Timor Leste Defence Force

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rendered this oversight largely ineffectual and retarded the development of East Timor's defence policy up to at least 2004. The failure to institute effective civilian oversight of the F-FDTL also limited the extent to which foreign countries are willing to provide assistance to the F-FDTL and contributed to the 2006 crisis. As at early 2010 the Ministry of Defence and Security was organised into elements responsible for defence (including the F-FDTL) and security (including the PNTL), each headed by their own secretary of state. At this time the East Timorese Government was working to expand the ministry's capacity with assistance from UNMIT, but continuing shortages of qualified staff limited the extent to which the ministry could provide civilian oversight to the security sector. Moreover, elements of the F-FDTL were continuing to resist civilian control over the security forces at this time, and the force had not opened itself to international scrutiny.

1150: 1590: 1086: 720: 785: 797:

demonstrated a high degree of co-operation during this operation. The joint command was disbanded on 19 June 2008. While the joint command contributed to the surrender of many of Reinado's associates, it has been alleged that members of this unit committed human rights violations. More broadly, the shock caused by the attack on Ramos-Horta and Gusmão led to lasting improvements in cooperation between the F-FDTL and PNTL. In June 2008 the Government offered to provide financial compensation to the petitioners who wished to return to civilian life. This offer was accepted, and all the petitioners returned to their homes by August that year.

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result, the selection was conducted, to a large degree, on the basis of applicants' political allegiance. This led to many FALINTIL veterans feeling that they had been unfairly excluded from the military and reduced the force's public standing. The decision to recruit young people who had not served in FALINTIL in the subsequent rounds of recruitment led to further tensions within the F-FDTL due to the often large age gap between the veterans and the new recruits and the fact that while the senior officers tended to be from the east of the country most of the junior officers and

941: 51: 592: 280: 539:

personnel, option 2 was a force of 1,500 regulars and 1,500 conscripts and option 3 was for a force of 1,500 regulars and 1,500 volunteer reservists. The study team recommended option 3 as being best suited to East Timor's security needs and economic situation. This recommendation was accepted by UNTAET in September 2000 and formed the basis of East Timor's defence planning. The plan was also accepted by all the countries that had contributed peacekeeping forces to East Timor. The King's College report was criticised by

4934: 1470: 345: 523:, proposed that a future East Timorese state would not have a military. The widespread violence and destruction that followed the independence referendum in 1999 and the need to provide employment to FALINTIL veterans led to a change in policy. The inadequate number of police officers who were deployed to East Timor as part of the United Nations-led peacekeeping force contributed to high rates of crime. The presence of 1,300 armed and increasingly dissatisfied FALINTIL personnel in 384: 1531: 849: 562: 63: 319: 332: 358: 801:

established platoon-sized outposts to support the PNTL border police in the Bobonaro and Cova Lima border districts, and it has increasingly been deployed to undertake internal security tasks. From February to August 2010, 200 members of the F-FDTL were deployed to support PNTL operations against "Ninja" gangs. These troops undertook community engagement tasks, and were unarmed and not closely integrated with the PNTL efforts.

616:

Government among some members of the F-FDTL. During 2003 and 2004, members of the police and F-FDTL clashed on a number of occasions, and groups of soldiers attacked police stations in September 2003 and December 2004. These tensions were caused by the overlapping roles of the two security services, differences of opinion between members of East Timor's leadership and the fact that many members of the PNTL had served with the

980:. The military police platoon polices the F-FDTL and performs traditional policing tasks, resulting in conflicting roles with the PNTL. The military police have also been responsible for presidential security since February 2007. In 2010 the United States Embassy in Dili reported that the F-FDTL also planned to raise two engineer squadrons during that year; these two units were to have a total strength of 125 personnel. 553:

threats the government's limited resources would be better spent on strengthening the PNTL. While East Timor's political leadership recognised that the country does not currently face an external threat, they believed that it is necessary to maintain a military capacity to deter future aggression. The establishment of the F-FDTL was also seen as an effective means of integrating FALINTIL into an independent East Timor.

293: 371: 644: 876:

heads of the F-FDTL and PNTL a national state security officer and three representatives from the national parliament. The council's role is not clear, however, and neither it nor the parliament served as a check against the decision to sack large numbers of F-FDTL personnel in 2006. A parliamentary committee also provides oversight of East Timor's security sector. Major General

695:

police officers, petitioners and armed civilians. The attack was defeated when one of the F-FDTL naval component's patrol boats fired on the attackers. During the crisis the relationship between the F-FDTL and PNTL had deteriorated further, and on 25 May members of the F-FDTL attacked the PNTL's headquarters, killing nine unarmed police officers.

1054:. Its establishment was not supported by the King's College study team, the UN, or East Timor's other donor countries on the grounds that East Timor could not afford to operate a naval force. The role of the naval component is to conduct fishery and border protection patrols and ensure that the maritime line of communication to the 612:

regular military and political and regional rivalries. The F-FDTL's morale and disciplinary problems have resulted in large numbers of soldiers being disciplined or dismissed. The East Timorese Government was aware of these problems before the 2006 crisis but did not rectify the factors that were contributing to low morale.

