1195:). Because Old Assyrian documents sometimes appear to not differentiate between the city and the god, it is believed that Ashur is a deified personification of the city itself. Perhaps the site of the city, originating as a holy site prior to the city's construction and settled due to its strategic location came to gradually be regarded as divine in its own right at some point in the early period. Assyrians of later periods linked Ashur to Ishtar and though it was never expressly stated, they were sometimes mentioned together in inscriptions as if they were husband and wife. Ashur's role as a deity was flexible and changed with the changing culture and politics of the Assyrians themselves. Though he would in later centuries be regarded as a god of war, guiding the Assyrian kings on their campaigns, he was in Old Assyrian (and presumably also late Early Assyrian) times seen as a god of death and revival, related to agriculture. Though it was no longer Ashur's main function in later periods, his agricultural role continued to remain prominent. One of Ashur's main associated symbols as late as the
554:
1067:
545:
1151:
922:, a much later document listing the sequence of Assyrian rulers, lists 29 kings prior to Puzur-Ashur, unverified by contemporary sources. At least portions of this sequence is likely entirely invented, as many of the names of the earliest rulers rhyme (suggesting an invented pattern), and the names do not match the names of known governors of Assur under the Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian empires. Perhaps the sequence was invented in an attempt to create a legitimate "prehistory" by one of the later Assyrian kings. Given that the earliest rulers are described as "kings who lived in tents", they, if real, may not have ruled Assur directly at all but rather have been nomadic tribal chieftains somewhere in its vicinity. This nomadic origin fits poorly with the archaeological record from Assur and neighboring sites, which instead indicates intense agriculture and early urbanization. As in the
905:
1024:
1160:
1086:. This head is typical of the art style of the Akkadian period, with smooth and soft curves and a full mouth. As it was found in association with the Ishtar G temple, it indicates that the temple continued to be used well into the Akkadian period as well. In addition to the alabaster figures of worshippers, also recovered were 24 stone statues of naked women, five statues of animals, a number of incense burners/pot stands and three large clay altars or house models. A unique figure among the recovered finds was an
59:
773:. That an Assyrian general such as Ititi evidently raided Nuzi testifies to a somewhat lacking Akkadian central control in the region; had the Akkadian kings firmly and directly ruled both cities it is unlikely that they would have been able to raid each other. The period of Akkadian rule over Assur strongly influenced the culture of Assyria in the millennia thereafter. Whereas the Akkadian kings were later despised by the Babylonians in southern Mesopotamia as an affront to Babylon's god
1003:(681–669 BC) to have been the original builder of the temple dedicated to Ashur in Assur, and thus in effect the founder of the city itself. Although it is possible that Shalmaneser I got Ushpia's name from oral tradition or from inscriptions that no longer survive, it is also strange that the name of the supposed founder, if he was real, of the city and its first temples does not appear in known inscriptions until about a millennium later. Kikkia is mentioned in the inscriptions of
1187:, a practice continued in later Assyrian periods and inspired by the lunar devotion of the Akkadian kings. Not all practices of the Akkadian kings were seen as good by the populations of Assur. In particular, there appears to have been objections to the practice of the Akkadian kings to add statues of themselves to the temples (normally reserved only for statues of deities); an Akkadian statue in the temple dedicated to Ishtar in Assur shows evidence of deliberately being beheaded.
89:
620:
Mesopotamia, including around Assur, than in southern
Mesopotamia. Much of the early historical remains of Assur may have been destroyed during the extensive construction projects of later Assyrian kings, who worked to create level foundations for the buildings they erected in the city. Very little concrete information is known about Assur in the early period, and most researchers do not treat the city as liable for much historical analysis until the
2860:
1043:, both dedicated to the goddess Ishtar. Dubbed Ishtar H and G by modern researchers, the earlier one (H) has left almost no trace other than the lower stumps of its walls and can confidently be dated to the Early Dynastic Period as nothing has been found below it (indicating it was among the earliest structures at the site) and because some of the walls of the later temple (G) are directly above it. Ishtar G was composed of an oblong
692:
1179:. Ishtar was also a principal deity among the early Hurrian inhabitants of Nuzi, and in other cities in the vicinity. The fertility cult and devotion to Ishtar did not diminish with Assur's incorporation into the Akkadian Empire, as Ishtar was Akkad's patron deity and was thus held in high regard by the Akkadian rulers. From the time of the Akkadian period onwards, there was also much religious reverence for the
96:
66:
809:
777:, the Assyrians remembered the period as a golden age and many later Assyrian kings later tried to emulate the Akkadian rulers. Assyria's status as a prominent trading city, well-established in the later Old Assyrian period, may have begun under the Akkadian kings, as their conquests opened up new opportunities for trade.
1190:
Although worship of Ashur, the
Assyrian national deity, is well-attested in the Old Assyrian period, there is no concrete evidence of worship of Ashur from the early period. The texts from the Akkadian period that explicitly name the city as Assur are the first indirect references to Ashur, since the
847:
2112–2004 BC). The rulers of Ur were not as concerned about northern
Mesopotamia as the Akkadians had been, but they did conduct campaigns and conquests in the region and established sporadic control over Assur. Unlike the south, which they ruled directly, peripheral cities such as Assur were
1120:
from a relative early point in time. As suggested by the historical evidence concerning Baltil and
Subartu, the site of Assur and the surrounding lands were probably originally inhabited by Hurrians, who were either assimilated or displaced at some point when the Semitic-speaking ancestors of the
619:
2500 BC. At this time, the surrounding region was already relatively urbanized, a development that might perhaps have resulted from being influenced by the heavily urbanized southern
Mesopotamia. Archaeological evidence from the Early Dynastic Period is in general far more scarce in northern
627:
Early Assur was probably a local religious and tribal center, suggested by the early presence of temples at the site. The presence of monumental temples suggests that there was a town of some size surrounding the temples, and that the site was not just a small cultic centre. Assur was built in a
1136:
The strong
Sumerian influence seen in the Ishtar H and G temples might suggest that there was not only Sumerian influence in Assur during this time, but perhaps that the site was for a time in its early history inhabited by a group of Sumerians alongside the locals, or possibly even that it was
1097:
In addition to the figures and the architecture, other archaeological finds, including pottery and a vase, from early Assur also demonstrate strong
Sumerian influence. Found in one of the temples was also a fragment of a bedstead which depicts a woman lying down, wearing a choker, earrings and
504:
in the 25th century BC. Throughout the centuries prior to Puzur-Ashur I, it is instead evident that the city was often dominated by a sequence of powerful states and empires from southern
Mesopotamia. In the Early Dynastic Period, Assur, like Akkad and Babylonia, experienced considerable
1111:
It is impossible to confidently determine the ethnic composition of Assur's early population based only on material evidence but it is unlikely to have been homogenous. The population of Assur in the early period was likely mostly tribal and would probably have predominantly spoken a
1081:
figures of worshippers, ranging in height from 20 to 65 centimeters (8 to 26 inches), depicting both men and women. The style of these figures resembles
Sumerian figures of the ED II and ED III periods. One of the early figures found at Assur is a head of a female figure, wearing a
764:
was presumably also a local
Akkadian vassal. Both the names Ititi and Ininlaba are also attested in Nuzi. The Ititi attested at Nuzi, perhaps the same man as the Assyrian governor, was one of the ablest generals of Sargon of Akkad. In his inscription, Ititi dedicates the "booty" of
1121:
later Assyrians settled the region. If they were driven out, the Hurrians of Assur and the surrounding region might then have migrated to the mountains in the east, where Hurrians are firmly historically attested in later periods. According to the Assyriologist
944:
tribal-geographical names with no relation to Assur at all. The "kings who lived in tents" are succeeded in the king list by the "kings who were ancestors", a sequence of names typically interpreted as either the ancestors of the later king
833:. What impact the collapse of the empire had on Assur cannot be determined from the surviving evidence, but other sources indicate that much of Mesopotamia again fractured into small city-states, perhaps including an independent Assur.
