1184:). Because Old Assyrian documents sometimes appear to not differentiate between the city and the god, it is believed that Ashur is a deified personification of the city itself. Perhaps the site of the city, originating as a holy site prior to the city's construction and settled due to its strategic location came to gradually be regarded as divine in its own right at some point in the early period. Assyrians of later periods linked Ashur to Ishtar and though it was never expressly stated, they were sometimes mentioned together in inscriptions as if they were husband and wife. Ashur's role as a deity was flexible and changed with the changing culture and politics of the Assyrians themselves. Though he would in later centuries be regarded as a god of war, guiding the Assyrian kings on their campaigns, he was in Old Assyrian (and presumably also late Early Assyrian) times seen as a god of death and revival, related to agriculture. Though it was no longer Ashur's main function in later periods, his agricultural role continued to remain prominent. One of Ashur's main associated symbols as late as the
543:
1056:
534:
1140:
911:, a much later document listing the sequence of Assyrian rulers, lists 29 kings prior to Puzur-Ashur, unverified by contemporary sources. At least portions of this sequence is likely entirely invented, as many of the names of the earliest rulers rhyme (suggesting an invented pattern), and the names do not match the names of known governors of Assur under the Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian empires. Perhaps the sequence was invented in an attempt to create a legitimate "prehistory" by one of the later Assyrian kings. Given that the earliest rulers are described as "kings who lived in tents", they, if real, may not have ruled Assur directly at all but rather have been nomadic tribal chieftains somewhere in its vicinity. This nomadic origin fits poorly with the archaeological record from Assur and neighboring sites, which instead indicates intense agriculture and early urbanization. As in the
894:
1013:
1149:
1075:. This head is typical of the art style of the Akkadian period, with smooth and soft curves and a full mouth. As it was found in association with the Ishtar G temple, it indicates that the temple continued to be used well into the Akkadian period as well. In addition to the alabaster figures of worshippers, also recovered were 24 stone statues of naked women, five statues of animals, a number of incense burners/pot stands and three large clay altars or house models. A unique figure among the recovered finds was an
48:
762:. That an Assyrian general such as Ititi evidently raided Nuzi testifies to a somewhat lacking Akkadian central control in the region; had the Akkadian kings firmly and directly ruled both cities it is unlikely that they would have been able to raid each other. The period of Akkadian rule over Assur strongly influenced the culture of Assyria in the millennia thereafter. Whereas the Akkadian kings were later despised by the Babylonians in southern Mesopotamia as an affront to Babylon's god
992:(681–669 BC) to have been the original builder of the temple dedicated to Ashur in Assur, and thus in effect the founder of the city itself. Although it is possible that Shalmaneser I got Ushpia's name from oral tradition or from inscriptions that no longer survive, it is also strange that the name of the supposed founder, if he was real, of the city and its first temples does not appear in known inscriptions until about a millennium later. Kikkia is mentioned in the inscriptions of
1176:, a practice continued in later Assyrian periods and inspired by the lunar devotion of the Akkadian kings. Not all practices of the Akkadian kings were seen as good by the populations of Assur. In particular, there appears to have been objections to the practice of the Akkadian kings to add statues of themselves to the temples (normally reserved only for statues of deities); an Akkadian statue in the temple dedicated to Ishtar in Assur shows evidence of deliberately being beheaded.
78:
609:
Mesopotamia, including around Assur, than in southern
Mesopotamia. Much of the early historical remains of Assur may have been destroyed during the extensive construction projects of later Assyrian kings, who worked to create level foundations for the buildings they erected in the city. Very little concrete information is known about Assur in the early period, and most researchers do not treat the city as liable for much historical analysis until the
2849:
1032:, both dedicated to the goddess Ishtar. Dubbed Ishtar H and G by modern researchers, the earlier one (H) has left almost no trace other than the lower stumps of its walls and can confidently be dated to the Early Dynastic Period as nothing has been found below it (indicating it was among the earliest structures at the site) and because some of the walls of the later temple (G) are directly above it. Ishtar G was composed of an oblong
681:
1168:. Ishtar was also a principal deity among the early Hurrian inhabitants of Nuzi, and in other cities in the vicinity. The fertility cult and devotion to Ishtar did not diminish with Assur's incorporation into the Akkadian Empire, as Ishtar was Akkad's patron deity and was thus held in high regard by the Akkadian rulers. From the time of the Akkadian period onwards, there was also much religious reverence for the
85:
55:
798:
766:, the Assyrians remembered the period as a golden age and many later Assyrian kings later tried to emulate the Akkadian rulers. Assyria's status as a prominent trading city, well-established in the later Old Assyrian period, may have begun under the Akkadian kings, as their conquests opened up new opportunities for trade.
1179:
Although worship of Ashur, the
Assyrian national deity, is well-attested in the Old Assyrian period, there is no concrete evidence of worship of Ashur from the early period. The texts from the Akkadian period that explicitly name the city as Assur are the first indirect references to Ashur, since the
836:
2112–2004 BC). The rulers of Ur were not as concerned about northern
Mesopotamia as the Akkadians had been, but they did conduct campaigns and conquests in the region and established sporadic control over Assur. Unlike the south, which they ruled directly, peripheral cities such as Assur were
1109:
from a relative early point in time. As suggested by the historical evidence concerning Baltil and
Subartu, the site of Assur and the surrounding lands were probably originally inhabited by Hurrians, who were either assimilated or displaced at some point when the Semitic-speaking ancestors of the
608:
2500 BC. At this time, the surrounding region was already relatively urbanized, a development that might perhaps have resulted from being influenced by the heavily urbanized southern
Mesopotamia. Archaeological evidence from the Early Dynastic Period is in general far more scarce in northern
616:
Early Assur was probably a local religious and tribal center, suggested by the early presence of temples at the site. The presence of monumental temples suggests that there was a town of some size surrounding the temples, and that the site was not just a small cultic centre. Assur was built in a
1125:
The strong
Sumerian influence seen in the Ishtar H and G temples might suggest that there was not only Sumerian influence in Assur during this time, but perhaps that the site was for a time in its early history inhabited by a group of Sumerians alongside the locals, or possibly even that it was
1086:
In addition to the figures and the architecture, other archaeological finds, including pottery and a vase, from early Assur also demonstrate strong
Sumerian influence. Found in one of the temples was also a fragment of a bedstead which depicts a woman lying down, wearing a choker, earrings and
493:
in the 25th century BC. Throughout the centuries prior to Puzur-Ashur I, it is instead evident that the city was often dominated by a sequence of powerful states and empires from southern
Mesopotamia. In the Early Dynastic Period, Assur, like Akkad and Babylonia, experienced considerable
1100:
It is impossible to confidently determine the ethnic composition of Assur's early population based only on material evidence but it is unlikely to have been homogenous. The population of Assur in the early period was likely mostly tribal and would probably have predominantly spoken a
1070:
figures of worshippers, ranging in height from 20 to 65 centimeters (8 to 26 inches), depicting both men and women. The style of these figures resembles
Sumerian figures of the ED II and ED III periods. One of the early figures found at Assur is a head of a female figure, wearing a
753:
was presumably also a local
Akkadian vassal. Both the names Ititi and Ininlaba are also attested in Nuzi. The Ititi attested at Nuzi, perhaps the same man as the Assyrian governor, was one of the ablest generals of Sargon of Akkad. In his inscription, Ititi dedicates the "booty" of
1110:
later Assyrians settled the region. If they were driven out, the Hurrians of Assur and the surrounding region might then have migrated to the mountains in the east, where Hurrians are firmly historically attested in later periods. According to the Assyriologist
933:
tribal-geographical names with no relation to Assur at all. The "kings who lived in tents" are succeeded in the king list by the "kings who were ancestors", a sequence of names typically interpreted as either the ancestors of the later king
822:. What impact the collapse of the empire had on Assur cannot be determined from the surviving evidence, but other sources indicate that much of Mesopotamia again fractured into small city-states, perhaps including an independent Assur.
