1125:, was repulsed three times by the superior numbers of Austrians and the fearsome fire of case shot from four cannons that lined the principal road. Not until 19:00 did fortune favor the French, when Colonel d'Aspré and two hundred men of the Regiment Ferdinand were captured within the fort itself. The next in command, a Major Delas, was badly wounded, leaving no one in overall command of the 38th Regiment. The French general Schauenburg, who had gone to Strasbourg for troops, returned with some reinforcements, including part of the Strasbourg national guard, and led these troops over the pontoon bridges. They met at once an impetuous Austrian attack, but were sufficiently strong to recover. At 22:00, the Austrians still held the redoubt and the houses at the edge of the village; the arrival of a fresh battalion of the 12th Regiment led to a new attack, but it was repulsed. Ultimately, though, the Austrians had insufficient reserves to meet the fresh troops from Strasbourg. By 23:00, the French had recovered all of the Strasbourg suburbs, the village of Kehl and all of the French earthen works.
1052:. This was too weak a force to defend a position of such importance, or to develop additional extensive works. Moreau reported that some of Scherb's troops had arrived, but it is unclear which ones. Furthermore, the lack of cooperation from local peasant workers and the exhaustion of troops prevented the enhancements of the fortifications from proceeding with any speed. On the evening of 16 September, Petrasch and most of his column had arrived at Bischofsheim, immediately by Kehl, with three battalions and two squadrons; more troops were not far behind. By 17 September, a small corps of Austrians approached the outskirts of Kehl and vigorously attacked the French sentries there; this was merely a prelude to the more significant action the following day.
186:
155:
1138:
80:
977:, included the 68th Demi-brigade and two squadrons of the 19th Dragoons; they had remained behind after the Battle of Ettlingen to observe the garrisons of Mannheim and Philippsburg. Realizing that his command was too small to withstand a concerted attack by the stronger Austrians, Scherb withdrew toward Kehl to secure the Rhine crossing to Strasburg, since Moreau, now well into a retreat across the mountains, would need the crossing for a safe passage to France.
779:, Dutch, and royalist French emigres. Although initially the republican French experienced several victories, the campaigns of 1793 through 1795 had been less successful. However, the Coalition partners had difficulty coordinating their war aims, and their own efforts also faltered. In 1794 and 1795, French victories in northern Italy salvaged French enthusiasm for the war, and forced the Coalition to withdraw further into Central Europe. At the end of the
933:'s army would push south from Düsseldorf, hopefully drawing troops and attention toward themselves, while Moreau's army massed on the east side of the Rhine by Mannheim. According to plan, Jourdan's army feinted toward Mannheim, and Charles repositioned his troops. Once this occurred, Moreau's army endured a forced march south and attacked the bridgehead at Kehl, which was guarded by 7,000 imperial troops—troops recruited that spring from the
1036:
174:
143:
1061:
1118:
almost within eye-shot of the French sentinels, they halted; there is some confusion about why they stopped. Possibly they mistook the abutment for the bridge itself, as Moreau seemed to think. Regardless, the troops there did not burn the bridge, but started plundering and drinking. The French cavalry tried to retire into Kehl via the Kinzig bridge, but the heavy
Austrians fire destroyed most of them.
1159:. The section of the valley involved in the battle runs south-west through the mountains from Elzach, through Bleibach and Waldkirch. Just to the south-west of Waldkirch, the river emerges from the mountains and flows north-west towards the Rhine, with the Black Forest to its right. This section of the river passes through Emmendingen before it reaches
981:
marching south to secure the crossing to
Strasbourg. General Scherb received intelligence of a contingent of infantry and cavalry marching against him and retired south. Scherb found the Austrians already in possession of Untergrombach, a village south of Bruchsal. After he tried to force his way through, the Austrians fell back to
1270:
An autonomous corps, in the
Austrian or Imperial armies, was an armed force under command of an experienced field commander. They usually included two divisions, but probably not more than three, and functioned with high maneuverability and independent action, hence the name "autonomous corps." Some,
1174:
on 24 October. Moreau had arrayed his force in a semi-circle on the heights, offering him a tactically superior position. Charles threw his army against both flanks; the French left flank fought stubbornly, but gave way under the pressure of Condé's emigre corps; the right flank withstood a day-long
1117:
Quickly, the
Austrians acquired control of all the earthworks of the town, the village itself, and the fortress; their skirmishers reached one side of the abutment of an old bridge of palisades, and advanced to the other side, across the islands formed by branches of the Kinzig and the Rhine. There,
1309:
Philippart uses both the regimental number and the name of its proprietor (38th and