908:

In 2011 F-FDTL had an authorised strength of 1,500 regular personnel and 1,500 reservists. It had not reached these totals as funding shortfalls prevented the reserve component from being formed and the Army's two regular battalions were under-strength. While all the F-FDTL's personnel were initially

800:

In May 2009, the F-FDTL accepted its first intake of recruits since the 2006 crisis. While the regional diversity of the 579 new recruits was generally much greater than that of the pre-crisis intakes, 60.3 per cent of officer candidates were from the country's eastern districts. From 2009 the F-FDTL

759:

plan is similar to option 1 in the King's College report. The King's College study team strongly recommended against such a force structure, labelling it "unaffordable" and raising concerns over the impact of conscription upon East Timorese society and military readiness. The team estimated that

706:

By September the F-FTDL had been much reduced, and comprised Headquarters (95 personnel), Force Communications Unit (21), Military Police Unit (18), First Battalion (317), Naval Component (83), Force Logistics Unit (63) and Nicolau Lobato Training Centre, Metinaro (118). In addition, 43 former Second

573:

FALINTIL officially became F-FDTL on 1 February 2001. The first 650 members of the F-FDTL were selected from 1,736 former FALINTIL applicants and began training on 29 March. The FDTL's 1st Battalion was established on 29 June 2001 and reached full strength on 1 December. Most members of the battalion

1624:

The East Timorese Government and F-FDTL are interested in deploying elements of the force on international peacekeeping missions. This is motivated by a desire to "give back to the international community". A platoon of 12 engineers was deployed to Lebanon between February and May 2012 as an element

702:

the next day and eventually restored order. A total of 37 people were killed in the fighting in April and May and 155,000 fled their homes. A United Nations inquiry found that the interior and defence ministers and the commander of the F-FDTL had illegally transferred weapons to civilians during the

694:

Fighting broke out between the remnants of the East Timorese security forces and the rebels and gangs in late May. On 23 May Reinado's rebel group opened fire on F-FDTL and PNTL personnel in the Fatu Ahi area. On 24 May F-FDTL personnel near the Force's headquarters were attacked by a group of rebel

615:

Tensions between the F-FDTL and PNTL have also reduced the effectiveness of East Timor's security services. In 2003, the East Timorese Government established three new paramilitary police forces equipped with modern military-grade weapons. The formation of these units led to dissatisfaction with the

587:

were from the west. Furthermore, UNTAET failed to establish adequate foundations for the East Timorese security sector by developing legislative and planning documents, administrative support arrangements and mechanisms for the democratic control of the military. These omissions remained uncorrected

538:

to conduct a study of East Timor's security force options and options to demobilise the former guerrilla forces. The team's report identified three options for an East Timorese military. Option 1 was based on FALINTIL's preference for a relatively large and heavily armed military of 3,000–5,000

472:

The constitution of East Timor assigns the F-FDTL responsibility for protecting East Timor against external attack. The constitution states that the F-FDTL "shall guarantee national independence, territorial integrity and the freedom and security of the populations against any aggression or external

1572:

While the UN was reluctant to engage with the F-FDTL, several bilateral donors have assisted the force's development. Australia has provided extensive training and logistical support to the F-FDTL since it was established, and currently provides advisors who are posted to the F-FDTL and Ministry of

776:

plan has proven controversial, it appears to have been adopted by the East Timorese government. The plan was criticised by the United Nations and the governments of Australia and the United States as unaffordable and in excess of East Timor's needs. East Timorese President José Ramos-Horta defended

674:

The crisis escalated into violence in late April. On 24 April, the petitioners and some of their supporters held a four-day demonstration outside the Government Palace in Dili calling for the establishment of an independent commission to address their grievances. Violence broke out on 28 April when

582:

Some of the problems that have affected the F-FDTL throughout its existence were caused by the process used to establish the force. A key flaw in this process was that FALINTIL's high command was allowed to select candidates for the military from members of FALINTIL without external oversight. As a

1557:

Funding shortfalls have constrained the development of the F-FDTL. The government has been forced to postpone plans to form an independent company stationed in the Oecussi enclave and two reserve infantry battalions. These units formed an important part of the King's College report's option 3

816:

The East Timorese Government published a new Strategic Defence and Security Concept during 2016. This document defined the role of the F-FDTL as defending the country against external threats and countering violent crime within East Timor. The Strategic Defence and Security Concept also called for

804:

In 2011 the F-FDTL was still under-strength and yet to reform its training and discipline standards. Tensions within the F-FDTL also continued to threaten the stability of the force. However, the East Timorese government placed a high priority on re-establishing the F-FDTL and developing it into a

603:

was the first area to pass to the F-FDTL in July 2002. After further training the F-FDTL took over responsibility for the entire country's external security on 20 May 2004, although some foreign peacekeepers remained in East Timor until mid-2005. The F-FDTL conducted its first operation in January

578:

of the 1st Battalion and was manned mainly by new personnel under the age of 21 who had not participated in the independence struggle. Due to the force's prestige and relatively high pay, there were 7,000 applications for the first 267 positions in the battalion. The F-FDTL's small naval component

