22:
124:
401:
by randomizing the vocabulary lists and comparing them again. The nonsense comparisons produced the same 2–3% of "shared" vocabulary, demonstrating that the proposed cognates of the East Papuan languages, and even of proposed families within the East Papuan languages, are as likely to be due to
443:
is an independent language family, not known to be related to the others. Languages that are transparently related to each other are listed together on the same line. The first family is a more tentative proposal than the others and awaits confirmation.
397:. For example, none of these fifteen languages marked with asterisks below share more than 2–3% of their basic vocabulary with any of the others. Dunn and colleagues (2005) tested the reliability of the proposed 2–3%
417:
from nineteen of these languages that several of the lower-level branches of East Papuan may indeed be valid families. This is the classification adopted here. For Wurm's more inclusive classification, see the
377:) make a gender distinction in their pronouns. Several of the heavily Papuanized Austronesian languages of New Britain do as well. This suggests a pre-Austronesian
170:
409:
Since the islands in question have been settled for at least 35,000 years, their considerable linguistic diversity is unsurprising. However,
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chance as to any genealogical relationship. Thus in a conservative classification, many of the East Papuan languages would be considered
366:. There is no evidence that these languages are related to each other, and the Santa Cruz languages are no longer recognized as Papuan.
1438:
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393:(1975) and others. However, their work was preliminary, and there is little evidence that the East Papuan languages actually have a
86:
58:
1333:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 301–322.
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as an additional family within East Papuan. However, new data on these languages, along with advances in the reconstruction of
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39:
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2753:
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453:
65:
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isolate* – New
Britain (poor data quality; the possibility remains that Sulka will be shown to be related to Kol or Baining)
2723:
1148:
Dunn, Michael; Ger
Reesink; Angela Terrill (June 2002). "The East Papuan languages: a preliminary typological appraisal".
2849:
2778:
2758:
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1403:. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. pp. 783–804.
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as a sixth branch of East Papuan. However, in a joint 2007 paper, Dunn and Ross argued that this was also
Austronesian.
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72:
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These three languages are not thought to be demonstrably related to each other or to any language in the world.
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Papuan languages and the New Guinea linguistic scene: New Guinea area languages and language study 1
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1015:** Ross considered these four languages in addition to the fifteen studied by Dunn and colleagues.
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1012:* Dunn and colleagues found no demonstrable shared vocabulary between these fifteen languages.
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1057:* Dunn and colleagues found no demonstrable shared vocabulary between these fifteen languages.
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1203:(2005-09-23). "Structural Phylogenetics and the Reconstruction of Ancient Language History".
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Reconstructed pronoun sets for each of the families are given in the individual articles.
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Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples
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2010:
1996:
1856:
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1361:(2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In
1331:
The boy from
Bundaberg: Studies in Melanesian linguistics in honour of Tom Dutton
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1317:(2001). "Is there an East Papuan phylum? Evidence from pronouns". In
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21:
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389:
The East Papuan languages were proposed as a family by linguist
2107:
1147:
2111:
1062:
Austronesian languages formerly classified as East Papuan
1365:; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.).
413:(2001; 2005) has presented evidence from comparing
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1369:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66.
165:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
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1395:(1975). "The East Papuan phylum in general". In
1267:
1432:
496: West New Britain
429:
1195:Dunn, Michael; Angela Terrill; Ger Reesink;
369:All but two of the starred languages below (
1106:Similarly, Wurm had classified the extinct
1066:Wurm classified the three languages of the
1439:
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1078:, has made it clear that they are in fact
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1234:
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106:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1270:"Is Kazukuru really non-Austronesian?"
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1110:and its possible sister languages of
342:spoken on the islands to the east of
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1357:
1313:
1268:Dunn, Michael; Malcolm Ross (2007).