Ferdinand). His identification of the 12th Regiment (Manfredini) coincides with other sources: Lieutenant Field Marshal Federigo Manfredini was indeed colonel in chief (Proprietor) of the 12th line infantry regiment
1279:
Osprey
Publishing, 2012, p. 24. Military historians usually maintain that Napoleon solidified the use of the autonomous corps, armies that could function without a great deal of direction, scatter about the countryside, but reform again quickly for battle; this was actually a development that first
1146:
Despite the limited success of
Petrasch's action, the action had a broad impact on the movements of the main armies of Moreau and Archduke Charles, which still maneuvered to the east. Moreau's army would debouch through the Black Forest mountains, which lay to the east. By controlling the eastern
1074:
on the Upper Rhine and entered a gorge which led them to the outskirts of Kehl. The second column of the 38th
Regiment, under command of Major Busch, proceeded via the hamlet of Sundheim toward Kehl, and obtained possession of the village itself, although not the bridge leading to Strasbourg. The
941:
At this point, in July, the jealousies and competition between the French generals came into play. Moreau could have joined up with
Jourdan's army in the north, but did not; he proceeded eastward, pushing Charles into Bavaria, while Jourdan pushed eastward, pushing Wartensleben's autonomous corps
1069:
Before the break of dawn on 18 September (03:45), three
Austrian columns attacked Kehl, while another kept Scherb pinned down by the Kinzig. The Austrian principal column, comprising the 38th Regiment, crossed the Kinzig river above the French position and proceeded toward the dykes of the Rhine
980:
An initial Austrian attack on the French position at Bruchsal favored the French, who charged the Austrians with bayonets. Again, on 5 and 6 September, the Austrians spent most of the day skirmishing with the French at their advanced posts, masking their intention of circling around Bruchsal and
937:
polities, inexperienced and untrained—which held the bridgehead for several hours, but then retreated toward Rastatt. Moreau reinforced the bridgehead with his forward guard, and his troops poured into Baden unhindered. In the south, by Basel, Ferino's column moved quickly across the river and
1079:, executed a feint on the left bank of the river. One column of reserve, under the command of Franz Pongratz, approached as far as the French earthworks on the banks of the Rhine to support the columns ahead of him; another, which included a battalion of the 12th Regiment (
1128:
According to Digby Smith and his sources, the Austrians lost 2,000 men killed, missing and wounded, and the French: 1,200 missing and captured. German sources report, though, that the Austrians lost 1,500 men and 300 prisoners, and the French had 300 dead and 800 wounded.
1275:, or independent corps, were used as light infantry before the official formation of light infantry in the Habsburg Army in 1798. They provided the Army's skirmishing and scouting function; Frei-Corps were usually raised from the provinces. See Philip Haythornthwaite,
691:
In the 1790s, the Rhine was wild, unpredictable, and difficult to cross. Its channels and tributaries created islands of trees and vegetation that were alternately submerged by floods or exposed during the dry seasons. A complex of bridges, gates, fortifications and
1147:
access to the Kehl/Strasbourg crossing, Petrasch forced Moreau to march south; any retreat into France would have to occur via the bridges at HĂĽningen, a longer march, not at Kehl and Strasbourg. The next contact between the main armies occurred on 19 October at
938:
advanced up the Rhine along the Swiss and German shoreline toward Lake Constance, spreading into the southern end of the Black Forest. Worried that his supply lines would be overextended or his army would be flanked, Charles began a retreat to the east.
928:
The French plan called for a springtime (April–May–June) offensive during which the two armies would press against the flanks of the northern Coalition armies in the German states while a third army approached Vienna through Italy. Specifically,
737:(bridgeheads) joining Kehl and Strasbourg until a strong French counter-attack forced them to retreat, leaving the French in control of the bridges but the Austrians in control of the territory surrounding them. The situation remained in
1141:
Map shows the geographic relationship between Kehl and Strasbourg. Petrasch controlled the territory surrounding Kehl, on the east side of the river. This prevented Moreau from using the bridge at Kehl to cross the Rhine to safety in
1064:
On 18 September 1796, General Petrasch's troops stormed the French-held bridgehead at Kehl. Although they originally pushed the French out, a prompt counter-attack forced them to retreat, leaving the French still in
84:
The Austrians initially pushed out the French defenders, but a strong counter-attack forced them to retreat, leaving the French in possession of the village and the important bridgeheads crossing the Rhine
1070:
above (south of) Kehl. This placed them between Scherb's force and Kehl. Using the dykes as protection, and conducted by some peasants familiar with the fortifications, they advanced as far as the
1355:
Philippart identifies the 38th Regiment as an active participant in this action, and later in the fighting at Kehl; Digby Smith identifies the participants as Regiment Nr. 12 and Regiment Nr. 15.
