managers of the company, which may partly explain the mistakes they made from hindsight. This lack of information might have been counteracted (as in earlier times in the VOC's history) by the business acumen of the directors. By this time these were almost exclusively recruited from the political
7752:
7735:
7718:
2221:
1532:
2386:
1490:
coffee, cotton, textiles, and sugar. These commodities provided a lower profit margin and therefore required a larger sales volume to generate the same amount of revenue. This structural change in the commodity composition of the VOC's trade started in the early 1680s, after the temporary collapse of the EIC around 1683 offered an excellent opportunity to enter these markets. The actual cause for the change lies, however, in two structural features of this new era.
8169:
5889:
1440:
538:
893:
2537:
wages imposed by the Dutch led to a series of wars. The
European population remained under 200 during the settlement's first five years, and war against neighbors numbering more than 20,000 would have been foolhardy. Moreover, the Dutch feared that Khoikhoi people, if enslaved, could always escape into the local community, whereas foreigners would find it much more difficult to escape and survive or avoid recapture.
1543:
561:. It appeared on various corporate items, such as cannons and coins. The first letter of the hometown of the chamber conducting the operation was placed on top. The monogram, versatility, flexibility, clarity, simplicity, symmetry, timelessness, and symbolism are considered notable characteristics of the VOC's professionally designed logo. Those elements ensured its success at a time when the concept of the
8179:
805:
3962:"The Easternization of the West: The Role of Melaka, the Malay-Indonesian archipelago and the Dutch (VOC). (International seminar by the Melaka State Government, the Malaysian Institute of Historical and Patriotism Studies (IKSEP), the Institute of Occidental Studies (IKON) at the National University of Malaysia (UKM) and the Netherlands Embassy in Malaysia. Malacca, Malaysia, 27 July 2006"
1494:
the company easily to finance its expansion in the new areas of commerce. Between the 1680s and 1720s, the VOC was therefore able to equip and man an appreciable expansion of its fleet, and acquire a large amount of precious metals to finance the purchase of large amounts of Asian commodities, for shipment to Europe. The overall effect was approximately to double the size of the company.
1993:
1385:). The wisdom of such a policy was illustrated when a fierce price war with the EIC ensued, as that company flooded the market with new supplies from India. In this struggle for market share, the VOC (which had much larger financial resources) could wait out the EIC. Indeed, by 1683, the latter came close to bankruptcy; its share price plummeted from 600 to 250; and its president
2023:. In what is the first recorded corporate governance dispute, Le Maire formally charged that the VOC's board of directors (the Heeren XVII) sought to "retain another's money for longer or use it ways other than the latter wishes" and petitioned for the liquidation of the VOC in accordance with standard business practice. Initially the largest single shareholder in the VOC and a
1628:. The Dutch government in Batavia did not adequately respond to these problems. In 1740, rumours of deportation of the gangs from the Batavia area led to widespread rioting. The Dutch military searched houses of Chinese in Batavia for weapons. When a house accidentally burnt down, military and impoverished citizens started slaughtering and pillaging the Chinese community. This
1512:. However, though larger ships transported the growing volume of goods, labour productivity did not go up sufficiently to realise these. In general the company's overhead rose in step with the growth in trade volume; declining gross margins translated directly into a decline in profitability of the invested capital. The era of expansion was one of "profitless growth".
36:
8156:
8239:
510:). Over the next two centuries the company acquired additional ports as trading bases and safeguarded their interests by taking over surrounding territory. It remained an important trading concern and paid annual dividends that averaged to about 18% of the capital for almost 200 years. Much of the labor that built its colonies was from people it had enslaved.
1683:(modern Indonesia), the company also had important operations elsewhere. It employed people from different continents and origins in the same functions and working environments. Although it was a Dutch company, its employees included not only people from the Netherlands, but also many from Germany and other countries. Besides the diverse north-west European
1416:, so as to secure a monopoly on the pepper trade to the detriment of the French and the Danes. However, the importance of these traditional commodities in the Asian-European trade was diminishing rapidly at the time. The military outlays that the VOC needed to make to enhance its monopoly were not justified by the increased profits of this declining trade.
1137:, for silk, cotton, porcelain, and textiles. These products were either traded within Asia for the coveted spices or brought back to Europe. The VOC was also instrumental in introducing European ideas and technology to Asia. The company supported Christian missionaries and traded modern technology with China and Japan. A more peaceful VOC trade post on
2028:
governors in 1605 on charges of embezzlement, and was forced to sign an agreement not to compete with the VOC. Having retained stock in the company following this incident, in 1609 Le Maire would become the author of what is celebrated as "first recorded expression of shareholder advocacy at a publicly traded company".
2490:
fled elsewhere, with only 1,000 Bandanese surviving in the islands, and were spread throughout the nutmeg groves as forced labourers. The treatment of slaves was harsh and the native
Bandanese population dropped to 1,000 by 1681. 200 slaves were imported annually to sustain the slave population at a total of 4,000.
1516:
of which three-quarters was distributed as dividend and one-quarter reinvested. In the earlier period, profits averaged 18 percent of total revenues; in the latter period, 10 percent. The annual return of invested capital in the earlier period stood at approximately 6 percent; in the latter period, 3.4 percent."
1432:
renounced the treaty. Though a Dutch army managed to suppress this insurrection temporarily, the
Zamorin continued to trade with the English and the French, which led to an appreciable upsurge in English and French traffic. The VOC decided in 1721 that it was no longer worth the trouble to try to dominate the
2556:
and the
Indonesian archipelago. Prisoners from other countries in the VOC's empire were also enslaved. The slave population, which exceeded that of the European settlers until the first quarter of the nineteenth century, was overwhelmingly male and was thus dependent on constant imports of new slaves
1497:
The tonnage of the returning ships rose by 125 percent in this period. However, the company's revenues from the sale of goods landed in Europe rose by only 78 percent. This reflects the basic change in the VOC's circumstances that had occurred: it now operated in new markets for goods with an elastic
2560:
By the 1660s the Cape settlement was importing slaves from Ceylon, Malaya (Malaysia), and
Madagascar to work on the farms. Conflict between Dutch farmers and Khoikhoi broke out once it became clear to the latter that the Dutch were there to stay and that they intended to encroach on the lands of the
2536:
population, but the idea was rejected on the grounds that such a policy would be both costly and dangerous. Most
Khoikhoi had chosen not to labor for the Dutch because of low wages and harsh conditions. In the beginning, the settlers traded with the Khoikhoi, but the harsh working conditions and low
2489:
in 1621. 2,800 Bandanese were killed, mostly from famine, and 1,700 were enslaved during the attack. The total population of the islands was estimated at 15,000 people before the conquest. Although the exact number remains uncertain, it is estimated that around 14,000 people were killed, enslaved or
2372:
There was an extraordinarily high mortality rate among employees of the VOC due to shipwrecks, illnesses such as scurvy and dysentery, and clashes with rival trading companies and pirates. Between 1602 and 1795, about one million seamen and craftsmen departed from
Holland, but only 340,000 returned.
2027:
sitting on the board of governors, Le Maire apparently attempted to divert the firm's profits to himself by undertaking 14 expeditions under his own accounts instead of those of the company. Since his large shareholdings were not accompanied by greater voting power, Le Maire was soon ousted by other
1578:
The "venality" of the VOC's personnel (in the sense of corruption and non-performance of duties), though a problem for all East India
Companies at the time, seems to have plagued the VOC on a larger scale than its competitors. To be sure, the company was not a "good employer". Salaries were low, and
1570:
The way the company was organised in Asia (centralised on its hub in Batavia), that initially had offered advantages in gathering market information, began to cause disadvantages in the 18th century because of the inefficiency of first shipping everything to this central point. This disadvantage was
1515:
Specifically: "he long-term average annual profit in the VOC's 1630β70 'Golden Age' was 2.1 million guilders, of which just under half was distributed as dividends and the remainder reinvested. The long-term average annual profit in the 'Expansion Age' (1680β1730) was 2.0 million guilders,
1507:
Low profit margins in themselves do not explain the deterioration of revenues. To a large extent the costs of the operation of the VOC had a "fixed" character (military establishments; maintenance of the fleet and such). Profit levels might therefore have been maintained if the increase in the scale
1493:
In the first place, there was a revolutionary change in the tastes affecting European demand for Asian textiles, coffee and tea, around the turn of the 18th century. Secondly, a new era of an abundant supply of capital at low interest rates suddenly opened around this time. The second factor enabled
1121:
Another of Coen's ventures was more successful. A major problem in the European trade with Asia at the time was that the Europeans could offer few goods that Asian consumers wanted, except silver and gold. European traders therefore had to pay for spices with the precious metals, which were in short
1058:, where ten Englishmen were arrested, tried and beheaded for conspiracy against the Dutch government. Although this caused outrage in Europe and a diplomatic crisis, the English quietly withdrew from most of their Indonesian activities (except trading in Banten) and focused on other Asian interests.
860:
At the time, it was customary for a company to be funded only for the duration of a single voyage and to be liquidated upon the return of the fleet. Investment in these expeditions was a very high-risk venture, not only because of the usual dangers of piracy, disease and shipwreck, but also because
2569:
The VOC's operations (trading posts and colonies) produced not only warehouses packed with spices, coffee, tea, textiles, porcelain and silk, but also shiploads of documents. Data on political, economic, cultural, religious, and social conditions spread over an enormous area circulated between the
1616:
intervened. British naval attacks in Europe and Asia reduced the VOC fleet by half; removed valuable cargo from its control; and eroded its remaining power in Asia. The direct losses of the VOC during the war can be calculated at 43 million guilders. Loans to keep the company operating reduced its
987:
during the tenures of the first three governors-general (1610β1619), but it was not a satisfactory location. Although it was at the centre of the spice production areas, it was far from the Asian trade routes and other VOC areas of activity ranging from Africa to India to Japan. A location in the
872:
In 1602, the Dutch government followed suit, sponsoring the creation of a single "United East Indies Company" that was also granted monopoly over the Asian trade. For a time in the seventeenth century, it was able to monopolise the trade in nutmeg, mace, and cloves and to sell these spices across
1489:
The attempt to continue as before as a low volume-high profit business enterprise with its core business in the spice trade had therefore failed. The company had however already (reluctantly) followed the example of its European competitors in diversifying into other Asian commodities, like tea,
1380:
temporarily interrupted VOC trade with Europe. This caused a spike in the price of pepper, which enticed the English East India Company (EIC) to enter this market aggressively in the years after 1672. Previously, one of the tenets of the VOC pricing policy was to slightly over-supply the pepper
1611:
Despite these problems, the VOC in 1780 remained an enormous operation. Its capital in the Republic, consisting of ships and goods in inventory, totalled 28 million guilders; its capital in Asia, consisting of the liquid trading fund and goods en route to Europe, totalled 46 million
486:
Statistically, the VOC eclipsed all of its rivals in the Asian trade. Between 1602 and 1796 the VOC sent nearly a million Europeans to work in the Asia trade on 4,785 ships and netted for their efforts more than 2.5 million tons of Asian trade goods and slaves. By contrast, the rest of Europe
1431:
to submit to Dutch domination. In 1710, the Zamorin was made to sign a treaty with the VOC undertaking to trade exclusively with the VOC and expel other European traders. For a brief time, this appeared to improve the company's prospects. However, in 1715, with EIC encouragement, the Zamorin
1929:(Lords Seventeen) met alternately six years in Amsterdam and two years in Middelburg-Zeeland. They defined the VOC's general policy and divided the tasks among the Chambers. The Chambers carried out all the necessary work, built their own ships and warehouses and traded the merchandise. The
988:
west of the archipelago was thus sought. The Straits of Malacca were strategic but became dangerous following the Portuguese conquest, and the first permanent VOC settlement in Banten was controlled by a powerful local ruler and subject to stiff competition from Chinese and English traders.
768:
in an anti-Portuguese alliance, in return for which the Dutch were given the sole right to purchase spices from Hitu. Dutch control of Ambon was achieved when the Portuguese surrendered their fort in Ambon to the Dutch-Hituese alliance. In 1613, the Dutch expelled the Portuguese from their
3647:'Dese vereenichde Compaignie sal beginnen ende aenvanck nemen met desen Jaere xvi C ende twee ende sal gedurende den tyt van eenentwintich Jaren achter (This United Company shall commence operations in the year of 1602, and shall continue for a period of twenty-one consecutive years)'
2369:, "it is misleading to understand Batavia, as some scholars have, as representing a pragmatic and egalitarian order that was later corrupted by the colonial situation. In fact, the social stratification and segregation of Batavia derived in certain ways directly from its Dutch plan."
649:
as the northern staple port to distribute their goods, thereby cutting Dutch merchants out of the trade. At the same time, the Portuguese trade system was unable to increase supply to satisfy growing demand, in particular the demand for pepper. Demand for spices was relatively
1601:
only slightly decreased dividends from the earlier level. Distributed dividends were therefore in excess of earnings in every decade but one (1760β1770). To accomplish this, the Asian capital stock had to be drawn down by 4 million guilders between 1730 and 1780, and the
2455:
Your Honours know by experience that trade in Asia must be driven and maintained under the protection and favour of Your Honours' own weapons, and that the weapons must be paid for by the profits from the trade; so that we cannot carry on trade without war nor war without
1104:
was appointed governor-general of the VOC. He saw the possibility of the VOC becoming an Asian power, both political and economic. On 30 May 1619, Coen, backed by a force of nineteen ships, stormed Jayakarta, driving out the Banten forces; and from the ashes established
1372:
enacted a number of measures to limit the export of these precious metals, in the process limiting VOC opportunities for trade, and severely worsening the terms of trade. Therefore, Japan ceased to function as the linchpin of the intra-Asiatic trade of the VOC by 1685.
491:, the VOC's nearest competitor, was a distant second to its total traffic with 2,690 ships and a mere one-fifth the tonnage of goods carried by the VOC. The VOC enjoyed huge profits from its spice monopoly and slave trading activities through most of the 17th century.
1606:
capital available in Europe was reduced by 20 million guilders in the same period. The directors were therefore constrained to replenish the company's liquidity by resorting to short-term financing from anticipatory loans, backed by expected revenues from home-bound
5076:
2974:
It was also helpful that the price war with the EIC in the early decade had caused the accumulation of enormous inventories of pepper and spices, which enabled the VOC to cut down on shipments later on, thereby freeing up capital to increase shipments of other
1567:, the Malabar Coast, and Bengal. The company had to confine its operations to the belt it physically controlled, from Ceylon through the Indonesian archipelago. The volume of this intra-Asiatic trade, and its profitability, therefore had to shrink.
2984:
A particularly egregious example was that of the "Amfioen Society". This was a business of higher VOC-employees that received a monopoly of the opium trade on Java, at a time when the VOC had to pay monopoly prices to the EIC to buy the opium in
2035:
also happened among the VOC investors who complained that the company account books had been "smeared with bacon" so that they might be "eaten by dogs." The investors demanded a "reeckeninge," a proper financial audit. The 1622 campaign by the
1695:
workers could be employed as sailors, soldiers, writers, carpenters, smiths, or as simple unskilled workers. At the height of its existence, the VOC had 25,000 employees who worked in Asia and 11,000 who were en route. Also, while most of its
885:; While Dutch profits soared, the local economy of the Spice Islands was destroyed, because as a monopoly buyer, the VOC forced the prices paid to the local producers in the Spice Islands down to low levels. With a capital of 6,440,200
889:, the new company's charter empowered it to build forts, maintain armies, and conclude treaties with Asian rulers. It provided for a venture that would continue for 21 years, with a financial accounting only at the end of each decade.
2260:(...) I don't understand why you're all being so negative and unpleasant. Let's just be happy with each other. Let's just say "the Netherlands can do it" again: that VOC mentality. Look across our borders. Dynamism! Don't you think?
