2389:
1256:
2325:
2337:
1167:. The current dominant theory of planet formation suggests that planets such as Earth form in about 50 to 100 million years but more recently proposed alternative processes and timescales have stimulated ongoing debate in the planetary science community. For example, in June 2023, one team of scientists reported evidence that Earth may have formed in just three million years. Nonetheless, within the first billion years of the formation of Earth,
2377:
2349:
1535:
Wilde, Simon A.; Valley, John W.; Peck, William H.; Graham, Colin M. (2001-01-11). "Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago : Abstract : Nature".
1663:
Manhesa, Gérard; Allègre, Claude J.; Dupréa, Bernard & Hamelin, Bruno (1980). "Lead isotope study of basic-ultrabasic layered complexes: Speculations about the age of the earth and primitive mantle characteristics".
1105:. After formation of the core, meteorites or comets may have delivered water and other volatile compounds to the Earth in a "late veneer". Although little crustal material from this period survives, the
2184:
1238:
In
November 2020, an international team of scientists reported studies suggesting that the primeval atmosphere of the early Earth was very different from the conditions used in the
1782:
2153:
1995:
Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; et al. (January 2014). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early
Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks".
760:
1305:
23:
1772:
2212:
53:
1255:
2409:
1431:
Carlson, Richard W.; Garnero, Edward; Harrison, T. Mark; Li, Jie; Manga, Michael; McDonough, William F.; Mukhopadhyay, Sujoy;
1972:
1813:
1390:
1749:
1666:
1380:
1599:
2041:
2353:
2237:
820:
618:
2051:
1184:
678:
2205:
1310:
1293:
1192:
294:
46:
1620:
Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved".
2367:
1276:
1239:
1054:(Ga, 10 y), from its initial formation in the young Solar System at about 4.55 Ga to some time in the
382:
2232:
2154:"Uncovering Mysteries of Earth's Primeval Atmosphere 4.5 Billion Years Ago and the Emergence of Life"
1212:
1102:
921:
638:
2076:
1406:
1086:
598:
262:
2329:
1094:
2198:
1852:
1148:
1132:
1124:
1032:
658:
326:
39:
1662:
2393:
2341:
2255:
1432:
1196:
1007:
719:
1679:
1476:
Drake, Michael J.; Righter, Kevin (2002-03-07). "Determining the composition of the Earth".
2091:
2006:
1864:
1675:
1629:
1545:
1485:
1448:
1343:
1144:
278:
8:
2250:
2075:
Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnike, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark; et al. (19 October 2015).
2046:
1909:
1777:
1172:
1059:
780:
739:
2095:
2010:
1964:
1905:
1868:
1728:
1633:
1549:
1489:
1461:
1452:
1436:
1347:
2300:
2122:
1880:
1741:
1645:
1577:
1517:
1220:
1180:
1160:
1147:) date from the latter half of this period, about 3.8 Ga, around the same time as peak
1106:
901:
800:
698:
2336:
2127:
2109:
2022:
1997:
1968:
1884:
1809:
1745:
1733:
1705:
1687:
1649:
1569:
1561:
1509:
1501:
1386:
1361:
1232:
1136:
2117:
2099:
2055:
2014:
1872:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1683:
1637:
1581:
1553:
1521:
1493:
1456:
1351:
1299:
1176:
1164:
1078:
1066:
eon, starting with the formation of the Earth about 4.6 billion years ago, and the
1876:
1641:
2295:
2176:
1287:
1282:
881:
1957:
1290: – Long-term extrapolated geological and biological changes of planet Earth
2381:
1719:
1208:
1200:
1773:"Scientists have a controversial theory for how — and how fast — Earth formed"
2403:
2221:
2113:
2026:
1830:
1595:
1565:
1505:
1365:
962:
2104:
2305:
2290:
2131:
1737:
1573:
1513:
1224:
1140:
1118:
1082:
1071:
840:
578:
1853:"The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved"
2310:
2285:
1302: – Development of planet Earth from its formation to the present day
1243:
1168:
1098:
524:
486:
2077:"Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon"
2275:
2270:
1188:
1128:
860:
1399:
2280:
2177:
Earth – Speed through space – about 1 million miles an hour
2018:
1557:
1356:
1331:
1228:
1204:
1121:
1114:
1090:
1067:
370:
310:
1497:
2376:
1216:
942:
391:
373:
1928:
Schopf, JW, Kudryavtsev, AB, Czaja, AD, and
Tripathi, AB. (2007).
2265:
2260:
1055:
458:
425:
2190:
1296: – The sequence of major geological events in Earth's past
1110:
1063:
435:
407:
2042:"Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth"
1706:"Silicon isotope constraints on terrestrial planet accretion"
1047:
987:
342:
1954:
2180:
1051:
416:
1994:
1930:
Evidence of
Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils.