731:
In late summer of 1796, the Austrian force reacquired most of the territory lost to the French earlier in the summer. On 18 September 1796, the Austrians temporarily acquired control of the
1032:, about 10 miles (16 km) from Kehl. This effectively prevented Moreau's reinforcements from reaching Kehl and locked Scherb in place. The undermanned garrison at Kehl was on its own.
2034:. Vol. LII, Studies Presented to International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions. Bruxelles, Les Éditions de la Librairie Encyclopédique, 1975.
791:
called a truce between their forces that had been fighting in Germany. This agreement lasted until 20 May 1796, when the Austrians announced that the truce would end on 31 May.
749:(24 October 1796), while most of Moreau's army retreated south to cross the Rhine at HĂĽningen, Count Baillet Latour moved his Austrian force to Kehl to begin a 100-day siege.
245:
1186:, he abandoned his position the same night and retreated part of the 9.7 miles (16 km) to HĂĽningen. The right and left wings followed. By 3 November, he had reached
945:
In August, Wartensleben's autonomous corps united with Charles' imperial troops and turned the tide against the French. The defeat of Jourdan's army at the battles of
1020:
river and behind him. General Moreau deployed a demi-brigade of infantry and a regiment of cavalry from his army in the Black Forest, with instructions to proceed by
720:, when the French crossed into the German states on 23–24 June. Critical to French success would be the army's ability to cross the Rhine at will. The crossings at
942:
into the Ernestine duchies. On either side, the union of two armies—Wartensleben's with Charles' or Jourdan's with Moreau's—could have crushed their opposition.
569:
741:
until late October. Control of the surrounding territory there prevented the French from crossing to safety in Strasbourg, and required the French commander,
728:, and at Kehl, offered access to most of southwestern Germany; from there, French armies could sweep north, south, or east, depending on their military goal.
387:
1892:
Universal Geography, Or, a Description of All the Parts of the World, on a New Plan: Spain, Portugal, France, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, and Holland
1175:
battering by Latour and Nauendorf, but eventually had to withdraw. The loss of access to the crossing at Kehl forced Moreau to withdraw south to HĂĽningen.
599:
795:
2102:
604:
594:
2048:
403:
2112:
814:
included 10,000 more. The remainder of the Imperial and Coalition army, the 80,000-strong Army of the Upper Rhine, secured the west bank behind the
238:
1426:
Warfare in the Age of Napoleon: The Revolutionary Wars Against the First Coalition in Northern Europe and the Italian Campaign, 1789–1797.
231:
957:(16–19 September) allowed Charles to move more troops to the south, and effectively removed Jourdan from the remainder of the campaign.
380:
1086:
476:
988:
861:
On the French side, the 80,000-man Army of Sambre-et-Meuse held the west bank of the Rhine down to the Nahe and then southwest to
579:
1869:
Fastes de la Légion-d'honneur: biographie de tous les décorés accompagnée de l'histoire législative et réglementaire de l'ordre,
1183:
2107:
32:
1907:
1311:
1025:
850:
and to use their position on the west bank to strike at each of the French armies in turn. After news arrived in Vienna of
373:
1939:
The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle.
349:
1454:
The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle
1122:
1048:
The Kehl garrison consisted of one battalion of the 24th Demi-brigade and some detachments of the 104th under command of
546:
2092:
2022:
1973:
1858:
1818:
1744:
1190:, where he organized his force to cross over the bridges into France. The Archduke then sent most of his army north to
1049:
178:
1164:
898:
1839:
1761:
1722:
1684:
1437:
629:
1878:
1726:
1543:
886:
697:
1163:. Riegel sits in a narrow gap between the Black Forest and an isolated outcropping of volcanic hills known as the
835:
24:
794:
The Austrian Coalition's Army of the Lower Rhine included 90,000 troops. The 20,000-man right wing, first under
2069:
1801:
1789:
1640:
1558:
20:
1727:
History of Europe from the commencement of the French revolution to the restoration of the Bourbons, Volume 3
974:
870:
705:
700:
in the seventeenth century. The crossings had been contested before: in 1678 during the French-Dutch war, in
624:
609:
471:
461:
354:
314:
1833:
421:
914:
819:
713:
1292:, and became widely used in the European military as the size of armies grew in the 1790s and during the
1191:
918:
466:
902:
2087:
1289:
922:
685:
561:
436:
397:
71:
1880:
Militär-Conversations-Lexikon:Kehl (Uberfall 1796) & (Belagerung des Bruckenkopfes von 1796–1797)
894:
764:
682:
541:
334:
1310:
from 1792–1809. However, the 15th regiment's proprietor was Prince of Orange. Stephen Millar
910:
811:
742:
556:
531:
491:
324:
289:
279:
1963:
1770:
2097:
1021:
521:
431:
1954:
1520:
866:
831:
1836:. Markus Stein, editor. Mannheim, Germany. 14 February 2010 version. Accessed 28 February 2010.
