1587:
1370:
1664:
1631:
1447:
1414:
1600:
1383:
884:
892:
780:
1650:
1619:
1433:
1402:
1005:, groups of states consolidated resources and promoted regional and organizational interests, including economic cooperation and military protection. Many of these territories were not contiguous: a village could belong predominantly to one polity, but have a farmstead, a house, or even one or two strips of land that belonged to another polity.
626:(27 August 1791) threatened ambiguous, but quite serious, consequences if anything should happen to the royal family. The position of the revolutionaries became increasingly difficult. Compounding their problems in international relations, French émigrés continued to agitate for support of a counter-revolution. Finally, on 20 April 1792, the
1194:, had raised a small force of about 7,000 men. These were field hands and day laborers drafted for service, but untrained in military matters. It was largely guess work where they should be placed, and Charles did not like to use the militias in any vital location. In early late May and early June, when the French started to mass troops by
756:, the 74th Demi-brigade revolted. In June, the 17th Demi-brigade was insubordinate (frequently) and in the 84th Demi-brigade, two companies rebelled. The French commanders understood that an assault into the German states was essential, not only in terms of war aims, but also in practical terms: furthermore, the
1845:
An autonomous corps, in the
Austrian or Imperial armies, was an armed force under command of an experienced field commander. They usually included two divisions, but probably not more than three, and function with high maneuverability and independent action, hence the name "autonomous corps." Some,
1214:
had 22,000 troops in an entrenched camp at DĂĽsseldorf. Carnot's grand plan called for the two French armies to press against the
Austrian flanks. But first, Jourdan's army would push south from DĂĽsseldorf. It was hoped that this advance would induce the Austrians to withdraw all of their forces from
1185:
gave
Archduke Charles command over both Austrian armies and the Imperial contingents of the Holy Roman Empire, and ordered him to hold his ground. Imperial contingents were usually raw recruits drafted from the administrative districts of the Empire. In Spring, 1796, when resumption of war appeared
783:
Map of Rhine river shows DĂĽsseldorf and the Sieg and Lahn rivers in the north and
Strasbourg and Mannheim in the south. The colors different sections of the rhine River: blue is the Alp Rhine and the Lake Rhine (where the river runs through Lake Constance); turquoise indicates the High Rhine (which
1854:
Osprey
Publishing, 2012, p. 24. Military historians usually maintain that Napoleon solidified the use of the autonomous corps, armies that could function without a great deal of direction, scatter about the countryside, but reform again quickly for battle; this was actually a development that first
751:
of young men and systematically divested of old men who might have tempered the rash impulses of teenagers and young adults. It had already made itself odious, by rumor and action, throughout France. Furthermore, it was an army entirely dependent upon the countryside for its material support. After
852:
mountains on the west. Called the Upper Rhine (distinguished from the High Rhine), the river flows south to north. In 1796, the plain on both sides of the river, some 31 km (19 mi) wide, was dotted with villages and farms. At both far edges of the flood plain, especially on the eastern
1884:
Beginning in the sixteenth century, the Holy Roman Empire was organized loosely into ten "circles", or regional groups of ecclesiastical, dynastic, and secular polities that coordinated economic, military and political actions. During times of war, the
Circles contributed troops to the Habsburg
861:
twenty-first century incarnation of the river, even under regular conditions. Its channels wound through marsh and meadow, and created islands of trees and vegetation that were periodically submerged by floods. It was crossable at Kehl, by
Strasbourg, and HĂĽningen, by Basel, where systems of
671:
included the imperial contingents and the infantry and cavalry of the various states, amounting to about 125,000 (including three autonomous corps), a sizable force by eighteenth century standards but a moderate force by the standards of the
Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. In total, the
860:
was "corrected" (straightened) between 1817 and 1875 to make year-round transport easier. Between 1927 and 1975, the construction of a canal allowed the control of the water level. In the 1790s, though, the river was wild and unpredictable, in some places four or more times wider than the
544:. By August, though, the French armies had extended their fronts too thinly and the competition and jealousies between and among the French generals complicated cooperation between the two armies. Because the two French armies operated independently, Archduke Charles was able to leave
1885:
military by drafting (or soliciting volunteers) among their inhabitants. Some circles coordinated their efforts better than others; the
Swabian Circle was among the more effective of the imperial circles at organizing itself and protecting its economic interests. See James Allen Vann,
1503:, had about 27,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry when he crossed the Rhine at Maudach. He faced Petrasch's division of about a third of the size, including mixed troops of infantry and dragoons. While Desaix crossed at Maudauch, Jourdan's main body crossed the Rhine on 10 June at
1850:, or independent corps, were used as light infantry before the official formation of light infantry in the Habsburg Army in 1798. They provided the Army's skirmishing and scouting function; Frei-Corps were usually raised from the provinces. See Philip Haythornthwaite,
1198:
as if they would cross there—they even engaged the
Imperial force at Altenkirchen (4 June) and Wetzler and Uckerath (15 June)—Charles thought that main attack would occur there and felt few qualms placing the 7,000 Swabians at the crossing by Kehl.
1794:
On 10 July, after hearing about Moreau's successful assault on Keh and subsequent crossing of the Rhine, Jourdan took the 30,000 men of the Army of the Sambre-et-Meuse back across the Rhine and attacked the 6,000 men of Wartensleben's force.
997:. Among the German-speaking states, the Holy Roman Empire's administrative and legal mechanisms provided a venue to resolve disputes between peasants and landlords, between jurisdictions, and within jurisdictions. Through the organization of
853:
side, the old mountains created dark shadows on the horizon. Tributaries cut through the hilly terrain of the Black Forest, creating deep defiles in the mountains. The tributaries then wound in rivulets through the flood plain to the river.