517:
as an administrative outpost in northern Mesopotamia, a time later Assyrian kings saw as a golden age. In the final geopolitical stage preceding Assur's independence, the city became a peripheral city within the Sumerian empire of the
1094:, which would indicate trade between Assur and the early tribes and states of Iran. Also found among the artefacts of Ishtar G are a clay bottle with the features of a nude woman as well as a figurine of a man with an erect penis.
848:
placed under the rule of governors. The military administration of governors ensured loyalty and tribute. In the ruins of one of Assur's temples, dedicated to Ishtar, an inscription written by the Asssyrian named governor (
828:
Assur was restored at some point after its destruction by the Lullubi. The Akkadian Empire collapsed in the early 22nd century BC, probably due to rebellions in southern Mesopotamia and the invasions from the eastern
931:
Lewy speculated that the "kings who lived in tents" were not kings at all, but the contemporary ancestors of the different Semitic Akkadian speaking tribes that eventually became the Assyrian people, similar to the
981:, could perhaps be genuine historical Assyian rulers of Assur, but their existence is not corroborated by other sources and fitting them in chronologically between Puzur-Ashur I and the Ur III kings is problematic.
740:
illustrate that Assur was an important local outpost and administrative center under the Akkadian Empire, frequently staffed with Akkadian officials. A palace, similar to a palace built by the Akkadian king
727:
2270–2255 BC) onwards, as contemporary inscriptions dedicated to Manishtushu have been recovered from the city. One inscription dedicated to Manishtushu was inscribed on the bronze point of a spear by
655:, is attested as a name for the land surrounding Assur, but the Assyrians rarely used it. The reason for the name being dropped in later times appears to be that it took on a derogatory meaning: during the
1174:
The earliest temples in Assur being devoted to Ishtar, combined with the number of nude female figurines found in the Ishtar H and G temples, suggests that Assur in the early period was preoccupied with a
1038:
There is very little surviving evidence of what type of settlement Assur was in the early period. Among the scant archaeological evidence recovered of early Assur are the remains of two temples built in
1191:
god shares the city's name. Though they are commonly distinguished by modern historians through calling the god Ashur and the city Assur, both were inscribed in the exact same way in ancient times (
671:
During much of the early Assyrian period, Assur was dominated by ethnolinguistically related states and polities from southern Mesopotamia. The city was occupied by the Akkadian Empire and then the
965:). The "kings who were ancestors" are thus not generally believed to be closely connected to Assur. The last four names mentioned in the list in the fifty or sixty years prior to Puzur-Ashur I;
2196:
Chavalas, Mark (1994). "Genealogical History as "Charter": A Study of Old Babylonian Period Historiography and the Old Testament". In Millard, A. R.; Hoffmeier, James K.; Baker, David W. (eds.).
1055:
at its far end, perhaps designed to contain a cult statue. The structure of the less well-preserved Ishtar H was probably similar. The architecture of the temples is suggestive of the ED II (
632:
river, protected by a river on one side and a canal on another. The region was however relatively arid, located just north of the artificially irrigated lands of southern Mesopotamia.
635:
Later Assyrian kings used the name "Baltil" or "Baltila" to refer to the earliest portion of Assur, or perhaps to a preceding settlement in the same location. "Baltila" is a name of
780:
There is archaeological and literary evidence that Assur's golden age under the Akkadian kings came to a violent end. The remains of temples from the early period at both Assur and
1266:, an early period ruler (presumably an Assyrian governor under the Akkadians or Sumerians) of Assur, but the name is spelt differently and Silulu's inscription names his father as
485:
settled in Assur and the surrounding area, either displacing or assimilating the original population. Founded in a both holy and strategic location, the city itself was gradually
2297:
Garfinkle, Steven J. (2007). "The Assyrians: A New Look at an Ancient Power". In Rubio, Gonzalo; Garfinkle, Steven J.; Beckman, Gary; Snell, Daniel C.; Chavalas, Mark W. (eds.).
953:
1808–1776 BC), inserted into the king list in an effort to create dynastic legitimacy (though they then did not actually rule Assur), or as a general set of legendary
2474:
879:
2028–2004 BC) lost his administrative grip on the peripheral regions of his empire and Assur became an independent city-state under its own rulers, beginning with
792:
invaded the northern parts of the Akkadian Empire before continuing southwards and eventually reaching Babylon itself. Archaeological evidence of Naram-Sin's palace at
450:
2600 BC, but the city may have been founded even earlier since the area had been inhabited for thousands of years prior and other nearby Assyrian cities, such as
285:
260:
1168:
Some of the artefacts recovered from the Ishtar G temple, dating to the Early Dynastic Period (left) and a reconstruction of the interior of the temple (right)
1066:
553:
2428:
2640:
500:
There is no real evidence that Assur was independent at any point in the Early Assyrian period, although the Assyrian king list names rulers going back to
477:, used in later times to refer to its oldest portion. At some point between 3000 BC and 2600 BC, before the rise of the Akkadian Empire in 2335 BC, the
3233:
3409:
544:
928:, several names, if real, may also have belonged to rulers who were contemporaries/rivals, rather than successors and predecessors of one another.
732:, a local Assyrian ruler of Assur who was the Akkadian king's vassal. Azazu's inscription was also dedicated to a deity, but the name, perhaps
442:
2025 BC. Very little material and textual evidence survives from this period. The earliest archaeological evidence at Assur dates to the
991:
2100 BC, the 17th name mentioned, and Kikkia, the 28th name. Ushpia is stated in the inscriptions of the significantly later Assyrian kings
904:
3228:
1150:
757:
611:
2025 BC. The earliest archaeological evidence known from Assur predates the Akkadian Empire by only a few centuries, being from
3846:
3284:
2633:
2845:
1090:
figurine of a nude woman, alongside fragments of at least five additional similar figurines. The ivory used might have come from
761:
729:
651:
some two thousand years later, Baltila was the capital of the land of Subir. Subir, which also appears in the variants Subar and
17:
603:
2900–2350 BC), or perhaps earlier, though there is no evidence of the city being an independent state prior to the time of
4435:
3402:
2608:
2584:
2524:
2505:
2486:
2463:
2444:
2356:
2327:
2306:
2287:
2266:
2245:
2207:
2128:
1203:", which represented the revival of life every spring. As such, he still retained his status as a god of death and revival.