1421:
1179:
1121:
The French executed several attempts to retake the bridges. The 68th, under command of general
780:
758:
678:
619:
614:
486:
269:
255:
1919:
1890:
1803:
Grundsätze der Strategie: Erläutert durch die Darstellung des Feldzugs von 1796 in Deutschland
1642:
Grundsätze der Strategie: Erläutert durch die Darstellung des Feldzugs von 1796 in Deutschland
1402:
897:
directed the left wing. Ferino's wing consisted of three infantry and cavalry divisions under
1281:
1160:
1148:
930:
788:
717:
501:
451:
446:
416:
339:
284:
147:
1342:, or light infantry, to provide skirmishing cover for the troops that followed, principally
950:
858:
gave Archduke Charles command over both Austrian armies and ordered him to hold his ground.
526:
319:
1945:
1934:
1487:
Ausgewählte Schriften weiland seiner Kaiserlichen Hoheit des Erzherzogs Carl von Österreich
1449:
1171:
1137:
746:
709:
701:
344:
304:
110:
658:
584:
114:
8:
965:
While Charles and Moreau jockeyed for position on the eastern slope of the Black Forest,
589:
551:
511:
506:
299:
294:
1828:
982:
851:
496:
481:
456:
426:
1545:
Militair-Conversations-Lexikon:Kehl (Belagerung des Bruckenkopfes von 1796–1797)
2065:
2035:
2018:
2001:
1987:
1969:
1925:
1897:
1886:
1854:
1814:
1776:
1757:
1740:
1433:
1285:
954:
906:
854:'s successes, however, Wurmser was sent to Italy with 25,000 reinforcements, and the
784:
772:
674:
650:
274:
185:
159:
154:
365:
2027:
1979:
946:
516:
309:
1456:
Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 reprint (original publication 1923–1933), p. 278.
827:
696:
linked Kehl with Strasbourg. These had been constructed by the fortress architect
1915:
1732:
1398:
1293:
441:
798:, then Wilhelm von Wartensleben, stood on the east bank of the Rhine behind the
1853:
Handbook for Environmental Chemistry Series, Part L. New York: Springer, 2006.
1017:
966:
934:
823:
807:
646:
190:
882:
79:
2081:
1766:
1749:
1101:
1088:
1003:
990:
869:
had 22,000 troops in an entrenched camp at DĂĽsseldorf. The right wing of the
855:
693:
662:
47:
34:
873:
was positioned behind the Rhine from HĂĽningen northward, centered along the
803:
1156:
1075:
third column, which included three companies of Serbians and a division of
890:
862:
815:
2032:
The Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715
1941:
Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 reprint (original publication 1923–1933).
2057:
2010:
2005:
1465:
1381:
1152:
843:
654:
574:
223:
2049:"Landschaftsgeschichte und NatĂĽrlichkeit der Baumarten in der Rheinaue."
2039:
1929:
1901:
1780:
721:
1991:
799:
733:
666:
1016:. Scherb found himself caught between detachments of Austrians by the
767:
in which republican France pitted itself against a fluid coalition of
1187:
1071:
1035:
1024:
to Kehl, but General Petrasch, acting on his own intelligence, sent
1965:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology
1826:
Ebert, Jens-Florian "Feldmarschall-Leutnant FĂĽrst zu FĂĽrstenberg,"
970:
839:
776:
2062:
German home towns: community, state, and general estate, 1648–1871
1060:
1029:
960:
768:
670:
1076:
878:
874:
173:
142:
1526:
847:
725:
1428:
Leonaur Ltd, 2011. pp. 286–287. See also Timothy Blanning,
657:. The village of Kehl, which is now in the German state of
106:
1844:
The History of the Campaign of 1796 in Germany and Italy.
1689:
The History of the Campaign of 1796 in Germany and Italy.
1202:
The following troops participated in the action at Kehl.
1039:
Situation of troop distribution in September–October 1796
1912:. Napoleon Series.org, April 2005. Accessed 21 Jan 2015.
1316:. Napoleon Series.org, April 2005. Accessed 21 Jan 2015.
1043:
752:
1947:
Siege of Huningue, 26 October 1796 – 19 February 1797
1639:
Phipps,II:368 and Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen,
1489:, Vienna: Braumüller, 1893–94, v. 2, pp. 72, 153–154.