480:

The East Timorese Government has broadened the F-FDTL's role over time. As what have been designated "new missions", the F-FDTL has been given responsibility for crisis management, supporting the suppression of civil disorder, responding to humanitarian crises and facilitating co-operation between

1597:

East Timor and Indonesia have sought to build friendly relations since 2002. While movements of people and drug smuggling across their international border has caused tensions, both countries have worked with the UN to improve the security situation in the region. The East Timorese and Indonesian

1499:

to the F-FDTL. Rehabilitation work on the airport began in January 2022. The US military has stated that the purpose of this agreement is to support the creation of an Air Component to "help the Timorese government improve its maritime awareness, respond to natural disasters, and promote economic

932:

were effective against overwhelming numbers and it has the potential to form a credible deterrent against invasion. The Army's current doctrine is focused on low-intensity infantry combat tactics as well as counter-insurgency tasks. Most of the force's training and operations are conducted at the

904:

network in East Timor, which was based on the clandestine resistance reporting networks built up during the Indonesian occupation. However, in May 2008 the national parliament legislated to place the F-FTDL's intelligence branch under the authority of the head of the National Information Service.

875:

was established in 2005 to advise the president on defence and security policy and legislation and the appointment and dismissal of senior military personnel. The council is chaired by the president and includes the prime minister, the defence, justice, interior and foreign affairs ministers, the

611:

The F-FDTL has suffered from serious morale and disciplinary problems since its establishment. These problems have been driven by uncertainty over the F-FDTL's role, poor conditions of service due to limited resources, tensions arising from FALINTIL's transition from a guerrilla organisation to a

552:

While East Timor's decision to form a military has been criticised by some commentators, the East Timorese government has consistently believed that the force is necessary for political and security reasons. Critics of the F-FDTL's establishment argue that as East Timor does not face any external

463:

The F-FDTL's problems came to a head in 2006 when almost half the force was dismissed following protests over discrimination and poor conditions. The dismissal contributed to a general collapse of both the F-FDTL and PNTL in May and forced the government to request foreign peacekeepers to restore

912:

After the F-FDTL's 1st Battalion was established in 2001 recruitment was opened to all East Timorese above the age of 18, including women. Few women have joined the F-FDTL, however. As at February 2010, only seven per cent of new recruits were female. In 2020 women comprised 10.8 per cent of the

715:

The 2006 crisis left the F-FDTL "in ruins". The F-FDTL's strength fell from 1,435 in January 2006 to 715 in September and the proportion of westerners in the military fell from 65 per cent to 28 per cent. The F-FDTL started a rebuilding process with support from several nations and the

659:

that soldiers from the east of the country received better treatment than westerners. The 'petitioners' received only a minimal response and left their barracks three weeks later, leaving their weapons behind. They were joined by hundreds of other soldiers and on 16 March the F-FDTL's commander,

1115:

on the eleventh of the month. This acquisition was controversial in East Timor due to a perceived lack of transparency regarding the purchase and concerns that the patrol boats were not suited to the rough sea conditions and tropical weather in which they would need to operate. The academic Ian

796:

President Ramos-Horta and Prime Minister Gusmão. Although Ramos-Horta and one of his guards were badly wounded, these attacks were not successful and Reinado and another rebel were killed. A joint F-FDTL and PNTL command was established to pursue the surviving rebels and the military and police

1553:

The modest size of the defence budget means that the East Timorese Government is only able to purchase small quantities of military equipment. Most of the F-FDTL's weapons and other equipment have been provided by foreign donors, and this is likely to remain the case in the future. No military

883:

A small ministry of defence (which was renamed the Ministry of Defence and Security in 2007) was established in 2002 to provide civilian oversight of the F-FDTL. A lack of suitable staff for the ministry and the close political relationship between senior F-FDTL officers and government figures

1585:

International Military Education and Training Program. While Malaysia has provided training courses and financial and technical aid, this assistance was suspended after the 2006 crisis. As of 2010, Portugal provided the F-FDTL with basic and advanced training while Australia and other nations

1573:

Defence and Security. Portugal also provides advisors and trains two naval officers each year in Portugal. China provided US$ 1.8 million in aid to the F-FDTL between 2002 and 2008 and agreed to build a new US$ 7 million headquarters for the force in late 2007. East Timor is one of

569:

An Office for Defence Force Development staffed mainly by foreign military officers was established to oversee the process of forming East Timor's armed forces and demobilising the former guerrillas. The Office delegated responsibility for recruiting personnel to FALINTIL's leaders.

1633:(UNMISS) between 2011 and 2016 and since early 2020. For instance, three F-FDTL members served as observers with UNMISS in 2016. As of 2020, the F-FDTL was preparing plans to make larger peacekeeping deployments and Australia and Portugal were providing training for such missions. 473:

threat, in respect for the constitutional order." The constitution also states that the F-FDTL "shall be non-partisan and shall owe obedience to the competent organs of sovereignty in accordance with the Constitution and the laws, and shall not intervene in political matters." The

1126:

and two smaller patrol boats in 2011, and these entered service with the naval component on 26 September 2011. The East Timorese government also ordered two fast patrol boats from the Indonesian company PT Pal in March 2011 for the price of $ US40 million.