117:
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
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439:Each of the first five entries in
155:for transliterated languages, and
135:of its non-English content, using
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2845:Languages of the Solomon Islands
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31:needs additional citations for
1298:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1EBB-9
1236:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1B84-E
1171:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1ADC-1
171:multilingual support templates
1:
2840:Languages of Papua New Guinea
1140:
2769:Central and South New Guinea
1088:Reefs – Santa Cruz languages
334:is a defunct proposal for a
7:
1128:
10:
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2850:Proposed language families
2739:East Bird's Head – Sentani
430:Classification (Ross 2005)
249:Baining (East New Britain)
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2779:East New Guinea Highlands
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1809:Nuclear East Bird's Head
1448:Papuan language families
2784:Yele – West New Britain
2774:Central West New Guinea
1227:10.1126/science.1114615
454:Yele – West New Britain
385:History of the proposal
55:"East Papuan languages"
2813:Proto-Trans–New Guinea
2724:Trans-Fly–Bulaka River
1040:isolate* – New Britain
1019:True language isolates
2835:East Papuan languages
2764:West Papuan Highlands
2759:West Trans–New Guinea
2570:families and isolates
2451:families and isolates
2116:families and isolates
2075:families and isolates
1908:East Cenderawasih Bay
1872:families and isolates
1771:families and isolates
1768:Bird's Head Peninsula
1733:families and isolates
754:family (Bougainville)
666:family (Bougainville)
332:East Papuan languages
2709:Binanderean–Goilalan
2563:Bismarck Archipelago
1790:Inanwatan–Duriankere
1289:10.1353/ol.2007.0018
1162:10.1353/ol.2002.0019
395:genetic relationship
133:specify the language
131:This article should
40:improve this article
2754:Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran
2749:Left May – Kwomtari
1680:Greater Binanderean
1277:Oceanic Linguistics
1219:2005Sci...309.2072D
1201:Stephen C. Levinson
1150:Oceanic Linguistics
945:New Georgia Islands
2672:Proposed groupings
2587:South Bougainville
2582:North Bougainville
2072:Western New Guinea
1869:Western New Guinea
751:South Bougainville
663:North Bougainville
364:Santa Cruz Islands
299:(now Austronesian)
291:(now Austronesian)
287:Reefs – Santa Cruz
259:South Bougainville
254:North Bougainville
2822:
2821:
2438:
2437:
2161:Leonhard Schultze
1779:South Bird's Head
1741:Timor-Alor-Pantar
1723:
1722:
1457:
1340:978-0-85883-445-3
1213:(5743): 2072–75.
1123:Kazukuru language
1108:Kazukuru language
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404:language isolates
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296:Kazukuru language
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173:may also be used.
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90:
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2855:Papuan languages
2699:Southeast Papuan
2684:Northwest Papuan
2592:Central Solomons
2228:
2227:
2138:Lower Sepik-Ramu
1821:West Bird's Head
1803:East Bird's Head
1667:Papuan Peninsula
1602:Papua New Guinea
1568:Papua New Guinea
1471:
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1464:Trans-New Guinea
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1427:
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1412:
1393:Wurm, Stephen A.
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535:* (New Britain)
533:(Pele-Ata, Wasi)
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1640:East Strickland
1620:Kainantu-Goroka
1615:Finisterre-Huon
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1456:classification)
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1397:Stephen A. Wurm
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1197:Robert A. Foley
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1119:Kazukuru family
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227:language family
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312:Language codes
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169:. Knowledge's
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2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:South Pauwasi
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:Rossel Island
2648:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
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2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:Yelmek-Maklew
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2446:and southern
2445:
2444:Gulf of Papua
2441:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
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2326:
2322:
2321:
2317:
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2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2300:
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2295:
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2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:Bayono-Awbono
2080:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:Tofanma-Namla
1968:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:Turama-Kikori
1579:
1577:
1576:Gogodala-Suki
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:West Bomberai
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:Andrew Pawley
1360:
1359:Ross, Malcolm
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:Darrell Tryon
1324:
1320:
1319:Andrew Pawley
1316:
1315:Ross, Malcolm
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1076:Proto-Oceanic
1073:
1069:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1013:
1005:
1004:
996:
995:
992:
990:
986:
985:
978:
977:
974:
973:
970:
968:
964:
963:
956:
955:
952:
951:
948:
946:
942:
938:
936:
929:
928:
925:
924:
921:
919:
918:Vella Lavella
915:
914:
907:
906:
900:
899:
892:
891:
887:
886:
880:
879:
871:
870:
867:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
839:
838:
835:
834:
826:
825:
822:
821:
820:
813:
812:
809:
808:
805:
803:
801:
794:
793:
790:
789:
786:
784:
783:
776:
775:
768:
767:
761:
760:
753:
752:
748:
747:
741:
740:
732:
731:
728:
727:
723:
716:
715:
712:
711:
708:
706:
704:
697:
696:
693:
692:
689:
688:
687:
680:
679:
673:
672:
665:
664:
660:
659:
653:
652:
644:
643:
640:
638:
634:
630:
624:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
585:
584:
578:
577:
570:
569:
565:
564:
558:
557:
549:
548:
540:
539:
536:
534:
532:
525:
524:
521:
520:
517:
515:
511:
510:
503:
502:
495:
494:
491:
490:
487:
485:
484:Rossel Island
481:
479:
471:
470:
464:
463:
456:
455:
450:
449:
448:
445:
442:
427:
425:
421:
416:
412:
407:
405:
400:
396:
392:
382:
380:
379:language area
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
324:
321:
319:
315:
310:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
283:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
235:
231:
228:
224:
222:
218:
215:
212:
206:
201:
196:
187:
177:
172:
168:
161:
151:
141:
134:
129:
120:
119:
110:
107:
99:
96:December 2023
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2811:
2794:Indo-Pacific
2744:Kwomtari–Fas
2719:Asmat–Mombum
2693:
2660:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2597:Butam-Taulil
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2485:Doso-Turumsa
2457:
2415:
2391:
2370:
2353:
2344:
2327:
2318:
2314:Yellow River
2298:Middle Sepik
2296:
2273:(West Wapei)
2219:
2212:
2205:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2095:
2088:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1951:Lepki-Murkim
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1814:Hatam–Mansim
1801:
1777:
1755:
1746:
1739:
1654:
1625:Chimbu-Wahgi
1554:
1540:Greater Awyu
1505:Paniai Lakes
1495:Asmat-Kamoro
1400:
1366:
1330:
1323:Malcolm Ross
1280:
1276:
1210:
1204:
1156:(1): 28–62.