1093:
and join the other French armies in crushing the Austrian forces in southern Germany. By the spring of 1796, Jourdan and Moreau each had 70,000 men while Bonaparte's army numbered 63,000, including reserves and garrisons. Additionally,
617:
as a dispute between the French king and his subjects, and not something in which they should interfere. As revolutionary rhetoric grew more strident, they declared the interest of the monarchs of Europe as one with the interests of
1180:
and to use this position on the west bank to strike at each of the French armies in turn. However, Wurmser was sent to Italy with 25,000 reinforcements after news arrived of Bonaparte's early successes. In the new situation, the
784:
runs east to west through of Lake Constance); The Upper Rhine (green) begins where the river takes a sharp turn at the Rhine Knee, and flows south to north; yellow designates the Middle Rhine (sometimes called
752:
April 1796, pay was made in metallic value, but pay was still in arrears. Throughout the spring and early summer, the unpaid French army was in almost constant mutiny: in May 1796, in the border town of
571:, making sure it did not try to recover a foothold on the east bank of the Rhine, and turned on Moreau, who belatedly began to withdraw from southern Germany. Although Moreau briskly repulsed Latour at
650:; and the French king had just been executed. The armies of the French Republic were in a state of disruption; the problems became even more acute following the introduction of mass conscription, the
692:
with sufficient depth to resist the pressure of their opponents. Compared to French coverage, Charles had half the number of troops covering a 340-kilometer (210 mi) front that stretched from
563:
on 3 September Charles defeated Jourdan and compelled the French army to retreat, eventually to the west bank of the Rhine. With Jourdan neutralized and retreating into France, Charles left
716:
made an attack most likely; the rivers offered a gateway into eastern German states and ultimately to Vienna, with good bridges crossing a relatively well-defined river bank. To his north,
1718:. Not all the Coalition force was engaged, but it was sufficiently strong to repel the French, who withdrew and split their force, Jourdan moving westward to secure the bridgehead at
536:
on 24 June and beat the Archduke's Imperial contingents. Both French armies penetrated deeply into eastern and southern Germany by late July, forcing the southern states of the
40:
2036:
1730:, the Coalition troops attacked Kleber's the French left wing in its retreat the French suffered more casualties than the Coalition force, and lost one of their colors.
1116:
Knowing that the French planned to invade southern Germany, on 20 May 1796 the Austrians announced that the truce would end on 31 May, and prepared for invasion. The
989:
Prussia also included territories outside the Empire. There were also territories completely surrounded by France that belonged to WĂĽrttemberg, the Archbishopric of
1770:, Jourdan's southernmost flank encountered 8,000 Imperial troops, including a small group of Hessians, a battalion of French emigre troops, and the contingent from
941:, the little states that covered no more than a few square miles, or included several non-contiguous pieces, to the small and complex territories of the princely
1495:, 27,000 French infantry and 3,000 cavalry set upon 11,000 Imperial and Habsburg troops. The coalition lost 10 percent of its force, missing killed or wounded.
364:
1786:, a small town in Hesse, 20,000 French troops, part of Jourdan's Army of the Sambre-et-Meuse, surprised an Austrian garrison or 4,500 and captured the town.
182:
394:
1889:. Vol. LII, Studies Presented to International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions. Bruxelles, 1975. Mack Walker.
1215:
the Rhine's west bank. It would also focus Austrian attention northward, allowing Moreau's army to more easily strike in the south. The right wing of the
1125:
2807:
399:
389:
2812:
198:
2131:, vol 52, Studies Presented to International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions, vol. 52, 1975, Brussels.
33:
2376:
642:. Despite some victories in 1792, by early 1793, France was in terrible crisis: French forces had been pushed out of Belgium; also there was
1747:
545:
587:
in October, Charles forced Moreau to retreat to the west bank of the Rhine. During the winter the Austrians reduced the French bridgeheads at
2719:
2739:. Vol. 52. Brussels: Studies Presented to International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions.
2481:
Warfare in the Age of Napoleon: The Revolutionary Wars Against the First Coalition in Northern Europe and the Italian Campaign, 1789-1797
2166:
Warfare in the Age of Napoleon: The Revolutionary Wars Against the First Coalition in Northern Europe and the Italian Campaign, 1789-1797
26:
2558:
175:
927:
The German-speaking states on the east bank of the Rhine were part of the vast complex of territories in central Europe called the
724:. The Austrian army consisted of professionals, many moved from the border regions in the Balkans, and conscripts drafted from the
271:
1306:
and Rhine rivers, and the Rhine and Moselle rivers, The blockades at Ehrenbreitstein started on 9 June, and at Mainz on 14 June.
932:
701:
374:
808:
where it traverses the lake in three "ditches": Oberseerhein, Seerhein, and Unterseerhein, . From there, it leaves the lake at
2842:
2519:
Allgemeine encyclopädie der wissenschaften und künste in alphabetischer folge von genannten schrifts bearbeitet und herausgeben
2627:
2544:
2488:
2213:
2173:
2059:
1944:
1108:'s finances were in poor shape so its armies were expected to invade new territories and then live off the conquered lands.
832:, it moved in torrents. At Basel, the terrain flattens. There the Rhine makes a wide, northerly turn, in what is called the
2206:
The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II: The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle,
1926:
acceptance of the Swiss Revolution of 1798–99; Basel-land and Basel-Stadt were created from the Canton Basel in 1833.
168:
1095:
144:
2620:
The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle
856:
The Rhine River itself looked different in the 1790s than it does in the twenty-first century; the passage from Basel to
341:
1811:
outside of Stuttgart, part of Moreau's Army of the Rhine & Moselle attacked and overwhelmed 8,000 coalition troops.
2832:
2817:
2788:
2683:
2466:
2418:
2396:
684:
troops comprised the bulk of the army, but the thin white line of Habsburg infantry could not cover the territory from
1250:
923:, and several dozen ecclesiastic polities. The light cream-colored territories are so subdivided they cannot be named.