948:

Up until the 2006 crisis the land component's primary fighting units were two battalions, following the original idea of the Australian major-general whose suggestion it was. These units were located in separate bases. As of 2004 the 1st Battalion was based at

928:, each with an authorised strength of 600 personnel. As of 2004 each battalion had three rifle companies, a support company and a headquarters company. Although the army is small, the guerrilla tacticsemployed by FALINTIL before the departure in 1999 of the 1598:

governments signed a defence agreement in August 2011 which aims to improve co-operation between their national militaries. The Timor Leste-Indonesia Defense Joint Committee was also established at this time to monitor the agreement's implementation.

1108:-class vessels and to be used to protect East Timor's fisheries. The contract for the ships also involved 30 to 40 East Timorese personnel being trained in China. The two new patrol boats arrived from China in June 2010, and were commissioned as the 1586:

provided training in specialised skills. East Timor and Portugal signed a defence cooperation treaty in 2017 which will remain in force until 2022. Australian and US support for the F-FDTL had been reduced to only occasional training by 2020.

961:. Almost all of the 2nd Battalion's soldiers were dismissed during the 2006 crisis. It should be clearly noted that the listing of personnel above after the 2006 crisis refers only to a "former" 2nd Battalion. The other major Army units are a 777:

the plan, however, arguing that its adoption will transform the F-FDTL into a professional force capable of defending East Timor's sovereignty and contributing to the nation's stability. East Timorese defence officials have also stressed that

1558:

force structure and their absence may have impacted on East Timor's defence policy. As of 2011 the government was yet to announce what, if any, reserve units would be formed, though provisions for such units had been included in legislation.

825:

noted that there has been little progress in completing the acquisition program set out in the Force 2020 plan, likely due to a shortage of funds and "possibly also because there seems to be no rationale for acquiring some of the equipment".

764:

plan may not be realistic or suitable as it appears to emphasise military expansion to counter external threats over spending on other government services and internal security and outlines ideas such as the long-term (~2075) development of

675:

some of the petitioners and gangs of youths who had joined the protest attacked the Government Palace. The PNTL failed to contain the protest and the Palace was badly damaged. After violence spread to other areas of Dili, Prime Minister

477:(or PNTL) and other civilian security forces are assigned responsibility for internal security. In practice the responsibilities of the F-FDTL and PNTL were not clearly delineated, and this led to conflict between the two organisations. 1022:

in 2010 stated that "F-FDTL weapons management and control systems, while superior to that of PNTL, are underdeveloped". The F-FDTL ordered eight lightly armed four wheel drive vehicles from China in 2007. Between 10 and 50 Malaysian

727:

In 2004 the commander of the F-FDTL formed a team, which included international contractors, to develop a long-term strategic vision document for the military. This study was supported by the Australian Government. The resulting

1649:

The King's College report estimated that a military of 1,500 regulars and 1,500 reservists would cost approximately one per cent of East Timor's GDP and that this was the highest level of military expenditure the country could

865: 805:

force capable of defending the country. In 2012 the Government authorised an expansion of the F-FDTL to 3,600 personnel by 2020, of whom approximately one quarter will be members of the Naval Component. The 2016 edition of the

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Storey has written that "corruption may have played a part in the deal". The East Timorese government justified the purchase by arguing that the patrol boats were needed to safeguard the country's independence.

2871: 1819: 608:. While the F-FDTL operated in a "relatively disciplined and orderly fashion" during this operation, it illegally arrested nearly 100 people who were released 10 days later without being charged. 4536: 3163: 5741: 892: 732:

document was completed in 2006 and made public in 2007. The document sets out an 'aspirational' vision for the development of the F-FDTL to 2020 and beyond and is of equivalent status to a defence

1035: 1018:

pistols. A further 75 Minimis were to be ordered at that time. The majority of the F-FDTL's weapons were donated by other countries. An assessment of East Timor's security forces published by the

3552: 667:, dismissed 594 soldiers, which was nearly half of the force. The soldiers dismissed were not limited to the petitioners, and included about 200 officers and other ranks who had been chronically 760:

sustaining such a force structure would cost 2.6 to 3.3 per cent of East Timor's annual gross domestic product and would "represent a heavy burden on the East Timor economy". Moreover, the

4059: 3221: 821:. In 2020 the IISS judged that the F-FDTL "has been reconstituted but is still a long way from meeting the ambitious force-structure goals set out in the Force 2020 plan". Similarly, a 2019 900:

The F-FDTL is organised into a headquarters, a land component, a naval component and an air component. Following its establishment the F-FDTL also had the "largest and most sophisticated"

3047: 857: 527:

during late 1999 and most of 2000 also posed a threat to security. Following the end of Indonesian rule, FALINTIL proposed the establishment of a large military of about 5,000 personnel.