1153:
1149:
1118:
1105:
1086:
1080:Austronesian
1072:Reef Islands
1065:
1056:
1055:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1014:
1011:
982:
981:
960:
959:
939:* (southern
933:
932:
911:
910:
888:
842:
817:
816:
798:
797:
780:
779:
749:
719:
701:
700:
684:
683:
661:
639:(extinct)**
629:Taulil–Butam
627:
588:
566:
529:
528:
507:
506:
475:
474:
451:
446:
440:
438:
411:Malcolm Ross
408:
391:Stephen Wurm
388:
368:
356:Bougainville
346:, including
331:
329:
322:
233:Subdivisions
210:distribution
181:
167:ISO 639 code
163:}}
157:{{
153:}}
147:{{
143:}}
137:{{
132:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
2734:Dani–Kwerba
2714:Arai–Samaia
2704:Papuan Gulf
2694:East Papuan
2679:West Papuan
2411:Middle Ramu
2329:Upper Sepik
2144:Lower Sepik
1887:Lakes Plain
1857:Tanah Merah
1650:Duna-Bogaya
1528:, Indonesia
1485:Ok-Oksapmin
1478:, Indonesia
1454:Palmer 2018
1283:: 210–231.
1112:New Georgia
1051:New Ireland
1049:isolate* –
989:Savo Island
514:New Britain
476:YĂ©lĂ® Dnye (
352:New Ireland
348:New Britain
198:East Papuan
2829:Categories
2789:Sepik–Ramu
2448:New Guinea
2393:Lower Ramu
2355:Sepik Hill
2241:Marienberg
2232:Torricelli
2199:Amto-Musan
2175:Upper Yuat
2124:Torricelli
1880:Tor-Kwerba
1566:Southwest
1524:Southeast
1376:0858835622
1141:References
1093:Santa Cruz
1068:Santa Cruz
962:Lavukaleve
859:(Sibe)**,
362:, and the
344:New Guinea
208:Geographic
203:(obsolete)
66:newspapers
2729:Trans-Fly
2662:YĂ©lĂ® Dnye
2385:subgroups
2290:subgroups
2234:subgroups
1867:Northern
1730:Nusantara
1715:Manubaran
1545:Kayagaric
1467:subgroups
1307:146355432
1245:111923848
1188:143012930
1047:(Panaras)
937:(Baniata)
720:Rotokas:
705:(Rapoisi)
420:Glottolog
371:YĂ©lĂ® Dnye
318:Glottolog
281:(Panaras)
225:Proposed
214:Melanesia
184:July 2021
2633:Makolkol
2503:Dibiyaso
2431:(Tanggu)
2404:Misegian
2399:Ottilien
2194:Left May
2179:Arafundi
2156:Kwomtari
2097:Uhunduni
2070:Central
1931:Nimboran
1728:Eastern
1700:Goilalan
1695:Koiarian
1600:Central
1474:Central
1409:37096514
1385:67292782
1349:48651069
1329:(eds.).