1612:
guilders. Total capital, net of outstanding debt, stood at 62 million guilders. The prospects of the company at this time therefore were not hopeless, had one of the plans for reform been undertaken successfully. However, the
513:
Weighed down by smuggling, corruption and growing administrative costs in the late 18th century, the company went bankrupt and was formally dissolved in 1799. Its possessions and debt were taken over by the government of the Dutch
2940:, the French and Dutch companies came to blows on the Indian Subcontinent. The French sent naval expeditions from metropolitan France, which the VOC easily countered. On the other hand, the VOC conquered the important fortress of
760:
had been the first Dutch fleet to reach the 'Spice Islands' of Maluku (also known as the Moluccas), cutting out the Javanese middlemen. The ships returned to Europe in 1599 and 1600 and the expedition made a 400 percent profit.
2994:
Jan Peter Balkenende: "Ik begrijp niet waarom u er zo negatief en vervelend over doet. Laten we blij zijn met elkaar. Laten we zeggen: 'Nederland kan het weer!', die VOC-mentaliteit. Over grenzen heen kijken! Dynamiek! Toch?"
5072:
685:
thus became an appropriate target for Dutch military incursions. These factors motivated Dutch merchants to enter the intercontinental spice trade themselves. Further, a number of Dutch merchants and explorers, such as
1562:
There was a steady erosion of intra-Asiatic trade because of changes in the Asiatic political and economic environment that the VOC could do little about. These factors gradually squeezed the company out of Persia,
1234:. By 1659, the Portuguese had been expelled from the coastal regions, which were then occupied by the VOC, securing for it the monopoly over cinnamon. To prevent the Portuguese or the English from ever recapturing
751:
In 1598, an increasing number of fleets were sent out by competing merchant groups from around the Netherlands. Some fleets were lost, but most were successful, with some voyages producing high profits. In 1598, a
2019:, was also a sizeable shareholder of the VOC. In 1609, he complained of the VOC's poor corporate governance. On 24 January 1609, Le Maire filed a petition against the VOC, marking the first recorded expression of
4625:
1984:. In addition, VOC representatives sometimes used the tactic of burning spice trees to force indigenous populations to grow other crops, thus artificially cutting the supply of spices like nutmeg and cloves.
1117:
for export. Coen hoped to settle large numbers of Dutch colonists in the East Indies, but implementation of this policy never materialised, mainly because very few Dutch were willing to emigrate to Asia.
4591:
3397:
572:
Around the world, and especially in English-speaking countries, the VOC is widely known as the 'Dutch East India Company'. The name 'Dutch East India Company' is used to make a distinction from the
5607:
5017:
2481:, between 1609 and 1621, after the islands resisted the nutmeg monopoly. The Dutch launched punitive expeditions that resulted in the near-destruction of Bandanese society. They invaded the main
2059:
694:, went on to obtain firsthand knowledge of the "secret" Portuguese trade routes and practices that were already in place, thereby providing further opportunity for the Dutch to enter the trade.
1655:). The VOC charter was renewed several times, but was allowed to expire on 31 December 1799. Most of the possessions of the former VOC were subsequently occupied by Great Britain during the
2071:
7367:
7030:
1590:
A problem that the VOC shared with other companies was the high mortality and morbidity rates among its employees. This decimated the company's ranks and enervated many of the survivors.
479:, and establish colonies. Also, because it traded across multiple colonies and countries from both the East and the West, the VOC is sometimes considered to have been the world's first
5659:
2365:
Batavia, corresponding to present day Jakarta, was the headquarters of the Dutch East India Company, and had a strict social hierarchy in the colony. According to Marsely L. Kahoe in
1523:
in 1688), and they reached an all-time high of around 642 in the 1720s. VOC shares then yielded a return of 3.5 percent, only slightly less than the yield on Dutch government bonds.
1344:
Around 1670, two events caused the growth of VOC trade to stall. In the first place, the highly profitable trade with Japan started to decline. The loss of the outpost on Formosa to
861:
the interplay of inelastic demand and relatively elastic supply of spices could make prices tumble, thereby ruining prospects of profitability. To manage such risk, the forming of a
9133:
1129:. Ships coming into Batavia from the Netherlands carried supplies for VOC settlements in Asia. Silver and copper from Japan were used to trade with the world's wealthiest empires,
1257:
in honour of the outpost's presence. Although non-company ships were welcome to use the station, they were charged exorbitantly. This post later became a full-fledged colony, the
1739:
during the lifetime of the company. As a consequence, investors that wished to liquidate their interest in the interim could only do this by selling their share to others on the
1579:"private-account trading" was officially not allowed. It proliferated in the 18th century to the detriment of the company's performance. From about the 1790s onward, the phrase
1519:
Nevertheless, in the eyes of investors the VOC did not do too badly. The share price hovered consistently around the 400 mark from the mid-1680s (excepting a hiccup around the
1325:
By 1669, the VOC was the richest private company the world had ever seen, with over 150 merchant ships, 40 warships, 50,000 employees, a private army of 10,000 soldiers, and a
732:
2749:
2053:
1691:, the VOC made extensive use of local Asian labour markets. As a result, the personnel of the various VOC offices in Asia consisted of European and Asian employees. Asian or
8875:
3297:
2065:
5073:"Archives of the Dutch East India Company [Documentary heritage submitted by Netherlands and recommended for inclusion in the Memory of the World Register in 2003]"
3509:
1632:
was deemed sufficiently serious for the board of the VOC to start an official investigation into the Government of the Dutch East Indies for the first time in its history.
3993:
Strange Company: Chinese Settlers, Mestizo Women and the Dutch in VOC Batavia. (Dordrecht-Holland; Riverton, US, Foris Publications, 1986. xiii, 302p.) number: 959.82 B659
3634:
3626:
Octrooi verleend door de Staten-Generaal betreffende de alleenhandel ten oosten van Kaap de Goede Hoop en ten westen van de Straat van Magallanes voor de duur van 21 jaar
1486:
is considered the earliest example of an organised Asian power overcoming European military technology and tactics; and it signalled the decline of Dutch power in India.
5442:
1624:
increased. European markets became saturated. Dozens of Chinese sugar traders went bankrupt, which led to massive unemployment, which in turn led to gangs of unemployed
1482:
was captured. Marthanda Varma agreed to spare the Dutch captain's life on condition that he joined his army and trained his soldiers on modern lines. This defeat in the
9148:
4517:
2948:
in September 1693. The Dutch then made the defenses of the fortress impregnable, which they came to regret when the Dutch government returned it to the French by the
1933:
sent the ships' masters off with extensive instructions on the route to be navigated, prevailing winds, currents, shoals and landmarks. The VOC also produced its own
1015:. In Banda, they encountered severe VOC hostility, sparking Anglo-Dutch competition for access to spices. From 1611 to 1617, the English established trading posts at
8080:
5926:
4621:
2417:
3930:
9093:
9063:
7360:
5828:
5682:
3196:
721:, the main pepper port of West Java, the crew clashed with both Portuguese and indigenous Javanese. Houtman's expedition then sailed east along the north coast of
1423:(hoping thereby to curtail English influence in the area, and end the drain on its resources from the cost of the Malabar garrisons) by using force to compel the
8095:
2421:
2007:
The seventeenth-century Dutch businessmen, especially the VOC investors, were possibly history's first recorded investors to seriously consider the problems of
592:). The company's alternative names that have been used include the 'Dutch East Indies Company', 'United East India Company', 'Jan Company', or 'Jan Compagnie'.
8215:
8085:
4434:
3235:
8032:
4671:
865:
to control supply would seem logical. In 1600, the English were the first to adopt this approach by bundling their resources into a monopoly enterprise, the
4595:
8090:
3631:
Patent granted by the States General concerning exclusive trade east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Strait of Magallanes for a period of 21 years
1558:
After 1730, the fortunes of the VOC started to decline. Five major contributing factors are attributed to its decay in the 50 years between 1730 and 1780:
773:
fort, but a subsequent Portuguese attack led to a second change of hands; following this second reoccupation, the Dutch once again captured Solor in 1636.
729:. Half the crew were lost before the expedition made it back to the Netherlands the following year, but with enough spices to make a considerable profit.
8898:
7353:
5377:
5033:
1054:
In 1620, diplomatic agreements in Europe ushered in a period of collaboration between the Dutch and English spice trades. This ended with the notorious
9058:
8055:
5106:
3484:
3301:
3004:
Balkenende: "Let us be optimistic! Let us say, 'It is possible again in The Netherlands!' That VOC mentality: looking across borders with dynamism!" .
9138:
8868:
8456:
9153:
5372:
4964:
4743:
4693:
3869:
3257:
849:
637:
had played an important role as a distribution center in northern Europe. After 1591, the Portuguese used an international syndicate of the German
9123:
8478:
8120:
5612:
3282:
475:). The company possessed quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts, negotiate treaties, strike
8105:
834:
9128:
9103:
8224:
8182:
5919:
5292:
8884:
8861:
8125:
5347:
1381:
market, so as to depress prices below the level where interlopers were encouraged to enter the market (instead of striving for short-term
1322:. The treaty allowed the VOC to build a trading post in the area and eventually to monopolise the trade there, especially the gold trade.
3730:
1436:
and spice trade. A strategic decision was taken to scale down the Dutch military presence and in effect yield the area to EIC influence.
4881:
4801:
8786:
8208:
7973:
7376:
1419:
Nevertheless, this lesson was slow to sink in and at first the VOC made the strategic decision to improve its military position on the
1113:
was driven away, starved to death, or killed in an attempt to replace them with Dutch plantations. These plantations were used to grow
394:
The "United East India Company", or "United East Indies Company" (also known by the abbreviation "VOC" in Dutch) was the brainchild of
336:
9083:
8801:
8025:
5342:
1700:
were Dutch, about a quarter of the initial shareholders were Zuid-Nederlanders (people from an area that includes modern Belgium and
946:
557:
logo consisted of a large capital 'V' with an O on the left and a C on the right half and was possibly the first globally recognised
3961:
2044:(CSR) in which shareholders staged protests by distributing pamphlets and complaining about management self enrichment and secrecy.
9118:
8806:
7853:
6311:
5912:
5219:
4413:
Putting Le Maire into Perspective: Business Organization and the Evolution of Corporate Governance in the Dutch Republic, 1590β1610
553:(abbreviated as the VOC), literally the 'United Dutch Chartered East India Company' (the United East India Company). The company's
4349:(1991). Indonesian Banda: Colonialism and its Aftermath in the Nutmeg Islands. Bandanaira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira.
3505:
2961:
However, the VOC had been defeated many times before. On the Indian subcontinent, the EIC had suffered a resounding defeat in its
930:, off the coast of Singapore. She was such a rich prize that her sale proceeds increased the capital of the VOC by more than 50%.
6988:
6268:
2433:
2001:
476:
3908:
3624:
9088:
8821:
8791:
7050:
1400:
also started to make inroads on the Dutch system. The VOC therefore closed the theretofore flourishing open pepper emporium of
5629:
3423:
2268:, then Dutch Prime Minister, reacted to the criticism of his government policy during the parliamentary debate, September 2006
9078:
8201:
8172:
6937:
6933:
6702:
5027:
4795:
4226:
3724:
3460:
3331:
2077:
1887:. The minimum investment in the VOC was 3,000 guilders, which priced the company's stock within the means of many merchants.
5248:
3133:
3088:
961:) was created. The governor-general effectively became the main administrator of the VOC's activities in Asia, although the
9113:
8018:
6077:
5709:
5332:
4825:"Debating Natural Law in the Banda Islands: A Case Study in AngloβDutch Imperial Competition in the East Indies, 1609β1621"
4509:
753:
737:
610:
218:
8471:
7805:
6476:
4994:
4917:
3938:
3243:
2918:
In the medium term, as new suppliers could enter the market. In the short term the supply was, of course, also inelastic.
2721:
2607:
2548:. In 1658, however, the VOC landed two shiploads of slaves at the Cape, one containing more than 200 people brought from
2478:
1081:
606:
20:
4867:
Vaders en dochters: Molukse historie in de Nederlandse literatuur van de negentiende eeuw en haar weerklank in IndonesiΓ«
3188:
2318:
9073:
8487:
7933:
7837:
5855:
4894:
Om hierin naar behooren te voorzien is het noodig dat Banda t'eenemaal vermeesterd en met ander volk gepeupleerd worde.
1879:. Although it did not raise as much capital as Amsterdam or Middelburg-Zeeland, Enkhuizen had the largest input in the
1639:, the VOC's financial issues worsened considerably. After vain attempts at reorganisation by the provincial States of
9053:
8709:
8486:
5531:
5285:
5182:
5148:
5122:
5059:
4875:
4765:
4564:
3804:
3410:
3038:
2273:
The VOC's history (and especially its dark side) has always been a potential source of controversy. In 2006 when the
1660:
452:
6374:
5772:
3232:
2962:
2532:
would be needed for the hardest and dirtiest work. Initially, the VOC considered enslaving men from the indigenous
1181:
390:
4663:
4248:
9098:
8811:
8409:
7957:
7909:
7670:
6177:
5520:
2477:
The VOC charter allowed it to act as a quasi-sovereign state and engaged in brutal conquests. One example is the
2425:
2041:
1883:
capital of the VOC. Under the first 358 shareholders, there were many small entrepreneurs, who dared to take the
4430:
4400:
The Handbook of Board Governance: A Comprehensive Guide for Public, Private and Not β for β Profit Board Members
1902:
Among the early shareholders of the VOC, immigrants played an important role. Under the 1,143 tenderers were 39
8675:
8464:
8431:
7258:
5417:
4382:
2397:
1875:
The raising of capital in Rotterdam did not go so smoothly. A considerable part originated from inhabitants of
526:
378:
4483:
Shareholder Rights at 400: Commemorating Isaac Le Maire and the First Recorded Expression of Investor Advocacy
402:
7941:
7621:
5767:
5624:
5619:
5327:
3348:
2637:
1333:
1071:
954:
585:
6558:
4396:
Thoughts on the Origins and Development of the Modern Corporate Governance Movement and Shareholder Activism
3481:
1253:, South Africa) to service company ships on their journey to and from East Asia. The cape was later renamed
569:
has used the VOC logo since the late 20th century, having re-registered the company's name for the purpose.
9068:
8796:
8419:
8358:
7965:
7223:
6573:
6304:
5892:
5447:
5317:
5278:
5231:
3298:"Memory of the World β Archives of the Dutch East India Company: Nomination Form β VOC Archives Appendix 2"
2822:
2594:
2114:; between 1652 and 1806. The South Asian and Indonesian posts and colonies of the company in Asia, were in
1185:
965:, a body of 17 shareholders representing different chambers, continued to officially have overall control.
1647:, the board of directors in the VOC were sacked in 1796 and the company's management was handed over to a
8340:
8334:
8145:
8041:
7877:
7797:
7769:
6981:
5704:
5589:
5362:
2682:
2429:
2175:
710:
6897:
6631:
9158:
9143:
9108:
8923:
8060:
7901:
6799:
6494:
6353:
6082:
5833:
5810:
5795:
5739:
5574:
5513:
5397:
2856:
2687:
2672:
2622:
2571:
2115:
1668:
1106:
687:
651:
589:
503:
340:
275:
161:
463:
to carry out trade activities in Asia. Shares in the company could be purchased by any citizen of the
9163:
8816:
7869:
7605:
6205:
6063:
5850:
5845:
5762:
5687:
5584:
5551:
5546:
5536:
5422:
3054:
2937:
2647:
2642:
2627:
2351:
1397:
1393:
581:
577:
480:
8853:
8386:
8193:
3870:"Meeting the Dutch: cooperation and conflict between Jesuits and Dutch merchants in Asia, 1680β1795"
2205:
1620:
From 1720 on, the market for sugar from Indonesia declined as the competition from cheap sugar from
1195:
968:
784:, Dutch advances were halted by an autonomous and powerful group of Portuguese Eurasians called the
8976:
8435:
8290:
6597:
6138:
6018:
5873:
5729:
5569:
5462:
5402:
5102:
2927:
The share price had appreciated significantly, so in that respect the dividend was less impressive.