592:
2827:
2822:
2705:
2568:
2507:
2261:
1714:
river. The action ended in a Coalition victory when most of the French army began retreating to the west bank of the
1635:
1121:
445:
424:
1238:
1832:
Habsburg infantry wore white coats. Gunther E. Rothenberg, "The Habsburg Army in the Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815)".
647:
1169:
908:
1754:. Leading the left (north) wing of Moreau's army, Louis Desaix attacked the Austrians and drove them back to the
660:
proved especially disastrous, although they had achieved some success in other theaters of war (see for example,
634:(1792–98), France ranged itself against most of the European states sharing land or water borders with her, plus
809:
2112:
656:, which saturated an already distressed army with thousands of illiterate, untrained men. For the French, the
520:
to northern Italy. This weakened the Coalition force along the 340 kilometers (211 mi) of the Rhine from
1500:
788:) and orange designates the Low Rhine, where the Rhine passes into the Netherlands and reaches the North Sea.
419:
404:
266:
256:
149:
109:
216:
1751:
1742:
a French force of 20,000 overwhelmed a Coalition force of 6,000. Moreau' troops clashed with elements of a
1270:
1149:
677:
595:. Despite Charles' success in Germany, Austria was losing the war in Italy to a new French army commander,
517:
331:
124:
1867:, and became widely used in the European military as the size of armies grew in the 1790s and during the
1755:
1274:
588:
261:
1254:
2837:
2655:
1864:
1278:
631:
627:
548:
with a weaker army in front of Moreau on the southernmost flank, and move heavy reinforcements to help
453:
356:
231:
192:
760:
believed that war should pay for itself, and did not budget for the payment or feeding of its troops.
1246:
608:
572:
457:
336:
129:
1285:
numbered 71,581 foot soldiers and 6,515 cavalry. Gunners and sappers are not included in the total.
2363:
History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons
1266:
1141:
1044:
1017:
the two sides had called a truce. However, war plans did not cease. In a decree on 6 January 1796,
887:
The plethora of states of the Holy Roman Empire was especially dense on the east bank of the Rhine.
828:, cuts through steep hillsides and flows over a gravel bed; in such places as the former rapids at
717:
579:
before Charles was able to cut French access to the Bruchsal and Kehl crossings. In the battles of
549:
496:
351:
326:
286:
119:
84:
74:
1655:
1438:
1144:
counted 10,000 more. The remainder of Charles' army patrolled the west bank and behind the river
1049:
1027:
744:
740:
623:
491:
477:
316:
226:
1211:
1165:
974:
920:
643:
2780:
Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648
2476:
2161:
2102:
Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648
1014:
813:
657:
505:
414:
409:
281:
64:
50:
2778:
2671:
2105:
2002:
1856:
1623:
1105:
1022:
970:
732:
580:
533:
482:
449:
296:
246:
241:
211:
134:
79:
2638:
560:
463:
The French military strategy against Austria rested on a three-pronged invasion to surround
321:
114:
2615:
2500:
La période jacobine : terreur, guerre et gouvernement révolutionnaire : 1792-1794
2201:
584:
139:
99:
1903:
379:
8:
1592:
1375:
1078:
661:
635:
532:
convinced Charles to shift troops to the north, allowing Moreau to cross of the Rhine at
384:
346:
306:
301:
94:
89:
883:
2744:
Volk, Helmut. "Landschaftsgeschichte und NatĂĽrlichkeit der Baumarten in der Rheinaue".
2370:
2074:
Helmut Volk. "Landschaftsgeschichte und NatĂĽrlichkeit der Baumarten in der Rheinaue."
1074:
966:
965:; ecclesiastical territories, also of varying sizes and influence, such as the wealthy
954:
950:
946:
829:
736:
596:
468:
291:
276:
251:
221:
1935:
Laufenburg now has dams and barrages to control the flow of water. Thomas P. Knepper.
516:
forced the Coalition commander, Archduke Charles, to transfer 25,000 men commanded by
2784:
2765:
2701:
2679:
2623:
2605:
2589:
2564:
2540:
2503:
2484:
2462:
2445:
2428:
2414:
2406:
2392:
2384:
2257:
2209:
2185:
2169:
2139:
2108:
2055:
1970:
1940:
1860:
1743:
1722:, which he held unchallenged until the fall, and Kleber retreating northward toward
1707:
1663:
1630:
1446:
1413:
1262:
1190:, which included most of the states (ecclesiastical, secular, and dynastic) in Upper
982:
928:
878:
614:
564:
537:
472:
69:
2720:"Austrian Generals of 1792-1815: WĂĽrttemberg, Ferdinand Friedrich August Herzog von"
1922:. Schaffhausen and Aargau attained canton status in the peace settlement of 1803, a
748:
652:
160:
2554:
2124:
1338:
1100:
1066:
757:
556:
311:
104:
1273:, 4,828 infantry and 962 cavalry. Saint-Cyr's wing had two divisions commanded by
1261:, 7,437 infantry and 432 cavalry. Desaix's command counted three divisions led by
1161:
1868:
1604:
1387:
1299:
1090:
998:
994:
891:
725:
697:
668:
441:
236:
1939:
Handbook for Environmental Chemistry Series, Part L. New York: Springer, 2006,
1073:
while Jourdan would veer south to provide a rear guard. On the secondary front,
2528:
Hansard's Parliamentary Debates,House of Commons, 1803, Official Report. Vol. 1
2020:
The Army of the French Revolution: From Citizen-Soldiers to Instrument of Power
1418:
1258:
1187:
1157:
1137:
1058:
962:
937:
916:
805:
639:
1232:
945:
family branches, to such sizable, well-defined territories as the Kingdoms of
753:
672:
commander-in-chief Archduke Charles' troops stretched from Switzerland to the
2801:
2593:
2449:
1727:
1182:
1018:
801:
747:
at the outset of the 1796 campaign. The French citizens' army was created by
1723:
1133:
953:. The governance of these many states varied: they included the autonomous
793:
2769:
2439:
1907:
1496:
1492:
1406:
1303:
1242:
1207:
1145:
986:
912:
895:
In particular, the states involved in late 1796 included, for example, the
845:
821:
713:
576:
2737:
The Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715
1887:
The Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715
1298:
On 9 June 1796, 36000 French troops blockaded the fortresses at Mainz and
2757:
2715:
2693:
2609:
2250:
2225:
2132:
2089:
Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 1803, Official Report.