5908: 4209:"Report of the Secretary-General. S/2006/628. 8 August 2006. Covering major developments since the 20 April report and presenting recommendations on the future UN role in Timor-Leste" 3243: 3466: 549:, on the grounds that it led East Timor to establish a large police force and a large Army when its security needs might have been better met by a single smaller paramilitary force. 4364: 4242: 2750: 954: 856:

The constitution of East Timor states that the president is the supreme commander of the defence force and has the power to appoint the F-FDTL's commander and chief of staff. The

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is responsible for training the F-FDTL's military police unit (Maubere Mission). The United States also provides a small amount of assistance to the F-FDTL through the

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production took place in East Timor as of 2011, and in 2020 the IISS noted that "maintenance capacity is unclear and the country has no traditional defence industry".

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requested that the F-FDTL help restore order. Troops with no experience in crowd control were deployed to Dili on 29 April and three deaths resulted. On 3 May Major

909:

FALINTIL veterans the force's composition has changed over time and few soldiers from the insurgency remained as of 2005 due to the force's narrow age requirement.

6047: 5727: 4901: 531: 4269: 4215: 3961: 2859: 4391: 3435: 4316: 4289: 2245: 6113: 1829: 2138: 5900: 4548: 3155: 829:

On 29 October 2020, the Council of Ministers approved of a plan to start compulsory national service for Timorese citizens who are 18 years old and above.

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The tensions within the F-FDTL came to a head in 2006. In January, 159 soldiers from most units in the F-FDTL complained in a petition to then President

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and associated training and logistics assistance from the Australian Government. The vessels are scheduled to be delivered in 2023, and will be named

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South East Asian countries to have not increased its defence spending between 2009 and 2018, with defence expenditure decreasing by 63.4 per cent in

1491:

The United States and East Timorese governments reached an agreement in June 2021 through which the United States will contribute funding to upgrade

605: 579:

was established in December 2001. The Australian UNTAET contingent provided most of the F-FDTL's training, and the United States equipped the force.

4601: 4344:"Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (for the period from 24 September 2009 to 20 January 2010)" 4130: 4052: 460:(PNTL). This overlap has led to tensions between the services, which have been exacerbated by poor morale and lack of discipline within the F-FDTL. 5776: 4959: 4317:"Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (for the period covering 21 January to 23 September 2009)" 4290:"Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (Covering the period from 9 July 2008 to 20 January 2009)" 3609: 3213: 1371: 822: 4618: 836:, and the force's role was unclear. He observed that the F-FDTL continues to regard itself as the direct successor to FALINTIL and has a focus on 453:. The F-FDTL was established in February 2001 and comprises two infantry battalions, small naval and air components and several supporting units. 6158: 5786: 5123: 456:

The F-FDTL's primary role is to protect East Timor from external threats. It also has an internal security role, which overlaps with that of the

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American and East Timorese military personnel and officials during a ceremony to hand over a Cessna aircraft to the F-FDTL Air Component in 2023

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in 2003. The East Timorese Government has no plans to acquire nuclear, biological or chemical weapons. The country also became a party to the

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functions. All of the force's warships are based at Hera Harbour, which is located a few kilometres east of Dili. A small base is located at

806: 519:

or Armed Forces for the Liberation of East Timor). During the period before 1999 some East Timorese leaders, including the current President

6080: 4844: 4347: 3673: 4371: 3474: 4881: 4788: 4106: 2754: 1276: 1254: 1194: 4263:"Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (for the period from 8 January to 8 July 2008)" 4188: 6153: 5622: 5592: 5487: 5369: 4666: 3845: 3821: 3797: 2631: 2115:

United Nations Independent Special Commission of Inquiry for Timor-Leste (2007), pp. 21–30 and International Crisis Group (2008), p. 2

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Burton, Cynthia (2007). "Security sector reform: current issues and future challenges". In Damien Kingsbury and Michael Leach (ed.).

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As a result of the escalating violence the government was forced to appeal for international peacekeepers on 25 May. Peacekeepers

5929: 5642: 5103: 3637: 3467:"Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction" 2307: 1626: 1606: 3694: 716:

United Nations, but was still not ready to resume responsibility for East Timor's external security two years after the crisis.

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put the strength of the naval component at 250; this source also stated that recruitment for an approximately 60-person strong

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unit began in 2011 from existing naval component personnel, members of the Army and civilians. The Marines were to serve as a

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Patrikainen, Maria; et al. (2011). "Jane's Sentinel Country Risk Assessments: Southeast Asia Issue Twenty-nine – 2011".

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The repercussions of the 2006 crisis lasted for several years. On 11 February 2008, a group of rebels led by Alfredo Reinado

736:. It proposes expanding the military to a strength of 3,000 regular personnel in the medium term through the introduction of 464:

security. The F-FDTL is currently being rebuilt with foreign assistance and has drawn up a long-term force development plan.