763:
The campaign of 1796 was part of the larger, broader
395:
1580:
1578:
1811:
Napoleon in Italy: the sieges of Mantua, 1796–1799,
1548:, Volume 4. C. BrĂĽggemann, 1834, pp. 259–260.
1277:
Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars (1): Infantry.
905:. Desaix's command included three divisions led by
653:troops stormed the French-held bridgehead over the
1338:The French Army designated two kinds of infantry:
1252:
917:. Saint-Cyr's wing had two divisions commanded by
745:, to withdraw toward Basel. Immediately after the
1575:
1346:, which fought in tight formations. Smith, p. 15.
2079:
1959:, History of war.org. Accessed 18 November 2014.
1867:Lievyns, A., Jean Maurice Verdot, Pierre BĂ©gat,
1791:Geschichte des Feldzuges von 1796 in Deutschland
846:. The original Austrian strategy was to capture
796:Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of WĂĽrttemberg
1950:. History of war.org. Accessed 1 November 2014.
1608:
1606:
1604:
1329:, but other sources place d'Aspré at the scene.
1772:Losses of Life in Modern Wars, Austria-Hungary
1529:. 17 February 2009, Accessed 18 November 2014.
1178:With a strong rear guard provided by Generals
961:Preliminary action at Bruchsal: September 1796
771:and Austrians and several other states of the
1788:Charles, Archduke of Austria (unattributed).
1472:, Connecticut: Greenhill Press, 1996, p. 111.
1132:
381:
239:
1700:Philippart, p. 100; Smith, pp. 125, 131–133.
1680:
1678:
1601:
1170:The Austrian and French armies met again at
645:occurred on 18 September 1796, when General
1245:Infantry Regiment Nr. 15 (three battalions)
1242:Infantry Regiment Nr. 12 (three battalions)
826:on the west bank while the left wing under
2064:. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1998.
1813:Tulsa, University of Oklahoma Press, 2014.
1594:
1592:
1590:
1515:
1513:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1044:Kehl garrison status 16–17 September
802:River, observing the French bridgehead at
388:
374:
253:
246:
232:
78:
2103:Battles of the War of the First Coalition
1968:. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010.
1739:New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
1675:
1432:New York: Oxford University Press, 1996,
1055:
881:, and its left wing extended west toward
1300:New York, Random House, 2011, Chapter 6.
1136:
1059:
1034:
822:, this force anchored its right wing in
677:stronghold. This battle was part of the
1829:Die Österreichischen Generäle 1792–1815
1587:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1410:
1368:
1083:), moved past the hamlet by Neumuhl at
2080:
1756:New York, Viking-Penguin Books, 2002.
215:1,200 killed and wounded, 800 captured
2113:Military history of Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
1877:LĂĽhe, Hans Eggert Willibald von der.
1232:19th Dragoon Regiment (two squadrons)
889:led Moreau's right wing at HĂĽningen,
369:
227:
16:Part of The French Revolutionary Wars
1542:Hans Eggert Willibald von der LĂĽhe,
1298:The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815,
753:Background: general campaign of 1796
2052:Waldschutzgebiete Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
1407:, London, A.J. Valpy, 1814, p. 279.
1248:Infantry Regiment Nr. 38 (elements)
1197:
13:
1840:Graham, Thomas, 1st Baron Lynedoch
1388:NY: Greenhill Press, 1996, p. 125.
1050:Balthazar Alexis Henri Schauenburg
179:Balthazar Alexis Henri Schauenburg
14:
2124:
1871:Bureau de l'administration, 1844.
1775:. London, Clarendon Press, 1916.
1685:Thomas Graham, 1st Baron Lynedoch
1325:Luhe identifies the commander as
973:. The troops there, commanded by
218:2,000 killed, wounded and missing
1953:Rickard, J. (17 February 2009),
1883:, Volume 4. C. BrĂĽggemann, 1834.
1834:Napoleon Online: Portal zu Epoch
1729:. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood, 1847.
1538:Philippart, pp. 66–68 and
1155:valley, which winds through the
184:
172:
153:
141:
1944:Rickard, J (17 February 2009),
1921:Memoires etc. of General Moreau
1703:
1694:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1566:
1557:Philippart, p. 66 and Charles,
1551:
1532:
1404:Memoires etc. of General Moreau
1349:
1332:
1319:
1303:
1253:Notes, citations and references
899:François Antoine Louis Bourcier
25:Battle of Kehl (disambiguation)
1986:, np: C. F. Stollmeyer, 1842.
1909:Austrian infantry organization
1800:Charles, Archduke of Austria,
1737:The French Revolutionary Wars.