1919:
1249:
directed the Left Wing. Ferino's wing consisted of three divisions under
841:
369:
18:
2143:
1915:
1814:
1206:
held the west bank of the Rhine down to the Nahe and then southwest to
1129:
833:
825:
2129:
Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715
1771:
812:
and flows westerly along the border between the German states and the
1804:
1706:
At Wetzlar (15 June 1796), 11,000 French troops engaged part of the
1559:
1040:
978:
942:
907:(free cities), the territories belonging to the princely families of
900:
866:
857:
817:
709:
705:
700:
Furthermore, he had concentrated the bulk of his force, commanded by
689:
673:
619:
541:
525:
2038:
Tableaux des armées françaises: pendant les guerres de la Révolution
1991:
Nouvelle histoire de la France contemporaine. La RĂ©publique jacobine
1220:
1173:
1082:
1054:
958:
904:
896:
862:
681:
2762:
German home towns: community, state, and general estate, 1648–1871
2136:
German home towns: community, state, and general estate, 1648–1871
1891:
German Home Towns: Community, State, and General Estate, 1648–1871
2360:
1783:
1767:
1739:
1719:
1555:
1547:
1504:
1342:
797:
721:
693:
1085:
from the Austrians. Hopefully, the Italian army would cross the
931:. The considerable number of territories in the Empire included
1911:
1808:
1649:
1618:
1488:
1432:
1401:
1228:
1224:
1191:
1070:
1062:
849:
464:
2537:
The Rhine. Handbook for Environmental Chemistry Series, Part L
1176:
to Switzerland. The original Austrian strategy was to capture
779:
1715:
1551:
1302:, challenging important strongholds at the confluence of the
1195:
1177:
1036:
1032:
990:
774:
685:
521:
475:
ideals. Toward this end, the French assembled three armies:
2586:
Tableaux historiques et topographiques ou relation exacte..
1726:. Four days later, on the 19th, in a second engagement at
1711:
1512:
1124:
and counted 90,000 troops. The 20,000-man right wing under
1104:
and there was an even smaller army in southern France. The
1086:
957:, also of different sizes and influence, from the powerful
2232:
Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole, 1999. pp. 111–114.
2005:, "The Habsburg Army in the Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815)".
1281:, 11,823 infantry and 1,231 cavalry. Altogether, Moreau's
2670:
2563:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 199–201.
2714:
2475:
2052:
The Rhine. Handbook for Environmental Chemistry Series,
836:, and enters the what the locals call the Rhine ditch (
720:'s autonomous corps covered the line between Mainz and
2521:(in German). Leipzig: J. F. Gleditsch. pp. 64–66.
1487:
On 15 June, at the village of Maudauch, 36 miles from
1021:
gave Germany priority over Italy as a theater of war.
2614:
1977:, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 41–59.
190:
2516:
2440:
Charles, Archduke of Austria (unattributed) (1796).
2041:, R. Chapelot, 1905, p. 62, and Smith, pp. 111, 120.
1815:
Notes, citations, and alphabetical list of resources
1852:
Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars (1): Infantry.
1128:was on the east bank of the Rhine behind the river
680:'s, from the Swiss-Italian border to the Adriatic.
2534:
2459:Napoleon in Italy: the Sieges of Mantua, 1796–1799
2427:
2734:
2525:
2405:
2383:
2354:
816:. The 130-kilometer (81 mi) stretch between
2799:
2442:Geschichte des Feldzuges von 1796 in Deutschland
2343:
2341:
2022:, Princeton University Press, 1988, pp. 283–290.
1126:Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of WĂĽrttemberg
977:. When viewed on a map, the Empire resembled a "
646:over conscription; widespread resentment of the
2776:
2560:The French Revolution, Volume II From 1793–1799
2456:
1499:, commanding the left (northern) column of the
1966:
1964:
1748:Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour
1111:
800:and flows along the alpine region bordered by
546:Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour
2338:
1202:At the start of the campaign, the 80,000-man
935:. Their size and influence varied, from the
467:, ideally capturing the city and forcing the
176:
34:
2756:
2692:
2497:
712:, where the confluence of the Rhine and the
2656:"First battle of Altenkirchen, 4 June 1796"
2375:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
1961:
1875:, New York, Random House, 2011, Chapter 6.
1160:on the west bank while the left wing under
613:Initially, the rulers of Europe viewed the
2764:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
2583:
2361:Alison, Sir Archibald 1st Baronet (1847).
509:approached Vienna through northern Italy.
452:armies. This was the last campaign of the
183:
169:
48:
41:
27:
2808:Battles of the War of the First Coalition
2676:The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon
2813:Battles of the French Revolutionary Wars
2783:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
2743:
2553:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2148:
2091:Vol. 1. London: HMSO, 1803, pp. 249–252.
2018:Jean Paul Bertaud, R.R. Palmer (trans).