1253:
It has also been suggested that Zariqum was an independent ruler, who only recognized the overlordship of the Ur III kings.
1098:
several rings with exposed breasts; the typical style associated with a deceased Sumerian noblewoman who was to be buried.
3465:
2975:
2626:
984:
The only names among the early names on the king list that are mentioned in later ancient sources outside of the list is
596:
571:
443:
265:
957:
ancestors (Shamshi-Adad was an Amorite and a similar sequence of names appear in a text describing the ancestors of the
663:
1894–1595 BC), so many slaves were imported from "Subartu" that "Subarian" in effect became a synonym for "slave".
3880:
3875:
2702:
898:
3395:
3366:
424:, and its Akkadian speaking people and culture, prior to the foundation of Assyria as an independent Mesopotamian
4430:
562:
Statues of a praying man (left) and woman (right) recovered from the ruins of a temple dedicated to the goddess
58:
3279:
3263:
1217:
1023:
3601:
2408:
3305:
707:
2254–2218 BC). Assur was an important local administrative center in the north under the Akkadian kings.
149:
4440:
3839:
3799:
3315:
3050:
800:, it can thus be assumed that the Lullubi did in fact invade Mesopotamia and destroyed Assur at this time.
908:
Beheaded statue of a ruler of the Akkadian period discovered at Assur. Believed to depict either the king
4455:
3371:
3253:
3248:
3183:
2859:
3376:
2985:
871:
The period of Sumerian dominance of Assur came to an end as the last king of the Third Dynasty of Ur,
3060:
2875:
513:. In the 24th to 22nd centuries BC, the city and the Akkadian speaking Assyrians were a part of the
88:
675:. Prior to this, Assur had also for a time been one of the many Mesopotamian cities under the loose
4460:
4450:
3015:
2657:
398:
1133:, Ushpia, Sulili and Kikkia, are not Semitic or Akkadian in origin, but could perhaps be Hurrian.
3870:
3832:
3550:
3325:
3258:
3152:
3005:
2923:
2918:
933:
4445:
4156:
3865:
3356:
3208:
2967:
1212:
354:
2114:
1159:
856:
states that he founded a new temple in the city, dedicated to the goddess Bēlat-ekallim (i.e.
4227:
3717:
3025:
978:
836:
Within a century of the Akkadian Empire's collapse, southern Mesopotamia was reunited by the
656:
644:
377:
1063:
2600–2350 BC) periods. Both temples appear to have been destroyed by being burnt down.
3942:
3243:
3203:
2682:
1052:
8:
4364:
4307:
4141:
3891:
3753:
3698:
3612:
3519:
3497:
3330:
3238:
3213:
3020:
2995:
1196:
840:
813:
672:
621:
519:
417:
367:
341:
278:
204:
2515:
Michałowski, Piotr (2009). "Aššur During the Ur III Period". In Drewnowska, Olga (ed.).
719:
2334–2279 BC), and is known to have controlled the city at least from the reign of
4324:
4292:
4287:
4212:
4136:
4131:
4116:
3461:
3320:
3289:
3188:
3035:
2952:
2563:
2555:
2395:
2387:
2199:
Faith, Tradition, and History: Old Testament Historiography in Its Near Eastern Context
2167:
2159:
1004:
924:
918:
742:
700:
457:
The archaeological evidence suggests that Assur may have been originally inhabited by
2140:"Sumerians, Gutians and Hurrians at Ashur? A Re-Examination of Ishtar Temples G and F"
916:
Though there is no evidence of independent Assyrian rule during the early period, the
4247:
4242:
4237:
4217:
4197:
3968:
3744:
3734:
3310:
3167:
3162:
3147:
3082:
3000:
2957:
2677:
2672:
2604:
2580:
2567:
2520:
2517:
Here and There Across the Ancient Near East: Studies in Honour of Krystyna Lyczkowska
2501:
2482:
2459:
2440:
2399:
2352:
2333:
2323:
2302:
2283:
2262:
2241:
2222:
2203:
2184:
2171:
2124:
1117:
1113:
1083:
478:
135:
131:
784:
indicate that they were violently destroyed. According to the later Babylonian text
752:
The earliest inscription known from Assur, preceding that of Azazu, was made by the
4409:
4399:
4394:
4329:
4207:
4202:
4081:
3794:
3223:
3218:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3102:
3097:
3087:
2903:
2760:
2745:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2697:
2547:
2379:
2151:
139:
2301:. Publications of the Association of Ancient Historians. Claremont: Regina Books.
940:
and Jesper Eidem, have dismissed the early names in the king list as a mixture of
4344:
4334:
4277:
4267:
4262:
4172:
4126:
4091:
4071:
4020:
3811:
3780:
3775:
3765:
3475:
3157:
3132:
3127:
3107:
3055:
3045:
3040:
3030:
3010:
2980:
2932:
2928:
2898:
2598:
2346:
2317:
2277:
2256:
2235:
2197:
2118:
1184:
1091:
1028:
1012:
958:
712:
696:
584:
514:
482:
470:
188:
2479:
The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume I Part 2: Early History of the Middle East
2437:
The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume I Part 2: Early History of the Middle East
4359:
4349:
4339:
4319:
4272:
4252:
4232:
4121:
4086:
4076:
4061:
3990:
3952:
3937:
3749:
3137:
1176:
946:
797:
462:
711:
The Akkadian Empire probably conquered Assur in the reign of its first ruler,
489:
during the Early Assyrian period and eventually became personified as the god
4424:
4404:
4369:
4354:
4282:
4257:
4192:
4187:
4106:
4096:
4036:
3957:
3907:
3657:
3653:
3486:
2937:
2785:
2692:
2594:
992:
937:
880:
830:
604:
494:
436:
220:
4389:
4297:
4182:
4177:
4146:
4111:
3790:
2942:
2755:
2687:
1200:
1122:
680:
510:
3577:
3387:
2337:
2188:
1240:
is for instance known to have been inhabited millennia earlier, since the
509:
influence, and for a time fell under the hegemony of the Sumerian city of
473:
in the 24th century BC; it is possible that the city was originally named
4379:
4222:
4066:
4014:
4008:
3985:
3912:
3619:
3507:
3457:
3419:
3361:
3351:
3142:
3074:
2947:
2835:
2649:
2226:
1048:
909:
733:
720:
490:
1070:
Statue from Assur in the Ur III period, possibly depicting the governor
1015:(859–824 BC) as the supposed first builder of a wall around Assur.