1691:London, (np) 1797, 18–22, 126.
1485:Charles, Archduke of Austria.
1475:
1459:
1443:
1430:The French Revolutionary Wars,
1391:
1313:Austrian infantry organization
1264:
1028:with two battalions to occupy
887:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
698:Sébastien le Préstre de Vauban
21:Siege of Kehl (disambiguation)
1:
2108:1796 in the Holy Roman Empire
1924:. London, A. J. Valpy, 1814.
1715:
871:Army of the Rhine and Moselle
836:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
706:War of the Spanish Succession
625:Italian campaign of 1796-1797
2054:, Band 10, pp. 159–167.
1984:General History of the World
1362:
915:Charles Antoine Xaintrailles
865:. On the army's left flank,
820:Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser
714:War of the Polish Succession
7:
2017:NY: Greenhill Press, 1996.
1236:
919:Guillaume Philibert Duhesme
10:
2129:
2015:Napoleonic Wars Data Book,
2000:York (UK), Methuen, 1954.
1754:Berlin: The Downfall 1945.
1645:, , Strauss, 1819, p. 200.
1386:Napoleonic Wars Data Book,
1290:American Revolutionary War
1133:Impact of September action
923:Alexandre Camille Taponier
756:
686:War of the First Coalition
399:War of the First Coalition
72:War of the First Coalition
18:
2093:Battles involving Austria
1962:Rogers, Clifford, et al.
1470:Napoleonic Wars Data Book
1286:Thirteen British Colonies
1205:
895:Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr
893:commanded the center and
765:French Revolutionary Wars
724:, near the Swiss city of
605:Rhine campaign of 1793–94
412:
265:
209:
196:
165:
134:
89:
77:
69:
64:
1257:
975:Marc Amand Élisée Scherb
911:Antoine Guillaume Delmas
903:Henri François Delaborde
812:Ehrenbreitstein Fortress
743:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
1998:Castles and Fortresses.
838:guarded the Rhine from
1654:Philippart, pp. 73–74.
1563:, Paris, 1796, p. 360.
1422:Theodore Ayrault Dodge
1143:
1123:Jean-Baptiste de Sisce
1066:
1056:Action of 18 September
1040:
969:engaged the French at
781:Rhine Campaign of 1795
759:Rhine Campaign of 1796
679:Rhine Campaign of 1796
620:Rhine campaign of 1796
615:Rhine campaign of 1795
580:Mediterranean campaign
257:Rhine campaign of 1796
166:Commanders and leaders
1956:Battle of Emmendingen
1935:Phipps, Ramsey Weston
1522:Battle of Emmendingen
1344:d’infanterie de ligne
1282:French and Indian War
1280:emerged first in the
1140:
1063:
1038:
931:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
643:Second Battle of Kehl
210:Casualties and losses
65:Second Battle of Kehl
1450:Ramsay Weston Phipps
1102:48.57000°N 7.84389°E
1004:49.05139°N 8.53056°E
867:Jean Baptiste Kléber
832:Michael von Fröhlich
747:Battle of Schliengen
683:French Revolutionary
675:French Revolutionary
665:. Across the river,
111:Margraviate of Baden
19:For other uses, see
1849:Knepper, Thomas P.
1498:Dodge, pp. 292–293.
1340:d'infanterie légère
1296:. See David Gates,
1225:104th Demi-brigade
1098: /
1000: /
806:. The garrisons of
661:, was then part of
600:East Indies Theatre
590:War of the Pyrenees
315:Friedberg (Bavaria)
44: /
1896:. A. Black, 1831.
1887:Malte-Brun, Conrad
1846:London, (np) 1797.
1663:Philippart, p. 75.
1630:Philippart, p. 72.
1621:Philippart, p. 71.
1612:Philippart, p. 73.
1584:Philippart, p. 69.
1222:(three battalions)
1218:68th Demi-brigade
1211:24th Demi-brigade
1144:
1067:
1041:
1026:Konstantin d'Aspré
953:(3 September) and
852:Napoleon Bonaparte
787:Coalition and the
2088:Conflicts in 1796
2028:Vann, James Allen
1980:Rotteck, Carl von
1906:Millar, Stephen.
1809:Cuccia, Phillip.