890:
882:
792:The Rhine river begins in the Canton of
778:
16:Action of the War of the First Coalition
2653:
2636:
2104:Oxford University Press, 23012, vol.1
1807:, a small town on the east bank of the
1518:
1231:and its left wing extended west toward
1069:. Ultimate, Moreau was to converge on
2800:
2094:
1902:These territories include present-day
2413:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2391:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1750:which were defending the line of the
1277:, 7,438 infantry and 895 cavalry and
1269:, 7,898 infantry and 865 cavalry and
1265:, 14,565 infantry and 1,266 cavalry,
1257:, 8,300 infantry and 174 cavalry and
1219:was positioned behind the Rhine from
164:
22:
2461:. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma.
2365:. Vol. 3. Edinburgh: Blackwood.
2076:Waldschutzgebiete Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
1223:northward, its center was along the
1077:was to invade Italy, neutralize the
872:
444:armies under the overall command of
2746:Waldschutzgebiete Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
2622:. USA: Pickle Partners Publishing.
1873:The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815
1132:observing the French bridgehead at
471:into a surrender and acceptance of
13:
2138:, Cornell University Press, 1998
2054:Part L. New York: Springer, 2006,
2009:, 37:1 (Feb 1973), 1–5, 1–2 cited.
1253:, 9,281 infantry and 690 cavalry,
1053:across the Rhine, besiege or take
1008:
440:(June 1796 to February 1797), two
14:
2854:
2639:"Combat of Siegburg, 1 June 1796"
2208:Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011
1122:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
1120:was commanded by the 25-year-old
1096:François Christophe de Kellermann
630:declared war on Austria. In this
575:, he did not make it through the
2602:Memoires etc. of General Moreau,
2411:The French Revolution in Germany
1662:
1648:
1629:
1617:
1598:
1585:
1558:66 kilometres (41 mi) N of
1481:1,800 killed wounded and missing
1445:
1431:
1412:
1400:
1381:
1368:
796:(also called the Grisons), near
648:Civil Constitution of the Clergy
2526:Hansard, Thomas C, ed. (1803).
2329:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2266:
2244:
2235:
2219:
2195:
2179:
2117:
2081:
2065:
2044:
1929:
1251:François Antoine Louis Bourcier
1186:eminent, the 88-members of the
739:, commanded (respectively) the
448:outmaneuvered and defeated two
2584:Mechel von, Christian (1798).
2355:Alphabetical list of resources
2025:
2012:
1996:
1980:
1896:
1878:
1839:
1826:
1239:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
973:; and dynastic states such as
1:
2843:1796 in the Holy Roman Empire
2698:The Napoleonic Wars Data Book
2517:Ersch, Johann Samuel (1889).
2389:The French Revolutionary Wars
2254:The Napoleonic Wars Data Book
1975:The French Revolutionary Wars
1501:Army of the Rhine and Moselle
1170:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
1098:counted 20,000 troops in the
602:
420:Italian campaign of 1796-1797
2678:. Indiana University Press.
1954:
1798:
1789:
1710:army in its defenses on the
1491:, and a few kilometers from
1293:
1271:Charles Antoine Xaintrailles
1210:. On the army's left flank,
1150:Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser
768:
678:Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser
518:Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser
7:
2535:Knepper, Thomas P. (2006).
2502:(in French). Paris: Seuil.
2435:. New York, N.Y: Macmillan.
2256:, Greenhill, 1998, pp. 111
2031:See Phipps, v. II, p. 184,
1468:11,000 infantry and cavalry
1275:Guillaume Philibert Duhesme
1112:Coalition and French forces
512:Initially successes of the
10:
2859:
2735:Vann, James Allen (1975).
2230:Napoleonic Wars Data Book.
2192:Macmillan, 1966, pp. 46-47
1865:American Revolutionary War
1777:
1761:
1733:
1309:
1288:
1279:Alexandre Camille Taponier
1156:. Its right wing occupied
1031:was instructed to besiege
876:
772:
763:
632:War of the First Coalition
628:French National Convention
606:
499:, confronted the Austrian
454:War of the First Coalition
194:War of the First Coalition
2833:Battles involving Bavaria
2818:Battles involving Austria
2672:Rothenberg, Gunther Erich
2600:Philippart, John (1814).
2588:. Basel. pp. 64–72.
2433:The Campaigns of Napoleon
2190:The Campaigns of Napoleon
1861:Thirteen British Colonies
1687:
1674:
1641:
1610:
1578:
1530:
1525:
1472:
1457:
1424:
1393:
1361:
1321:
1316:
1247:Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr
1245:commanded the Center and
1241:led Moreau's Right Wing,
609:French Revolutionary Wars
458:French Revolutionary Wars
400:Rhine campaign of 1793–94
207:
60:
2828:Battles involving Saxony
2823:Battles involving France
2777:Whaley, Joachim (2012).
2457:Cuccia, Phillip (2014).
1819:
1267:Antoine Guillaume Delmas
1255:Henri François Delaborde
1142:Ehrenbreitstein Fortress
1045:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
971:Archbishopric of Cologne
933:more than 1,000 entities
718:Wilhelm von Wartensleben
550:Wilhelm von Wartensleben
497:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
2477:Dodge, Theodore Ayrault
2087:Thomas C Hansard (ed.).
2078:, Band 10, pp. 159–167.
1836:, 37:1 (Feb 1973), 1–5.
1669:Army of the Lower Rhine
1656:Army of Sambre-et-Meuse
1509:Army of Sambre-et-Meuse
1507:to join Kléber and the
1452:Army of the Lower Rhine
1439:Army of Sambre-et-Meuse
1283:Army of Rhin-et-Moselle
1217:Army of Rhin-et-Moselle
1204:Army of Sambre-et-Meuse
1172:guarded the Rhine from
1154:Army of the Upper Rhine
1118:Army of the Lower Rhine
1050:Army of Rhin-et-Moselle
1028:Army of Sambre-et-Meuse
745:Army of Rhin-et-Moselle
741:Army of Sambre-et-Meuse
624:Declaration of Pillnitz
569:Army of Sambre-et-Meuse
530:Army of Sambre-et-Meuse
528:. A feint by Jourdan's
501:Army of the Upper Rhine
492:Army of Rhin-et-Moselle
487:Army of the Lower Rhine
478:Army of Sambre-et-Meuse
2539:. New York: Springer.