469:. The name "Assur" is not historically attested prior to the age of the
4384:
3962:
3947:
2893:
2888:
2559:
2535:
2391:
2367:
2163:
2139:
1000:
425:
159:
2618:
4374:
4056:
4041:
4002:
3996:
3980:
3922:
3917:
3669:
3639:
3198:
2883:
2770:
2707:
2319:
Assyrian Royal Inscriptions: From the beginning to Ashur-resha-ishi I
1241:
1078:
793:
746:
648:
2603:. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis. Göttingen: Academic Press Fribourg.
2551:
2383:
2155:
897:
For legendary and attested rulers in the Early Assyrian period, see
796:
demonstrate that it was also sacked. According to the Assyriologist
639:
origin, attested as a personal name among Hurrians near the city of
4026:
3932:
3824:
3663:
3648:
3644:
3628:
3594:
3582:
3570:
3545:
3335:
2990:
2913:
2908:
2815:
2800:
2795:
2750:
1040:
954:
941:
872:
861:
676:
636:
493:, firmly established as the Assyrian national deity by the time of
458:
4101:
4051:
3722:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3565:
3533:
3512:
3092:
2820:
2810:
2775:
2765:
1237:
1071:
962:
857:
853:
789:
781:
652:
580:
486:
451:
413:
316:
1883:
1881:
4046:
4031:
3974:
3927:
2840:
2790:
2712:
2477:. In Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. (eds.).
2435:. In Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. (eds.).
1267:
1263:
1130:
985:
974:
970:
966:
824:
2094–2046 BC). Assur was a peripheral city in this empire.
817:
774:
770:
691:
629:
563:
501:
466:
429:
1979:
1977:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
736:, is not clearly preserved. Texts of the Akkadian period from
3528:
3193:
2830:
2825:
2805:
1878:
1275:
1087:
1044:
1032:
837:
766:
592:
567:
506:
421:
172:
116:
2040:
1854:
1688:
1523:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
579:
Agricultural villages in the region that would later become
3524:
2780:
2069:
2067:
1974:
1784:
1676:
1559:
1262:
It has been suggested that Sulili could be identified with
1180:
737:
640:
303:
120:
2237:
The Imperialisation of Assyria: An Archaeological Approach
2006:
2004:
1949:
1947:
1772:
1760:
1736:
1471:
1469:
2279:
The Age of Agade: Inventing Empire in Ancient Mesopotamia
1825:
1823:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1291:
1077:
Also recovered in conjunction with these temples were 87
808:
756:(governor of Assur) Ititi, son of an Assyrian man called
2064:
1932:
889:
2481:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2439:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2079:
2028:
2016:
2001:
1964:
1962:
1944:
1866:
1724:
1712:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1614:
1602:
1535:
1513:
1511:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1466:
2458:. Translated by Tabatabai, Soraia. Oxford: Routledge.
1910:
1908:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1820:
1808:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1449:
1372:
1322:
2299:
Current Issues and the Study of the Ancient Near East
2052:
1796:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
769:(a city possibly identical with Nuzi) to the goddess
628:
highly strategic location; on a hill overlooking the
1959:
1893:
1664:
1647:
1578:
1508:
1481:
2456:
The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy
2091:
1920:
1905:
1835:
1748:
1700:
1626:
1590:
1547:
899:
List of Assyrian kings § Early Assyrian rulers
2120:Commerce and Colonization in the Ancient Near East
1420:
1391:
1349:
1310:
1989:
4422:
803:
2495:
2183:. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers.
1860:
1694:
1529:
3840:
3403:
2634:
583:are known to have existed by the time of the
171:• Earliest archaeological evidence from
2593:
1887:
1778:
1304:
686:
3417:
3229:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
2514:
1766:
3847:
3833:
3454:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3
3410:
3396:
2641:
2627:
2475:"The Early Dynastic Period in Mesopotamia"
1137:conquered by some unknown Sumerian ruler.
1018:
595:was probably founded at some point in the
461:as well as Semites and was the site of a
2500:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
2406:
2348:The Tree of Life: An Archaeological Study
2296:
2240:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2216:
2123:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1938:
1829:
1802:
1742:
1730:
1620:
1475:
1106:
2536:"The Excavations at Tell al Rimah, 1966"
2472:
2453:
2195:
2178:
2085:
2022:
2010:
1983:
1953:
1872:
1541:
1460:
1414:
1385:
1343:
1065:
1022:
903:
812:Approximate map of the territory of the
807:
690:
420:and covering the history of the city of
2648:
2365:
2315:
2073:
2058:
1899:
1814:
1670:
1658:
1027:Head of a female figure, dating to the
14:
4423:
2275:
2233:
2046:
1968:
1790:
1682:
1584:
1572:
1517:
643:. According to a stele erected by the
3828:
3810:
3789:
3779:
3697:
3668:
3600:
3576:
3391:
2622:
2533:
2344:
2254:
2113:
2097:
1596:
1490:
1316:
465:devoted to the Mesopotamian goddess
3854:
2600:Mesopotamia: The Old Assyrian Period
2574:
2426:
2034:
1926:
1914:
1848:
1754:
1718:
1706:
1641:
1608:
1553:
1502:
1443:
1402:
1366:
1059:2750/2700–2600 BC) and ED III (
749:, was also constructed in the city.
666:
3876:Legendary kings and early governors
2137:
1995:
534:
27:Earliest period of Assyrian history
24:
2498:A History of the Ancient Near East
25:
4472:
1125:, many of the early names in the
3367:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
2858:
2322:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
2221:. Assen: Koninklije Van Gorcum.
1158:
1149:
868:2046–2037 BC), king of Ur.
788:, a strange-looking army of the
552:
543:
283:
258:
94:
87:
64:
57:
2106:
1256:
1247:
1230:
591:6300–5800 BC. The city of
2924:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
2919:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
2179:Breasted, James Henry (1926).
1218:List of Mesopotamian dynasties
624:, initiated by Puzur-Ashur I.
13:
1:
4162:
3897:
3306:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
2703:Tigris–Euphrates river system
2496:Van De Mieroop, Marc (2007).
1285:
1060:
1056:
1008:
996:
988:
950:
936:. Other researchers, such as
883:
876:
865:
844:
821:
804:Under the Third Dynasty of Ur
724:
716:
704:
660:
616:
612:
608:
600:
588:
523:
447:
439:
432:
383:
359:
346:
333:
226:
210:
194:
178:
150:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
95:
65:
44:
40:
4436:3rd millennium BC in Assyria
2519:. Warsaw: Agade Publishing.
2473:Mallowan, Max E. L. (1971).
2276:Foster, Benjamin R. (2016).
2202:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
2181:The Conquest of Civilization
912:or the local governor Ititi.
481:-speaking ancestors of the
7:
3372:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
3254:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
3249:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
1206:
1140:
454:, are significantly older.