4024:"Under Pressure v Forças de Defesa de Timor Leste. Three Decades of Defence Force Development in Timor Leste 1975–2004" 1169:. Australia is also funding a new wharf at Hera Harbour that will enable operations of the two Guardian-class patrol boats. 5670: 4991: 4864: 3977: 3269: 2924: 2255: 1392: 4411: 4365:"Governance of the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste : Accountability Mechanism of Key Institutions. Second Edition" 3295: 1085: 5949: 5507: 5118: 5069: 4859: 1543: 152: 5001: 4262: 4208: 3427: 5617: 5098: 4854: 4817: 4564:

Kocak, Deniz (2 January 2023). "Rebel security governance in transition: The case of post-independence Timor-Leste".

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Strating, Rebecca (2013). "East Timor's Emerging National Security Agenda: Establishing "Real" Independence".

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Timor-Leste’s Government approves the decree law of compulsory military service, Independente, 29 October 2020

740:. It also sets longer-term goals such as establishing an air component and purchasing modern weapons, such as 145: 5655: 5265: 5086: 4969: 2813: 1538:

Total defence expenditure for East Timor in 2018 was $ US29.1 million. This represented 2.7 per cent of

953:, with a contingent in the seaside coastline village of Laga. In 2006 the 2nd Battalion was stationed at the 604:

2003 when an army unit was called in to quell criminal activity caused by west Timorese militia gangs in the

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The Military Balance: Annual Estimates of the Nature and Size of the Military Forces of the Principal Powers

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The F-FDTL gradually assumed responsibility for East Timor's security from the UN peacekeeping force. The

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helicopter, and a small number of F-FDTL personnel were trained to operate the type in the Philippines.

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The Naval Component of the F-FDTL was established in December 2001 when Portugal transferred two small

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Glendhill, John (2014). "A Confluence of Competitions: Regime-Building and Violence in Timor-Leste".

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Tom Fawthrop & Paul Harris (2001). "East Timor prepares for post-independence security threats".

1899: 719: 3745: 5698: 5693: 5402: 5384: 5240: 5154: 4080: 3587: 3214:"AUSTAL FINALISES CONTRACT WITH GOVERNMENT FOR TWO ADDITIONAL PACIFIC PATROL BOATS FOR TIMOR LESTE" 1233: 535: 5719: 3774: 3750:

This publication is also available from the East Timor Ministry of Defence and Security's website.

832:

In a 2023 journal article, the academic Deniz Kocak noted that the F-FDTL does not have a written

691:

abandoned their posts in protest at what they saw as the army's deliberate shooting of civilians.

5660: 5597: 5492: 5412: 5397: 5235: 5225: 5184: 5108: 5054: 5018: 4942: 4908: 4343: 3657: 1519: 934: 818: 766: 128: 5650: 5582: 5577: 5532: 5522: 5502: 5482: 5437: 5260: 5037: 2895:"East Timorese president prefers 'fake Gucci' warships from China to Western military hardware" 2808: 2413: 2411: 1539: 1534:

The F-FDTL's budget in constant $ 2011 US and as a proportion of real GDP between 2003 and 2011

1212: 1120: 1109: 1090: 1007: 864:

are responsible for funding the F-FDTL and setting policy relating to East Timor's security. A

629: 6085: 4100: 3773:. Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Nanyang Technological University. Archived from 2970:

Mazumdar, Mrityunjoy (4 October 2011). "East Timor commissions ex-South Korean patrol craft".

1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1484:

In 2019 the East Timorese Government was considering purchasing three Chinese variants of the

880:

is the current commander of the F-FDTL, and was appointed to this position on 6 October 2011.

5552: 5542: 5517: 5472: 5442: 5407: 5320: 5275: 5215: 5210: 5179: 5169: 5137: 4869: 4809: 4177: 3548:

Special Report Issue 39 - A reliable partner: Strengthening Australia - Timor-Leste relations

1000: 490: 4681: 3849: 3825: 3801: 2408: 5814: 5688: 5607: 5567: 5230: 5159: 4102:

Mapping Pacific contributions to UN peacekeeping: Past experiences and future opportunities

2623: 1669: 940: 668: 574:

were from East Timor's eastern provinces. The 2nd Battalion was established in 2002 from a

255: 3886:

International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2013). "The Military Balance 2013".

3586: 2124:

United Nations Independent Special Commission of Inquiry for Timor-Leste (2007), pp. 31–33

1074:

plan the naval component may eventually be expanded to a light patrol force equipped with

8: 5680: 5587: 5452: 5392: 5336: 5270: 5245: 5007: 4876: 4314: 3074: 2921:"Ceremony for the Delivery of New Patrols Vessels, Jaco Class, to the F-FDTL Naval Force" 1618: 1315: 784: 509: 430: 4531: 4341: 4287: 4260: 4233: 4206: 4178:"Report of the United Nations Independent Special Commission of Inquiry for Timor-Leste" 896:

Brig. Gen Filomeno da Paixao, Vice Chief of Defence Force, aboard a visiting US warship.

647: 591: 520: 50: 5703: 5562: 5467: 5417: 5301: 4822: 4746: 4717: 4653: 4520: 4474: 3733: 3599: 3185: 2396: 1984: 1982: 1891: 1344: 988: 965:

platoon and a logistic support company. As of 2019, the F-FDTL was planning to raise a

158: 4627:. Canberra: Australian National University Development Studies Network. Archived from 3618: 2299: 2106:

United Nations Independent Special Commission of Inquiry for Timor-Leste (2007), p. 21

688: 628:

Further information on East Timor's political and security sector crisis in 2006:

600: 5081: 4750: 4721: 4657: 4636:

Robinson, Geoffrey (November 2011). "East Timor Ten Years On: Legacies of Violence".