1806:, , Strauss, 1819
1733:Blanning, Timothy
1723:Alison, Archibald
1288:and later in the
1107:48.57000; 7.84389
1009:49.05139; 8.53056
907:Michel de Beaupuy
789:French Republican
785:Habsburg Austrian
773:Holy Roman Empire
716:, and earlier in
659:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
638:
637:
630:Anglo-Spanish War
610:Atlantic campaign
595:Italian campaigns
585:War in the Vendée
570:Flanders campaign
363:
362:
222:
221:
148:Republican France
130:
129:
115:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
97:18 September 1796
2120:
2046:
1916:Philippart, John
1876:
1866:
1825:
1799:
1787:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1682:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1599:
1596:
1585:
1582:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1555:
1549:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1517:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1463:
1457:
1447:
1441:
1419:
1408:
1395:
1389:
1379:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1336:
1330:
1323:
1317:
1307:
1301:
1268:
1198:Orders of battle
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
993:
955:2nd Altenkirchen
649:'s Austrian and
407:
400:
390:
383:
376:
367:
366:
260:
258:
248:
241:
234:
225:
224:
189:
188:
177:
176:
160:Habsburg Austria
158:
157:
146:
145:
91:
90:
82:
62:
61:
59:
58:
56:
55:
54:
49:
48:48.567°N 7.817°E
45:
42:
41:
40:
37:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2044:
1996:Sellman, R. R.
1874:
1864:
1823:
1797:
1794:. France, 1796.
1785:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1683:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1602:
1597:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1556:
1552:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1518:
1511:
1507:Dodge, pp. 297.
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1482:
1481:Dodge, p. 290.
1480:
1476:
1464:
1460:
1448:
1444:
1420:
1411:
1399:John Philippart
1396:
1392:
1380:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1337:
1333:
1324:
1320:
1308:
1304:
1294:Napoleonic Wars
1269:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1239:
1215:(one battalion)
1208:
1200:
1135:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1058:
1046:
1008:
1006:
1002:
999:
994:
991:
989:
987:
986:
963:
818:. Commanded by
775:, the British,
761:
755:
639:
634:
566:
408:
398:
396:
394:
364:
359:
261:
256:
254:
252:
183:
171:
152:
140:
118:
83:
52:
50:
46:
43:
38:
35:
33:
31:
30:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2126:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2098:1796 in Europe
2095:
2090:
2073:
2072:
2055:
2047:Volk, Helmut.
2042:
2025:
2023:978-1853672767
2008:
1994:
1977:
1974:978-0195334036
1960:
1951:
1942:
1932:
1913:
1904:
1884:
1872:
1862:
1859:978-3540293934
1847:
1837:
1821:
1819:978-0806144450
1807:
1795:
1783:
1767:Bodart, Gaston
1764:
1750:Beevor, Antony
1747:
1745:978-0340569115
1730:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1674:
1672:Smith, p. 125.
1665:
1656:
1647:
1632:
1623:
1614:
1600:
1586:
1574:
1565:
1550:
1531:
1527:History of war
1509:
1500:
1491:
1474:
1458:
1442:
1409:
1390:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1348:
1331:
1318:
1302:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1134:
1131:
1057:
1054:
1045:
1042:
1022:forced marches
967:Franz Petrasch
962:
959:
935:Swabian Circle
824:Kaiserslautern
808:Mainz Fortress
757:Main article:
754:
751:
718:Battle of Kehl
647:Franz Petrasch
636:
635:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
565:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
413:
410:
409:
393:
392:
385:
378:
370:
361:
360:
358:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
266:
263:
262:
251:
250:
243:
236:
228:
220:
219:
216:
212:
211:
207:
206:
203:
199:
198:
194:
193:
191:Franz Petrasch
181:
168:
167:
163:
162:
150:
137:
136:
132:
131:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
105:
103:
99:
98:
95:
87:
86:
75:
74:
67:
66:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2125:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:0-670-88695-5
1759:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1706:
1697:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1598:LĂĽhe, p. 260.
1595:
1593:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1572:LĂĽhe, p. 259.
1569:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1546:
1535:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1504:
1495:
1488:
1478:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1439:
1438:0-340-56911-5
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1352:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1322:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1263:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1139:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1114:toward Kehl.
1111:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1062:
1053:
1051:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1013:
984:
978:
976:
972:
968:
958:
956:
952:
949:(24 August),
948:
943:
939:
936:
932:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
856:Aulic Council
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:Anton Sztáray
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
760:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:
734:tĂŞte-du-ponts
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
689:
687:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:Baden-Durlach
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
567:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
411:
405:
401:
391:
386:
384:
379:
377:
372:
371:
368:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
267:
264:
259:
249:
244:
242:
237:
235:
230:
229:
226:
217:
214:
213:
208:
204:
201:
200:
195:
192:
187:
182:
180:
175:
170:
169:
164:
161:
156:
151:
149:
144:
139:
138:
133:
125:
122:
121:
116:
113:(present-day
112:
108:
104:
101:
100:
96:
93:
92:
88:
81:
76:
73:
68:
63:
60:
57:
53:48.567; 7.817
26:
22:
2075:
2061:
2058:Walker, Mack
2051:
2031:
2014:
2011:Smith, Digby
1997:
1983:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1938:
1920:
1908:
1891:
1879:
1868:
1850:
1843:
1827:
1810:
1802:
1790:
1771:
1753:
1736:
1705:
1696:
1688:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1568:
1560:Feldzug 1796
1559:
1553:
1544:
1534:
1521:
1519:J. Rickard,
1503:
1494:
1486:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1440:, pp. 41–59.