2162:Theodore Ayrault Dodge
1611:Commanders and leaders
1394:Commanders and leaders
1152:led the 80,000-strong
1015:Rhine Campaign of 1795
924:
888:
869:made access reliable.
824:and Basel, called the
789:
658:Rhine Campaign of 1795
552:'s army in the north.
438:Rhine Campaign of 1796
415:Rhine campaign of 1796
410:Rhine campaign of 1795
375:Mediterranean campaign
52:Rhine campaign of 1796
2722:. napoleon-series.org
2700:. London: Greenhill.
2616:Phipps, Ramsay Weston
2498:Dupuy, Roger (2005).
2003:Gunther E. Rothenberg
1857:French and Indian War
1855:emerged first in the
1688:Casualties and losses
1473:Casualties and losses
1106:French First Republic
1023:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
894:
886:
782:
733:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
731:Two French generals,
622:and his family; this
483:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
2654:Rickard, J. (2009).
2637:Rickard, J. (2009).
2604:London, A.J. Valpy.
2483:. USA: Leonaur Ltd.
2202:Ramsay Weston Phipps
2168:, Leonaur Ltd, 2011
1871:. See David Gates,
1693:Wetzlar: 500, 7 guns
1519:Wetzlar and Uckerath
1212:Jean-Baptiste Kléber
1166:Michael von Fröhlich
955:free imperial cities
921:Duchy of WĂĽrttemberg
702:Count Baillet Latour
644:revolt in the Vendée
473:French Revolutionary
2718:; Kudrna, Leopold.
2308:Smith, pp. 114-115.
1906:and the Cantons of
1221:Huningue (HĂĽningen)
1136:. The garrisons of
1079:Kingdom of Sardinia
662:War of the Pyrenees
593:Huningue (HĂĽningen)
485:faced the Austrian
395:East Indies Theatre
385:War of the Pyrenees
110:Friedberg (Bavaria)
2658:. historyofwar.org
2641:. historyofwar.org
2429:Chandler, David G.
2335:Smith, p. 116-117.
2123:See, for example,
2050:Thomas P.Knepper,
1075:Napoleon Bonaparte
1013:At the end of the
967:Abbey of Reichenau
925:
889:
790:
737:Jean Victor Moreau
667:The armies of the
597:Napoleon Bonaparte
503:in the south; the
489:in the north; the
469:Holy Roman Emperor
2838:Conflicts in 1796
2629:978-1-908692-25-2
2555:Lefebvre, Georges
2546:978-3-540-29393-4
2490:978-0-85706-598-8
2407:Blanning, Timothy
2385:Blanning, Timothy
2214:978-1-908692-25-2
2186:David G. Chandler
2174:978-0-85706-598-8
2060:978-3-540-29393-4
2035:Charles Clerget,
1945:978-3-540-29393-4
1904:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
1863:and later in the
1744:Habsburg Austrian
1708:Habsburg Austrian
1704:
1703:
1574:
1573:
1570:Coalition victory
1526:Action at Wetzlar
1485:
1484:
1357:
1356:
1317:Action at Maudach
1263:Michel de Beaupuy
1043:. Farther south,
969:and the powerful
961:to the minuscule
929:Holy Roman Empire
879:Holy Roman Empire
873:Political terrain
804:, northward into
749:mass conscription
615:French Revolution
565:Franz von Werneck
559:on 24 August and
538:Holy Roman Empire
450:Republican French
433:
432:
425:Anglo-Spanish War
405:Atlantic campaign
390:Italian campaigns
380:War in the Vendée
365:Flanders campaign
158:
157:
2850:
2794:
2773:
2753:
2740:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2711:
2689:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2633:
2597:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2550:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2494:
2472:
2453:
2436:
2424:
2402:
2380:
2374:
2366:
2348:
2345:
2336:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2264:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2223:
2217:
2199:
2193:
2183:
2177:
2159:
2146:
2125:James Allen Vann
2121:
2115:
2100:Joachim Whaley,
2098:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2048:
2042:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2016:
2010:
2007:Military Affairs
2000:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1971:Timothy Blanning
1968:
1948:
1933:
1927:
1900:
1894:
1882:
1876:
1843:
1837:
1834:Military Affairs
1830:
1667:
1666:
1653:
1652:
1636:Archduke Charles
1634:
1633:
1622:
1621:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1511:advanced to the
1450:
1449:
1436:
1435:
1417:
1416:
1405:
1404:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1101:Army of the Alps
1067:Duchy of Bavaria
1047:was to lead the
999:Imperial Circles
979:patchwork carpet
848:on the east and
844:bordered by the
758:French Directory
726:Imperial Circles
446:Archduke Charles
202:
195:
185:
178:
171:
162:
161:
55:
53:
43:
36:
29:
20:
19:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2798:
2797:
2791:
2725:
2723:
2708:
2686:
2661:
2659:
2644:
2642:
2630:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2547:
2530:. London: HMSO.
2510:
2491:
2469:
2421:
2399:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2249:
2245:
2241:Smith, p. 114.
2240:
2236:
2224:
2220:
2200:
2196:
2184:
2180:
2160:
2149:
2122:
2118:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2082:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2049:
2045:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2017:
2013:
2001:
1997:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1934:
1930:
1901:
1897:
1893:. Ithaca, 1998.