1074:
era, starting 3.6 billion years ago, of the
Archean eon.
1024:
983:
1430:
2074:
1945:
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 29;361(1470) 869-85.
1955:
Hamilton Raven, Peter; Brooks
Johnson, George (2002).
1382:
Earth System: History and
Natural Variability Volume I
2365:
1534:
1332:"Megayear and Gigayear: Two Units of Geological Time"
1093:
bombardment as well as giant impacts, including the
18:
1956:
1622:Special Publications, Geological Society of London
2068:
2401:
1948:
1857:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1703:
1070:, starting 4 billion years ago, and part of the
1699:
1697:
1704:Onyett, Isaac J.; et al. (14 June 2023).
1437:"How Did Early Earth Become Our Modern World?"
1407:"International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2015"
2206:
2142:Early edition, published online before print.
1441:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
47:
1764:
1694:
1475:
1378:
1306:Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
1175:and surface, promoting the proliferation of
2145:
2033:
1988:
2213:
2199:
2039:
1897:
1844:
1822:
1797:
1279: – History and future of the universe
1231:and 4.1-billion-year-old zircon grains in
54:
40:
2121:
2103:
1850:
1808:. California: Stanford University Press.
1803:
1727:
1619:
1460:
1379:Vaclav Cilek, ed. (2009). "Early Earth".
1355:
1183:. Since then, the combination of Earth's
1081:involved the planet's formation from the
1935:
1922:
1903:
1588:
1329:
2402:
2151:
1828:
1020:
2194:
1770:
1602:from the original on 23 December 2005
32:
2348:
2040:Borenstein, Seth (19 October 2015).
1089:. This time period included intense
1058:eon in approximately 3.5 Ga. On the
996:
972:
951:
931:
910:
890:
870:
849:
829:
809:
789:
769:
749:
728:
708:
687:
667:
647:
627:
607:
587:
567:
21:
1667:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1462:10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-055016
1050:in its first one billion years, or
1046:is loosely defined as encompassing
13:
1171:in its oceans and began to affect
14:
2421:
2220:
2170:
1963:. McGraw-Hill Education. p.
1943:Fossil evidence of Archaean life.
1932:Precambrian Research 158:141–155.
1829:Newman, William L. (2007-07-09).
1785:from the original on 17 June 2023
1752:from the original on 17 June 2023
1213:Earlier possible evidence of life
2387:
2375:
2347:
2335:
2324:
2323:
2152:Zurich, Eth (29 November 2020).
1598:. U.S. Geological Survey. 1997.
1385:. Eolss Publishers. p. 98.
1254:
1211:at least 3.5 billion years ago.
1163:and other sources, Earth formed
1097:, which resulted in a series of
1656:
1613:
1528:
1469:
1424:
1372:
1323:
1261:Early Earth - pale orange dot
566:
1:
2410:Geologic time scales of Earth
2052:Mindspark Interactive Network
1904:Stassen, Chris (2005-09-10).
1877:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14
1833:. Publications Services, USGS
1771:Patel, Kasha (16 June 2023).
1642:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14
1435:; Rubie, David (2014-01-01).
1330:Rankama, Kalervo (May 1967).
1317:
2084:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1851:Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001).
1688:10.1016/0012-821X(80)90024-2
1165:about 4.54 billion years ago
1062:, this comprises all of the
7:
1311:Timeline of natural history
1294:Geological history of Earth
1269:
1227:discovered in southwestern
1159:According to evidence from
1021:
781:Earliest multicellular life
251:
10:
2426:
1720:10.1038/s41586-023-06135-z
1277:Chronology of the universe
1223:, in 3.7-billion-year-old
1154:
2319:
2246:
2228:
1205:evolve further and thrive
1113:mineral of 4.404 ± 0.008
16:Period in Earth's history
1804:Dalrymple, G.B. (1991).
207:−1000 —
187:−1500 —
167:−2000 —
147:−2500 —
127:−3000 —
107:−3500 —
87:−4000 —
67:−4500 —
64:
2105:10.1073/pnas.1517557112
1680:1980E&PSL..47..370M
1189:its physical properties
1085:via a process known as
227:−500 —
1906:"The Age of the Earth"
1201:develop photosynthesis
1193:its geological history
1149:Late Heavy Bombardment
1133:Narryer Gneiss Terrane
2256:Environmental science
1225:metasedimentary rocks
1185:distance from the Sun
1107:oldest dated specimen
1806:The Age of the Earth
1145:Isua greenstone belt
2251:Atmospheric science
2096:2015PNAS..11214518B
2011:2014NatGe...7...25O
1941:Schopf, JW (2006).