2876:
2692:
2632:
1941:
1483:
1158:
472:
395:
214:
197:
5052:
The Archives of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Local Institutions in Batavia (Jakarta)
4211:
The Archives of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Local Institutions in Batavia (Jakarta)
1149:, was for more than two hundred years the only place where Europeans were permitted to trade with
487:
combined sent only 882,412 people from 1500 to 1795, and the fleet of the English (later British)
8749:
8513:
8440:
8414:
8403:
8135:
7861:
7845:
7761:
7686:
7179:
7065:
6297:
5387:
5382:
3681:
2652:
2503:
2151:
1349:
1332:
Many of the VOC employees inter-mixed with the indigenous peoples and expanded the population of
1189:
8488:
Australian places named by Dutch navigators, explorers and cartographers in the Age of Discovery
2944:
after a siege of only 16 days by an expedition of 3,000 men and 19 ships under Laurens Pit from
9022:
8981:
8263:
8115:
8100:
7781:
7773:
7710:
7694:
7629:
6974:
6902:
6661:
6626:
6200:
6186:
5965:
5840:
5800:
5790:
5714:
4470:
The First Known Shareholder Activist: The Colorful Life and Times of Isaac le Maire (1559β1624)
2339:
2229:
1636:
1613:
1459:
713:
in 1598, Lancaster again in 1601, among others. During the four-ship exploratory expedition by
114:
104:
4578:
Austere Histories in European Societies: Social Exclusion and the Contest of Colonial Memories
3714:
9002:
8961:
8495:
8392:
8070:
7549:
7541:
7469:
7345:
7055:
7045:
6320:
6214:
5805:
5694:
5427:
4865:
4785:
2814:
2449:
2277:
2265:
1919:
1629:
1536:
1451:
1377:
1219:
1170:
921:
152:
8908:
7789:
5904:
5137:
5113:
The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500β1815
2885:, who were joined together like partners in a simple company, i.e. traded on joint account".
8730:
8370:
8346:
8110:
8065:
7821:
7645:
7533:
7437:
7429:
7421:
7060:
6945:
6671:
6519:
6369:
6152:
6147:
6119:
6047:
5526:
5457:
5452:
4906:
Loth, Vincent C. (1995). "Pioneers and Perkeniers: The Banda Islands in the 17th Century".
2507:
2461:
2334:
The company has been criticised for the results of its quasi-absolute commercial monopoly,
2274:
2020:
2008:
1907:
1715:(later reduced to 60) who acted as managing directors. This was the usual set-up for Dutch
1479:
1443:
1101:
984:
905:
714:
6595:
6332:
4942:
The rise and decline of Holland's economy : merchant capitalism and the labour market
4721:
The rise and decline of Holland's economy : merchant capitalism and the labour market
2540:
Between 1652 and 1657, a number of unsuccessful attempts were made to obtain men from the
1719:
at the time. The innovation in the case of the VOC was that the liability of not just the
1249:
established a resupply outpost at the Cape of Storms (the southwestern tip of Africa, now
8:
8986:
8966:
8644:
8553:
8523:
8425:
7885:
7829:
7702:
7517:
7493:
7248:
7210:
6751:
6727:
6697:
6278:
6219:
5734:
5719:
5541:
5437:
5412:
5352:
3969:
3904:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
3902:
2770:
2657:
2245:
2099:
1775:
1716:
1520:
1382:
996:
909:
725:, losing twelve crew members to a Javanese attack at Sidayu and killing a local ruler in
706:
691:
658:
448:
143:
5216:
5201:
3675:
8951:
8639:
8568:
8500:
8380:
8375:
8364:
8329:
8312:
8302:
8279:
8258:
7589:
7461:
7238:
7189:
7108:
6721:
6641:
5977:
5960:
5644:
5432:
5357:
5171:
5158:
5111:
4958:
4908:
4737:
3027:
2499:
2347:
2298:
2167:
2032:
1890:
1740:
1664:
1509:
1467:
1455:
1368:'s for Chinese silk, other forces affected the supply of Japanese silver and gold. The
1146:
992:
866:
573:
562:
488:
374:
44:
4993:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. pp. Establishing a Slave Economy.
4206:
2373:
J.L. van Zanden writes that "the VOC 'consumed' approximately 4,000 people per year."
8956:
8741:
8701:
8696:
8623:
8597:
8228:
7981:
7637:
7509:
7501:
7304:
7299:
7243:
7019:
6881:
6707:
6651:
6409:
6379:
6167:
6128:
6114:
5669:
5467:
5301:
5178:
5144:
5118:
5055:
5023:
4946:
4871:
4846:
4791:
4761:
4725:
4560:
4378:
4346:
4222:
4218:
3800:
3720:
3406:
3327:
3276:
3034:
2737:
2662:
2541:
2513:
2191:
2111:
1748:
1680:
1547:
1308:
1258:
1254:
1142:
933:
Also in 1603, the first permanent Dutch trading post in Indonesia was established in
824:
682:
515:
468:
441:
251:
243:
7253:
4694:"Shipwreck, sickness and pirates: the dangers of working for the East India Company"
654:; therefore, each lag in the supply of pepper caused a sharp rise in pepper prices.
8652:
8576:
8253:
7925:
7917:
7744:
7727:
7597:
7557:
7485:
7289:
7273:
6918:
6865:
6823:
6692:
6394:
6273:
6157:
6056:
5744:
5649:
5487:
5482:
5367:
4921:
4836:
4781:
4496:
The Evolution of Shareholder Voting Rights: Separation of Ownership and Consumption
4214:
3450:
3427:
2949:
2907:
2842:
2525:
2445:
2441:
2307:
2293:
2139:
2119:
1667:, some of these were restored to this successor state of the Dutch Republic by the
1603:
1551:
1405:
1293:
1289:
1246:
1066:
1055:
897:
793:
170:
5639:
5634:
4841:
4824:
792:
trade and their resistance lasted throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, causing
8767:
8688:
8667:
8662:
8605:
8285:
8268:
8044:
7678:
7573:
7565:
7477:
7453:
7268:
7263:
7174:
7148:
7143:
7133:
6553:
6162:
6092:
6023:
6010:
5972:
5472:
5407:
5322:
5252:
5245:
5235:
5223:
5166:
5162:
4557:
Postcolonial Netherlands Sixty-Five Years of Forgetting, Commemorating, Silencing
3488:
3239:
3161:
all Dutch trade east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan
3080:
2612:
2486:
2303:
2163:
2107:
1934:
1880:
1732:
1656:
1594:
1475:
1447:
1109:
as the VOC headquarters. In the 1620s almost the entire native population of the
828:
702:
444:
305:
247:
3595:
De jacht op sandelhout: De VOC en de tweedeling van Timor in de zeventiende eeuw
2240:
1242:
from the Portuguese, almost entirely driving them from the west coast of India.
949:
to more firmly control their affairs in Asia. To advise and control the risk of
8736:
8657:
8613:
8584:
8508:
8296:
8273:
8140:
8010:
7581:
7525:
7294:
7184:
7128:
7113:
7093:
7088:
6646:
6504:
6172:
6133:
6087:
6068:
5724:
5654:
5492:
5477:
5392:
5337:
5309:
5132:
4646:
4281:
Anderson, Clare; Frykma, Niklas; van Voss, Lex Heerma; Rediker, Marcus (2013).
3315:
2667:
2617:
2289:
2209:
2159:
2147:
2012:
1961:
1915:
1688:
1572:
1504:
class, which had long since lost its close relationship with merchant circles.
1433:
1319:
1086:
945:(later "Batavia" and then "Jakarta"). In 1610, the VOC established the post of
757:
745:
741:
678:
666:
558:
495:
464:
432:
423:
415:
370:
269:
94:
5173:
The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and Its World Impact
4988:
4589:
1800:
The six chambers raised the start-up capital of the Dutch East India Company:
9047:
8918:
8903:
8841:
8558:
8545:
7893:
7813:
7445:
7413:
7405:
7330:
7309:
7138:
6997:
6833:
6828:
6484:
6461:
6456:
6440:
6404:
6399:
6384:
6191:
6042:
6037:
5950:
5674:
5579:
4950:
4850:
4729:
3898:
3402:
3392:
3125:
2864:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2745:
2725:
2677:
2589:/Gentlemen Seventeen) in the Dutch Republic. The VOC records are included in
2584:
2528:
concluded within two months of the establishment of the Cape settlement that
2482:
2355:
2323:
2187:
2135:
2123:
1965:
1903:
1810:
1564:
1420:
1401:
1365:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1239:
1227:
1110:
1090:
1075:
1012:
913:
878:
854:
820:
808:
718:
674:
670:
662:
642:
638:
614:
456:
328:
299:
130:
5257:
4592:"Zwarte Piet, a Bitter Treat? Racial Issues in The Netherlands and the U.S."
2493:
1314:
In 1663, the VOC signed the "Painan Treaty" with several local lords in the
8928:
8759:
8631:
8352:
7613:
7233:
7228:
7123:
6818:
6621:
6435:
6430:
6414:
6389:
6109:
6104:
6028:
5936:
3607:
3605:
3603:
2945:
2553:
2359:
2343:
2285:
2220:
2183:
2131:
2127:
2016:
1973:
1413:
1386:
1361:
1357:
1269:
1264:
Through the seventeenth century VOC trading posts were also established in
1211:
1200:
1177:
1154:
1130:
1008:
976:
901:
843:
812:
765:
630:
278:, Dutch East Indies (second headquarters or overseas administrative center)
8834:
Notes: with the name still in use in either original or Anglicised version
6797:
5207:
3506:"The Dutch East Indies Company β The First 100 Years [Transcript]"
1571:
most keenly felt in the tea trade, where competitors like the EIC and the
1531:
1364:) brought an end to the silk trade after 1666. Though the VOC substituted
8913:
8589:
8397:
8130:
8075:
7997:
7397:
7218:
6775:
6656:
6514:
6489:
5019:
Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience
4758:
International Order in Diversity: War, Trade and Rule in the Indian Ocean
3695:
2941:
2741:
2733:
2716:
is "United East-India Company". For the VOC's different English-language
2579:
2529:
2521:
2469:
2335:
2037:
1981:
1957:
1945:
1697:
1424:
816:
620:
354:
323:
6289:
4283:
Mutiny and Maritime Radicalism in the Age of Revolution: A Global Survey
4171:
4146:
4107:
4095:
4083:
4035:
4011:
3999:
3600:
2385:
1587:, also abbreviated VOC in Dutch) came to summarise the company's future.
1051:, which threatened Dutch ambitions for a monopoly on East Indies trade.
8540:
8532:
7989:
6563:
6529:
5993:
4124:
4122:
3398:
Vermeer's Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World
2729:
2717:
2437:
2281:
2199:
1701:
1471:
1134:
1020:
789:
624:
6749:
5270:
4925:
3783:
Pars Japonica: the first Dutch expedition to reach the shores of Japan
1439:
8883:
8754:
8223:
7949:
6770:
6543:
6509:
6258:
4940:
4719:
2545:
2233:
2103:
2091:
2083:
2060:
Former settlements and colonies of the Dutch East India Company (VOC)
1977:
1953:
1876:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1684:
1428:
1369:
1297:
1292:
coasts in India. Direct access to mainland China came in 1729 when a
1250:
1235:
1028:
950:
942:
938:
882:
698:
542:
499:
358:
265:
4313:
4288:
4134:
4119:
4071:
3834:
3524:
3320:
8722:
6941:
6636:
6237:
5599:
4249:"VOC β United Dutch East India Company | Western Australian Museum"
2533:
2213:
2190:
in 1641-1795 and 1818β1825). In Thailand, the company was based in
1911:
1692:
1500:
1326:
1277:
1215:
1040:
1024:
1016:
785:
554:
460:
366:
99:
4664:"Dutch Batavia: Exposing the Hierarchy of the Dutch Colonial City"
4059:
4047:
2072:
Populated places established by the Dutch East India Company (VOC)
1649:
Committee for Affairs relating to East India Trade and Possessions
1188:, blowing up a Dutch ship. The Cambodians defeated the VOC in the
811:'s baghlah was a type of ship widely used by Dutch traders in the
9007:
7325:
7118:
7103:
7015:
6616:
6538:
6499:
5820:
5561:
4431:"Will UNFI Go Virtual-Only Again? Not if Shareowners Just Say No"
3770:
The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1630β1720
2575:
2549:
2517:
2225:
2171:
1949:
1644:
1640:
1625:
1409:
1345:
1301:
1223:
1048:
1000:
927:
892:
886:
646:
634:
566:
530:
17th-century plaque to the United East India Company (the VOC),
507:
295:
6966:
5228:
2047:
1980:
and the violent suppression of the native population, including
1542:
1392:
However, the writing was on the wall. Other companies, like the
1157:
China open up to Dutch trade, the Chinese defeated the Dutch in
537:
9012:
7158:
7153:
6849:
6687:
6666:
6568:
6548:
6466:
6263:
6253:
5998:
5955:
5865:
5782:
5504:
4402:, edited by Richard Leblanc (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016)
4361:
The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500β1700
4334:
The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500β1700
4207:"TANAP And The Co-Operation Between ANRI And Nationaal Archief"
3855:
The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500β1700
3455:
3220:
The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500β1700
2590:
2179:
2155:
2143:
1969:
1621:
1315:
1265:
1261:, when more Dutch and other Europeans started to settle there.
1166:
1162:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1032:
1004:
934:
862:
726:
498:
spice trade, the VOC established a capital in the port city of
382:
362:
7375:
4622:"The Dutch VOC mentality. Cultural Policy as a Business Model"
4540:
Shareholder Activism at the Dutch East India Company 1622β1625
4023:
2750:
List of Dutch East India Company trading posts and settlements
2570:
VOC establishments, the administrative centre of the trade in
2054:
List of Dutch East India Company trading posts and settlements
1653:
ComitΓ© tot de zaken van de Oost-Indische handel en bezittingen
1508:
of trading operations that in fact took place had resulted in
804:
645:, as well as Spanish and Italian firms, which operated out of
76:
Vereenigde Nederlandsche Geoctroyeerde Oostindische Compagnie
7098:
5934:
5754:
3797:
To The Spice Islands and Beyond: Travels in Eastern Indonesia
3663:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 290.
2516:
in 1652, the VOC already had a long experience of practicing
2195:
2095:
2087:
1987:
1779:
1763:
1353:
1231:
1214:, from the Portuguese and broke the latter's monopoly of the
1207:
1150:
1044:
874:
781:
777:
770:
551:
Vereenigde Nederlandsche Geoctroyeerde Oostindische Compagnie
531:
4870:(in Dutch). Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. pp. 90β91.
3558:
3556:
3554:
764:
In 1600, the Dutch joined forces with the Muslim Hituese on
4590:
Boerhout, Laura; Jung, Mariska; Marcinkowski, Paul (2012).
2952:
in exchange for tariff concessions in Europe by the French.
1997:
1992:
1884:
1036:
722:
3058:
2066:
Former trading posts of the Dutch East India Company (VOC)
9017:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3551:
3541:
3539:
3349:"The Rise And Fall Of The Largest Corporation In History"
3177:(2009 ed.). London: Penguin Books. pp. 129β133.
3114:(2009 ed.). London: Penguin Books. pp. 128β132.
2494:
Dutch slave trade and slavery under the VOC colonial rule
869:, thereby threatening their Dutch competitors with ruin.
9134:
Multinational companies headquartered in the Netherlands
5240:
5046:
Balk, G.L.; van Dijk, F.; Kortlang, D.J.; Gaastra, F.S.
4982:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4481:
Frentrop, Paul; Jonker, Joost; Davis, S. (ed.), (2009).
1956:). Other colonial outposts were also established in the
1711:, who could be seen as non-managing members, and the 76
8844:; for these the original Dutch name appears in brackets
5015:
4411:
Gelderblom, Oscar; De Jong, Abe; Jonker, Joost (2010).