506:
as an administrative outpost in northern Mesopotamia, a time later Assyrian kings saw as a golden age. In the final geopolitical stage preceding Assur's independence, the city became a peripheral city within the Sumerian empire of the
1083:, which would indicate trade between Assur and the early tribes and states of Iran. Also found among the artefacts of Ishtar G are a clay bottle with the features of a nude woman as well as a figurine of a man with an erect penis.
837:
placed under the rule of governors. The military administration of governors ensured loyalty and tribute. In the ruins of one of Assur's temples, dedicated to Ishtar, an inscription written by the Asssyrian named governor (
817:
Assur was restored at some point after its destruction by the Lullubi. The Akkadian Empire collapsed in the early 22nd century BC, probably due to rebellions in southern Mesopotamia and the invasions from the eastern
920:
Lewy speculated that the "kings who lived in tents" were not kings at all, but the contemporary ancestors of the different Semitic Akkadian speaking tribes that eventually became the Assyrian people, similar to the
970:, could perhaps be genuine historical Assyian rulers of Assur, but their existence is not corroborated by other sources and fitting them in chronologically between Puzur-Ashur I and the Ur III kings is problematic.
729:
illustrate that Assur was an important local outpost and administrative center under the Akkadian Empire, frequently staffed with Akkadian officials. A palace, similar to a palace built by the Akkadian king
716:
2270–2255 BC) onwards, as contemporary inscriptions dedicated to Manishtushu have been recovered from the city. One inscription dedicated to Manishtushu was inscribed on the bronze point of a spear by
644:, is attested as a name for the land surrounding Assur, but the Assyrians rarely used it. The reason for the name being dropped in later times appears to be that it took on a derogatory meaning: during the
1163:
The earliest temples in Assur being devoted to Ishtar, combined with the number of nude female figurines found in the Ishtar H and G temples, suggests that Assur in the early period was preoccupied with a
1027:
There is very little surviving evidence of what type of settlement Assur was in the early period. Among the scant archaeological evidence recovered of early Assur are the remains of two temples built in
1180:
god shares the city's name. Though they are commonly distinguished by modern historians through calling the god Ashur and the city Assur, both were inscribed in the exact same way in ancient times (
660:
During much of the early Assyrian period, Assur was dominated by ethnolinguistically related states and polities from southern Mesopotamia. The city was occupied by the Akkadian Empire and then the
954:). The "kings who were ancestors" are thus not generally believed to be closely connected to Assur. The last four names mentioned in the list in the fifty or sixty years prior to Puzur-Ashur I;
2185:
Chavalas, Mark (1994). "Genealogical History as "Charter": A Study of Old Babylonian Period Historiography and the Old Testament". In Millard, A. R.; Hoffmeier, James K.; Baker, David W. (eds.).
1044:
at its far end, perhaps designed to contain a cult statue. The structure of the less well-preserved Ishtar H was probably similar. The architecture of the temples is suggestive of the ED II (
621:
river, protected by a river on one side and a canal on another. The region was however relatively arid, located just north of the artificially irrigated lands of southern Mesopotamia.
624:
Later Assyrian kings used the name "Baltil" or "Baltila" to refer to the earliest portion of Assur, or perhaps to a preceding settlement in the same location. "Baltila" is a name of
769:
There is archaeological and literary evidence that Assur's golden age under the Akkadian kings came to a violent end. The remains of temples from the early period at both Assur and
1255:, an early period ruler (presumably an Assyrian governor under the Akkadians or Sumerians) of Assur, but the name is spelt differently and Silulu's inscription names his father as
474:
settled in Assur and the surrounding area, either displacing or assimilating the original population. Founded in a both holy and strategic location, the city itself was gradually
2286:
Garfinkle, Steven J. (2007). "The Assyrians: A New Look at an Ancient Power". In Rubio, Gonzalo; Garfinkle, Steven J.; Beckman, Gary; Snell, Daniel C.; Chavalas, Mark W. (eds.).
942:
1808–1776 BC), inserted into the king list in an effort to create dynastic legitimacy (though they then did not actually rule Assur), or as a general set of legendary
2463:
868:
2028–2004 BC) lost his administrative grip on the peripheral regions of his empire and Assur became an independent city-state under its own rulers, beginning with
781:
invaded the northern parts of the Akkadian Empire before continuing southwards and eventually reaching Babylon itself. Archaeological evidence of Naram-Sin's palace at
439:
2600 BC, but the city may have been founded even earlier since the area had been inhabited for thousands of years prior and other nearby Assyrian cities, such as
274:
249:
1157:
Some of the artefacts recovered from the Ishtar G temple, dating to the Early Dynastic Period (left) and a reconstruction of the interior of the temple (right)
1055:
542:
2417:
2629:
489:
There is no real evidence that Assur was independent at any point in the Early Assyrian period, although the Assyrian king list names rulers going back to
466:, used in later times to refer to its oldest portion. At some point between 3000 BC and 2600 BC, before the rise of the Akkadian Empire in 2335 BC, the
3222:
3398:
533:
917:, several names, if real, may also have belonged to rulers who were contemporaries/rivals, rather than successors and predecessors of one another.
721:, a local Assyrian ruler of Assur who was the Akkadian king's vassal. Azazu's inscription was also dedicated to a deity, but the name, perhaps
431:
2025 BC. Very little material and textual evidence survives from this period. The earliest archaeological evidence at Assur dates to the
980:
2100 BC, the 17th name mentioned, and Kikkia, the 28th name. Ushpia is stated in the inscriptions of the significantly later Assyrian kings
893:
3217:
1139:
746:
600:
2025 BC. The earliest archaeological evidence known from Assur predates the Akkadian Empire by only a few centuries, being from
3835:
3273:
2622:
2834:
1079:
figurine of a nude woman, alongside fragments of at least five additional similar figurines. The ivory used might have come from
750:
718:
640:
some two thousand years later, Baltila was the capital of the land of Subir. Subir, which also appears in the variants Subar and
592:
2900–2350 BC), or perhaps earlier, though there is no evidence of the city being an independent state prior to the time of
4424:
3391:
2597:
2573:
2513:
2494:
2475:
2452:
2433:
2345:
2316:
2295:
2276:
2255:
2234:
2196:
2117:
1192:", which represented the revival of life every spring. As such, he still retained his status as a god of death and revival.