1910:TalkOrigins Archive
1869:2001GSLSP.190..205D
1778:The Washington Post
1634:2001GSLSP.190..205D
1550:2001Natur.409..175W
1490:2002Natur.416...39D
1453:2014AREPS..42..151C
1433:Romanowicz, Barbara
1348:1967Natur.214..634R
1240:Miller–Urey studies
1219:, which may have a
1209:life on Earth arose
1181:anaerobic organisms
1095:Moon-forming impact
1060:geologic time scale
761:Sexual reproduction
740:Huronian glaciation
2301:Physical geography
1831:"Age of the Earth"
1596:"Age of the Earth"
1161:radiometric dating
1008:Quaternary ice age
943:Earliest tetrapods
902:Cambrian explosion
861:Cryogenian ice age
720:Atmospheric oxygen
699:Pongola glaciation
327:Multicellular life
279:Single-celled life
2363:
2362:
1998:Nature Geoscience
1974:978-0-07-112261-0
1815:978-0-8047-1569-0
1544:(6817): 175–178.
1392:978-1-84826-104-4
1233:Western Australia
1137:Western Australia
1041:
1040:
1025:million years ago
1016:
1015:
995:
994:
971:
970:
950:
949:
930:
929:
922:Andean glaciation
909:
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2107:
2090:(47): 14518–21.
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2056:Associated Press
2037:
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2019:10.1038/ngeo2025
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1558:10.1038/35051550
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1396:
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1369:
1359:
1357:10.1038/214634a0
1327:
1300:History of Earth
1258:
1242:considering the
1101:and episodes of
1002:
997:
978:
973:
957:
952:
937:
932:
916:
911:
896:
891:
876:
871:
855:
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841:Earliest animals
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734:
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639:Earliest fossils
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2296:Paleogeoscience
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2050:. Yonkers, NY:
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1498:10.1038/416039a
1484:(6876): 39–44.
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1288:Future of Earth
1283:History of life
1272:
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1266:
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1259:
1221:biogenic origin
1207:. The earliest
1157:
1139:. The earliest
1079:Earth's history
1077:This period of
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882:Ediacaran biota
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821:Earliest plants
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2171:External links
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1843:
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1763:
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1674:(3): 370–382.
1655:
1628:(1): 205–221.
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1447:(1): 151–178.
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1244:origin of life
1203:, and, later,
1197:life to emerge
1173:its atmosphere
1156:
1153:
1117:enclosed in a
1103:core formation
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801:Earliest fungi
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677:
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664:
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659:LHB meteorites
657:
656:
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637:
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634:
624:
623:
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599:Earliest water
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295:Photosynthesis
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2222:Earth science
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2185:WP discussion
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2178:
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2078:
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2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
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1991:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1951:
1944:
1938:
1931:
1925:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1886:
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1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1863:(1): 205–21.
1862:
1858:
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1817:
1811:
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1784:
1780:
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1353:
1349:
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1342:(5088): 634.
1341:
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1222:
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1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1195:have allowed
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:life appeared
1166:
1162:
1152:
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1146:
1143:(such as the
1142:
1141:supracrustals
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:metamorphosed
1116:
1112:
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1073:
1069:
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1053:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1019:
1009:
1004:
999:
998:
989:
985:
984:Earliest apes
980:
975:
974:
964:
963:Karoo ice age
959:
954:
953:
944:
939:
934:
933:
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903:
898:
893:
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878:
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851:
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837:
832:
831:
822:
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811:
802:
797:
792:
791:
782:
777:
772:
771:
762:
757:
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751:
741:
736:
731:
730:
721:
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695:
690:
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629:
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595:
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569:
546:
515:
477:
449:
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418:
409:
393:
384:
375:
372:
356:
328:
312:
296:
280:
264:
63:
57:
52:
50:
45:
43:
38:
37:
31:
27:
25:Life timeline
20:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2306:Soil science
2291:Oceanography
2157:. Retrieved
2147:
2135:. Retrieved
2087:
2083:
2070:
2059:. Retrieved
2045:
2035:
2005:(1): 25–28.
2002:
1996:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1958:
1950:
1942:
1937:
1929:
1924:
1913:. Retrieved
1899:
1888:. Retrieved
1860:
1856:
1846:
1835:. Retrieved
1824:
1805:
1799:
1787:. Retrieved
1776:
1766:
1754:. Retrieved
1709:
1671:
1665:
1658:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1604:. Retrieved
1590:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1444:
1440:
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1401:
1381:
1374:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1237:
1158:
1125:conglomerate
1099:magma oceans
1083:solar nebula
1076:
1072:Paleoarchean
1043:
1042:
1031:
579:Earth formed
2311:Volcanology
2286:Meteorology
2159:30 November
1179:as well as
1044:Early Earth
35:This box:
2276:Glaciology
2271:Geophysics
2137:2015-10-20
2061:2015-10-20
1915:2008-12-30
1890:2007-09-20
1837:2007-09-20
1606:2006-01-10
1416:23 January
1318:References
1246:on Earth.