3716:
Portuguese Trade in Asia under the Habsburgs, 1580β1640
2146:
from 1641 to 1853. In Taiwan, the company had bases in
1679:
While the VOC mainly operated in what later became the
1446:
of the Dutch East India Company surrenders to Maharaja
1125:
The VOC traded throughout Asia, benefiting mainly from
8238:
8155:
3813:
3745:
3536:
3256:
Updated 10.19.2016, Ben Phelan | Posted 01 07 2013 |.
3175:
The Ascent of Money β A Financial History of the World
3112:
The Ascent of Money β A Financial History of the World
2280:
referred to the pioneering entrepreneurial spirit and
35:
6944:
in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the
5101:
4971:
4651:
Amsterdam: A History of the World's Most Liberal City
4498:. (Yale Law Journal, Volume 123, pages 100β165, 2014)
4319:
4294:
4177:
4152:
4140:
4128:
4113:
4101:
4089:
4077:
4041:
4017:
4005:
3840:
3611:
3530:
3377:(2009 ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 129.
3159:(2009 ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 129.
3029:
The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century
2376:
2302:
in Dutch). For Balkenende, the VOC represented Dutch
2248:, a bastion fort built by the VOC in the 17th century
2086:, although it had other posts in the Dutch cities of
1944:
the company established its headquarters in Batavia,
1918:
was the largest subscriber with Ζ85,000. VOC's total
2106:. In Africa, the trading posts and colonies were in
1968:, where the VOC forcibly maintained a monopoly over
1910:(roughly present Belgium and Luxembourg, then under
697:
The stage was thus set for Dutch expeditions to the
4166:
The Dutch East India Company: Expansion and Decline
3877:
Paper Presented at the Conference of ENIUGH, London
3581:, Lisboa: Instituto HistΓ³rico Infante Dom Henrique.
2194:in 1608β1767. In Vietnam, the company was based in
1786:(the Lords Seventeen). They were selected from the
1153:. When the VOC tried to use military force to make
576:(EIC) and other East Indian companies (such as the
5170:
5136:
5110:
3319:
3026:
2512:By the time the settlement was established at the
1751:analysed the workings of this one-stock exchange.
1731:had unlimited liability). The VOC therefore was a
1404:by a treaty of 1684 with the Sultan. Also, on the
796:to remain under the Portuguese sphere of control.
451:in the world. Established on 20 March 1602 by the
9149:Trading companies established in the 17th century
8885:Economic and financial history of the Netherlands
5246:VOC archive from the Indonesian national archives
1976:. Methods used to maintain the monopoly involved
9045:
8040:
4780:
4615:
4613:
4559:. (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2010,
4485:(The Hague: Remix Business Communications, 2009)
3661:Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450β1680
2418:Military history of the Dutch East India Company
1478:defeated the Dutch. The Dutch commander Captain
896:Early map of the Maluku Islands made during the
9094:Companies formerly listed on Euronext Amsterdam
9064:1800 disestablishments in the Batavian Republic
8899:Economic history of the Netherlands (1500β1815)
5157:
4776:
4774:
4760:. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015,
4724:. Manchester University Press. pp. 9, 77.
4624:. L'internationale (internationaleonline.org).
4619:
4459:, page 333. (New York: Oxford University Press)
4065:
4053:
4029:
3633:] (in Dutch). Amsterdam. 1602 . p. 5.
3388:
3386:
2326:sell slaves to the Dutch East India Company, c.
838:Reproduction of a map of the city of Batavia c.
521:
4358:
4331:
3852:
3255:
3217:
2422:Battles involving the Dutch East India Company
2367:The Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art
1782:. Delegates of these chambers convened as the
1161:from 1623 to 1624, forcing the VOC to abandon
633:, which began in 1566/68, the Flemish city of
494:Having been set up in 1602 to profit from the
467:and subsequently bought and sold in open-air
398:, the leading statesman of the Dutch Republic.
68:Generale Vereenichde Geoctrooieerde Compagnie
8869:
8731:Van Diemen's Land / Anthonie van Diemenslandt
8472:
8209:
8026:
7361:
6982:
6305:
5920:
5286:
5262:
4640:
4610:
4494:Hansmann, Henry; Pargendler, Mariana (2013).
4308:Transnationalism and Society: An Introduction
3937:(in Indonesian). 31 July 1982. Archived from
3831:The Dutch Seaborne Empire 1600β1800, page 218
3503:
3448:
2830:Magelhaensche Compagnie/Rotterdamse Compagnie
2048:Main trading posts, settlements, and colonies
1727:was limited to the paid-in capital (usually,
69:
5348:Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands
5009:
4963:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4790:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 86β.
4771:
4742:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4375:A History of Corporate Governance, 1602β2002
4192:Java and Modern Europe: Ambiguous Encounters
3383:
3081:"Exchange History NL β 400 years: the story"
2138:from 1661 to 1795. The Japanese post was in
1704:), and there were also a few dozen Germans.
1169:. The Chinese defeated the VOC again at the
853:Dutch Batavia in 1681, built in what is now
333:/Lords Seventeen (Dutch Republic, 1602β1799)
5139:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300
5016:Appiah, Anthony; Henry Louis Gates (2004).
4945:. Manchester University Press. p. 77.
4823:Ittersum, Martine Julia van (18 May 2016).
4507:
3281:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3024:
2880:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2848:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2762:
2015:, who is known as history's first recorded
1707:The VOC had two types of shareholders: the
1674:
1329:payment of 40% on the original investment.
1226:, which was captured with the help of King
201:
168:
159:
150:
141:
128:
8876:
8862:
8787:European maritime exploration of Australia
8479:
8465:
8216:
8202:
8033:
8019:
7377:Governors-general of the Dutch East Indies
7368:
7354:
6989:
6975:
6763:
6312:
6298:
5927:
5913:
5293:
5279:
4668:Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art
4510:"No Accounting Skills? No Moral Reckoning"
4189:
3867:
3799:. New York: Oxford University Press. xvi.
3788:
3702:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 50.
3677:Annals of the Honorable East-India Company
3421:
2082:The company's global headquarters were in
1988:Shareholder activism and governance issues
1070:Graves of Dutch dignitaries in the ruined
941:, and in 1611, another was established at
549:In Dutch, the name of the company was the
337:Governors-general of the Dutch East Indies
60:
43:
9059:1602 establishments in the Dutch Republic
8837:Named by the Dutch, but a Portuguese name
8802:Dutch mapping of the Australian continent
6948:, which was eventually dissolved in 2010.
6319:
5343:Company of Merchant Adventurers of London
5210:β online atlas of VOC and GWC settlements
5204:β online database of voyages of VOC ships
4840:
4428:
3295:
2712:The direct translation of the Dutch name
2186:). In Malaysia, the company was based in
1922:was ten times that of its British rival.
920:In February 1603, the company seized the
424:[vΙrΛeΛnΙͺΙ£dΙΚoΛstΛΙͺndisΙkΙmpΙΛΙ²i]
9139:Shipping companies of the Dutch Republic
8807:Dutch mapping of the Australian mainland
5131:
5022:. Oxford University Press. p. 732.
4857:
4822:
4204:
3819:
3756:
3712:
3706:
3562:
3545:
3033:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2787:Eerste Verenigde Compagnie op Oost-IndiΓ«
2472:, the VOC's board of directors , in 1614
2317:
2239:
2219:
2204:
2142:from 1609 to 1641, but was relocated to
2040:of the VOC is a testimony of genesis of
1991:
1889:
1593:A further issue was caused by the VOC's
1541:
1530:
1438:
1238:, the VOC went on to conquer the entire
1194:
1080:
1065:
967:
891:
848:
833:
803:
731:
536:
525:
401:
389:
9154:Trading companies of the Dutch Republic
5705:Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp
5300:
4863:
4787:The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia
4576:Jonsson, Stefan; WillΓ©n, Julia (eds.):
3897:
3891:
3680:. Black, Parry, and Kingsbury. p.
3314:
3189:"Slave Ship Mutiny: Program Transcript"
3126:"VOC Knowledge Center β VOC Beginnings"
2564:
2434:European colonization of Southeast Asia
1192:from 1643 to 1644 on the Mekong River.
9124:Maritime history of the Dutch Republic
9046:
8822:Early modern Netherlandish cartography
8792:European land exploration of Australia
8447:Those in italics were Acting Governors
4986:
4472:, in Frentrop/Jonker/Davis 2009, 11β26
3794:
2296:, he coined the term "VOC mentality" (
2031:In 1622, the history's first recorded
1747:, a 1688 dialogue by the Sephardi Jew
1575:shipped directly from China to Europe.
1206:In 1640, the VOC obtained the port of
8857:
8460:
8197:
8173:Category:Dutch Governors of Mauritius
8014:
7349:
6970:
6796:
6748:
6594:
6331:
6293:
5908:
5274:
5261:
4620:Kooiman, Mirjam (23 September 2015).
4266:
3694:
3673:
3426:. Designonline.org.au. Archived from
3372:
3172:
3154:
3109:
3057:. Canon van Nederland. Archived from
2557:to maintain and to augment its size.
2110:; in 1638-1658 and 1664β1710, and in
2078:Company rule in the Dutch East Indies
1408:, it moved its chief stronghold from
1318:area that were revolting against the
916:(trade secret, outposts of the VOC).
565:was virtually unknown. An Australian
431:
422:
9129:Military history of the Dutch Empire
9104:Defunct companies of the Netherlands
8178:
5710:Imperial Privileged Oriental Company
4938:
4905:
4717:
4674:from the original on 21 January 2021
4628:from the original on 6 February 2017
4594:HumanityInAction.org. Archived from
4580:. (London: Routledge, 2016), page 67
4520:from the original on 6 February 2017
3931:"170 tahun kepahlawanan minangkabau"
3658:
3512:from the original on 26 January 2019
3055:"The Dutch East India Company (VOC)"
2380:
1389:was temporarily forced from office.
1360:was being replaced with the China's
1085:Dutch East India Company factory in
904:, 1630. North is on the right, with
881:at 14β17 times the price it paid in
611:Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia
6936:of the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
4997:from the original on 11 August 2018
4429:McRitchie, James (6 October 2011).
4205:Koenders, Pieter (1 January 2007),
3959:
3700:Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550β1770
3508:. Gresham College (gresham.ac.uk).
3244:National Library of the Netherlands
3136:from the original on 1 October 2022
3091:from the original on 6 October 2022
2722:East India Company (disambiguation)
2608:East India Company (disambiguation)
2578:), and the board of directors (the
2479:Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands
1754:The VOC consisted of six Chambers (
1526:
607:First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia
21:East India Company (disambiguation)
13:
6596:Colonies and trading posts of the
6333:Colonies and trading posts of the
5856:Royal Greenland Trading Department
4884:from the original on 11 April 2023
4804:from the original on 11 April 2023
4455:Mueller, Dennis C. (ed.), (2012).
3990:
3911:from the original on 19 April 2021
3772:(Princeton University Press, 1985)
3733:from the original on 11 April 2023
3637:from the original on 22 April 2022
3346:
3289:
3199:from the original on 15 April 2014
2377:Colonialism, monopoly and violence
799:
788:. They remained in control of the
14:
9175:
6996:
5532:Company of One Hundred Associates
5195:
4756:Phillips, Andrew; Sharman, J.C.:
4457:The Oxford Handbook of Capitalism
4437:from the original on 25 June 2016
4320:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4295:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4178:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4153:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4141:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4129:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4114:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4102:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4090:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4078:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4042:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4018:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
4006:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
3841:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
3612:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
3531:De Vries & Van der Woude 1997
2714:Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie
1661:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
983:VOC headquarters were located in
926:, a 1500-ton Portuguese merchant
465:United Provinces (Dutch Republic)
453:States General of the Netherlands
420:Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie
65:Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie
9084:Companies disestablished in 1800
8522:
8311:
8237:
8177:
8168:
8167:
8154:
7750:
7733:
7716:
7029:
5888:
5887:
5773:Royal Company of the Philippines
5521:Compagnie des Γles de l'AmΓ©rique
5079:from the original on 6 July 2016
5065:
5040:
4932:
4899:
4816:
4750:
4711:
4419:. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan)
4219:10.1163/ej.9789004163652.1-556.9
3577:Matos, Artur Teodoro de (1974),
3463:from the original on 4 June 2013
2869:. Niels Steensgaard notes, "the
2853:(Middelburg & Veere, 1600),
2384:
2252:
1894:Various VOC soldier uniforms, c.
1352:and related internal turmoil in
1339:
1304:expelled the Dutch from Taiwan (
502:in 1619 and changed its name to
34:
8812:Dutch mapping of Nova Hollandia
8410:Pieter van Reede van Oudtshoorn
6657:Sint Eustatius and Dependencies
5935:European and American trade in
5095:
4686:
4656:
4583:
4570:
4549:
4544:Origins of Shareholder Advocacy
4532:
4501:
4488:
4475:
4462:
4449:
4422:
4417:Origins of Shareholder Advocacy
4405:
4398:(chapter 22, page 450β460), in
4388:
4367:
4352:
4340:
4325:
4300:
4275:
4241:
4198:
4183:
4158:
3984:
3953:
3923:
3861:
3846:
3825:
3775:
3762:
3688:
3667:
3652:
3645:– via Nationaal Archief.
3617:
3584:
3568:
3497:
3475:
3449:Tim Treadgold (13 March 2006).
3442:
3415:
3366:
3340:
3308:
3249:
3226:
3211:
3181:
3166:
3148:
2998:
2988:
2978:
2968:
2955:
2930:
2921:
2912:
2894:As the VOC's board of directors
2802:Verenigde Amsterdamse Compagnie
2426:European colonization of Africa
2042:corporate social responsibility
1906:and no fewer than 301 from the
1095:Hendrik van Schuylenburgh, 1665
365:, livestock, tea, grain, rice,
16:1602β1799 Dutch trading company
8514:Nova Hollandia / Nieuw Holland
8432:Sebastiaan Cornelis Nederburgh
7259:Pieter Anthoniszoon Overtwater
5660:Pernambuco and ParaΓba Company
5630:GrΓ£o ParΓ‘ and MaranhΓ£o Company
5177:. Cambridge University Press.
5117:. Cambridge University Press.
4918:University of HawaiΚ»i at MΔnoa
3504:Crump, Thomas (1 March 2006).
3326:. Cambridge University Press.
3118:
3103:
3073:
3047:
3018:
2897:
2888:
2879:, but were run by a number of
2755:
2706:
2170:(Fort Vlissingen; 1620β1624),
2002:coin minted in 1735 by the VOC
873:European kingdoms and Emperor
1:
9089:Companies established in 1602
5768:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
5620:Cacheu and Cape Verde Company
5328:British American Land Company
4990:South Africa: A Country Study
4842:10.1080/01916599.2015.1101216
4508:Soll, Jacob (27 April 2014).
3907:. Columbia University Press.
3322:A History of Modern Indonesia
3011:
2638:Portuguese East India Company
2198:/Tonkin in 1636β1699, and in
1735:. Also, the capital would be
1334:Indos in pre-colonial history
1284:(now Taiwan), as well as the
1159:a war over the Penghu islands
908:as the rightmost followed by
586:Portuguese East India Company
9079:Companies based in Amsterdam
8797:Dutch mapping of Australasia
8420:Cornelis Jacob van de Graaff
8359:Maurits Pasques de Chavonnes
7224:Gerard Frederikszoon de With
5318:African Company of Merchants
5217:Database of VOC crew members
4939:van., Zanden, J. L. (1993).
4718:van., Zanden, J. L. (1993).
4377:. (Brussels: Deminor, 2003,
3795:Miller, George, ed. (1996).
3482:The Dutch East India Company
2823:Nieuwe Brabantsche Compagnie
2795:Oude Oost-Indische Compagnie
2767:(or pre-companies) include:
2595:Memory of the World Register
2313:
1687:recruited by the VOC in the
522:Company name, logo, and flag
302:and the Asia-Pacific region)
7:
9119:IndiaβNetherlands relations
9114:History of the Dutch Empire
8335:Willem Adriaan van der Stel
8225:Commanders and Governors of
8146:Abraham Momber van de Velde
6078:Jardine, Matheson & Co.