10:
4477:
3377:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
2258:Sargon II, King of Assyria
1101:
896:
529:
412:was the earliest stage of
219:• Independence under
4306:
4155:
3890:
3860:
3807:
3786:
3774:
3771:
3764:
3761:
3743:
3733:
3716:
3709:
3707:
3673:
3661:
3652:
3643:
3638:
3610:
3593:
3564:
3549:
3544:
3523:
3518:
3506:
3496:
3484:
3474:
3456:
3453:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3426:
3344:
3298:
3272:
3176:
3073:
2966:
2874:
2867:
2856:
2738:
2665:
2656:
2316:Grayson, A. Kirk (1972).
2234:Düring, Bleda S. (2020).
1274:names Sulili's father as
687:Under the Akkadian Empire
315:Periodization of ancient
299:
237:
233:
217:
201:
185:
169:
165:
155:
145:
127:
51:
39:
32:
3435:Northwestern Mesopotamia
2597:; Eidem, Jesper (2008).
2454:Liverani, Mario (2014).
2427:Lewy, Hildegard (1971).
2409:"The Assyrian King List"
2407:Lendering, Jona (2006).
1888:Veenhof & Eidem 2008
1779:Veenhof & Eidem 2008
1305:Veenhof & Eidem 2008
1223:
1183:and its associated god,
679:of the Sumerian city of
399:History of the Assyrians
2366:Lambert, W. G. (1983).
2255:Elayi, Josette (2017).
1019:Archaeological evidence
1011:1408–1401 BC) and
999:1273–1244 BC) and
934:Twelve Tribes of Israel
695:Approximate map of the
416:history, preceding the
203:• Conquest by the
187:• Conquest by the
18:Early Period of Assyria
4431:Early Period (Assyria)
4157:Middle Assyrian Empire
3866:List of Assyrian kings
3595:Middle Hittite Kingdom
3209:Babylonian mathematics
2575:Roux, Georges (1992).
2345:James, E. O. (2018) .
2261:. Atlanta: SBL Press.
2217:van Driel, G. (1969).
1213:History of Mesopotamia
1107:Population and culture
1074:
1035:
913:
825:
708:
355:Middle Assyrian period
4228:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur
3718:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3551:Old Babylonian Empire
3466:Early Dynastic period
2534:Oates, David (1967).
2282:. Oxford: Routledge.
1069:
1026:
907:
811:
694:
657:Old Babylonian Empire
597:Early Dynastic Period
572:Early Dynastic Period
444:Early Dynastic Period
410:Early Assyrian period
329:Early Assyrian period
266:Early Dynastic Period
128:Common languages
78:Show map of Near East
34:Early Assyrian period
3445:Southern Mesopotamia
3440:Northern Mesopotamia
3204:Babylonian astronomy
2683:Mesopotamian Marshes
2138:Bär, Jürgen (2003).
2115:Aubet, Maria Eugenia
526:2112–2004 BC).
378:Post-imperial period
4441:Ancient Mesopotamia
4365:Tiglath-Pileser III
4308:Neo-Assyrian Empire
4142:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
3892:Old Assyrian period
3699:Neo-Assyrian Empire
3613:Bronze Age Collapse
3546:Old Hittite Kingdom
3520:Old Assyrian period
3498:Third Dynasty of Ur
3285:Destruction by ISIL
3239:Sumerian literature
3214:Akkadian literature
2650:Ancient Mesopotamia
2037:, pp. 737–738.
1986:, pp. 299–300.
1861:Van De Mieroop 2007
1721:, pp. 739–740.
1695:Van De Mieroop 2007
1611:, pp. 732–733.
1530:Van De Mieroop 2007
1505:, pp. 729–730.
1197:Neo-Assyrian Empire
890:Early names in the
860:), for the life of
841:Third Dynasty of Ur
814:Third Dynasty of Ur
786:Legend of Naram-Sin
673:Third Dynasty of Ur
622:Old Assyrian period
520:Third Dynasty of Ur
418:Old Assyrian period
368:Neo-Assyrian period
342:Old Assyrian period
279:Old Assyrian period
205:Third Dynasty of Ur
4456:History of Assyria
4325:Tukulti-Ninurta II
4293:Tiglath-Pileser II
4288:Ashur-resh-ishi II
4213:Enlil-kudurri-usur
4137:Ashur-rim-nisheshu
4132:Ashur-bel-nisheshu
4117:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I
3555:Southern Akkadians
3462:Jemdet Nasr period
3321:Mesopotamian myths
1272:Assyrian King List
1127:Assyrian King List
1075:
1036:
1005:Ashur-rim-nisheshu
925:Sumerian King List
919:Assyrian King List
914:
892:Assyrian King List
826:
709:
4418:
4417:
4313:
4248:Asharid-apal-Ekur
4243:Tiglath-Pileser I
4238:Ashur-resh-ishi I
4218:Ninurta-apal-Ekur
4198:Tukulti-Ninurta I
4166:
3901:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3745:Macedonian Empire
3735:Achaemenid Empire
3608:c. 1200–1150 BCE
3591:c. 1400–1200 BCE
3562:c. 1600–1400 BCE
3542:c. 1800–1600 BCE
3504:c. 2000–1800 BCE
3494:c. 2100–2000 BCE
3482:c. 2200–2100 BCE
3472:c. 2350–2200 BCE
3451:c. 3500–2350 BCE
3385:
3384:
3336:Ziggurat (Temple)
3311:Sumerian religion
3069:
3068:
3016:Middle Babylonian
2958:Kish civilization
2854:
2853:
2678:Lower Mesopotamia
2673:Upper Mesopotamia
2610:978-3-7278-1623-9
2595:Veenhof, Klaas R.
2586:978-0-14-012523-8
2579:. Penguin Books.
2526:978-83-87111-45-8
2507:978-1-4051-4910-5
2488:978-0-521-07791-0
2465:978-0-415-67905-3
2446:978-0-521-07791-0
2358:978-90-04-01612-5
2351:. Leiden: BRILL.
2329:978-3-447-01382-6
2308:978-1-930053-46-5
2289:978-1-315-68656-1
2268:978-1-62837-177-2
2247:978-1-108-47874-8
2219:The Cult of Aššur
2209:978-0-931464-82-9
2130:978-0-521-51417-0
2076:, pp. 82–85.
1890:, pp. 31–32.
1745:, pp. 62–63.