1242:
It has also been suggested that Zariqum was an independent ruler, who only recognized the overlordship of the Ur III kings.
1087:
several rings with exposed breasts; the typical style associated with a deceased Sumerian noblewoman who was to be buried.
3454:
2964:
2615:
973:
The only names among the early names on the king list that are mentioned in later ancient sources outside of the list is
585:
560:
432:
254:
946:
ancestors (Shamshi-Adad was an Amorite and a similar sequence of names appear in a text describing the ancestors of the
652:
1894–1595 BC), so many slaves were imported from "Subartu" that "Subarian" in effect became a synonym for "slave".
3869:
3864:
2691:
887:
3384:
3355:
413:, and its Akkadian speaking people and culture, prior to the foundation of Assyria as an independent Mesopotamian
4419:
551:
Statues of a praying man (left) and woman (right) recovered from the ruins of a temple dedicated to the goddess
47:
3268:
3252:
1206:
1012:
3590:
2397:
3294:
696:
2254–2218 BC). Assur was an important local administrative center in the north under the Akkadian kings.
138:
4429:
3828:
3788:
3304:
3039:
789:, it can thus be assumed that the Lullubi did in fact invade Mesopotamia and destroyed Assur at this time.
897:
Beheaded statue of a ruler of the Akkadian period discovered at Assur. Believed to depict either the king
4444:
3360:
3242:
3237:
3172:
2848:
3365:
2974:
860:
The period of Sumerian dominance of Assur came to an end as the last king of the Third Dynasty of Ur,
3049:
2864:
502:. In the 24th to 22nd centuries BC, the city and the Akkadian speaking Assyrians were a part of the
77:
664:. Prior to this, Assur had also for a time been one of the many Mesopotamian cities under the loose
4449:
4439:
3004:
2646:
387:
1122:, Ushpia, Sulili and Kikkia, are not Semitic or Akkadian in origin, but could perhaps be Hurrian.
3859:
3821:
3539:
3314:
3247:
3141:
2994:
2912:
2907:
922:
4434:
4145:
3854:
3345:
3197:
2956:
1201:
343:
2103:
1148:
845:
states that he founded a new temple in the city, dedicated to the goddess Bēlat-ekallim (i.e.
4216:
3706:
3014:
967:
825:
Within a century of the Akkadian Empire's collapse, southern Mesopotamia was reunited by the
645:
633:
366:
1052:
2600–2350 BC) periods. Both temples appear to have been destroyed by being burnt down.
3931:
3232:
3192:
2671:
1041:
8:
4353:
4296:
4130:
3880:
3742:
3687:
3601:
3508:
3486:
3319:
3227:
3202:
3009:
2984:
1185:
829:
802:
661:
610:
508:
406:
356:
330:
267:
193:
2504:
Michałowski, Piotr (2009). "Aššur During the Ur III Period". In Drewnowska, Olga (ed.).
708:
2334–2279 BC), and is known to have controlled the city at least from the reign of
4313:
4281:
4276:
4201:
4125:
4120:
4105:
3450:
3309:
3278:
3177:
3024:
2941:
2552:
2544:
2384:
2376:
2188:
Faith, Tradition, and History: Old Testament Historiography in Its Near Eastern Context
2156:
2148:
993:
913:
907:
731:
689:
446:
The archaeological evidence suggests that Assur may have been originally inhabited by
2129:"Sumerians, Gutians and Hurrians at Ashur? A Re-Examination of Ishtar Temples G and F"
905:
Though there is no evidence of independent Assyrian rule during the early period, the
4236:
4231:
4226:
4206:
4186:
3957:
3733:
3723:
3299:
3156:
3151:
3136:
3071:
2989:
2946:
2666:
2661:
2593:
2569:
2556:
2509:
2506:
Here and There Across the Ancient Near East: Studies in Honour of Krystyna Lyczkowska
2490:
2471:
2448:
2429:
2388:
2341:
2322:
2312:
2291:
2272:
2251:
2230:
2211:
2192:
2173:
2160:
2113:
1106:
1102:
1072:
467:
124:
120:
773:
indicate that they were violently destroyed. According to the later Babylonian text
741:
The earliest inscription known from Assur, preceding that of Azazu, was made by the
4398:
4388:
4383:
4318:
4196:
4191:
4070:
3783:
3212:
3207:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3091:
3086:
3076:
2892:
2749:
2734:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2686:
2536:
2368:
2140:
128:
2290:. Publications of the Association of Ancient Historians. Claremont: Regina Books.
929:
and Jesper Eidem, have dismissed the early names in the king list as a mixture of
4333:
4323:
4266:
4256:
4251:
4161:
4115:
4080:
4060:
4009:
3800:
3769:
3764:
3754:
3464:
3146:
3121:
3116:
3096:
3044:
3034:
3029:
3019:
2999:
2969:
2921:
2917:
2887:
2587:
2335:
2306:
2266:
2245:
2224:
2186:
2107:
1173:
1080:
1017:
1001:
947:
701:
685:
573:
503:
471:
459:
177:
2468:
The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume I Part 2: Early History of the Middle East
2426:
The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume I Part 2: Early History of the Middle East
4348:
4338:
4328:
4308:
4261:
4241:
4221:
4110:
4075:
4065:
4050:
3979:
3941:
3926:
3738:
3126:
1165:
935:
786:
451:
700:
The Akkadian Empire probably conquered Assur in the reign of its first ruler,
478:
during the Early Assyrian period and eventually became personified as the god
4413:
4393:
4358:
4343:
4271:
4246:
4181:
4176:
4095:
4085:
4025:
3946:
3896:
3646:
3642:
3475:
2926:
2774:
2681:
2583:
981:
926:
869:
819:
593:
483:
425:
209:
4378:
4286:
4171:
4166:
4135:
4100:
3779:
2931:
2744:
2676:
1189:
1111:
669:
499:
3566:
3376:
2326:
2177:
1229:
is for instance known to have been inhabited millennia earlier, since the
498:
influence, and for a time fell under the hegemony of the Sumerian city of
462:
in the 24th century BC; it is possible that the city was originally named
4368:
4211:
4055:
4003:
3997:
3974:
3901:
3608:
3496:
3446:
3408:
3350:
3340:
3131:
3063:
2936:
2824:
2638:
2215:
1037:
898:
722:
709:
479:
1059:
Statue from Assur in the Ur III period, possibly depicting the governor
1004:(859–824 BC) as the supposed first builder of a wall around Assur.