1253:16179483
1180:89720097
1129:See also
984:Savosavo
920:Island)
857:Nagovisi
849:Lantanai
845:Koromira
843:Nasioi:
614:Makolkol
441:boldface
415:pronouns
399:cognates
2654:isolate
2577:Baining
2510:Kaki Ae
2490:Komolom
2480:Teberan
2429:Ataitan
2424:Tamolan
2335:Wogamus
2320:Yerakai
2277:Monumbo
2246:Arapesh
2004:Kapauri
1990:Burmeso
1983:Abinomn
1941:Mairasi
1936:Sentani
1914:Pauwasi
1843:Maybrat
1757:Tambora
1710:Kwalean
1705:Yareban
1690:Mailuan
1591:Awin-Pa
1586:Kiwaian
1550:Kolopom
1515:Somahai
1399:(ed.).
1261:2963726
1215:Bibcode
1206:Science
853:Naasioi
802:(Siwai)
722:Rotokas
686:Keriaka
606:Simbali
590:Baining
457:family
176:See why
80:scholar
2545:Purari
2538:Porome
2531:Pawaia
2524:Karami
2517:Kamula
2475:Oriomo
2470:Eleman
2309:Nukuma
2256:Maimai
2114:basin
2032:Massep
2011:Kembra
1997:Elseng
1956:Senagi
1894:Border
1645:Kutubu
1635:Bosavi
1610:Madang
1556:Marori
1407:
1383:
1373:
1347:
1337:
1305:
1259:
1251:
1243:
1186:
1178:
1097:Nanggu
893:family
865:Simeku
800:Motuna
633:Taulil
602:Kairak
571:family
336:family
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
2640:Sulka
2417:Grass
2288:Sepik
2266:Palei
2261:Wapei
2214:Tayap
2183:Piawi
2165:Walio
2131:Sepik
2108:Sepik
2060:Yetfa
2046:Molof
2039:Mawes
2025:Kimki
1975:Yapen
1960:Angor
1946:Kaure
1685:Dagan
1675:Angan
1526:Papua
1476:Papua
1303:S2CID
1273:(PDF)
1257:S2CID
1184:S2CID
1101:Ă„iwoo
1029:Sulka
913:Bilua
819:Uisai
703:Konua
637:Butam
598:Qaqet
422:page
375:Sulka
269:Sulka
87:JSTOR
73:books
2626:Kuot
2605:AnĂŞm
2565:and
2552:Tabo
2383:Ramu
2372:Amal
2361:Tama
2346:Abau
2340:Iwam
2251:Urim
2221:Yadë
2207:Busa
2189:Yuat
2169:Papi
2149:Ramu
2112:Ramu
2053:Usku
2018:Keuw
1964:Dera
1924:West
1919:East
1836:Mpur
1829:Abun
1656:Wiru
1535:Anim
1490:Dani
1405:OCLC
1381:OCLC
1371:ISBN
1345:OCLC
1335:ISBN
1249:PMID
1241:OCLC
1176:OCLC
1070:and
1045:Kuot
935:Touo
861:Oune
782:Buin
726:Eivo
635:**,
594:Mali
509:AnĂŞm
478:Yele
424:here
373:and
330:The
323:None
304:Yele
279:Kuot
239:AnĂŞm
140:lang
59:news
2619:Kol
2612:Ata
2459:Yam
2366:Ram
2304:Ndu
2271:One
2090:Dem
1901:Sko
1850:Mor
1500:Mek
1293:hdl
1285:doi
1231:hdl
1223:doi
1211:309
1166:hdl
1158:doi
1082::
1037:Kol
987:* (
965:* (
916:* (
855:*,
724:*,
707:**
610:Ura
596:*,
531:Ata
512:* (
482:* (
338:of
274:Kol
244:Ata
160:IPA
42:by
2831::
1379:.
1343:.
1325:;
1321:;
1301:.
1291:.
1281:46
1279:.
1275:.
1255:.
1247:.
1239:.
1229:.
1221:.
1209:.
1199:;
1182:.
1174:.
1164:.
1154:41
1152:.
1121::
1099:,
1095:,
1091::
991:)
969:)
947:)
863:,
851:,
847:,
804:*
785:*
631::
612:,
608:,
604:,
600:,
592::
516:)
486:)
452:?
426:.
406:.
358:,
354:,
350:,
302:Ă—
294:Ă—
285:Ă—
145:,
2420:?
2279:?
2185:)
2181:-
2177:(
2171:)
2167:-
2163:(
2110:-
1966:)
1962:-
1958:(
1452:(
1440:e
1433:t
1426:v
1411:.
1387:.
1351:.
1309:.
1295::
1287::
1263:.
1233::
1225::
1217::
1190:.
1168::
1160::
480:)
186:)
182:(
178:.
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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