1116:language, likely
667:Political history
406:
405:
390:
389:
319:
309:
308:
295:
294:
291:
290:
271:
270:
16:(Redirected from
4468:
4410:Ashur-uballit II
4400:Sin-shumu-lishir
4395:Ashur-etil-ilani
4330:Ashurnasirpal II
4311:
4208:Ashur-nirari III
4203:Ashur-nadin-apli
4164:
4160:
4082:Shamshi-Adad III
3899:
3895:
3855:Kings of Assyria
3849:
3842:
3835:
3826:
3825:
3795:Byzantine Empire
3670:Middle Babylonia
3636:c. 1150–911 BCE
3429:
3428:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3389:
3388:
3234:Sumerian cuisine
3224:Warfare in Sumer
3219:Economy of Sumer
2872:
2871:
2862:
2746:Fertile Crescent
2730:Sinjar Mountains
2725:Hamrin Mountains
2720:Zagros Mountains
2698:Taurus Mountains
2663:
2662:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2590:
2571:
2530:
2511:
2492:
2469:
2450:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2403:
2362:
2341:
2312:
2293:
2272:
2251:
2230:
2213:
2192:
2175:
2134:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1972:
1966:
1957:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1833:
1827:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1767:Michałowski 2009
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1645:
1639:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1479:
1473:
1464:
1458:
1447:
1441:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1389:
1383:
1370:
1364:
1347:
1341:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1279:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1234:
1162:
1153:
1092:Indian elephants
1062:
1058:
1010:
998:
990:
952:
885:
878:
867:
846:
823:
726:
718:
706:
662:
618:
615:2600 BC or
614:
610:
602:
590:
570:, dating to the
556:
547:
535:Origins of Assur
525:
449:
441:
434:
385:
361:
348:
335:
325:
324:
314:
311:
310:
287:
286:
275:
274:
262:
261:
255:
254:
239:
238:
228:
212:
196:
180:
109:
108:Show map of Iraq
98:
97:
91:
79:
68:
67:
61:
46:
42:
30:
29:
21:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4461:Historical eras
4451:Bronze Age Asia
4421:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4345:Adad-nirari III
4335:Shalmaneser III
4310:
4302:
4278:Ashur-nirari IV
4268:Ashurnasirpal I
4263:Shamshi-Adad IV
4173:Ashur-uballit I
4159:
4151:
4127:Ashur-nirari II
4092:Puzur-Ashur III
4072:Shamshi-Adad II
3894:
3886:
3885:
3856:
3853:
3823:
3818:
3812:Sassanid Empire
3781:Parthian Empire
3776:Seleucid Empire
3766:Seleucid Empire
3685:
3679:
3656:
3647:
3476:Akkadian Empire
3422:
3416:
3386:
3381:
3340:
3294:
3268:
3177:Culture/society
3172:
3065:
3061:Muslim conquest
3031:Fall of Babylon
2962:
2863:
2850:
2734:
2652:
2647:
2617:
2611:
2587:
2552:10.2307/4199827
2527:
2508:
2489:
2466:
2447:
2433:. 2600–1816 BC"
2417:
2415:
2384:10.2307/4200181
2368:"The God Aššur"
2359:
2330:
2309:
2290:
2269:
2248:
2210:
2156:10.2307/4200537
2131:
2109:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1975:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1945:
1941:, pp. 1–2.
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1836:
1828:
1821:
1817:, pp. 2–6.
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1648:
1640:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1482:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1450:
1442:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1392:
1384:
1373:
1365:
1350:
1342:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1209:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1143:
1109:
1104:
1029:Akkadian period
1021:
1013:Shalmaneser III
959:Amorite dynasty
902:
895:
806:
697:Akkadian Empire
689:
669:
585:Hassuna culture
577:
576:
575:
574:
559:
558:
557:
549:
548:
537:
532:
515:Akkadian Empire
471:Akkadian Empire
402:
284:
259:
223:
207:
191:
189:Akkadian Empire
175:
123:
113:
112:
111:
110:
107:
106:
105:
104:
103:
99:
82:
81:
80:
77:
76:
75:
74:
73:
69:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4474:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4360:Ashur-nirari V
4357:
4352:
4350:Shalmaneser IV
4347:
4342:
4340:Shamshi-Adad V
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4320:Adad-nirari II
4316:
4314:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4273:Shalmaneser II
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4253:Ashur-bel-kala
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4233:Mutakkil-Nusku
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4169:
4167:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4122:Enlil-Nasir II
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4087:Ashur-nirari I
4084:
4079:
4077:Ishme-Dagan II
4074:
4069:
4064:
4062:Sharma-Adad II
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4018:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3991:Ashur-apla-idi
3988:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3955:
3953:Shamshi-Adad I
3950:
3945:
3940:
3938:Puzur-Ashur II
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:Later kingship
3878:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3829:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3788:
3787:63 BCE–224 CE
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3750:Ancient Greeks
3742:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3672:
3667:
3660:
3651:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3625:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:Middle Assyria
3599:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3575:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3522:
3517:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3415:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3392:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3357:Assyriologists
3354:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3264:List of rulers
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3153:Proto-Armenian
3150:
3145:
3140:
3138:Middle Persian
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3026:Neo-Babylonian
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3006:Old Babylonian
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2976:Early Dynastic
2972:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2616:
2615:
2609:
2591:
2585:
2572:
2531:
2525:
2512:
2506:
2493:
2487:
2470:
2464:
2451:
2445:
2424:
2404:
2363:
2357:
2342:
2328:
2313:
2307:
2294:
2288:
2273:
2267:
2252:
2246:
2231:
2214:
2208:
2193:
2176:
2135:
2129:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2090:
2088:, p. 164.
2078:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2025:, p. 153.
2015:
2013:, p. 301.
2000:
1988:
1973:
1958:
1956:, p. 299.
1943:
1939:van Driel 1969
1931:
1929:, p. 744.
1919:
1917:, p. 747.
1904:
1892:
1877:
1875:, p. 117.
1865:
1853:
1851:, p. 745.
1834:
1830:van Driel 1969
1819:
1807:
1803:Lendering 2006
1795:
1783:
1771:
1769:, p. 155.
1759:
1757:, p. 746.
1747:
1743:Garfinkle 2007
1735:
1731:Garfinkle 2007
1723:
1711:
1709:, p. 735.
1699:
1687:
1675:
1663:
1646:
1644:, p. 734.
1625:
1621:Garfinkle 2007
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1558:
1556:, p. 729.
1546:
1544:, p. 291.
1534:
1522:
1507:
1495:
1493:, p. 276.
1480:
1476:Garfinkle 2007
1465:
1463:, p. 298.
1448:
1446:, p. 187.
1419:
1407:
1405:, p. 731.
1390:
1388:, p. 300.
1371:
1369:, p. 733.
1348:
1346:, p. 208.
1321:
1309:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1255:
1246:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1177:fertility cult
1167:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1020:
1017:
947:Shamshi-Adad I
894:
888:
886:2025 BC.