4524: 4491: 4478: 4401: 4085: 3990: 3927: 3908: 3891: 3663: 3629: 3592:

Independent Study on Security Force Options and Security Sector Reform for East Timor

3573: 1139: 837: 833: 741: 661: 501: 3885: 3244:"U.S. and Timorese Military Engineers Start Joint Rehabilitation of Baucau Airfield" 1979: 781:

is a long-term plan and does not propose acquiring advanced weapons for some years.

109: 4827: 4738: 4709: 4645: 4573: 4512: 4466: 4457:

Ball, Desmond (October 2002). "The Defence of East Timor: A Recipe For Disaster?".

4236:"Report on human rights developments in Timor-Leste August 2006 – August 2007" 4003:"On the Findings of the Independent Inquiry Commission (IIC) for the FALINTIL-FDTL" 4002: 3922:

International Institute for Strategic Studies (2020). "The Military Balance 2020".

2225:

The Centre for Defence Studies, King's College, London. Paragraphs 7.2 and 205–212.

1202: 1101: 699: 226: 133: 4577: 2277: 848: 817:

the F-FDTL's naval capabilities to be improved to adequately protect East Timor's

656: 5750: 4839: 4742: 4713: 4585: 4516: 4176:

United Nations Independent Special Commission of Inquiry for Timor-Leste (2007).

2135:"UN commission of inquiry issues report on violent crisis that shook Timor-Leste" 1100:

On 12 April 2008 East Timor signed a contract for two new Chinese-built 43-metre

1059: 1051: 962: 877: 813:

stated that the F-FDTL was "only capable of internal and border-security roles".

684: 680: 664: 241: 95: 4470: 3359: 3323: 2920: 561: 5708: 3755:

Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment – Southeast Asia. Issue 20 – 2007

3545:

Bateman, Sam; Bergin, Anthony (2011). "The maritime interests of Timor-Leste".

2250: 2199: 1824: 1796:

The Centre for Defence Studies, King's College, London. Paragraphs 7.4 and 158.

1578: 1492: 1143: 966: 922: 620:

prior to East Timor's independence while the F-FDTL was based around FALINTIL.

545: 422: 4649: 4490:. Vol. October 2001. Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. pp. 36–38. 3040:"F-FDTL atribui naran Aitana no Laline ba ró patrollamentu rua hosi Austrália" 6142: 4729:

Storey, Ian (2012). "China's Bilateral Defense Diplomacy in Southeast Asia".

4495: 3994: 3931: 3921: 3902: 3895: 3711: 3633: 2417: 1815: 1787:

The Centre for Defence Studies, King's College, London. Paragraphs 7.2 to 7.4

1694: 1614: 1469: 1079: 676: 540: 404: 389: 3938: 2402: 1011: 749: 737: 1530: 5996: 4984: 4620:

National security policy and structure: Police, military and intelligence

1063: 976:

Logistics and service support is provided through Headquarters F-FDTL in

733: 350: 5832: 5013: 4797: 3156:"East Timor Naval Force Receives Three Patrol Vessels from South Korea" 1496: 1478: 1134:

listed the naval component's size as 80 personnel. The 2011 edition of

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New Neighbour, New Challenge: Australia and the Security of East Timor

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The Centre for Defence Studies, King's College, London. Paragraph 205.

62: 6029: 5859: 5347: 3659:

Overcoming Obstacles to Peace : Local Factors in Nation-Building

1485: 1153:

NRTL Aitana at Austal, Henderson, Western Australia, in December 2023

1004: 996: 995:

stated that the F-FDTL had the following equipment in service: 1,560

925: 324: 285: 5291: 4050: 6062: 5921: 5801: 5749: 5537: 3551:. Canberra: Australian Strategic Policy Institute. pp. 44–64. 2664: 1075: 958: 723:

The gate to the F-FDTL Nicolau Lobato Training Centre near Metinaro

584: 575: 505: 446: 438: 363: 337: 4315:

United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) (2009a).

3688: 6095: 5965: 4342:

United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) (2010).

4288:

United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) (2009).

4261:

United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) (2008).

4234:

United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) (2007).

4207:

United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) (2006).

3616: 3365: 3329: 3270:"U.S. Government Hands Over a Cessna 206 Aircraft to Timor-Leste" 1055: 913:

F-DTL's personnel, with none holding a rank higher than captain.

512: 4156:. Centre for International Governance Innovation. Archived from 921:

When initially established, the F-FDTL land force comprised two

5768: 4979: 4667:"Constraints and Choices: East Timor as a Foreign Policy Actor" 4428:. Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 3939:

International Security Sector Advisory Team (27 October 2016).