458:. The name "Assur" is not historically attested prior to the age of the
4373:
3951:
3936:
2882:
2877:
2548:
2524:
2380:
2356:
2152:
2128:
989:
414:
148:
2607:
4363:
4045:
4030:
3991:
3985:
3969:
3911:
3906:
3658:
3628:
3187:
2872:
2759:
2696:
2308:
Assyrian Royal Inscriptions: From the beginning to Ashur-resha-ishi I
1230:
1067:
782:
735:
637:
2592:. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis. Göttingen: Academic Press Fribourg.
2540:
2372:
2144:
886:
For legendary and attested rulers in the Early Assyrian period, see
785:
demonstrate that it was also sacked. According to the Assyriologist
628:
origin, attested as a personal name among Hurrians near the city of
4015:
3921:
3813:
3652:
3637:
3633:
3617:
3583:
3571:
3559:
3534:
3324:
2979:
2902:
2897:
2804:
2789:
2784:
2739:
1029:
943:
930:
861:
850:
665:
625:
482:, firmly established as the Assyrian national deity by the time of
447:
4090:
4040:
3711:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3554:
3522:
3501:
3081:
2809:
2799:
2764:
2754:
1226:
1060:
951:
846:
842:
778:
770:
641:
569:
475:
440:
402:
305:
1872:
1870:
4035:
4020:
3963:
3916:
2829:
2779:
2701:
2466:. In Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. (eds.).
2424:. In Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. (eds.).
1256:
1252:
1119:
974:
963:
959:
955:
813:
2094–2046 BC). Assur was a peripheral city in this empire.
806:
763:
759:
680:
618:
552:
490:
455:
418:
1968:
1966:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
725:, is not clearly preserved. Texts of the Akkadian period from
3517:
3182:
2819:
2814:
2794:
1867:
1264:
1076:
1033:
1021:
826:
755:
581:
556:
495:
410:
161:
105:
2029:
1843:
1677:
1512:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
568:
Agricultural villages in the region that would later become
3513:
2769:
2058:
2056:
1963:
1773:
1665:
1548:
1251:
It has been suggested that Sulili could be identified with
1169:
726:
629:
292:
109:
2226:
The Imperialisation of Assyria: An Archaeological Approach
1995:
1993:
1938:
1936:
1761:
1749:
1725:
1460:
1458:
2268:
The Age of Agade: Inventing Empire in Ancient Mesopotamia
1814:
1812:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1280:
1066:
Also recovered in conjunction with these temples were 87
797:
745:(governor of Assur) Ititi, son of an Assyrian man called
2053:
1921:
878:
2470:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2428:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2068:
2017:
2005:
1990:
1953:
1951:
1933:
1855:
1713:
1701:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1603:
1591:
1524:
1502:
1500:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1455:
2447:. Translated by Tabatabai, Soraia. Oxford: Routledge.
1899:
1897:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1809:
1797:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1438:
1361:
1311:
2288:
Current Issues and the Study of the Ancient Near East
2041:
1785:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
758:(a city possibly identical with Nuzi) to the goddess
617:
highly strategic location; on a hill overlooking the
1948:
1882:
1653:
1636:
1567:
1497:
1470:
2445:
The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy
2080:
1909:
1894:
1824:
1737:
1689:
1615:
1579:
1536:
888:
List of Assyrian kings § Early Assyrian rulers
2109:Commerce and Colonization in the Ancient Near East
1409:
1380:
1338:
1299:
1978:
4411:
792:
2484:
2172:. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers.
1849:
1683:
1518:
3829:
3392:
2623:
572:are known to have existed by the time of the
160:• Earliest archaeological evidence from
2582:
1876:
1767:
1293:
675:
3406:
3218:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
2503:
1755:
3836:
3822:
3443:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3
3399:
3385:
2630:
2616:
2464:"The Early Dynastic Period in Mesopotamia"
1126:conquered by some unknown Sumerian ruler.
1007:
584:was probably founded at some point in the
450:as well as Semites and was the site of a
2489:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
2395:
2337:The Tree of Life: An Archaeological Study
2285:
2229:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2205:
2112:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1927:
1818:
1791:
1731:
1719:
1609:
1464:
1095:
2525:"The Excavations at Tell al Rimah, 1966"
2461:
2442:
2184:
2167:
2074:
2011:
1999:
1972:
1942:
1861:
1530:
1449:
1403:
1374:
1332:
1054:
1011:
892:
801:Approximate map of the territory of the
796:
679:
409:and covering the history of the city of
2637:
2354:
2304:
2062:
2047:
1888:
1803:
1659:
1647:
1016:Head of a female figure, dating to the
4412:
2264:
2222:
2035:
1957:
1779:
1671:
1573:
1561:
1506:
632:. According to a stele erected by the
3817:
3799:
3778:
3768:
3686:
3657:
3589:
3565:
3380:
2611:
2522:
2333:
2243:
2102:
2086:
1585:
1479:
1305:
454:devoted to the Mesopotamian goddess
3843:
2589:Mesopotamia: The Old Assyrian Period
2563:
2415:
2023:
1915:
1903:
1837:
1743:
1707:
1695:
1630:
1597:
1542:
1491:
1432:
1391:
1355:
1048:2750/2700–2600 BC) and ED III (
738:, was also constructed in the city.
655:
3865:Legendary kings and early governors
2126:
1984:
523:
16:Earliest period of Assyrian history
13:
2487:A History of the Ancient Near East
14:
4461:
1114:, many of the early names in the
3356:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
2847:
2311:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
2210:. Assen: Koninklije Van Gorcum.
1147:
1138:
857:2046–2037 BC), king of Ur.
777:, a strange-looking army of the
541:
532:
272:
247:
83:
76:
53:
46:
2095:
1245:
1236:
1219:
580:6300–5800 BC. The city of
2913:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
2908:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
2168:Breasted, James Henry (1926).
1207:List of Mesopotamian dynasties
613:, initiated by Puzur-Ashur I.
1:
4151:
3886:
3295:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
2692:Tigris–Euphrates river system
2485:Van De Mieroop, Marc (2007).
1274:
1049:
1045:
997:
985:
977:
939:
925:. Other researchers, such as
872:
865:
854:
833:
810:
793:Under the Third Dynasty of Ur
713:
705:
693:
649:
605:
601:
597:
589:
577:
512:
436:
428:
421:
372:
348:
335:
322:
215:
199:
183:
167:
139:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
84:
54:
33:
29:
4425:3rd millennium BC in Assyria
2508:. Warsaw: Agade Publishing.
2462:Mallowan, Max E. L. (1971).
2265:Foster, Benjamin R. (2016).
2191:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
2170:The Conquest of Civilization
901:or the local governor Ititi.
470:-speaking ancestors of the
7:
3361:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
3243:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
3238:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
1195:
1129:
443:, are significantly older.