805:
802:
798:Hildegard Lewy
688:
685:
668:
665:
645:Neo-Babylonian
561:
560:
551:
550:
542:
541:
540:
539:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
463:fertility cult
404:
403:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
380:
374:
373:
370:
364:
363:
357:
351:
350:
344:
338:
337:
331:
321:
320:
307:
306:
301:
297:
296:
293:
292:
289:
288:
281:
272:
269:
268:
263:
251:
250:
245:
235:
234:
231:
230:
224:
218:
215:
214:
208:
202:
199:
198:
192:
186:
183:
182:
176:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:
157:
156:Historical era
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
129:
125:
124:
114:
101:
100:
93:
92:
86:
85:
84:
83:
71:
70:
63:
62:
56:
55:
54:
53:
52:
49:
48:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4473:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4446:Ancient Syria
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4405:Sinsharishkun
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4370:Shalmaneser V
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:Ashur-dan III
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4283:Ashur-rabi II
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4258:Eriba-Adad II
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4193:Shalmaneser I
4191:
4189:
4188:Adad-nirari I
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4107:Ashur-shaduni
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4097:Enlil-nasir I
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4037:Sharma-Adad I
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3958:Ishme-Dagan I
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3908:Puzur-Ashur I
3906:
3905:
3903:
3900:2025–1364 BC)
3893:
3889:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3850:
3845:
3843:
3838:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3813:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3782:
3777:
3770:
3767:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3671:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3598:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3413:
3408:
3406:
3401:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2693:Syrian Desert
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2425:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2100:, p. 42.
2099:
2094:
2087:
2086:Breasted 1926
2082:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2061:, p. 83.
2060:
2055:
2049:, chapter 11.
2048:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2023:Breasted 1926
2019:
2012:
2011:Mallowan 1971
2007:
2005:
1998:, p. 16.
1997:
1992:
1985:
1984:Mallowan 1971
1980:
1978:
1971:, p. 32.
1970:
1965:
1963:
1955:
1954:Mallowan 1971
1950:
1948:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1874:
1873:Chavalas 1994
1869:
1863:, p. 89.
1862:
1857:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1781:, p. 20.
1780:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1744:
1739:
1733:, p. 62.
1732:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1697:, p. 71.
1696:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1623:, p. 63.
1622:
1617:
1610:
1605:
1599:, p. 38.
1598:
1593:
1587:, p. 30.
1586:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1555:
1550:
1543:
1542:Mallowan 1971
1538:
1532:, p. 54.
1531:
1526:
1520:, p. 31.
1519:
1514:
1512:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1478:, p. 61.
1477:
1472:
1470:
1462:
1461:Mallowan 1971
1457:
1455:
1453:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1417:, p. 48.
1416:
1415:Liverani 2014
1411:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1387:
1386:Mallowan 1971
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1345:
1344:Liverani 2014
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1319:, p. 83.
1318:
1313:
1307:, p. 19.
1306:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1250:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1161:
1152:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1016:
1014:
1006:
1002:
994:
993:Shalmaneser I
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
948:
943:
939:
938:Klaas Veenhof
935:
929:
927:
926:
921:
920:
911:
906:
900:
893:
887:
882:
881:Puzur-Ashur I
874:
869:
863:
859:
855:
851:
842:
839:
834:
832:
819:
815:
810:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
763:
759:
755:
754:Išši'ak Aššur
750:
748:
744:
739:
735:
731:
722:
714:
702:
698:
693:
684:
682:
678:
674:
664:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
625:
623:
606:
605:Puzur-Ashur I
598:
594:
586:
582:
573:
569:
565:
555:
546:
527:
521:
516:
512:
508:
503:
498:
496:
495:Puzur-Ashur I
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
445:
438:
437:Puzur-Ashur I
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
401:
400:
394:
393:
381:
379:
376:
375:
371:
369:
366:
365:
358:
356:
353:
352:
345:
343:
340:
339:
332:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
318:
313:
312:
305:
302:
300:Today part of
298:
282:
280:
277:
276:
273:
267:
264:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
236:
232:
225:
222:
221:Puzur-Ashur I
216:
209:
206:
200:
193:
190:
184:
177:
174:
168:
164:
161:
158:
154:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
90:
60:
50:
38:
31:
19:
4390:Ashurbanipal
4312:(911–609 BC)
4298:Ashur-dan II
4183:Arik-den-ili
4178:Enlil-nirari
4165:1363–912 BC)
4147:Eriba-Adad I
4112:Ashur-rabi I
3871:Royal titles
3798:
3791:Ancient Rome
3762:311–129 BCE
3748:
3741:336–301 BCE
3731:539–331 BCE
3721:
3714:626–539 BCE
3705:729–609 BCE
3695:911–729 BCE
3686:
3680:
3674:
3662:
3627:
3617:
3611:
3581:
3569:
3554:
3531:
3510:
3485:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3418:Timeline of
3259:Royal titles
3184:Architecture
3021:Neo-Assyrian
2868:(Pre)history
2688:Persian Gulf
2599:
2577:Ancient Iraq
2576:
2546:(2): 70–96.
2543:
2539:
2516:
2497:
2478:
2455:
2436:
2430:
2416:. Retrieved
2412:
2378:(1): 82–86.
2375:
2371:
2347:
2318:
2298:
2278:
2257:
2236:
2218:
2198:
2180:
2147:
2143:
2119:
2107:Bibliography
2093:
2081:
2074:Lambert 1983
2059:Lambert 1983
2054:
2042:
2030:
2018:
1991:
1934:
1922:
1902:, p. 5.
1900:Grayson 1972
1895:
1868:
1856:
1832:, p. 3.
1815:Grayson 1972
1810:
1798:
1793:, chapter 9.
1786:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1685:, chapter 2.
1678:
1673:, p. 3.
1671:Grayson 1972
1666:
1661:, p. 2.
1659:Grayson 1972
1616:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1575:, chapter 3.
1549:
1537:
1525:
1498:
1410:
1312:
1271:
1270:whereas the
1258:
1249:
1232:
1201:Tree of Life
1192:
1189:
1173:
1135:
1126:
1123:Georges Roux
1110:
1096:
1076:
1037:
983:
930:
923:
917:
915:
891:
870:
849:
835:
827:
785:
779:
753:
751:
710:
670:
634:
626:
607:, who ruled
578:
499:
474:
456:
435:2085 BC or
428:ether under
409:
407:
396:
349:2025–1364 BC
336:2600–2025 BC
328:
248:Succeeded by
247:
242:
115:Location of
4380:Sennacherib
4223:Ashur-dan I
4067:Erishum III
4015:Adad-salulu
4009:Ipqi-Ishtar
3986:Ashur-dugul
3913:Shalim-ahum
3808:224–mid 7C
3772:129–63 BCE
3754:Macedonians
3649:city-states
3645:Neo-Hittite
3620:Sea Peoples
3536:city-states
3515:city-states
3458:Uruk period
3420:Mesopotamia
3362:Hittitology
3352:Assyriology
3273:Archaeology
3143:Old Persian
2953:Jemdet Nasr
2150:: 143–160.
