129:
379:
32:
467:, whereby a threatened person need not retreat within his or her own dwelling or place of work. Sometimes this has been the result of court rulings that one need not retreat in a place where one has a special right to be. In other states, this has been accomplished by statute, such as that suggested by the
541:
could set up the defense of showing that he possessed an explosive substance "for a lawful purpose" if he could establish that he was acting in self-defense to protect himself or his family or property against an imminent and apprehended attack by means which he believed to be no more than reasonably
506:
the focus of the test is whether the defendant is acting reasonably in the particular situation. There is no specific requirement that a person must retreat in anticipation of an attack. Although some withdrawal would be useful evidence to prove that the defendant did not want to fight, not every
490:(1877), the Indiana court rejected a duty to retreat, saying, "the tendency of the American mind seems to be very strongly against" a duty to retreat. The court went further in saying that no statutory law could require a duty to retreat, because the right to stand one's ground is "founded on the
524:
held that for a defendant to justify his possession of a metal bar on a public highway, he had to show that there was an imminent particular threat affecting the particular circumstances in which the weapon was carried. Similarly, in
511:
the defendant was physically attacked, and reacted instinctively and immediately without having the opportunity to retreat. Had there been a delay in the response, the reaction might have appeared more revenge than self-defense.
529:
a building owner was held to be using an unreasonable degree of force in carrying a loaded airgun against a builder who was demolishing a new extension because his bills were unpaid. More dramatically, in
860:
Ross, Luevonda P. (Fall 2007). "Transmogrification of Self-Defense by
National Rifle Association-Inspired Statutes: From the Doctrine of Retreat to the Right to Stand Your Ground".
447:
It is a specific component which sometimes appears in the criminal defense of self-defense, and which must be addressed if criminal defendants are to prove that their conduct was
840:
Brown, Richard
Maxwell (1979). "Southern Violence — Regional Problem or National Nemesis?: Legal Attitudes Toward Southern Homicide in Historical Perspective".
438:(especially lethal force) when it is possible instead to retreat to a place of safety. This requirement contrasts with the right in some other jurisdictions to
53:
46:
409:
809:"Any Which Way but Loose: Interpretive Strategies and Attitudes Toward Violence in the Evolution of the Anglo-American 'Retreat Rule'"
894:
736:
Wheatcroft, Melissa (Winter 1999). "Duty to
Retreat for Cohabitants – In New Jersey a Battered Spouse's Home Is Not Her Castle".
624:
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No Duty to
Retreat:Violence and Values in American History and Society 4030 (1991)
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At Home in the Law: How the
Domestic Violence Revolution is Transforming Privacy
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444:, meaning being allowed to defend one's self instead of retreating.
378:
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334:
749:
Beale, Joseph H. (June 1903). "Retreat from a
Murderous Assault".
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wrote that a "true man", one without fault, would not retreat. In
161: Duty to retreat except in one's home or vehicle or workplace
143: Stand-your-ground by judicial decision or jury instruction
448:
250:
778:
Ashworth, A. J. (2009). "Self-Defence and the Right to Life".
494:; and is not, nor can be, superseded by any law of society."
235:
132:
Stand your ground law and duty to retreat by US jurisdiction
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155: Duty to retreat except in one's home or workplace
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As to carrying weapons in anticipation of an attack,
625:"States That Have Stand Your Ground Laws - FindLaw"
881:
19:"No retreat" redirects here. For the film, see
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720:Attorney General's Reference (No 2 of 1983)
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149: Duty to retreat except in one's home
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
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507:defendant is able to escape. In
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852:Brown, Richard Maxwell (1991).
459:Most U.S. jurisdictions have a
895:Legal doctrines and principles
862:Southern University Law Review
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542:necessary to meet the attack.
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463:or apply what is known as the
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813:Law and Contemporary Problems
807:Epps, Garrett (Winter 1992).
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532:AG's Reference (No 2 of 1983)
54:secondary or tertiary sources
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432:requirement of safe retreat
10:
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211:Mental disorder (Insanity)
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792:10.1017/S0008197300086128
780:The Cambridge Law Journal
216:Diminished responsibility
21:No Retreat, No Surrender
872:Suk, Jeannie. (2009).
175:
41:relies excessively on
842:Vanderbilt Law Review
557:Stand-your-ground law
482:Supreme Court of Ohio
461:stand-your-ground law
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647:, 101 Wash. 2d 591,
738:Rutgers Law Journal
751:Harvard Law Review
441:stand one's ground
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261:Necessity
684:R v Bird
546:See also
509:R v Bird
360:Evidence
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325:Criminal
294:See also
206:Immunity
833:1191769
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241:Consent
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