10:
4466:
3366:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
2247:Sargon II, King of Assyria
1090:
885:
518:
401:was the earliest stage of
208:• Independence under
4295:
4144:
3879:
3849:
3796:
3775:
3763:
3760:
3753:
3750:
3732:
3722:
3705:
3698:
3696:
3662:
3650:
3641:
3632:
3627:
3599:
3582:
3553:
3538:
3533:
3512:
3507:
3495:
3485:
3473:
3463:
3445:
3442:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3415:
3333:
3287:
3261:
3165:
3062:
2955:
2863:
2856:
2845:
2727:
2654:
2645:
2305:Grayson, A. Kirk (1972).
2223:Düring, Bleda S. (2020).
1263:names Sulili's father as
676:Under the Akkadian Empire
304:Periodization of ancient
288:
226:
222:
206:
190:
174:
158:
154:
144:
134:
116:
40:
28:
21:
3424:Northwestern Mesopotamia
2586:; Eidem, Jesper (2008).
2443:Liverani, Mario (2014).
2416:Lewy, Hildegard (1971).
2398:"The Assyrian King List"
2396:Lendering, Jona (2006).
1877:Veenhof & Eidem 2008
1768:Veenhof & Eidem 2008
1294:Veenhof & Eidem 2008
1212:
1172:and its associated god,
668:of the Sumerian city of
388:History of the Assyrians
2355:Lambert, W. G. (1983).
2244:Elayi, Josette (2017).
1008:Archaeological evidence
1000:1408–1401 BC) and
988:1273–1244 BC) and
923:Twelve Tribes of Israel
684:Approximate map of the
405:history, preceding the
192:• Conquest by the
176:• Conquest by the
4420:Early Period (Assyria)
4146:Middle Assyrian Empire
3855:List of Assyrian kings
3584:Middle Hittite Kingdom
3198:Babylonian mathematics
2564:Roux, Georges (1992).
2334:James, E. O. (2018) .
2250:. Atlanta: SBL Press.
2206:van Driel, G. (1969).
1202:History of Mesopotamia
1096:Population and culture
1063:
1024:
902:
814:
697:
344:Middle Assyrian period
4217:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur
3707:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3540:Old Babylonian Empire
3455:Early Dynastic period
2523:Oates, David (1967).
2271:. Oxford: Routledge.
1058:
1015:
896:
800:
683:
646:Old Babylonian Empire
586:Early Dynastic Period
561:Early Dynastic Period
433:Early Dynastic Period
399:Early Assyrian period
318:Early Assyrian period
255:Early Dynastic Period
117:Common languages
67:Show map of Near East
23:Early Assyrian period
3434:Southern Mesopotamia
3429:Northern Mesopotamia
3193:Babylonian astronomy
2672:Mesopotamian Marshes
2127:Bär, Jürgen (2003).
2104:Aubet, Maria Eugenia
515:2112–2004 BC).
367:Post-imperial period
4430:Ancient Mesopotamia
4354:Tiglath-Pileser III
4297:Neo-Assyrian Empire
4131:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
3881:Old Assyrian period
3688:Neo-Assyrian Empire
3602:Bronze Age Collapse
3535:Old Hittite Kingdom
3509:Old Assyrian period
3487:Third Dynasty of Ur
3274:Destruction by ISIL
3228:Sumerian literature
3203:Akkadian literature
2639:Ancient Mesopotamia
2026:, pp. 737–738.
1975:, pp. 299–300.
1850:Van De Mieroop 2007
1710:, pp. 739–740.
1684:Van De Mieroop 2007
1600:, pp. 732–733.
1519:Van De Mieroop 2007
1494:, pp. 729–730.
1186:Neo-Assyrian Empire
879:Early names in the
849:), for the life of
830:Third Dynasty of Ur
803:Third Dynasty of Ur
775:Legend of Naram-Sin
662:Third Dynasty of Ur
611:Old Assyrian period
509:Third Dynasty of Ur
407:Old Assyrian period
357:Neo-Assyrian period
331:Old Assyrian period
268:Old Assyrian period
194:Third Dynasty of Ur
4445:History of Assyria
4314:Tukulti-Ninurta II
4282:Tiglath-Pileser II
4277:Ashur-resh-ishi II
4202:Enlil-kudurri-usur
4126:Ashur-rim-nisheshu
4121:Ashur-bel-nisheshu
4106:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I
3544:Southern Akkadians
3451:Jemdet Nasr period
3310:Mesopotamian myths
1261:Assyrian King List
1116:Assyrian King List
1064:
1025:
994:Ashur-rim-nisheshu
914:Sumerian King List
908:Assyrian King List
903:
881:Assyrian King List
815:
698:
4407:
4406:
4302:
4237:Asharid-apal-Ekur
4232:Tiglath-Pileser I
4227:Ashur-resh-ishi I
4207:Ninurta-apal-Ekur
4187:Tukulti-Ninurta I
4155:
3890:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3734:Macedonian Empire
3724:Achaemenid Empire
3597:c. 1200–1150 BCE
3580:c. 1400–1200 BCE
3551:c. 1600–1400 BCE
3531:c. 1800–1600 BCE
3493:c. 2000–1800 BCE
3483:c. 2100–2000 BCE
3471:c. 2200–2100 BCE
3461:c. 2350–2200 BCE
3440:c. 3500–2350 BCE
3374:
3373:
3325:Ziggurat (Temple)
3300:Sumerian religion
3058:
3057:
3005:Middle Babylonian
2947:Kish civilization
2843:
2842:
2667:Lower Mesopotamia
2662:Upper Mesopotamia
2599:978-3-7278-1623-9
2584:Veenhof, Klaas R.
2575:978-0-14-012523-8
2568:. Penguin Books.
2515:978-83-87111-45-8
2496:978-1-4051-4910-5
2477:978-0-521-07791-0
2454:978-0-415-67905-3
2435:978-0-521-07791-0
2347:978-90-04-01612-5
2340:. Leiden: BRILL.
2318:978-3-447-01382-6
2297:978-1-930053-46-5
2278:978-1-315-68656-1
2257:978-1-62837-177-2
2236:978-1-108-47874-8
2208:The Cult of Aššur
2198:978-0-931464-82-9
2119:978-0-521-51417-0
2065:, pp. 82–85.
1879:, pp. 31–32.
1734:, pp. 62–63.