1129:Jack Hills
371:Arthropods
311:Eukaryotes
2281:Hydrology
2114:1091-6490
2027:1752-0894
1885:130092094
1746:259161680
1650:130092094
1566:0028-0836
1506:0028-0836
1366:1476-4687
1229:Greenland
1215:includes
1122:sandstone
1091:meteorite
1087:accretion
1068:Eoarchean
392:Dinosaurs
2404:Category
2330:Category
2179: –
2132:26483481
1783:Archived
1750:Archived
1738:37316662
1729:10356600
1600:Archived
1574:11196637
1514:11882886
1270:See also
1217:graphite
1052:gigayear
1033:Ice Ages
426:Primates
374:Molluscs
2382:Biology
2368:Portals
2354:Commons
2266:Geology
2261:Geodesy
2233:Outline
2123:4664351
2092:Bibcode
2007:Bibcode
1959:Biology
1865:Bibcode
1789:17 June
1756:17 June
1714:: 1–6.
1676:Bibcode
1630:Bibcode
1582:4319774
1546:Bibcode
1522:4380038
1486:Bibcode
1449:Bibcode
1344:Bibcode
1177:aerobic
1155:History
1131:of the
1127:in the
1056:Archean
1001:←
977:←
956:←
936:←
915:←
895:←
875:←
854:←
834:←
814:←
794:←
774:←
754:←
733:←
713:←
692:←
672:←
652:←
632:←
612:←
592:←
572:←
408:Mammals
383:Flowers
242:–
237:—
232:–
222:–
217:—
212:–
202:–
197:—
192:–
182:–
177:—
172:–
162:–
157:—
152:–
142:–
137:—
132:–
122:–
117:—
112:–
102:–
97:—
92:–
82:–
77:—
72:–
2342:Portal
2130:
2120:
2112:
2047:Excite
2025:
1980:7 July
1971:
1883:
1812:
1744:
1736:
1726:
1711:Nature
1648:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1538:Nature
1520:
1512:
1504:
1478:Nature
1389:
1364:
1336:Nature
1111:zircon
1064:Hadean
988:humans
561:
554:
400:
363:
335:
319:
303:
287:
271:
255:
2238:Index
2183:and (
2080:(PDF)
1881:S2CID
1742:S2CID
1646:S2CID
1578:S2CID
1518:S2CID
1412:. ICS
1410:(PDF)
1109:is a
1048:Earth
417:Birds
263:Water
2181:NASA
2161:2020
2128:PMID
2110:ISSN
2023:ISSN
1982:2013
1969:ISBN
1810:ISBN
1791:2023
1758:2023
1734:PMID
1570:PMID
1562:ISSN
1510:PMID
1502:ISSN
1418:2016
1387:ISBN
1362:ISSN
1191:and
619:LUCA
55:edit
48:talk
41:view
2118:PMC
2100:doi
2088:112
2015:doi
1873:doi
1861:190
1724:PMC
1716:doi
1684:doi
1638:doi
1626:190
1554:doi
1542:409
1494:doi
1482:416
1457:doi
1352:doi
1340:214
1135:of
2406::
2126:.
2116:.
2108:.
2098:.
2086:.
2082:.
2054:.
2044:.
2021:.
2013:.
2001:.
1967:.
1965:68
1908:.
1879:.
1871:.
1859:.
1855:.
1781:.
1775:.
1748:.
1740:.
1732:.
1722:.
1708:.
1696:^
1682:.
1672:47
1670:.
1644:.
1636:.
1624:.
1576:.
1568:.
1560:.
1552:.
1540:.
1516:.
1508:.
1500:.
1492:.
1480:.
1455:.
1445:42
1443:.
1439:.
1360:.
1350:.
1338:.
1334:.
1235:.
1199:,
1187:,
1151:.
1115:Ga
986:/
2370::
2214:e
2207:t
2200:v
2187:)
2163:.
2140:.
2102::
2094::
2064:.
2029:.
2017::
2009::
2003:7
1984:.
1918:.
1893:.
1875::
1867::
1840:.
1818:.
1793:.
1760:.
1718::
1690:.
1686::
1678::
1652:.
1640::
1632::
1609:.
1584:.
1556::
1548::
1524:.
1496::
1488::
1465:.
1459::
1451::
1420:.
1395:.
1368:.
1354::
1346::
1030:*
1027:)
1023:(
1010:*
965:*
924:*
863:*
742:*
701:*
545:c
543:i
541:o
539:z
537:o
535:r
533:e
531:n
529:a
527:h
525:P
514:c
512:i
510:o
508:z
506:o
504:r
502:e
500:t
498:o
496:r
494:P
475:n
473:a
471:e
469:h
467:c
465:r
463:A
447:n
445:a
443:e
441:d
439:a
437:H
354:s
352:t
350:n
348:a
346:l
344:P
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