1883:
1879:
1869:Napoleonic Wars
1844:
1840:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1803:On 21 July, at
1801:
1792:
1780:
1766:On 21 July, at
1764:
1736:
1699:
1695:Uckerath: 3,000
1694:
1661:
1647:
1628:
1624:General Jourdan
1616:
1605:Austrian Empire
1599:
1597:
1586:
1584:
1562:
1521:
1464:
1463:27,000 infantry
1444:
1430:
1411:
1399:
1388:Austrian Empire
1382:
1380:
1369:
1367:
1345:
1312:
1300:Ehrenbreitstein
1296:
1291:
1114:
1091:County of Tyrol
1025:commanding the
1011:
1009:French strategy
995:Hesse-Darmstadt
881:
875:
777:
771:
766:
669:First Coalition
611:
605:
442:First Coalition
434:
429:
361:
203:
193:
191:
189:
159:
154:
56:
51:
49:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2856:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2796:
2795:
2790:978-0199688821
2789:
2774:
2754:
2741:
2732:
2712:
2706:
2690:
2685:978-0253202604
2684:
2668:
2651:
2634:
2628:
2612:
2598:
2581:
2569:
2551:
2545:
2532:
2523:
2514:
2508:
2495:
2489:
2473:
2468:978-0806144450
2467:
2454:
2437:
2425:
2420:978-0198225645
2419:
2403:
2398:978-0340569115
2397:
2381:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:Smith, p. 117.
2337:
2328:
2326:Smith, p. 116.
2319:
2317:Smith, p. 115.
2310:
2301:
2292:
2290:Dodege, p. 288
2283:
2274:
2272:Smith, p. 124.
2265:
2243:
2234:
2218:
2194:
2178:
2147:
2116:
2093:
2080:
2064:
2043:
2024:
2011:
1995:
1993:, 2005, p.156.
1979:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1928:
1895:
1877:
1838:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1782:On 8 July at
1779:
1776:
1763:
1760:
1738:On 28 June at
1735:
1732:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1659:
1644:
1643:
1642:Units involved
1639:
1638:
1626:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1595:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1442:
1427:
1426:
1425:Units involved
1422:
1421:
1419:Franz Petrasch
1409:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1378:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:French victory
1351:
1347:
1346:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1259:Augustin Tuncq
1188:Swabian Circle
1158:Kaiserslautern
1138:Mainz Fortress
1113:
1110:
1059:Duchy of Baden
1035:and cross the
1010:
1007:
1001:, also called
963:Weil der Stadt
938:Kleinstaaterei
917:Duchy of Baden
877:Main article:
874:
871:
806:Lake Constance
773:Main article:
770:
767:
765:
762:
696:near Basel to
653:levée en masse
640:Ottoman Empire
607:Main article:
604:
601:
555:In battles at
540:into punitive
456:, part of the
431:
430:
428:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
360:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
208:
205:
204:
188:
187:
180:
173:
165:
156:
155:
153:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
61:
58:
57:
46:
45:
38:
31:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2855:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2707:1-85367-276-9
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2657:
2652:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2572:
2570:0-231-02519-X
2566:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2509:9782020398183
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2344:
2342:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2299:Smith, p. 115
2296:
2287:
2281:Smith, p. 114
2278:
2269:
2263:
2262:1-85367-276-9
2259:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2238:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2176:, pp.286–287.
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2077:
2068:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2040:
2039:
2028:
2021:
2015:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1983:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1700:Uckerath: 600
1697:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1593:French Empire
1583:
1582:
1577:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1465:3,000 cavalry
1462:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1376:French Empire
1366:
1365:
1360:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1183:Aulic Council
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:Anton Sztáray
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1057:, and invade
1056:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1019:Lazare Carnot
1016:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
939:
934:
930:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
885:
880:
870:
868:
864:
859:
854:
851:
847:
843:
840:), part of a
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:Swiss Cantons
811:
807:
803:
802:Liechtenstein
799:
795:
787:
781:
776:
761:
759:
755:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
654:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
610:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
567:to watch the
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:Army of Italy
510:
508:
507:
506:Army of Italy
502:
498:
494:
493:
488:
484:
481:commanded by
480:
479:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
206:
200:
196:
186:
181:
179:
174:
172:
167:
166:
163:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
59:
54:
44:
39:
37:
32:
30:
25:
24:
21:
2779:
2761:
2758:Walker, Mack
2749:
2745:
2736:
2724:. Retrieved
2716:Smith, Digby
2697:
2694:Smith, Digby
2675:
2660:. Retrieved
2643:. Retrieved
2619:
2601:
2585:
2574:. Retrieved
2559:
2536:
2527:
2518:
2499:
2480:
2458:
2441:
2432:
2410:
2388:
2362:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2253:
2246:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2165:
2135:
2133:Walker, Mack
2128:
2119:
2101:
2096:
2088:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2051:
2046:
2037:
2027:
2019:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1936:
1931:
1923:
1908:Schaffhausen
1898:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1872:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1833:
1828:
1802:
1793:
1781:
1765:
1737:
1705:
1698:Wetzlar: 400
1668:
1654:
1579:Belligerents
1538:15 June 1796
1508:
1497:Louis Desaix
1493:Ludwigshafen
1486:
1451:
1437:
1407:Louis Desaix
1362:Belligerents
1329:15 June 1796
1297:
1282:
1243:Louis Desaix
1237:
1216:
1208:Sankt Wendel
1203:
1201:
1153:
1117:
1115:
1099:
1048:
1026:
1012:
1003:Reichskreise
1002:
987:Hohenzollern
985:domains and
981:". Both the
936:
926:
913:Hohenzollern
899:(Habsburg),
855:
846:Black Forest
837:
822:Schaffhausen
791:
785:
730:
666:
664:(1793–95)).
651:
612:
577:Black Forest
568:
554:
529:
513:
511:
504:
500:
490:
486:
476:
462:
437:
435:
317:Newfoundland
282:Altenkirchen
65:Altenkirchen
2251:Digby Smith
2226:Digby Smith
2072:(in German)
2062:, pp. 19–20
2033:(in French)
1987:(in French)
1947:, pp. 5–19.