1105:language, likely
656:Political history
395:
394:
379:
378:
308:
298:
297:
284:
283:
280:
279:
260:
259:
4457:
4399:Ashur-uballit II
4389:Sin-shumu-lishir
4384:Ashur-etil-ilani
4319:Ashurnasirpal II
4300:
4197:Ashur-nirari III
4192:Ashur-nadin-apli
4153:
4149:
4071:Shamshi-Adad III
3888:
3884:
3844:Kings of Assyria
3838:
3831:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3784:Byzantine Empire
3659:Middle Babylonia
3625:c. 1150–911 BCE
3418:
3417:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3223:Sumerian cuisine
3213:Warfare in Sumer
3208:Economy of Sumer
2861:
2860:
2851:
2735:Fertile Crescent
2719:Sinjar Mountains
2714:Hamrin Mountains
2709:Zagros Mountains
2687:Taurus Mountains
2652:
2651:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2579:
2560:
2519:
2500:
2481:
2458:
2439:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2392:
2351:
2330:
2301:
2282:
2261:
2240:
2219:
2202:
2181:
2164:
2123:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1961:
1955:
1946:
1940:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1822:
1816:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1756:Michałowski 2009
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1634:
1628:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1468:
1462:
1453:
1447:
1436:
1430:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1378:
1372:
1359:
1353:
1336:
1330:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1268:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1223:
1151:
1142:
1081:Indian elephants
1051:
1047:
999:
987:
979:
941:
874:
867:
856:
835:
812:
715:
707:
695:
651:
607:
604:2600 BC or
603:
599:
591:
579:
559:, dating to the
545:
536:
524:Origins of Assur
514:
438:
430:
423:
374:
350:
337:
324:
314:
313:
303:
300:
299:
276:
275:
264:
263:
251:
250:
244:
243:
228:
227:
217:
201:
185:
169:
98:
97:Show map of Iraq
87:
86:
80:
68:
57:
56:
50:
35:
31:
19:
18:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4450:Historical eras
4440:Bronze Age Asia
4410:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4334:Adad-nirari III
4324:Shalmaneser III
4299:
4291:
4267:Ashur-nirari IV
4257:Ashurnasirpal I
4252:Shamshi-Adad IV
4162:Ashur-uballit I
4148:
4140:
4116:Ashur-nirari II
4081:Puzur-Ashur III
4061:Shamshi-Adad II
3883:
3875:
3874:
3845:
3842:
3812:
3807:
3801:Sassanid Empire
3770:Parthian Empire
3765:Seleucid Empire
3755:Seleucid Empire
3674:
3668:
3645:
3636:
3465:Akkadian Empire
3411:
3405:
3375:
3370:
3329:
3283:
3257:
3166:Culture/society
3161:
3054:
3050:Muslim conquest
3020:Fall of Babylon
2951:
2852:
2839:
2723:
2641:
2636:
2606:
2600:
2576:
2541:10.2307/4199827
2516:
2497:
2478:
2455:
2436:
2422:. 2600–1816 BC"
2406:
2404:
2373:10.2307/4200181
2357:"The God Aššur"
2348:
2319:
2298:
2279:
2258:
2237:
2199:
2145:10.2307/4200537
2120:
2098:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1934:
1930:, pp. 1–2.
1926:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1825:
1817:
1810:
1806:, pp. 2–6.
1802:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1637:
1629:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1471:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1439:
1431:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1381:
1373:
1362:
1354:
1339:
1331:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1198:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1132:
1098:
1093:
1018:Akkadian period
1010:
1002:Shalmaneser III
948:Amorite dynasty
891:
884:
795:
686:Akkadian Empire
678:
658:
574:Hassuna culture
566:
565:
564:
563:
548:
547:
546:
538:
537:
526:
521:
504:Akkadian Empire
460:Akkadian Empire
391:
273:
248:
212:
196:
180:
178:Akkadian Empire
164:
112:
102:
101:
100:
99:
96:
95:
94:
93:
92:
88:
71:
70:
69:
66:
65:
64:
63:
62:
58:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4463:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4349:Ashur-nirari V
4346:
4341:
4339:Shalmaneser IV
4336:
4331:
4329:Shamshi-Adad V
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4309:Adad-nirari II
4305:
4303:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4262:Shalmaneser II
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4242:Ashur-bel-kala
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4222:Mutakkil-Nusku
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4111:Enlil-Nasir II
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4076:Ashur-nirari I
4073:
4068:
4066:Ishme-Dagan II
4063:
4058:
4053:
4051:Sharma-Adad II
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3980:Ashur-apla-idi
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3944:
3942:Shamshi-Adad I
3939:
3934:
3929:
3927:Puzur-Ashur II
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:Later kingship
3867:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3818:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3777:
3776:63 BCE–224 CE
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3739:Ancient Greeks
3731:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3661:
3656:
3649:
3640:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3614:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3591:Middle Assyria
3588:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3564:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3511:
3506:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3381:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3346:Assyriologists
3343:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3253:List of rulers
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:Proto-Armenian
3139:
3134:
3129:
3127:Middle Persian
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3015:Neo-Babylonian
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2995:Old Babylonian
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2965:Early Dynastic
2961:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2605:
2604:
2598:
2580:
2574:
2561:
2520:
2514:
2501:
2495:
2482:
2476:
2459:
2453:
2440:
2434:
2413:
2393:
2352:
2346:
2331:
2317:
2302:
2296:
2283:
2277:
2262:
2256:
2241:
2235:
2220:
2203:
2197:
2182:
2165:
2124:
2118:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2079:
2077:, p. 164.
2067:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2016:
2014:, p. 153.
2004:
2002:, p. 301.
1989:
1977:
1962:
1947:
1945:, p. 299.
1932:
1928:van Driel 1969
1920:
1918:, p. 744.
1908:
1906:, p. 747.
1893:
1881:
1866:
1864:, p. 117.
1854:
1842:
1840:, p. 745.
1823:
1819:van Driel 1969
1808:
1796:
1792:Lendering 2006
1784:
1772:
1760:
1758:, p. 155.
1748:
1746:, p. 746.
1736:
1732:Garfinkle 2007
1724:
1720:Garfinkle 2007
1712:
1700:
1698:, p. 735.
1688:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1635:
1633:, p. 734.
1614:
1610:Garfinkle 2007
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1547:
1545:, p. 729.
1535:
1533:, p. 291.
1523:
1511:
1496:
1484:
1482:, p. 276.
1469:
1465:Garfinkle 2007
1454:
1452:, p. 298.
1437:
1435:, p. 187.
1408:
1396:
1394:, p. 731.
1379:
1377:, p. 300.
1360:
1358:, p. 733.
1337:
1335:, p. 208.
1310:
1298:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1244:
1235:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1166:fertility cult
1156:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1009:
1006:
936:Shamshi-Adad I
883:
877:
875:2025 BC.