5570:Brandenburg African Company
5363:Eastern Archipelago Company
5333:British East Africa Company
4538:De Jongh, Matthijs (2010).
4306:Howard, Michael C. (2011).
4213:, BRILL, pp. 169β180,
4066:Chaudhuri & Israel 1991
4054:Chaudhuri & Israel 1991
4030:Chaudhuri & Israel 1991
3868:Hertroijes, Frasie (2011).
3713:Boyajian, James C. (2008).
3424:"VOC: The logo that lasted"
3025:Steensgaard, Niels (1974).
2850:Verenigde Zeeuwse Compagnie
2683:Austrian East India Company
2600:
2430:Western imperialism in Asia
1376:Even more importantly, the
709:in 1595 and again in 1598,
459:, it was granted a 21-year
196:, by a government-directed
10:
9180:
8924:Whaling in the Netherlands
8061:Cornelis Simonszoon Gooyer
6800:Kingdom of the Netherlands
6064:Gibb, Livingston & Co.
5811:Swedish West India Company
5796:Swedish East India Company
5740:Compagnie van De Moucheron
5493:Virginia Company of London
5398:London and Bristol Company
4546:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2011)
3719:. JHU Press. p. 151.
3579:Timor Portugues, 1515β1769
2857:Compagnie van De Moucheron
2808:Nieuwe of Tweede Compagnie
2688:Swedish West India Company
2673:Swedish East India Company
2623:British East India Company
2497:
2415:
2362:organisational structure.
2216:, built by the VOC in 1673
2116:Batavia, Dutch East Indies
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
1669:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
1072:St. Paul's Church, Malacca
991:In 1604, a second English
867:English East India Company
688:Jan Huyghen van Linschoten
618:
604:
600:
595:
590:Swedish East India Company
406:Amsterdam VOC headquarters
228:31 December 1799
162:Compagnie van De Moucheron
135:/Pre-companies (1594β1602)
18:
9074:Colonial Indian companies
8995:
8944:
8937:
8891:
8830:
8817:Dutch mapping of Tasmania
8779:
8721:
8687:
8671:('t Eylandt 't Rottenest)
8622:
8567:
8531:
8520:
8494:
8320:
8309:
8244:
8235:
8163:
8152:
8051:
7656:
7383:
7318:
7282:
7209:
7202:
7167:
7081:
7074:
7038:
7027:
7004:
6927:
6911:
6890:
6874:
6858:
6842:
6811:
6807:
6792:
6759:
6744:
6716:
6680:
6609:
6605:
6590:
6528:
6475:
6449:
6423:
6362:
6346:
6342:
6327:
6246:
6230:
6019:Augustine Heard & Co.
6009:
5986:
5943:
5882:
5864:
5851:Danish West India Company
5846:Danish East India Company
5819:
5781:
5763:Barcelona Trading Company
5753:
5668:
5598:
5560:
5503:
5443:Royal West Indian Company
5423:Providence Island Company
5403:Massachusetts Bay Company
5308:
5268:
5263:Links to related articles
4829:History of European Ideas
4272:TANAP, The end of the VOC
3593:Roever, Arend de (2002),
3493:European Heritage Project
3296:Van Boven, M. W. (2006).
3258:"Antiques Roadshow | PBS"
3195:. PBS. 11 November 2010.
2863:
2855:
2849:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2777:
2769:
2648:Danish West India Company
2643:French East India Company
2628:Danish East India Company
2468:chief executive , to the
2352:environmental destruction
1733:limited liability company
1581:perished under corruption
1398:Danish East India Company
1394:French East India Company
1061:
912:, both were known as the
582:French East India Company
578:Danish East India Company
481:multinational corporation
471:(one of which became the
436:), commonly known as the
412:United East India Company
350:
314:
286:
257:
239:
224:
210:
181:
169:
160:
151:
142:
120:
110:
90:
70:
54:
42:
33:
29:United East India Company
9054:Dutch East India Company
8977:Dutch West India Company
8972:Dutch East India Company
8952:Amsterdam Stock Exchange
8436:Simon Hendrik Frijkenius
8341:Johan Cornelis d'Ableing
8291:Johan Bax van Herenthals
7012:Dutch East India Company
6898:Curaçao and Dependencies
6632:Curaçao and Dependencies
6610:Colonies in the Americas
6598:Dutch West India Company
6335:Dutch East India Company
6139:Robert Morrison Olyphant
5874:Russian-American Company
5730:Dutch West India Company
5700:Dutch East India Company
5463:South Australian Company
5208:Atlas of Mutual Heritage
4168:(Zutphen: Walberg Pers).
3597:, Zutphen: Walburg Pers.
3487:6 September 2015 at the
2799:(Amsterdam, 1598β1601),
2791:(Amsterdam, 1598β1601),
2775:(Amsterdam, 1594β1598),
2699:
2693:Russian-American Company
2633:Dutch West India Company
1790:-class of shareholders.
1741:Amsterdam Stock Exchange
1675:Organisational structure
473:Amsterdam Stock Exchange
438:Dutch East India Company
396:Johan van Oldenbarnevelt
215:Johan van Oldenbarnevelt
61:
8648:(Land van Pieter Nuyts)
8441:Abraham Josias Sluysken
8415:Joachim van Plettenberg
8404:Joachim van Plettenberg
8136:Isaac Johannes Lamotius
8081:Joost van der Woutbeekr
7066:Siege of Fort Zeelandia
6681:Trading posts in Africa
6415:Northeast coast of Java
6201:David Sassoon & Co.
6187:Shewan, Tomes & Co.
5514:Compagnie de l'Occident
4468:Frentrop, Paul (2009).
4359:Ames, Glenn J. (2008).
4332:Ames, Glenn J. (2008).
4164:Gaastra, Femme (2003),
3853:Ames, Glenn J. (2008).
3262:Antiques Roadshow | PBS
3238:7 February 2015 at the
3218:Ames, Glenn J. (2008).
2504:Slavery in South Africa
2178:and Fort Victoria) and
2134:from 1640 to 1796, and
1745:Confusion of confusions
1630:massacre of the Chinese
1585:vergaan onder corruptie
1350:siege of Fort Zeelandia
999:reached the islands of
979:print, probably English
187:; 422 years ago
9099:Conglomerate companies
9023:Stichting Max Havelaar
8982:New Netherland Company
8745:(Maetsuickers Eylandt)
8679:(Swarte Swaene-Rivier)
8635:(Landt van de Leeuwin)
8387:DaniΓ«l van den Henghel
8264:Cornelis van Quaelberg
8116:Georg Frederick Wreede
8101:Georg Frederick Wreede
6215:E.D. Sassoon & Co.
5841:Danish Asiatic Company
5829:Danish African Company
5801:Swedish Levant Company
5791:Swedish Africa Company
5715:New Netherland Company
5683:Australische Compagnie
5229:VOC Historical Society
4864:Straver, Hans (2018).
4415:, in J. Koppell, ed.,
3966:Children of the VOC at
3659:Reid, Anthony (1993).
2881:
2871:
2836:Middelburgse Compagnie
2763:
2475:
2358:), and for its overly
2331:
2271:
2249:
2237:
2217:
2004:
1940:In the context of the
1899:
1637:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
1614:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
1555:
1539:
1463:
1460:Padmanabhapuram Palace
1203:
1097:
1078:
980:
917:
857:
846:
831:
748:
738:second Asia expedition
546:
534:
433:[veΛ(j)oΛΛseΛ]
419:
407:
399:
202:
129:
105:State-owned enterprise
9003:De Nederlandsche Bank
8962:Brabantsche Compagnie
8840:Many names have been
8705:(Eyland St. Francois)
8393:Hendrik Swellengrebel
8096:Jacobus van Nieuwlant
8071:Jacob van der Meersch
7056:Lamey Island Massacre
7051:Pacification Campaign
7046:Battle of Liaoluo Bay
6934:constituent countries
6467:West coast of Sumatra
6321:Dutch colonial empire
6148:Russell & Company
5806:Swedish South Company
5695:Brabantsche Compagnie
5428:Royal African Company
5222:22 March 2016 at the
5143:. London: MacMillan.
4987:Byrnes, Rita (1996).
2861:(Zeeland, 1600), and
2815:Brabantsche Compagnie
2498:Further information:
2453:
2450:Lamey Island Massacre
2416:Further information:
2321:
2278:Jan Pieter Balkenende
2266:Jan Pieter Balkenende
2258:
2243:
2223:
2208:
1995:
1893:
1717:joint-stock companies
1545:
1537:1740 Batavia massacre
1534:
1452:Kingdom of Travancore
1442:
1378:Third Anglo-Dutch War
1220:Gerard Pietersz Hulft
1198:
1171:Battle of Liaoluo Bay
1084:
1069:
971:
955:Council of the Indies
953:governors-general, a
895:
852:
837:
807:
735:
619:Further information:
540:
529:
449:joint-stock companies
447:and one of the first
405:
393:
272:(global headquarters)
153:Brabantsche Compagnie
8496:Australian continent
8371:Pieter Gysbert Noodt
8347:Louis van Assenburgh
8111:Dirk Janszoon Smient
8086:Maximiliaan de Jongh
8066:Adriaan van der Stel
7061:Guo Huaiyi Rebellion
6946:Netherlands Antilles
6153:Robert Bennet Forbes
6120:Hollingworth Magniac
5590:West African Company
5527:Company of Habitants
5458:Somers Isles Company
5453:Sierra Leone Company
5448:South Africa Company
5418:North Borneo Company
5388:Hudson's Bay Company
5251:27 July 2020 at the
5234:27 July 2020 at the
3935:Majalah Tempo Online
3674:Bruce, John (1810).
2965:against the Mughals.
2865:Delftse Vennootschap
2653:Hudson's Bay Company
2565:Archives and records
2508:Meermin slave mutiny
2462:Jan Pieterszoon Coen
2275:Dutch Prime Minister
2224:The Dutch Square in
2021:shareholder activism
2009:corporate governance
1964:, which include the
1942:DutchβPortuguese War
1908:Southern Netherlands
1659:, but after the new
1617:net assets to zero.
1484:TravancoreβDutch War
1480:Eustachius De Lannoy
1444:Eustachius De Lannoy
1300:. In 1662, however,
1199:Dutch settlement in
1180:defeated the VOC in
1102:Jan Pieterszoon Coen
995:voyage commanded by
754:fleet of eight ships
715:Frederick de Houtman
19:For other uses, see
9069:Chartered companies
8987:Noordsche Compagnie
8967:Compagnie van Verre
8733:(mainland Tasmania)
8713:(Eyland St. Pierre)
8645:Nuyts Land District
8601:(Cocodrils EΓΏlandt)
8554:Gulf of Carpentaria
8501:Australian mainland
8426:Johan Isaac Rhenius
7249:Maximilian le Maire
6752:Noordsche Compagnie
6750:Settlements of the
6728:Society of Suriname
6574:Vietnam (1637β1643)
6347:Governorate General
6220:Elias David Sassoon
5735:Compagnie van Verre
5720:Noordsche Compagnie
5575:East Africa Company
5542:Mississippi Company
5438:Royal Niger Company
5413:New Zealand Company
5353:Company of Scotland
5302:Chartered companies
4190:Kumar, Ann (1997).
4180:, pp. 454β455.
4155:, pp. 449β455.
4116:, pp. 441β442.
4104:, pp. 437β440.
4092:, pp. 436β437.
4068:, pp. 435β436.
4056:, pp. 428β429.
4044:, pp. 433β434.
4020:, pp. 430β433.
4008:, pp. 434β435.
3614:, pp. 384β385.
3375:The Ascent of Money
3304:on 20 October 2016.
3222:. pp. 102β103.
3193:Secrets of the Dead
3157:The Ascent of Money
3085:Exchange History NL
2771:Compagnie van Verre
2658:Mississippi Company
2350:, use of violence,
2246:Castle of Good Hope
2130:from 1827 to 1825,
1663:was created by the
1521:Glorious Revolution
1383:profit maximisation
1296:was established in
1190:CambodianβDutch War
997:Sir Henry Middleton
973:The Isle of Amboina
780:, on the island of
707:Cornelis de Houtman
692:Cornelis de Houtman
144:Compagnie van Verre
49:Company flag (1630)
30:
8909:Amsterdam EntrepΓ΄t
8640:Dirk Hartog Island
8569:Northern Territory
8381:Adriaan van Kervel
8376:Jan de la Fontaine
8365:Jan de la Fontaine
8330:Simon van der Stel
8303:Simon van der Stel
8280:Albert van Breugel
8259:Zacharias Wagenaer
8091:Abraham Evertszoon
7239:Johan van der Burg
6722:Society of Berbice
6129:Olyphant & Co.
6101:Magniac & Co.
5978:Thirteen Factories
5961:East India Company
5645:Mozambique Company
5625:East India Company
5585:New Guinea Company
5552:West India Company
5537:East India Company
5433:Royal British Bank
5358:East India Company
4598:on 7 February 2017
4514:The New York Times
3781:William De Lange,
3430:on 27 October 2022
3373:Fergusson, Niall.
3233:Koloniaal Verleden
3173:Fergusson, Niall.
3155:Fergusson, Niall.
3110:Fergusson, Niall.
3061:on 1 December 2010
2500:History of slavery
2396:. You can help by
2342:(including use of
2332:
2250:
2238:
2218:
2176:Fort Noord-Holland
2168:Pescadores Islands
2033:shareholder revolt
2005:
1900:
1758:) in port cities:
1665:Congress of Vienna
1556:
1540:
1510:economies of scale
1468:Battle of Colachel
1464:
1456:Battle of Colachel
1204:
1098:
1079:
993:East India Company
981:
918:
858:
847:
832:
749:
699:Indonesian islands
677:), with which the
574:East India Company
563:corporate identity
547:
545:Chamber of the VOC
535:
489:East India Company
457:existing companies
408:
400:
298:(active mainly in
185:20 March 1602
115:Proto-conglomerate
28:
9159:Trading companies
9144:Dutch slave trade
9109:Former monopolies
9041:
9040:
9035:
9034:
9031:
9030:
8957:Bank of Amsterdam
8938:Main institutions
8851:
8850:
8771:(Schoute Eylandt)
8763:(Maria's Eylandt)
8742:Maatsuyker Island
8702:St Francis Island
8697:Nuyts Archipelago
8624:Western Australia
8609:(BaΓΏa Van Diemen)
8598:Crocodile Islands
8454:
8453:
8229:Dutch Cape Colony
8191:
8190:
8008:
8007:
7902:Pijnacker Hordijk
7663:
7390:
7343:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7305:Gilbertus Happart
7300:Antonius Hambroek
7244:Paulus Traudenius
7198:
7197:
7020:Dutch East Indies
6964:
6963:
6960:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6942:full independence
6882:Dutch East Indies
6788:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6740:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6586:
6585:
6582:
6581:
6287:
6286:
6231:Chinese Officials
6168:William Henry Low
6115:Thomas Chay Beale
6057:Dodwell & Co.
5902:
5901:
5635:Company of Guinea
5468:South Sea Company
5378:Greenland Company
5107:Van der Woude, Ad
5029:978-0-19-517055-9
4797:978-0-521-66370-0
4555:Oostindie, Gert:
4347:Hanna, Willard A.
4228:978-90-474-2179-5
3991:Blusse, Leonard.
3972:on 14 August 2009
3726:978-0-8018-8754-3
3565:, pp. 25β28.