1429:
1425:
1403:
1393:
1385:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1321:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1201:
1184:Lariboisière
1177:
1169:
1157:Black Forest
1145:
1127:
1120:
1116:
1080:
1068:
1047:
979:
964:
944:
940:
927:
891:Louis Desaix
863:Sankt Wendel
860:
793:
762:
738:
732:
730:
694:barrage dams
690:
673:city, was a
642:
640:
536:
522:Newfoundland
487:Altenkirchen
329:
270:Altenkirchen
135:Belligerents
70:Part of the
29:
2045:(in German)
1875:(in German)
1865:(in French)
1824:(in German)
1798:(in German)
1786:(in German)
1709:Smith, 125.
1540:(in German)
1483:(in German)
1466:Digby Smith
1382:Digby Smith
1271:called the
1165:Kaiserstuhl
1149:Emmendingen
1105: /
1065:possession.
1007: /
883:SaarbrĂĽcken
877:River near
844:Switzerland
712:during the
704:during the
655:Rhine river
575:Chouannerie
340:Emmendingen
51: /
2082:Categories
2070:0801406706
1851:The Rhine.
1716:References
1273:Frei-Corps
1229:(remnants)
1172:Schliengen
1090:48°34′12″N
1081:Manfredini
983:Weingarten
816:Nahe River
804:DĂĽsseldorf
777:Sardinians
739:status quo
667:Strasbourg
477:Den Helder
472:Guadeloupe
467:Martinique
437:Thionville
417:Porrentruy
345:Schliengen
305:Theiningen
1397:See also
1363:Citations
1188:Haltingen
1180:Abbatucci
1093:7°50′38″E
1072:horn work
995:8°31′50″E
769:Prussians
681:, in the
562:Diersheim
552:Fishguard
512:Neresheim
422:Quiévrain
300:Neresheim
295:Ettlingen
126:Stalemate
2006:12261230
1237:Austrian
1227:de Ligne
1220:de Ligne
1213:de Ligne
992:49°3′5″N
971:Bruchsal
951:WĂĽrzburg
840:Mannheim
722:HĂĽningen
671:Alsatian
651:Imperial
542:Biberach
537:2nd Kehl
527:WĂĽrzburg
502:1st Kehl
497:Kircheib
482:Siegburg
462:Sardinia
457:Jemappes
427:Marquain
355:3rd Kehl
350:HĂĽningen
335:Biberach
330:2nd Kehl
320:WĂĽrzburg
285:1st Kehl
197:Strength
102:Location
2040:2276157
1930:8721194
1902:1171138
1781:1458451
1284:in the
1192:besiege
1151:in the
1142:France.
1077:Hussars
1030:Renchen
557:Neuwied
547:Ireland
532:Limburg
492:Wetzlar
325:Limburg
290:Rastatt
280:Wetzlar
275:Maudach
36:48°34′N
2068:
2038:
2021:
2004:
1992:653511
1990:
1972:
1928:
1900:
1857:
1817:
1779:
1760:
1743:
1436:
1327:Ocskay
1206:French
1194:Kehl.
1161:Riegel
1018:Kinzig
947:Amberg
879:Landau
875:Queich
783:, the
517:Amberg
507:Malsch
432:Verdun
310:Amberg
123:Result
85:River.
39:7°49′E
1258:Notes
848:Trier
726:Basel
708:, in
669:, an
452:Mainz
447:Lille
442:Valmy
205:5,000
202:7,000
2066:ISBN
2036:OCLC
2019:ISBN
2002:OCLC
1988:OCLC
1970:ISBN
1926:OCLC
1898:OCLC
1855:ISBN
1815:ISBN
1777:OCLC
1758:ISBN
1741:ISBN
1434:ISBN
1182:and
921:and
913:and
901:and
834:and
810:and
800:Sieg
710:1733
702:1703
641:The
404:List
107:Kehl
94:Date
23:and
1153:Elz
985:at
842:to
2084::
2060:.
2030:.
2013:.
1982:.
1937:,
1918:.
1889:.
1842:.
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