794:
791:
787:Hildegard Lewy
677:
674:
657:
654:
634:Neo-Babylonian
550:
549:
540:
539:
531:
530:
529:
528:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
452:fertility cult
393:
392:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
369:
363:
362:
359:
353:
352:
346:
340:
339:
333:
327:
326:
320:
310:
309:
296:
295:
290:
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
270:
261:
258:
257:
252:
240:
239:
234:
224:
223:
220:
219:
213:
207:
204:
203:
197:
191:
188:
187:
181:
175:
172:
171:
165:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:
146:
145:Historical era
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
118:
114:
113:
103:
90:
89:
82:
81:
75:
74:
73:
72:
60:
59:
52:
51:
45:
44:
43:
42:
41:
38:
37:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4462:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4435:Ancient Syria
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4394:Sinsharishkun
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4359:Shalmaneser V
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4344:Ashur-dan III
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4272:Ashur-rabi II
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:Eriba-Adad II
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4182:Shalmaneser I
4180:
4178:
4177:Adad-nirari I
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4096:Ashur-shaduni
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4086:Enlil-nasir I
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4026:Sharma-Adad I
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:Ishme-Dagan I
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3897:Puzur-Ashur I
3895:
3894:
3892:
3889:2025–1364 BC)
3882:
3878:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3839:
3834:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3802:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3771:
3766:
3759:
3756:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3666:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3402:
3397:
3395:
3390:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2682:Syrian Desert
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2601:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2414:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2089:, p. 42.
2088:
2083:
2076:
2075:Breasted 1926
2071:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2050:, p. 83.
2049:
2044:
2038:, chapter 11.
2037:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2012:Breasted 1926
2008:
2001:
2000:Mallowan 1971
1996:
1994:
1987:, p. 16.
1986:
1981:
1974:
1973:Mallowan 1971
1969:
1967:
1960:, p. 32.
1959:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1943:Mallowan 1971
1939:
1937:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1863:
1862:Chavalas 1994
1858:
1852:, p. 89.
1851:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1776:
1770:, p. 20.
1769:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1722:, p. 62.
1721:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1686:, p. 71.
1685:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1612:, p. 63.
1611:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1588:, p. 38.
1587:
1582:
1576:, p. 30.
1575:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1531:Mallowan 1971
1527:
1521:, p. 54.
1520:
1515:
1509:, p. 31.
1508:
1503:
1501:
1493:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1467:, p. 61.
1466:
1461:
1459:
1451:
1450:Mallowan 1971
1446:
1444:
1442:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1406:, p. 48.
1405:
1404:Liverani 2014
1400:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1376:
1375:Mallowan 1971
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1334:
1333:Liverani 2014
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1308:, p. 83.
1307:
1302:
1296:, p. 19.
1295:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1239:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1150:
1141:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1005:
1003:
995:
991:
983:
982:Shalmaneser I
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
937:
932:
928:
927:Klaas Veenhof
924:
918:
916:
915:
910:
909:
900:
895:
889:
882:
876:
871:
870:Puzur-Ashur I
863:
858:
852:
848:
844:
840:
831:
828:
823:
821:
808:
804:
799:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
765:
761:
757:
752:
748:
744:
743:Išši'ak Aššur
739:
737:
733:
728:
724:
720:
711:
703:
691:
687:
682:
673:
671:
667:
663:
653:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
614:
612:
595:
594:Puzur-Ashur I
587:
583:
575:
571:
562:
558:
554:
544:
535:
516:
510:
505:
501:
497:
492:
487:
485:
484:Puzur-Ashur I
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
434:
427:
426:Puzur-Ashur I
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
390:
389:
383:
382:
370:
368:
365:
364:
360:
358:
355:
354:
347:
345:
342:
341:
334:
332:
329:
328:
321:
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
307:
302:
301:
294:
291:
289:Today part of
287:
271:
269:
266:
265:
262:
256:
253:
246:
245:
242:
241:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
225:
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214:
211:
210:Puzur-Ashur I
205:
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195:
189:
182:
179:
173:
166:
163:
157:
153:
150:
147:
143:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
79:
49:
39:
27:
20:
4379:Ashurbanipal
4301:(911–609 BC)
4287:Ashur-dan II
4172:Arik-den-ili
4167:Enlil-nirari
4154:1363–912 BC)
4136:Eriba-Adad I
4101:Ashur-rabi I
3860:Royal titles
3787:
3780:Ancient Rome
3751:311–129 BCE
3737:
3730:336–301 BCE
3720:539–331 BCE
3710:
3703:626–539 BCE
3694:729–609 BCE
3684:911–729 BCE
3675:
3669:
3663:
3651:
3616:
3606:
3600:
3570:
3558:
3543:
3520:
3499:
3474:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3407:Timeline of
3248:Royal titles
3173:Architecture
3010:Neo-Assyrian
2857:(Pre)history
2677:Persian Gulf
2588:
2566:Ancient Iraq
2565:
2535:(2): 70–96.
2532:
2528:
2505:
2486:
2467:
2444:
2425:
2419:
2405:. Retrieved
2401:
2367:(1): 82–86.
2364:
2360:
2336:
2307:
2287:
2267:
2246:
2225:
2207:
2187:
2169:
2136:
2132:
2108:
2096:Bibliography
2082:
2070:
2063:Lambert 1983
2048:Lambert 1983
2043:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1980:
1923:
1911:
1891:, p. 5.
1889:Grayson 1972
1884:
1857:
1845:
1821:, p. 3.
1804:Grayson 1972
1799:
1787:
1782:, chapter 9.
1775:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1674:, chapter 2.
1667:
1662:, p. 3.
1660:Grayson 1972
1655:
1650:, p. 2.
1648:Grayson 1972
1605:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1564:, chapter 3.
1538:
1526:
1514:
1487:
1399:
1301:
1260:
1259:whereas the
1247:
1238:
1221:
1190:Tree of Life
1181:
1178:
1162:
1124:
1115:
1112:Georges Roux
1099:
1085:
1065:
1026:
972:
919:
912:
906:
904:
880:
859:
838:
824:
816:
774:
768:
742:
740:
699:
659:
623:
615:
596:, who ruled
567:
488:
463:
445:
424:2085 BC or
417:ether under
398:
396:
385:
338:2025–1364 BC
325:2600–2025 BC
317:
237:Succeeded by
236:
231:
104:Location of
4369:Sennacherib
4212:Ashur-dan I
4056:Erishum III
4004:Adad-salulu
3998:Ipqi-Ishtar
3975:Ashur-dugul
3902:Shalim-ahum
3797:224–mid 7C
3761:129–63 BCE
3743:Macedonians
3638:city-states
3634:Neo-Hittite
3609:Sea Peoples
3525:city-states
3504:city-states
3447:Uruk period
3409:Mesopotamia
3351:Hittitology
3341:Assyriology
3262:Archaeology
3132:Old Persian
2942:Jemdet Nasr
2139:: 143–160.