3333:978-0-511-13492-0
3130:VOC-Kenniscentrum
2847:(Zeeland, 1597),
2738:Dutch East Indies
2663:South Sea Company
2542:Dutch East Indies
2414:
2413:
2232:(centre) and the
2112:Dutch Cape Colony
1960:, such as on the
1873:
1872:
1749:Joseph de la Vega
1681:Dutch East Indies
1548:Oost-Indisch Huis
1309:History of Taiwan
1255:Cape of Good Hope
1145:off the coast of
1143:artificial island
842:1627, collection
825:Strait of Malacca
701:, beginning with
683:Portuguese Empire
516:Batavian Republic
469:secondary markets
427:; abbreviated as
388:
387:
252:Dutch East Indies
81:
9171:
9164:Trade monopolies
8942:
8941:
8878:
8871:
8864:
8855:
8854:
8653:Houtman Abrolhos
8577:Vanderlin Island
8526:
8481:
8474:
8467:
8458:
8457:
8315:
8254:Jan van Riebeeck
8241:
8218:
8211:
8204:
8195:
8194:
8181:
8180:
8171:
8170:
8158:
8056:Wybrant Warwijck
8035:
8028:
8021:
8012:
8011:
8001:
7993:
7985:
7977:
7974:Van Starkenborgh
7969:
7961:
7953:
7945:
7937:
7929:
7921:
7913:
7905:
7897:
7889:
7881:
7873:
7865:
7857:
7849:
7841:
7833:
7825:
7817:
7809:
7801:
7793:
7785:
7777:
7765:
7762:Van der Capellen
7757:
7755:
7754:
7753:
7740:
7738:
7737:
7736:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7719:
7706:
7698:
7690:
7682:
7674:
7661:
7649:
7641:
7633:
7625:
7617:
7609:
7601:
7593:
7585:
7577:
7569:
7561:
7553:
7545:
7537:
7529:
7521:
7513:
7505:
7497:
7489:
7481:
7473:
7465:
7457:
7449:
7441:
7433:
7425:
7417:
7409:
7401:
7388:
7370:
7363:
7356:
7347:
7346:
7290:George Candidius
7274:Frederick Coyett
7207:
7206:
7079:
7078:
7033:
6991:
6984:
6977:
6968:
6967:
6949:
6809:
6808:
6798:Colonies of the
6794:
6793:
6761:
6760:
6746:
6745:
6726:Governed by the
6720:Governed by the
6607:
6606:
6592:
6591:
6344:
6343:
6329:
6328:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6291:
6290:
6158:John Cleve Green
5929:
5922:
5915:
5906:
5905:
5891:
5890:
5837:
5745:Veerse Compagnie
5691:
5650:Zambezia Company
5616:
5488:Plymouth Company
5483:Virginia Company
5368:Eastland Company
5295:
5288:
5281:
5272:
5271:
5259:
5258:
5215:
5188:
5176:
5159:Chaudhuri, K. N.
5154:
5142:
5128:
5116:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5069:
5063:
5054:. (BRILL, 2007,
5044:
5038:
5037:
5036:on 7 April 2022.
5032:. Archived from
5013:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4984:
4969:
4968:
4962:
4954:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4889:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4844:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4782:Nicholas Tarling
4778:
4769:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4741:
4733:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4660:
4654:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4617:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4587:
4581:
4574:
4568:
4553:
4547:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4505:
4499:
4492:
4486:
4479:
4473:
4466:
4460:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4426:
4420:
4409:
4403:
4392:
4386:
4373:Frentrop, Paul:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4253:museum.wa.gov.au
4245:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4169:
4162:
4156:
4150:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4126:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4069:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3968:. Archived from
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3941:on 14 March 2012
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3874:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3792:
3786:
3779:
3773:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3642:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3598:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3549:
3543:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3501:
3495:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3451:"Cross-Breeding"
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3422:Zuber, Charles.
3419:
3413:
3390:
3381:
3380:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3353:Business Insider
3344:
3338:
3337:
3325:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3300:. Archived from
3293:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3253:
3247:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3032:
3022:
3005:
3002:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2959:
2953:
2950:Peace of Ryswick
2934:
2928:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2910:
2908:chief executives
2901:
2895:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2843:Veerse Compagnie
2838:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2781:
2779:Nieuwe Compagnie
2774:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2753:
2720:, see articles:
2710:
2588:
2526:Jan van Riebeeck
2483:Bandanese island
2473:
2446:Batavia massacre
2442:Amboyna massacre
2409:
2406:
2388:
2381:
2329:
2308:entrepreneurship
2294:their Golden Age
2269:
2140:Hirado, Nagasaki
2120:Dutch Coromandel
1996:Both sides of a
1897:
1803:
1802:
1723:but also of the
1552:Reinier Vinkeles
1527:Decline and fall
1458:. (Depiction at
1406:Coromandel Coast
1247:Jan van Riebeeck
1218:trade. In 1658,
1186:Trα»nhβNguyα»
n War
1074:, in the former
1056:Amboyna massacre
947:governor-general
898:Age of Discovery
841:
794:Portuguese Timor
681:was at war. The
659:Portuguese crown
541:The logo of the
435:
426:
332:
235:
233:
205:
195:
193:
188:
174:
173:
171:Veerse Compagnie
165:
164:
156:
155:
147:
146:
136:
134:
80:
77:
73:
72:
47:
38:
31:
27:
9179:
9178:
9174:
9173:
9172:
9170:
9169:
9168:
9044:
9043:
9042:
9037:
9036:
9027:
8991:
8933:
8887:
8882:
8852:
8847:
8826:
8775:
8768:Schouten Island
8717:
8710:St Peter Island
8689:South Australia
8683:
8668:Rottnest Island
8663:Pelsaert Island
8618:
8606:Van Diemen Gulf
8593:(Arnhems Landt)
8580:(Cap Vanderlin)
8563:
8549:(Staten Rivier)
8527:
8518:
8499:
8490:
8485:
8455:
8450:
8449:
8322:
8316:
8307:
8286:IJsbrand Godske
8269:Jacob Borghorst
8246:
8242:
8231:
8222:
8192:
8187:
8159:
8150:
8047:
8045:Dutch Mauritius
8039:
8009:
8004:
7996:
7988:
7980:
7972:
7964:
7956:
7948:
7940:
7932:
7924:
7916:
7908:
7900:
7892:
7884:
7876:
7868:
7860:
7852:
7844:
7836:
7828:
7820:
7812:
7804:
7796:
7788:
7780:
7768:
7760:
7751:
7749:
7743:
7734:
7732:
7726:
7717:
7715:
7709:
7701:
7693:
7685:
7677:
7671:Van Overstraten
7669:
7660:
7658:
7652:
7644:
7636:
7628:
7620:
7612:
7604:
7596:
7588:
7580:
7572:
7564:
7556:
7548:
7540:
7532:
7524:
7516:
7508:
7500:
7492:
7484:
7476:
7468:
7460:
7452:
7444:
7436:
7428:
7420:
7412:
7404:
7396:
7387:
7385:
7379:
7374:
7344:
7335:
7314:
7278:
7269:Cornelis Caesar
7264:Nicolas Verburg
7194:
7175:Fengguiwei Fort
7163:
7070:
7034:
7025:
7000:
6995:
6965:
6952:
6931:
6923:
6907:
6886:
6870:
6854:
6838:
6803:
6780:
6755:
6732:
6712:
6676:
6601:
6578:
6524:
6471:
6445:
6419:
6358:
6338:
6323:
6318:
6288:
6283:
6242:
6226:
6178:Russell Sturgis
6163:Abiel Abbot Low
6093:John Abel Smith
6083:William Jardine
6024:Augustine Heard
6005:
5982:
5973:Old China Trade
5939:
5933:
5903:
5898:
5878:
5860:
5831:
5815:
5777:
5749:
5685:
5673:
5664:
5610:
5594:
5556:
5547:Senegal Company
5499:
5473:Spanish Company
5408:Muscovy Company
5323:Barbary Company
5304:
5299:
5264:
5253:Wayback Machine
5236:Wayback Machine
5224:Wayback Machine
5213:
5198:
5192:
5185:
5151:
5133:Ricklefs, M. C.
5125:
5098:
5093:
5092:
5082:
5080:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5045:
5041:
5030:
5014:
5010:
5000:
4998:
4985:
4972:
4956:
4955:
4937:
4933:
4904:
4900:
4887:
4885:
4878:
4862:
4858:
4821:
4817:
4807:
4805:
4798:
4779:
4772:
4755:
4751:
4735:
4734:
4716:
4712:
4702:
4700:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4677:
4675:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4647:Shorto, Russell
4645:
4641:
4631:
4629:
4618:
4611:
4601:
4599:
4588:
4584:
4575:
4571:
4554:
4550:
4537:
4533:
4523:
4521:
4506:
4502:
4493:
4489:
4480:
4476:
4467:
4463:
4454:
4450:
4440:
4438:
4433:. CorpGov.net.
4427:
4423:
4410:
4406:
4394:Lukomnik, Jon:
4393:
4389:
4372:
4368:
4357:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4330:
4326:
4318:
4314:
4305:
4301:
4293:
4289:
4280:
4276:
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4267:
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4255:
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4231:
4229:
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4199:
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4176:
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4135:
4127:
4120:
4112:
4108:
4100:
4096:
4088:
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4076:
4072:
4064:
4060:
4052:
4048:
4040:
4036:
4028:
4024:
4016:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3973:
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3954:
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3942:
3929:
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3912:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3880:
3872:
3866:
3862:
3851:
3847:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3793:
3789:
3780:
3776:
3767:
3763:
3755:
3746:
3736:
3734:
3727:
3711:
3707:
3693:
3689:
3672:
3668:
3657:
3653:
3640:
3638:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3610:
3601:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3575:(in Portuguese)
3574:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3552:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3502:
3498:
3489:Wayback Machine
3480:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3431:
3420:
3416:
3391:
3384:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3347:Taylor, Bryan.
3345:
3341:
3334:
3316:Vickers, Adrian
3313:
3309:
3294:
3290:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3264:
3254:
3250:
3240:Wayback Machine
3231:
3227:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3171:
3167:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3108:
3104:
3094:
3092:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2969:
2960:
2956:
2938:Nine Years' War
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2872:voorcompagnieΓ«n
2764:voorcompagnieΓ«n
2760:
2756:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2613:Muscovy Company
2603:
2582:
2567:
2510:
2496:
2474:
2460:
2452:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2394:needs expansion
2379:
2327:
2316:
2304:business acumen
2299:VOC-mentaliteit
2270:
2264:
2257:
2244:Gateway to the
2164:Wang-an, Penghu
2108:Dutch Mauritius
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
1990:
1914:rule), of whom
1895:
1677:
1657:Napoleonic wars
1595:dividend policy
1535:A print of the
1529:
1476:Marthanda Varma
1448:Marthanda Varma
1342:
1176:The Vietnamese
1064:
839:
829:South China Sea
802:
800:Formative years
703:James Lancaster
627:
617:
603:
598:
524:
445:trading company
346:
326:
317:
310:
306:Southern Africa
289:
282:
281:
231:
229:
203:voorcompagnieΓ«n
191:
189:
186:
177:
138:
137:
131:VoorcompagnieΓ«n
127:
97:
86:
85:
84:
78:
71:(original name)
57:
50:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9177:
9167:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9039:
9038:
9033:
9032:
9029:
9028:
9026:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
8999:
8997:
8993:
8992:
8990:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8948:
8946:
8939:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8895:
8893:
8889:
8888:
8881:
8880:
8873:
8866:
8858:
8849:
8848:
8846:
8845:
8838:
8835:
8831:
8828:
8827:
8825:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8783:
8781:
8780:Related topics
8777:
8776:
8774:
8773:
8765:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8739:
8737:De Witt Island
8734:
8727:
8725:
8719:
8718:
8716:
8715:
8707:
8699:
8693:
8691:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8681:
8673:
8665:
8660:
8658:Pelsaert Group
8655:
8650:
8642:
8637:
8628:
8626:
8620:
8619:
8617:
8616:
8614:Wessel Islands
8611:
8603:
8595:
8587:
8585:Groote Eylandt
8582:
8573:
8571:
8565:
8564:
8562:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8543:
8537:
8535:
8529:
8528:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8516:
8511:
8509:Eendrachtsland
8505:
8503:
8492:
8491:
8484:
8483:
8476:
8469:
8461:
8452:
8451:
8445:
8444:
8443:
8438:
8429:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8361:
8356:
8349:
8344:
8337:
8332:
8326:
8324:
8318:
8317:
8310:
8308:
8306:
8305:
8300:
8297:Hendrik Crudop
8293:
8288:
8283:
8276:
8274:Pieter Hackius
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8250:
8248:
8243:
8236:
8233:
8232:
8221:
8220:
8213:
8206:
8198:
8189:
8188:
8186:
8185:
8175:
8164:
8161:
8160:
8153:
8151:
8149:
8148:
8143:
8141:Roelof Deodati
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8052:
8049:
8048:
8038:
8037:
8030:
8023:
8015:
8006:
8005:
8003:
8002:
7994:
7986:
7978:
7970:
7962:
7954:
7946:
7942:Limburg-Stirum
7938:
7930:
7922:
7914:
7906:
7898:
7890:
7882:
7874:
7866:
7858:
7850:
7842:
7834:
7826:
7818:
7810:
7802:
7794:
7786:
7778:
7766:
7758:
7741:
7724:
7707:
7699:
7691:
7683:
7675:
7666:
7664:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7650:
7642:
7634:
7626:
7618:
7610:
7602:
7594:
7586:
7578:
7570:
7562:
7554:
7546:
7538:
7530:
7522:
7514:
7506:
7498:
7490:
7482:
7474:
7466:
7458:
7450:
7442:
7434:
7426:
7418:
7410:
7402:
7393:
7391:
7381:
7380:
7373:
7372:
7365:
7358:
7350:
7341:
7340:
7337:
7336:
7334:
7333:
7328:
7322:
7320:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7295:Daniel Gravius
7292:
7286:
7284:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7254:François Caron
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7215:
7213:
7204:
7200:
7199:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7192:
7187:
7185:Fort Provintia
7182:
7180:Fort Zeelandia
7177:
7171:
7169:
7168:Fortifications
7165:
7164:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7085:
7083:
7076:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7042:
7040:
7036:
7035:
7028:
7026:
7024:
7023:
7008:
7006:
7002:
7001:
6994:
6993:
6986:
6979:
6971:
6962:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6950:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6921:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6894:
6892:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6884:
6878:
6876:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6862:
6860:
6856:
6855:
6853:
6852:
6846:
6844:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6815:
6813:
6805:
6804:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6773:
6767:
6765:
6757:
6756:
6742:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6730:
6724:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6672:Virgin Islands
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6647:New Netherland
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6613:
6611:
6603:
6602:
6588:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6535:
6533:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6481:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6453:
6451:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6427:
6425:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6366:
6364:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6350:
6348:
6340:
6339:
6325:
6324:
6317:
6316:
6309:
6302:
6294:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6234:
6232:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6211:
6210:
6209:
6208:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6175:
6173:Samuel Russell
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6134:David Olyphant
6125:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6088:James Matheson
6085:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6069:Hugh Bold Gibb
6060:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6038:Dent & Co.
6034:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6015:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5958:
5953:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5940:
5932:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5909:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5870:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5825:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5787:
5785:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5759:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5725:Ostend Company
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5679:
5677:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5655:Niassa Company
5652:
5647:
5642:
5640:House of India
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5604:
5602:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5566:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5517:
5509:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5480:
5478:Venice Company
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5393:Levant Company
5390:
5385:
5383:Guinea Company
5380:
5375:
5373:French Company
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5338:Canada Company
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5314:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5298:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5256:
5255:
5243:
5238:
5226:
5211:
5205:
5197:
5196:External links
5194:
5190:
5189:
5183:
5155:
5149:
5129:
5123:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5064:
5039:
5028:
5008:
4970:
4931:
4898:
4876:
4856:
4835:(4): 459β501.
4815:
4796:
4770:
4749:
4710:
4685:
4655:
4639:
4609:
4582:
4569:
4548:
4531:
4500:
4487:
4474:
4461:
4448:
4421:
4404:
4387:
4366:
4363:. p. 111.
4351:
4339:
4336:. p. 103.
4324:
4322:, p. 385.
4312:
4299:
4297:, p. 462.
4287:
4285:, page 113-114
4274:
4265:
4240:
4227:
4197:
4182:
4170:
4157:
4145:
4143:, p. 448.
4133:
4131:, p. 447.