2047:Foster 2016
1969:Düring 2020
1791:Foster 2016
1683:Foster 2016
1585:Düring 2020
1573:Foster 2016
1518:Düring 2020
1236:The nearby
1049:antechamber
1031:, found at
910:Manishtushu
850:šakkanakkum
721:Manishtushu
362:1363–912 BC
243:Preceded by
4425:Categories
4385:Esarhaddon
3963:Mut-Ashkur
3948:Erishum II
3532:and other
3511:and other
3326:Divination
3036:Achaemenid
3001:Isin-Larsa
2894:Trialetian
2889:Mousterian
2876:Prehistory
2098:James 1966
1597:Elayi 2017
1491:Aubet 2013
1317:Oates 1967
1286:References
1129:, such as
1001:Esarhaddon
426:city-state
397:See also:
372:911–609 BC
160:Bronze Age
119:in modern
4375:Sargon II
4057:Shu-Ninua
4042:Iptar-Sin
4003:Sin-namir
3997:Nasir-Sin
3981:Puzur-Sin
3943:Naram-Sin
3923:Erishum I
3918:Ilu-shuma
3723:Chaldeans
3640:Phoenicia
3578:Karduniaš
3199:Cuneiform
3075:Languages
2884:Acheulean
2771:Babylonia
2708:Euphrates
2658:Geography
2568:249895057
2429:"Assyria
2400:163337976
2172:191480324
2035:Lewy 1971
1927:Lewy 1971
1915:Lewy 1971
1849:Lewy 1971
1755:Lewy 1971
1719:Lewy 1971
1707:Lewy 1971
1642:Lewy 1971
1609:Lewy 1971
1554:Lewy 1971
1503:Lewy 1971
1444:Roux 1992
1403:Lewy 1971
1367:Lewy 1971
1242:Neolithic
1199:was the "
1079:alabaster
794:Tell Brak
747:Tell Brak
743:Naram-Sin
701:Naram-Sin
649:Nabonidus
483:Assyrians
382:609 BC –
146:Religion
4027:Bel-bani
3933:Sargon I
3664:Arameans
3658:Damascus
3629:Arameans
3583:Kassites
3571:Hurrians
3345:Academia
3299:Religion
3168:Urartian
3163:Sumerian
3148:Parthian
3083:Akkadian
3056:Sasanian
3046:Parthian
3041:Seleucid
2991:Simurrum
2981:Akkadian
2914:Khiamian
2904:Natufian
2816:Simurrum
2801:Kassites
2796:Hittites
2751:Adiabene
2117:(2013).
1996:Bär 2003
1207:See also
1141:Religion
1118:Akkadian
1041:mudbrick
873:Ibbi-Sin
862:Amar-Sin
838:Sumerian
758:Ininlaba
677:hegemony
507:Sumerian
459:Hurrians
414:Assyrian
136:Sumerian
132:Akkadian
43:2600 BC–
4102:Nur-ili
4052:Lullaya
3566:Mitanni
3534:Amorite
3513:Amorite
3487:Gutians
3331:Prayers
3316:Deities
3280:Looting
3123:Kassite
3118:Hurrian
3113:Hittite
3103:Elamite
3098:Eblaite
3093:Aramaic
3088:Amorite
3011:Kassite
2986:Gutians
2968:History
2933:Samarra
2929:Hassuna
2899:Zarzian
2821:Subartu
2811:Mitanni
2776:Chaldea
2766:Assyria
2739:Ancient
2560:4199827
2392:4200181
2164:4200537
1244:period.
1238:Nineveh
1114:Semitic
1102:Society
1072:Zariqum
963:Babylon
955:Amorite
942:Amorite
858:Ninegal
854:Zariqum
831:Gutians
790:Lullubi
782:Nineveh
653:Subartu
637:Hurrian
581:Assyria
530:History
487:deified
479:Semitic
452:Nineveh
317:Assyria
229:2025 BC
213:2100 BC
197:2300 BC
181:2600 BC
140:Hurrian
47:2025 BC
4047:Bazaya
4032:Libaya
3975:Asinum
3969:Rimush
3928:Ikunum
3158:Sutean
3133:Median
3128:Luwian
3108:Gutian
2996:Ur III
2909:Nemrik
2846:Cities
2841:Urartu
2791:Hamazi
2786:Gutium
2761:Armani
2713:Tigris
2666:Modern
2607:
2583:
2566:
2558:
2523:
2504:
2485:
2462:
2443:
2418:29 May
2413:Livius
2398:
2390:
2355:
2338:584578
2336:
2326:
2305:
2286:
2265:
2244:
2225:
2206:
2189:653024
2187:
2170:
2162:
2127:
1268:Dakiki
1264:Silulu
1131:Tudiya
1084:fillet
1051:and a
986:Ushpia
975:Kikkia
971:Sulili
967:Ushpia
818:Shulgi
816:under
775:Marduk
771:Ishtar
713:Sargon
699:under
630:Tigris
564:Ishtar
502:Tudiya
475:Baltil
467:Ishtar
430:Ushpia
386:AD 240
4021:Adasi
3800:Syria
3676:Chal-
3654:Aram-
3529:Larsa
3244:Music
3194:Akitu
3051:Roman
2943:Ubaid
2938:Halaf
2836:Tukri
2831:Sumer
2826:Suhum
2806:Media
2756:Akkad
2564:S2CID
2556:JSTOR
2396:S2CID
2388:JSTOR
2227:71504
2168:S2CID
2160:JSTOR
1276:Aminu
1224:Notes
1193:Aššur
1088:ivory
1053:niche
1047:, an
1045:cella
1033:Assur
979:Akiya
767:Gasur
762:Ititi
734:Ashur
730:Azazu
647:king
593:Assur
568:Assur
491:Ashur
422:Assur
173:Assur
117:Assur
102:Assur
72:Assur
3752:and
3525:Isin
3508:Mari
3290:Tell
2948:Uruk
2781:Elam
2605:ISBN
2581:ISBN
2540:Iraq
2521:ISBN
2502:ISBN
2483:ISBN
2460:ISBN
2441:ISBN
2420:2021
2372:Iraq
2353:ISBN
2334:OCLC
2324:ISBN
2303:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2263:ISBN
2242:ISBN
2223:OCLC
2204:ISBN
2185:OCLC
2144:Iraq
2125:ISBN
1181:moon
977:and
738:Nuzi
681:Kish
641:Nuzi
511:Kish
408:The
304:Iraq
138:and
121:Iraq
4023:(?)
4017:(?)
4011:(?)
4005:(?)
3999:(?)
3993:(?)
3977:(?)
3971:(?)
3965:(?)
3688:ans
3682:de-
3189:Art
2548:doi
2380:doi
2152:doi
1185:Sîn
961:of
745:at
566:in
4427::
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3898:c.
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3757:)
3726:)
3624:)
3586:)
3574:)
3557:)
3464:/
3460:/
2562:.
2554:.
2544:29
2542:.
2538:.
2411:.
2394:.
2386:.
2376:45
2374:.
2370:.
2332:.
2166:.
2158:.
2148:65
2146:.
2142:.
2066:^
2003:^
1976:^
1961:^
1946:^
1907:^
1880:^
1837:^
1822:^
1649:^
1628:^
1561:^
1510:^
1483:^
1468:^
1451:^
1422:^
1393:^
1374:^
1351:^
1324:^
1293:^
1061:c.
1057:c.
1009:c.
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725:c.
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661:c.
617:c.
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609:c.
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440:c.
433:c.
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