2036:Foster 2016
1958:Düring 2020
1780:Foster 2016
1672:Foster 2016
1574:Düring 2020
1562:Foster 2016
1507:Düring 2020
1225:The nearby
1038:antechamber
1020:, found at
899:Manishtushu
839:šakkanakkum
710:Manishtushu
351:1363–912 BC
232:Preceded by
4414:Categories
4374:Esarhaddon
3952:Mut-Ashkur
3937:Erishum II
3521:and other
3500:and other
3315:Divination
3025:Achaemenid
2990:Isin-Larsa
2883:Trialetian
2878:Mousterian
2865:Prehistory
2087:James 1966
1586:Elayi 2017
1480:Aubet 2013
1306:Oates 1967
1275:References
1118:, such as
990:Esarhaddon
415:city-state
386:See also:
361:911–609 BC
149:Bronze Age
108:in modern
4364:Sargon II
4046:Shu-Ninua
4031:Iptar-Sin
3992:Sin-namir
3986:Nasir-Sin
3970:Puzur-Sin
3932:Naram-Sin
3912:Erishum I
3907:Ilu-shuma
3712:Chaldeans
3629:Phoenicia
3567:Karduniaš
3188:Cuneiform
3064:Languages
2873:Acheulean
2760:Babylonia
2697:Euphrates
2647:Geography
2557:249895057
2418:"Assyria
2389:163337976
2161:191480324
2024:Lewy 1971
1916:Lewy 1971
1904:Lewy 1971
1838:Lewy 1971
1744:Lewy 1971
1708:Lewy 1971
1696:Lewy 1971
1631:Lewy 1971
1598:Lewy 1971
1543:Lewy 1971
1492:Lewy 1971
1433:Roux 1992
1392:Lewy 1971
1356:Lewy 1971
1231:Neolithic
1188:was the "
1068:alabaster
783:Tell Brak
736:Tell Brak
732:Naram-Sin
690:Naram-Sin
638:Nabonidus
472:Assyrians
371:609 BC –
135:Religion
4016:Bel-bani
3922:Sargon I
3653:Arameans
3647:Damascus
3618:Arameans
3572:Kassites
3560:Hurrians
3334:Academia
3288:Religion
3157:Urartian
3152:Sumerian
3137:Parthian
3072:Akkadian
3045:Sasanian
3035:Parthian
3030:Seleucid
2980:Simurrum
2970:Akkadian
2903:Khiamian
2893:Natufian
2805:Simurrum
2790:Kassites
2785:Hittites
2740:Adiabene
2106:(2013).
1985:Bär 2003
1196:See also
1130:Religion
1107:Akkadian
1030:mudbrick
862:Ibbi-Sin
851:Amar-Sin
827:Sumerian
747:Ininlaba
666:hegemony
496:Sumerian
448:Hurrians
403:Assyrian
125:Sumerian
121:Akkadian
32:2600 BC–
4091:Nur-ili
4041:Lullaya
3555:Mitanni
3523:Amorite
3502:Amorite
3476:Gutians
3320:Prayers
3305:Deities
3269:Looting
3112:Kassite
3107:Hurrian
3102:Hittite
3092:Elamite
3087:Eblaite
3082:Aramaic
3077:Amorite
3000:Kassite
2975:Gutians
2957:History
2922:Samarra
2918:Hassuna
2888:Zarzian
2810:Subartu
2800:Mitanni
2765:Chaldea
2755:Assyria
2728:Ancient
2549:4199827
2381:4200181
2153:4200537
1233:period.
1227:Nineveh
1103:Semitic
1091:Society
1061:Zariqum
952:Babylon
944:Amorite
931:Amorite
847:Ninegal
843:Zariqum
820:Gutians
779:Lullubi
771:Nineveh
642:Subartu
626:Hurrian
570:Assyria
519:History
476:deified
468:Semitic
441:Nineveh
306:Assyria
218:2025 BC
202:2100 BC
186:2300 BC
170:2600 BC
129:Hurrian
36:2025 BC
4036:Bazaya
4021:Libaya
3964:Asinum
3958:Rimush
3917:Ikunum
3147:Sutean
3122:Median
3117:Luwian
3097:Gutian
2985:Ur III
2898:Nemrik
2835:Cities
2830:Urartu
2780:Hamazi
2775:Gutium
2750:Armani
2702:Tigris
2655:Modern
2596:
2572:
2555:
2547:
2512:
2493:
2474:
2451:
2432:
2407:29 May
2402:Livius
2387:
2379:
2344:
2327:584578
2325:
2315:
2294:
2275:
2254:
2233:
2214:
2195:
2178:653024
2176:
2159:
2151:
2116:
1257:Dakiki
1253:Silulu
1120:Tudiya
1073:fillet
1040:and a
975:Ushpia
964:Kikkia
960:Sulili
956:Ushpia
807:Shulgi
805:under
764:Marduk
760:Ishtar
702:Sargon
688:under
619:Tigris
553:Ishtar
491:Tudiya
464:Baltil
456:Ishtar
419:Ushpia
375:AD 240
4010:Adasi
3789:Syria
3665:Chal-
3643:Aram-
3518:Larsa
3233:Music
3183:Akitu
3040:Roman
2932:Ubaid
2927:Halaf
2825:Tukri
2820:Sumer
2815:Suhum
2795:Media
2745:Akkad
2553:S2CID
2545:JSTOR
2385:S2CID
2377:JSTOR
2216:71504
2157:S2CID
2149:JSTOR
1265:Aminu
1213:Notes
1182:Aššur
1077:ivory
1042:niche
1036:, an
1034:cella
1022:Assur
968:Akiya
756:Gasur
751:Ititi
723:Ashur
719:Azazu
636:king
582:Assur
557:Assur
480:Ashur
411:Assur
162:Assur
106:Assur
91:Assur
61:Assur
3741:and
3514:Isin
3497:Mari
3279:Tell
2937:Uruk
2770:Elam
2594:ISBN
2570:ISBN
2529:Iraq
2510:ISBN
2491:ISBN
2472:ISBN
2449:ISBN
2430:ISBN
2409:2021
2361:Iraq
2342:ISBN
2323:OCLC
2313:ISBN
2292:ISBN
2273:ISBN
2252:ISBN
2231:ISBN
2212:OCLC
2193:ISBN
2174:OCLC
2133:Iraq
2114:ISBN
1170:moon
966:and
727:Nuzi
670:Kish
630:Nuzi
500:Kish
397:The
293:Iraq
127:and
110:Iraq
4012:(?)
4006:(?)
4000:(?)
3994:(?)
3988:(?)
3982:(?)
3966:(?)
3960:(?)
3954:(?)
3677:ans
3671:de-
3178:Art
2537:doi
2369:doi
2141:doi
1174:Sîn
950:of
734:at
555:in
4416::
4152:c.
3887:c.
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3746:)
3715:)
3613:)
3575:)
3563:)
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3453:/
3449:/
2551:.
2543:.
2533:29
2531:.
2527:.
2400:.
2383:.
2375:.
2365:45
2363:.
2359:.
2321:.
2155:.
2147:.
2137:65
2135:.
2131:.
2055:^
1992:^
1965:^
1950:^
1935:^
1896:^
1869:^
1826:^
1811:^
1638:^
1617:^
1550:^
1499:^
1472:^
1457:^
1440:^
1411:^
1382:^
1363:^
1340:^
1313:^
1282:^
1050:c.
1046:c.
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429:c.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