4118:
4106:
4094:
4082:
4080:, p. 436.
4070:
4058:
4046:
4034:
4032:, p. 424.
4022:
4010:
3998:
3983:
3952:
3922:
3899:Andrade, Tonio
3890:
3860:
3857:. p. 115.
3845:
3843:, p. 386.
3833:
3824:
3812:
3805:
3787:
3774:
3761:
3744:
3725:
3705:
3687:
3666:
3651:
3616:
3599:
3583:
3567:
3550:
3535:
3533:, p. 383.
3523:
3496:
3474:
3441:
3414:
3393:Brook, Timothy
3382:
3365:
3339:
3332:
3307:
3288:
3248:
3225:
3210:
3180:
3165:
3147:
3117:
3102:
3072:
3046:
3039:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3006:
2997:
2987:
2977:
2967:
2954:
2929:
2920:
2911:
2896:
2887:
2761:The so-called
2754:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2668:Ostend Company
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2618:Levant Company
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2566:
2563:
2495:
2492:
2458:
2412:
2411:
2391:
2389:
2378:
2375:
2315:
2312:
2290:Dutch Republic
2262:
2256:
2251:
2210:Fort Rotterdam
2202:in 1636β1741.
2160:Fort Provincia
2152:Fort Zeelandia
2122:in 1806β1825,
2052:Main article:
2049:
2046:
2013:Isaac Le Maire
1989:
1986:
1962:Maluku Islands
1920:capitalisation
1916:Isaac le Maire
1871:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1689:Dutch Republic
1676:
1673:
1609:
1608:
1591:
1588:
1576:
1573:Ostend Company
1568:
1528:
1525:
1470:, warriors of
1450:of the Indian
1434:Malabar pepper
1341:
1338:
1320:Aceh Sultanate
1222:laid siege to
1087:Hugli-Chuchura
1063:
1060:
959:Raad van IndiΓ«
923:Santa Catarina
801:
798:
758:Jacob van Neck
746:Cornelis Vroom
742:Jacob van Neck
736:Return of the
711:Jacob Van Neck
679:Dutch Republic
673:(known as the
667:personal union
602:
599:
597:
594:
559:corporate logo
523:
520:
386:
385:
352:
348:
347:
345:
344:
334:
320:
318:
315:
312:
311:
309:
308:
303:
292:
290:
287:
284:
283:
280:
279:
273:
270:Dutch Republic
262:
261:
259:
255:
254:
241:
237:
236:
226:
222:
221:
219:States-General
212:
208:
207:
206:/pre-companies
183:
179:
178:
176:
175:
166:
157:
148:
126:
125:
124:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
92:
88:
87:
83:
82:
74:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9176:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9051:
9049:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
9000:
8998:
8994:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8949:
8947:
8943:
8940:
8936:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8919:Dutch disease
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8904:Dutch guilder
8902:
8900:
8897:
8896:
8894:
8890:
8886:
8879:
8874:
8872:
8867:
8865:
8860:
8859:
8856:
8843:
8839:
8836:
8833:
8832:
8829:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8784:
8782:
8778:
8772:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8732:
8729:
8728:
8726:
8724:
8720:
8714:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8694:
8692:
8690:
8686:
8680:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8630:
8629:
8627:
8625:
8621:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8575:
8574:
8572:
8570:
8566:
8560:
8559:Sweers Island
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8546:Staaten River
8544:
8542:
8539:
8538:
8536:
8534:
8530:
8525:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8506:
8504:
8502:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8482:
8477:
8475:
8470:
8468:
8463:
8462:
8459:
8448:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8427:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8405:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8388:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8366:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8354:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8342:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8319:
8314:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8298:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8281:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8251:
8249:
8240:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8219:
8214:
8212:
8207:
8205:
8200:
8199:
8196:
8184:
8176:
8174:
8166:
8165:
8162:
8157:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8121:Swen Felleson
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8053:
8050:
8046:
8043:
8036:
8031:
8029:
8024:
8022:
8017:
8016:
8013:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7910:Van der Wijck
7907:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7879:
7878:Van Lansberge
7875:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7806:Van Hogendorp
7803:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7782:Van den Bosch
7779:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7748:
7747:
7742:
7731:
7730:
7725:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7655:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7630:Van Riemsdijk
7627:
7623:
7622:Van der Parra
7619:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7430:De Carpentier
7427:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7382:
7378:
7371:
7366:
7364:
7359:
7357:
7352:
7351:
7348:
7332:
7331:Zheng Zhilong
7329:
7327:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7317:
7311:
7310:Robert Junius
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7281:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7212:
7208:
7205:
7201:
7191:
7190:Fort Anthonio
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7166:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7080:
7077:
7073:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7037:
7032:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6998:Dutch Formosa
6992:
6987:
6985:
6980:
6978:
6973:
6972:
6969:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6930:
6929:
6926:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6910:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6889:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6873:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6857:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6841:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6801:
6795:
6791:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6753:
6747:
6743:
6729:
6725:
6723:
6719:
6718:
6715:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6698:Loango-Angola
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6679:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6599:
6593:
6589:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6527:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6422:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6375:Banda Islands
6373:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6336:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6315:
6310:
6308:
6303:
6301:
6296:
6295:
6292:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6247:Key Locations
6245:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6207:
6206:David Sassoon
6204:
6203:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6192:Robert Shewan
6190:
6189:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6043:Lancelot Dent
6041:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6011:Foreign Hongs
6008:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5987:Chinese Hongs
5985:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5951:Canton System
5949:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5930:
5925:
5923:
5918:
5916:
5911:
5910:
5907:
5895:
5894:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5835:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5675:Low Countries
5671:
5667:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5614:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5580:Emden Company
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5296:
5291:
5289:
5284:
5282:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5267:
5260:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5193:
5186:
5184:0-521-39075-3
5180:
5175:
5174:
5168:
5167:Israel, J. I.
5164:
5163:Israel, J. I.
5160:
5156:
5152:
5150:0-333-57689-6
5146:
5141:
5140:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5124:0-521-57061-1
5120:
5115:
5114:
5108:
5104:
5103:De Vries, Jan
5100:
5099:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5061:
5060:9789004163652
5057:
5053:
5049:
5043:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5012:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4966:
4960:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4902:
4895:
4883:
4879:
4877:9789087047023
4873:
4869:
4868:
4860:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4819:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4777:
4775:
4767:
4766:9781107084834
4763:
4759:
4753:
4745:
4739:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4714:
4699:
4698:www.rmg.co.uk
4695:
4689:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4614:
4597:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4573:
4566:
4565:9789089643537
4562:
4558:
4552:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4491:
4484:
4478:
4471:
4465:
4458:
4452:
4436:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4343:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4316:
4309:
4303:
4296:
4291:
4284:
4278:
4269:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4230:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4194:. p. 32.
4193:
4186:
4179:
4174:
4167:
4161:
4154:
4149:
4142:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4123:
4115:
4110:
4103:
4098:
4091:
4086:
4079:
4074:
4067:
4062:
4055:
4050:
4043:
4038:
4031:
4026:
4019:
4014:
4007:
4002:
3994:
3987:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3956:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3837:
3828:
3822:, p. 30.
3821:
3820:Ricklefs 1993
3816:
3808:
3806:967-65-3099-9
3802:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3778:
3771:
3765:
3759:, p. 29.
3758:
3757:Ricklefs 1993
3753:
3751:
3749:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3709:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3596:
3587:
3580:
3571:
3564:
3563:Ricklefs 1993
3559:
3557:
3555:
3548:, p. 27.
3547:
3546:Ricklefs 1993
3542:
3540:
3532:
3527:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3478:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3445:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3412:
3411:1-84668-120-0
3408:
3404:
3403:Profile Books
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3387:
3379:
3376:
3369:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3335:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3284:
3278:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3229:
3221:
3214:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3113:
3106:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3042:
3040:0-226-77139-3
3036:
3031:
3030:
3021:
3017:
3001:
2991:
2981:
2971:
2964:
2958:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2903:As the VOC's
2900:
2891:
2883:
2882:bewindhebbers
2878:
2873:
2866:
2858:
2844:
2824:
2816:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2747:
2746:Voorcompagnie
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2726:Greater India
2723:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:Emden Company
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2408:
2399:
2395:
2392:This section
2390:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2356:deforestation
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2325:
2320:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2254:VOC mentality
2247:
2242:
2235:
2231:
2230:Christ Church
2227:
2222:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2188:Dutch Malacca
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:Dutch Malabar
2133:
2129:
2126:in 1616-1825
2125:
2124:Dutch Suratte
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:Banda Islands
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:bewindhebbers
1726:
1725:bewindhebbers
1722:
1721:participanten
1718:
1714:
1713:bewindhebbers
1710:
1709:participanten
1705:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1605:
1600:
1599:bewindhebbers
1596:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1538:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:Malabar Coast
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1366:Mughal Bengal
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:Reorientation
1337:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1240:Malabar Coast
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:Rajasinghe II
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:a 1643 battle
1179:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1111:Banda Islands
1108:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1091:Mughal Bengal
1088:
1083:
1077:
1076:Dutch Malacca
1073:
1068:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
986:
978:
974:
970:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
929:
925:
924:
915:
914:Spice Islands
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
890:
888:
884:
880:
879:Mughal Empire
876:
870:
868:
864:
856:
855:North Jakarta
851:
845:
836:
830:
826:
822:
821:Bay of Bengal
818:
814:
810:
809:Mughal Bengal
806:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
767:
762:
759:
755:
747:
743:
739:
734:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
684:
680:
676:
675:Iberian Union
672:
671:Spanish crown
668:
664:
660:
657:In 1580, the
655:
653:
648:
644:
643:Welser family
640:
639:Fugger family
636:
632:
626:
622:
616:
615:Voorcompagnie
612:
608:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
544:
539:
533:
528:
519:
517:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
484:
482:
478:
477:its own coins
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
455:amalgamating
454:
450:
446:
443:
439:
434:
430:
425:
421:
417:
413:
404:
397:
392:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
353:
349:
342:
338:
335:
330:
325:
322:
321:
319:
313:
307:
304:
301:
300:Greater India
297:
294:
293:
291:
285:
277:
274:
271:
267:
264:
263:
260:
256:
253:
249:
245:
242:
238:
227:
223:
220:
216:
213:
209:
204:
199:
198:consolidation
184:
180:
172:
167:
163:
158:
154:
149:
145:
140:
139:
133:
132:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
101:
96:
93:
89:
79:(formal name)
75:
67:
64:
63:
59:
53:
46:
41:
37:
32:
26:
22:
8971:
8929:Polder model
8770:
8762:
8760:Maria Island
8750:Pedra Branca
8744:
8712:
8704:
8678:
8670:
8647:
8634:
8632:Cape Leeuwin
8608:
8600:
8592:
8579:
8548:
8446:
8424:
8402:
8385:
8363:
8353:Willem Helot
8351:
8339:
8295:
8278:
8106:Jan van Jaar
8042:Governors of
7854:Van de Beele
7745:
7728:
7711:
7550:Zwaardecroon
7534:Van Riebeeck
7518:Van Outhoorn
7470:Van der Lijn
7283:Missionaries
7234:Hans Putmans
7229:Pieter Nuyts
7011:
7005:Organization
6450:Commandments
6424:Directorates
6363:Governorates
6334:
6110:Thomas Beale
6105:Daniel Beale
6029:Albert Heard
5886:
5699:
5519:
5512:
5191:
5172:
5138:
5112:
5096:Bibliography
5081:. Retrieved
5067:
5051:
5047:
5042:
5034:the original
5018:
5011:
4999:. Retrieved
4989:
4941:
4934:
4916:. Honolulu:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4893:
4886:. Retrieved
4866:
4859:
4832:
4828:
4818:
4806:. Retrieved
4786:
4757:
4752:
4720:
4713:
4701:. Retrieved
4697:
4688:
4676:. Retrieved
4667:
4658:
4650:
4642:
4630:. Retrieved
4600:. Retrieved
4596:the original
4585:
4577:
4572:
4556:
4551:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4522:. Retrieved
4513:
4503:
4495:
4490:
4482:
4477:
4469:
4464:
4456:
4451:
4439:. Retrieved
4424:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4374:
4369:
4360:
4354:
4342:
4333:
4327:
4315:
4307:
4302:
4290:
4282:
4277:
4268:
4256:. Retrieved
4252:
4243:
4232:, retrieved
4210:
4200:
4191:
4185:
4173:
4165:
4160:
4148:
4136:
4109:
4097:
4085:
4073:
4061:
4049:
4037:
4025:
4013:
4001:
3992:
3986:
3974:. Retrieved
3970:the original
3965:
3960:De Witt, D.
3955:
3943:. Retrieved
3939:the original
3934:
3925:
3913:. Retrieved
3903:
3893:
3881:. Retrieved
3876:
3863:
3854:
3848:
3836:
3827:
3815:
3796:
3790:
3782:
3777:
3769:
3768:Om Prakash,
3764:
3735:. Retrieved
3715:
3708:
3699:
3696:Boxer, C. R.
3690:
3676:
3669:
3660:
3654:
3646:
3639:. Retrieved
3630:
3625:
3619:
3594:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3526:
3514:. Retrieved
3499:
3492:
3477:
3465:. Retrieved
3454:
3444:
3432:. Retrieved
3428:the original
3417:
3396:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3356:. Retrieved
3352:
3342:
3321:
3310:
3302:the original
3291:
3265:. Retrieved
3261:
3251:
3228:
3219:
3213:
3201:. Retrieved
3192:
3183:
3174:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3138:. Retrieved
3132:(in Dutch).
3129:
3120:
3111:
3105:
3093:. Retrieved
3084:
3075:
3063:. Retrieved
3059:the original
3049:
3028:
3020:
3000:
2990:
2980:
2970:
2957:
2946:Nagapattinam
2932:
2923:
2914:
2904:
2899:
2890:
2877:incorporated
2757:
2713:
2708:
2574:(modern-day
2568:
2559:
2539:
2511:
2476:
2465:
2464:, the VOC's
2454:
2402:
2398:adding to it
2393:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2360:bureaucratic
2344:slave labour
2340:exploitation
2333:
2297:
2286:Dutch people
2272:
2259:
2253:
2184:Fort Antonio
2132:Dutch Ceylon
2128:Dutch Bengal
2081:
2038:shareholders
2030:
2025:bewindhebber
2024:
2017:short seller
2006:
1939:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1901:
1874:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1788:bewindhebber
1787:
1783:
1755:
1753:
1744:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1698:shareholders
1678:
1652:
1648:
1634:
1619:
1610:
1598:
1584:
1580:
1557:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1466:In the 1741
1465:
1418:
1414:Nagapattinam
1391:
1387:Josiah Child
1375:
1362:Qing dynasty
1358:Ming dynasty
1348:in the 1662
1343:
1331:
1324:
1313:
1305:
1263:
1244:
1205:
1201:Bengal Subah
1178:Nguyen lords
1175:
1155:Ming dynasty
1131:Mughal India
1124:
1120:
1099:
1094:
1053:
1039:, and Aceh,
990:
982:
977:17th century
972:
962:
958:
932:
922:
919:
902:Willem Blaeu
877:the Great's
871:
859:
844:Tropenmuseum
813:Indian Ocean
775:
766:Ambon Island
763:
750:
696:
656:
631:Dutch Revolt
628:
571:
550:
548:
512:
493:
485:
437:
428:
411:
409:
343:, 1610β1800)
258:Headquarters
248:nationalised
98:
91:Company type
25:
8914:Tulip mania
8590:Arnhem Land
8398:Ryk Tulbagh
8131:Hubert Hugo
8076:Reinier Por
7992:(1948β1949)
7984:(1942β1948)
7976:(1936β1942)
7968:(1931β1936)
7960:(1926β1931)
7944:(1916β1921)
7936:(1909β1916)
7928:(1904β1909)
7920:(1899β1904)
7912:(1893β1899)
7904:(1888β1893)
7896:(1884β1888)
7888:(1881β1884)
7880:(1875β1881)
7872:(1872β1875)
7864:(1866β1872)
7856:(1861β1866)
7848:(1856β1861)
7840:(1851β1856)
7832:(1845β1851)
7824:(1844β1845)
7816:(1841β1844)
7808:(1840β1841)
7800:(1836β1840)
7792:(1833β1836)
7784:(1830β1833)
7776:(1826β1830)
7764:(1816β1826)
7746:Fendall Jr.