1920:Basel-Stadt
1846:called the
1746:army under
1233:SaarbrĂĽcken
1227:River near
975:WĂĽrttemberg
909:FĂĽrstenberg
842:rift valley
838:Rheingraben
786:Mittelrhein
754:ZweibrĂĽcken
581:Emmendingen
370:Chouannerie
135:Emmendingen
2802:Categories
2752:: 159–167.
2576:2011-01-07
2444:. France.
2113:0199688826
1989:R. Dupuy,
1937:The Rhine.
1916:Basel-land
1848:Frei-Corps
1752:Murg River
1724:DĂĽsseldorf
1134:DĂĽsseldorf
1081:and seize
1065:, and the
834:Rhine knee
830:Laufenburg
826:High Rhine
794:GraubĂĽnden
704:, between
603:Background
585:Schliengen
542:armistices
272:Den Helder
267:Guadeloupe
262:Martinique
232:Thionville
212:Porrentruy
140:Schliengen
100:Theiningen
2594:715971198
2450:693115692
2371:cite book
2106:pp. 17-20
1955:Citations
1805:Cannstatt
1799:Cannstatt
1790:Friedberg
1756:Alb River
1560:Frankfurt
1294:Blockades
1041:Franconia
943:Hohenlohe
901:Offenburg
867:causeways
858:Iffezheim
818:Rheinfall
810:Reichenau
798:Lake Toma
769:Geography
710:Darmstadt
706:Karlsruhe
690:Frankfurt
674:North Sea
620:Louis XVI
526:North Sea
495:, led by
357:Diersheim
347:Fishguard
307:Neresheim
217:Quiévrain
95:Neresheim
90:Ettlingen
2760:(1998).
2726:30 April
2696:(1998).
2674:(1980).
2662:30 April
2645:30 April
2618:(2011).
2610:45089676
2557:(1964).
2479:(2011).
2431:(1966).
2409:(1983).
2387:(1998).
2216:, p. 278
1924:de facto
1728:Uckerath
1675:Strength
1543:Location
1458:Strength
1334:Location
1174:Mannheim
1089:via the
1083:Lombardy
1055:Mannheim
983:Habsburg
959:Augsburg
905:Rottweil
897:Breisgau
863:viaducts
743:and the
682:Habsburg
638:and the
636:Portugal
573:Biberach
561:WĂĽrzburg
337:Biberach
332:2nd Kehl
322:WĂĽrzburg
297:1st Kehl
292:Kircheib
277:Siegburg
257:Sardinia
252:Jemappes
222:Marquain
150:3rd Kehl
145:HĂĽningen
130:Biberach
125:2nd Kehl
115:WĂĽrzburg
80:1st Kehl
2770:2276157
2144:2276157
1859:in the
1784:Giessen
1778:Giessen
1772:MĂĽnster
1768:Neuwied
1762:Neuwied
1740:Renchen
1734:Renchen
1720:Neuwied
1556:Germany
1548:Wetzlar
1515:river.
1505:Neuwied
1343:Germany
1339:Maudach
1310:Maudach
1289:Actions
951:Prussia
947:Bavaria
764:Terrain
722:Giessen
698:Bingen.
694:Renchen
524:to the
436:In the
352:Neuwied
342:Ireland
327:Limburg
287:Wetzlar
120:Limburg
85:Rastatt
75:Wetzlar
70:Maudach
2787:
2768:
2704:
2682:
2626:
2608:
2592:
2567:
2543:
2506:
2487:
2465:
2448:
2417:
2395:
2260:
2212:
2172:
2142:
2111:
2058:
1943:
1918:, and
1912:Aargau
1809:Neckar
1683:64,000
1680:48,000
1590:
1567:Result
1489:Speyer
1373:
1350:Result
1229:Landau
1225:Queich
1192:Swabia
1071:Vienna
1063:Swabia
993:, and
919:, the
915:, the
850:Vosges
557:Amberg
465:Vienna
312:Amberg
302:Malsch
227:Verdun
105:Amberg
1820:Notes
1716:Rhine
1552:Hesse
1196:Mainz
1178:Trier
1039:into
1037:Rhine
1033:Mainz
991:Trier
820:, by
775:Rhine
686:Basel
522:Basel
247:Mainz
242:Lille
237:Valmy
2785:ISBN
2766:OCLC
2728:2014
2702:ISBN
2680:ISBN
2664:2014
2647:2014
2624:ISBN
2606:OCLC
2590:OCLC
2565:ISBN
2541:ISBN
2504:ISBN
2485:ISBN
2463:ISBN
2446:OCLC
2415:ISBN
2393:ISBN
2377:link
2258:ISBN
2210:ISBN
2170:ISBN
2140:OCLC
2109:ISBN
2056:ISBN
1941:ISBN
1712:Lahn
1535:Date
1513:Lahn
1326:Date
1304:Main
1168:and
1146:Nahe
1140:and
1130:Sieg
1087:Alps
949:and
911:and
903:and
865:and
735:and
714:Main
708:and
676:and
591:and
589:Kehl
583:and
534:Kehl
199:List
1478:600
1061:,
688:to
2804::
2750:10
2748:.
2373:}}
2369:{{
2340:^
2228:,
2204:,
2188:,
2164:,
2150:^
2127:,
1973:.
1963:^
1914:,
1910:,
1774:.
1758:.
1554:,
1550:,
1341:,
1235:.
1164:,
1148:.
728:.
599:.
460:.
2793:.
2772:.
2730:.
2710:.
2688:.
2666:.
2649:.
2632:.
2596:.
2579:.
2549:.
2512:.
2493:.
2471:.
2452:.
2423:.
2401:.
2379:)
201:)
197:(
184:e
177:t
170:v
42:e
35:t
28:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.