7739:(1811β1816)
7697:(1808β1811)
7689:(1805β1808)
7681:(1801β1805)
7673:(1796β1801)
7662:(1800β1948)
7648:(1780β1797)
7640:(1777β1780)
7632:(1775β1777)
7624:(1761β1775)
7616:(1750β1761)
7608:(1743β1750)
7600:(1741β1743)
7592:(1737β1741)
7584:(1735β1737)
7576:(1732β1735)
7568:(1729β1732)
7560:(1725β1729)
7552:(1718β1725)
7544:(1713β1718)
7536:(1709β1713)
7528:(1704β1709)
7520:(1691β1704)
7512:(1684β1691)
7504:(1681β1684)
7496:(1678β1681)
7488:(1653β1678)
7486:Maetsuycker
7480:(1650β1653)
7472:(1645β1650)
7464:(1636β1645)
7456:(1632β1636)
7448:(1629β1632)
7440:(1627β1629)
7432:(1623β1627)
7424:(1619β1623)
7416:(1615β1619)
7408:(1614β1615)
7400:(1610β1614)
7389:(1610β1800)
7219:Marten Sonk
6802:(1815β1975)
6776:Smeerenburg
6764:Settlements
6754:(1614β1642)
6708:Slave Coast
6600:(1621β1792)
6532:settlements
6490:Banjarmasin
6477:Residencies
6380:Cape Colony
6337:(1602β1798)
5966:James Flint
5832: [
5686: [
5611: [
5241:VOC Warfare
5202:VOC voyages
4768:), page 109
4567:), page 252
4441:28 December
3976:14 February
3401:. (London:
3242:VOC at the
3203:12 November
2942:Pondicherry
2936:During the
2742:Dutch India
2734:East Indies
2718:trade names
2583: [
2580:Heeren XVII
2530:slave labor
2522:East Indies
2470:Heeren XVII
2405:August 2018
2354:(including
2348:slave trade
2336:colonialism
2322:Natives of
2282:work ethics
1982:mass murder
1958:East Indies
1931:Heeren XVII
1927:Heeren XVII
1795:Heeren XVII
1784:Heeren XVII
1474:under Raja
1356:(where the
1259:Cape Colony
1184:during the
1019:(southwest
963:Heeren XVII
817:Arabian Sea
744:in 1599 by
717:in 1595 to
629:Before the
621:Spice trade
327: [
324:Heeren XVII
288:Area served
121:Predecessor
56:Native name
9048:Categories
8842:Anglicised
8676:Swan River
8541:Coen River
8533:Queensland
8245:Commanders
8126:Philip Col
7926:Van Heutsz
7657:Government
7606:Van Imhoff
7590:Valckenier
7462:Van Diemen
6919:New Guinea
6912:Until 1962
6891:Until 1954
6875:Until 1949
6866:Gold Coast
6859:Until 1872
6843:Until 1853
6824:Coromandel
6812:Until 1825
6703:Senegambia
6693:Gold Coast
6530:Opperhoofd
6395:Coromandel
5937:Qing China
5600:Portuguese
5214:(in Dutch)
5083:2 February
5075:. UNESCO.
4926:10125/4207
4703:23 October
4632:23 January
4602:2 February
4383:9090170677
4310:, page 121
4258:27 January
4234:27 January
3591:(in Dutch)
3434:22 January
3267:27 January
3246:(in Dutch)
3012:References
2730:East India
2438:Spice wars
2100:Middelburg
2076:See also:
2070:See also:
2064:See also:
2058:See also:
1869:6,424,588
1829:1,300,405
1826:Middelburg
1821:3,679,915
1776:Middelburg
1702:Luxembourg
1635:After the
1472:Travancore
1454:after the
1290:Coromandel
1135:Qing China
1021:Kalimantan
790:Sandalwood
625:Cape Route
605:See also:
588:, and the
316:Key people
232:1799-12-31
192:1602-03-20
103:Partially
8996:Post-1815
8755:Storm Bay
8323:1691β1795
8321:Governors
8247:1652β1691
7958:De Graeff
7918:Rooseboom
7838:Van Twist
7830:Rochussen
7798:De Eerens
7712:Gillespie
7659:appointed
7638:De Klerck
7574:Van Cloon
7542:Van Swoll
7526:Van Hoorn
7494:Van Goens
7478:Reyniersz
7386:appointed
7211:Governors
7099:Favorlang
6771:Jan Mayen
6642:Essequibo
6554:Mauritius
6520:Pontianak
6510:Palembang
6269:Hong Kong
6048:John Dent
5001:10 August
4959:cite book
4951:654324718
4920:: 13β35.
4851:0191-6599
4738:cite book
4730:654324718
3516:21 August
3140:6 October
3095:6 October
2875:were not
2546:Mauritius
2544:and from
2314:Criticism
2234:Stadthuys
2192:Ayutthaya
2104:Rotterdam
2092:Enkhuizen
2084:Amsterdam
1978:extortion
1954:Indonesia
1877:Dordrecht
1858:Rotterdam
1834:Enkhuizen
1818:Amsterdam
1809:Capital (
1772:Enkhuizen
1768:Rotterdam
1760:Amsterdam
1737:permanent
1685:workforce
1370:shogunate
1251:Cape Town
1245:In 1652,
1236:Sri Lanka
1173:in 1633.
1100:In 1619,
1029:Jayakarta
943:Jayakarta
939:West Java
883:Indonesia
705:in 1591,
669:with the
652:inelastic
543:Amsterdam
500:Jayakarta
442:chartered
371:sugarcane
359:porcelain
266:Amsterdam
244:Dissolved
8945:Pre-1815
8723:Tasmania
7982:Van Mook
7966:De Jonge
7934:Idenburg
7894:Van Rees
7703:Janssens
7695:Daendels
7510:Camphuys
7502:Speelman
7154:Tevorang
7119:Pangsoia
7109:Longkiau
7082:Villages
6938:Suriname
6652:Pomeroon
6637:Demerara
6515:Preanger
6500:Cheribon
6410:Moluccas
6279:Shanghai
6238:Lin Zexu
5994:Ewo Hong
5893:Category
5670:Austrian
5249:Archived
5232:Archived
5220:Archived
5165:(1991).
5135:(1993).
5109:(1997).
5077:Archived
4995:Archived
4909:Cakalele
4882:Archived
4802:Archived
4784:(1999).
4672:Archived
4649:(2013).
4626:Archived
4524:10 April
4518:Archived
4435:Archived
3945:11 March
3909:Archived
3901:(2005).
3785:, (2006)
3731:Archived
3698:(1948).
3641:22 April
3635:Archived
3510:Archived
3485:Archived
3461:Archived
3405:, 2008)
3358:30 April
3318:(2005).
3277:cite web
3236:Archived
3197:Archived
3134:Archived
3089:Archived
3065:19 March
2905:de facto
2601:See also
2534:Khoikhoi
2466:de facto
2459:β
2330:1663 CE.
2263:β
2214:Makassar
1912:Habsburg
1861:173,000
1853:266,868
1845:469,400
1837:540,000
1811:Guilders
1693:Eurasian
1651:(Dutch:
1396:and the
1327:dividend
1216:cinnamon
1147:Nagasaki
1041:Pariaman
1025:Makassar
1017:Sukadana
951:despotic
887:guilders
827:and the
786:Topasses
776:East of
555:monogram
461:monopoly
440:, was a
367:soybeans
357:, silk,
351:Products
217:and the
111:Industry
100:De facto
9008:Philips
8892:General
8183:Commons
7886:s'Jacob
7774:De Kock
7729:Raffles
7598:Thedens
7558:De Haan
7454:Brouwer
7384:Company
7326:Koxinga
7159:Tirosen
7144:Tampsuy
7139:Soulang
7089:Bakloan
7016:Jakarta
6940:gained
6932:Became
6903:Surinam
6834:Suratte
6829:Malacca
6662:Surinam
6627:Cayenne
6617:Berbice
6539:Myanmar
6495:Batavia
6462:Malabar
6441:Suratte
6405:Malacca
6400:Formosa
6385:Celebes
6354:Batavia
5866:Russian
5783:Swedish
5755:Spanish
5310:British
5169:(ed.).
4888:17 June
4808:8 March
4678:8 March
3883:28 July
3467:2 April
2985:Bengal.
2576:Jakarta
2572:Batavia
2550:Dahomey
2520:in the
2518:slavery
2284:of the
2236:(right)
2228:, with
2226:Malacca
2172:Keelung
2166:on the
1950:Jakarta
1904:Germans
1806:Chamber
1793:Of the
1645:Zeeland
1641:Holland
1626:coolies
1607:fleets.
1565:Suratte
1554:, 1768)
1429:Calicut
1425:Zamorin
1410:Pulicat
1346:Koxinga
1302:Koxinga
1294:factory
1286:Malabar
1282:Formosa
1274:Malacca
1224:Colombo
1107:Batavia
1049:Sumatra
1001:Ternate
928:carrack
906:Ternate
647:Hamburg
635:Antwerp
601:Origins
596:History
567:vintner
508:Jakarta
504:Batavia
496:Malukan
341:Batavia
296:Eurasia
276:Batavia
230: (
225:Defunct
211:Founder
200:of the
190: (
182:Founded
9013:Fokker
8434:&
8000:(1949)
7998:Lovink
7952:(1921)
7870:Loudon
7822:Reynst
7814:Merkus
7770:Du Bus
7756:(1816)
7722:(1811)
7705:(1811)
7679:Siberg
7646:Alting
7614:Mossel
7582:Patras
7566:Durven
7406:Reynst
7319:Others
7203:People
7149:Tamsuy
7134:Sinkan
7124:Pimaba
7114:Mattau
7104:Kelang
7094:Dalivo
7075:Places
7039:Events
6850:Dejima
6819:Bengal
6688:Arguin
6667:Tobago
6622:Brazil
6569:Tonkin
6549:Dejima
6544:Canton
6505:Malang
6485:Bantam
6457:Bantam
6436:Persia
6431:Bengal
6390:Ceylon
6264:Fuzhou
6259:Canton
5999:Howqua
5956:Cohong
5944:Topics
5821:Danish
5562:German
5505:French
5181:
5147:
5121:
5058:
5048:et al.
5026:
4949:
4874:
4849:
4794:
4764:
4728:
4563:
4381:
4225:
3915:16 May
3803:
3737:2 June
3723:
3456:Forbes
3409:
3330:
3037:
2975:goods.
2591:UNESCO
2554:Ceylon
2506:, and
2487:Lontor
2456:trade.
2448:, and
2328:
2324:Arakan
2200:Hα»i An
2180:Tamsui
2156:Tainan
2148:Anping
2144:Dejima
1970:nutmeg
1935:charts
1896:
1866:Total:
1756:Kamers
1622:Brazil
1604:liquid
1501:regent
1402:Bantam
1316:Painan
1298:Canton
1270:Bengal
1266:Persia
1212:Ceylon
1167:Taiwan
1163:Penghu
1139:Dejima
1127:Bengal
1115:nutmeg
1062:Growth
1033:Jepara
1005:Tidore
935:Banten
910:Tidore
863:cartel
840:
823:, the
819:, the
815:, the
756:under
727:Madura
719:Banten
663:united
613:, and
383:slaves
379:coffee
363:metals
355:Spices
95:Public
7862:Mijer
7846:Pahud
7687:Wiese
7446:Specx
7414:Reael
7129:Sakam
6564:Timor
6370:Ambon
6274:Macau
5836:]
5690:]
5615:]
4542:, in
3873:(PDF)
3629:[
2700:Notes
2587:]
2196:Hanoi
2096:Hoorn
2088:Delft
1948:(now
1881:share
1850:Hoorn
1842:Delft
1780:Hoorn
1764:Delft
1354:China
1232:Kandy
1208:Galle
1151:Japan
1141:, an
1045:Jambi
1013:Banda
1009:Ambon
985:Ambon
900:, by
875:Akbar
782:Timor
778:Solor
771:Solor
665:in a
532:Hoorn
506:(now
416:Dutch
331:]
8227:the
7990:Beel
7950:Fock
7790:Baud
7438:Coen
7422:Coen
7398:Both
6559:Siam
6254:Amoy
5608:List
5179:ISBN
5145:ISBN
5119:ISBN
5085:2017
5056:ISBN
5024:ISBN
5003:2018
4965:link
4947:OCLC
4890:2020
4872:ISBN
4847:ISSN
4810:2021
4792:ISBN
4762:ISBN
4744:link
4726:OCLC
4705:2023
4680:2021
4634:2017
4604:2017
4561:ISBN
4526:2016
4443:2016
4379:ISBN
4260:2024
4236:2024
4223:ISBN
3978:2010
3947:2012
3917:2012
3885:2018
3879:: 10
3801:ISBN
3739:2016
3721:ISBN
3643:2022
3518:2017
3469:2013
3436:2017
3407:ISBN
3360:2024
3328:ISBN
3283:link
3269:2024
3205:2010
3142:2022
3097:2022
3067:2011
3035:ISBN
2514:Cape
2288:and
2102:and
2000:, a
1998:duit
1974:mace
1972:and
1946:Java
1925:The
1898:1783
1885:risk
1778:and
1643:and
1546:The
1288:and
1278:Siam
1165:for
1133:and
1043:and
1037:Java
1031:and
1011:and
975:, a
723:Java
690:and
661:was
641:and
623:and
410:The
375:wine
246:and
240:Fate
9018:KLM
5672:and
5050:.:
4922:hdl
4837:doi
4215:doi
2963:war
2593:'s
2485:of
2400:.
2346:),
2292:in
2212:in
2162:),
2154:),
1427:of
1412:to
1311:).
1306:see
1230:of
1047:in
1035:in
1023:),
740:of
429:VOC
250:as
9050::
8498:/
7772:,
7018:,
5834:da
5688:fr
5613:pt
5161:;
5105:;
4973:^
4961:}}
4957:{{
4912:.
4892:.
4880:.
4845:.
4833:42
4831:.
4827:.
4800:.
4773:^
4740:}}
4736:{{
4696:.
4670:.
4666:.
4612:^
4516:.
4512:.
4251:.
4221:,
4209:,
4121:^
3964:.
3933:.
3875:.
3747:^
3729:.
3682:28
3602:^
3553:^
3538:^
3491:,
3459:.
3453:.
3395::
3385:^
3351:.
3279:}}
3275:{{
3260:.
3191:.
3128:.
3087:.
3083:.
2839:,
2833:,
2827:,
2819:,
2811:,
2805:,
2783:,
2748:;
2744:;
2740:;
2736:;
2732:;
2728:;
2724:;
2597:.
2585:nl
2524:.
2502:,
2444:,
2440:,
2436:,
2432:,
2428:,
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2420:,
2338:,
2306:,
2118:,
2098:,
2094:,
2090:,
2011:.
1952:,
1937:.
1813:)
1774:,
1770:,
1766:,
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1743:.
1671:.
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1280:,
1276:,
1272:,
1268:,
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1089:,
1027:,
1007:,
1003:,
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609:,
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518:.
483:.
418::
381:,
377:,
373:,
369:,
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329:nl
268:,
8877:e
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8863:v
8480:e
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8466:v
8217:e
8210:t
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8034:e
8027:t
8020:v
7369:e
7362:t
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7022:)
7014:(
6990:e
6983:t
6976:v
6313:e
6306:t
6299:v
5928:e
5921:t
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5294:e
5287:t
5280:v
5187:.
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5127:.
5087:.
5062:)
5005:.
4967:)
4953:.
4928:.
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4914:6
4853:.
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4682:.
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3887:.
3809:.
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2182:(
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