3504: 3494: 3492: 3043: 1574: 1067: 950: 901: 376: 298: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 2789: 2787: 2576: 1629:. Small numbers of F-FDTL specialists have been posted to the 4974: 1015: 311: 73: 4034:. Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces. 3962:"After the 2006 crisis: Australian interests in Timor-Leste" 3516: 3489: 2280:(Press release). East Timor Ministry of Defence. 3 July 2007 1951: 1058:

enclave remains open. This is comparable to the role of the

1039:

Two East Timorese marines practising boarding a ship in 2023

500:

The F-FDTL was formed from the national liberation movement

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development". The Cessna 206 was handed over in June 2023.

977: 218: 114: 4005:(Press release). President of East Timor. 24 August 2004. 3864: 3840: 3816: 3792: 3412: 3410: 2774: 2772: 1928:

Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment – Southeast Asia.

1771: 1769: 937:

level, and company or battalion-sized exercises are rare.

3335: 3005:"Timor-Leste to receive two Pacific Patrol Boats in 2023" 2726:

Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment – Southeast Asia

1989:

Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment – Southeast Asia

1495:

to support F-FDTL and commercial operations and donate a

247: 3709: 2444: 2331: 2055: 1477:

As of 2020 the F-FDTL's Air Component operated a single

532:

United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor

4485: 3407: 2769: 2278:"Force 2020 is important for the East Timor Government" 1766: 588:

after East Timor achieved independence on 20 May 2002.

3903:

International Institute for Strategic Studies (2016).

3874:. Brussels: International Crisis Group. Archived from 3588:

The Centre for Defence Studies, King's College, London

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Jane's Sentinel. Country Risk Assessments. South Asia

2939: 2751:"East Timor selects Weststar cargo military vehicles" 2731: 2423: 2015: 1994: 1896:

Reproduced on the East Timor Action Network's website

3276:. United States Embassy in Timor Leste. 27 June 2023 3075:"Timor-Leste and Australia Prime Ministers' Meeting" 2712: 2710: 1514:

The military ranks of the F-FDTL are similar to the

648:

An East Timorese soldier during fighting in May 2006

4151:"Security Sector Reform Monitor: Timor-Leste No. 2" 4124:"Security Sector Reform Monitor: Timor-Leste No. 1" 4105:. Canberra: Australian Strategic Policy Institute. 4129:. Centre for International Governance Innovation. 3619:"Defence Economic Trends in the Asia-Pacific 2019" 2542: 2540: 2418:International Institute for Strategic Studies 2016 2380: 2378: 2137:(Press release). United Nations. 17 October 2006. 1695:International Institute for Strategic Studies 2020 944:F-FDTL soldiers during a training exercise in 2012 4533:The International Institute for Strategic Studies 4185:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 3764:"Young and Wild. Timor Leste's troubled military" 2806:Wertheim, Eric (2008). "World Navies in Review". 2707: 1726: 1724: 1157:In 2017 Timor Leste accepted an offer of two new 6140: 4584: 3450: 3371: 3069: 3067: 3065: 2403:International Security Sector Advisory Team 2016 2048: 2046: 1849: 1847: 1625:of a Portuguese unit which was serving with the 823:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 703:crisis and recommended that they be prosecuted. 78: 40: 3868:Timor-Leste's Veterans: An Unfinished Struggle? 3320:Defence Intelligence Organisation (2011), p. 12 3034: 3032: 3030: 2987: 2978: 2716:Embassy of the United States, Dili (2010), p. 4 2537: 2375: 197:245,033 females, age 16–49 (2010 est) 185:286,465 females, age 16–49 (2010 est) 3693:. Embassy of the United States. Archived from 3662:. Santa Monica, California: RAND Corporation. 3246:. U.S. Indo-Pacific Command. 12 January 2022. 3208: 3206: 2870:(4). Washington DC: The Jamestown Foundation. 2753:. Shephard Media. 10 June 2014. Archived from 2474: 2366: 2246:"Timor military blueprint unrealistic: Downer" 1738: 1736: 1721: 1020:Centre for International Governance Innovation 788:East Timorese soldiers during a parade in 2019 195:236,996 males, age 16–49 (2010 est), 183:299,008 males, age 16–49 (2010 est), 5735: 5363: 4782: 4098: 4051:República Democrática de Timor-Leste (2015). 3544: 3522: 3510: 3498: 3178: 3141: 3062: 2793: 2661:Lowry (2006), p. 4 and Rees (2004), pp. 29–31 2582: 2465: 2387: 2043: 1844: 1473:The F-FDTL Air Component's Cessna 172 in 2020 807:International Institute for Strategic Studies 3848:. International Crisis Group. Archived from 3824:. International Crisis Group. Archived from 3800:. International Crisis Group. Archived from 3404:International Crisis Group (2008), pp. 12–13 3395:International Crisis Group (2011), pp. 12–13 3027: 2102: 2100: 1561: 687:unit, and most of his soldiers including Lt 3984: 3689:Embassy of the United States, Dili (2010). 3626:Defence Economic Trends in the Asia-Pacific 3608:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3203: 2851: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2234:International Crisis Group (2008), pp. 6, 9 1733: 1119:The South Korean Government donated one ex- 671:in the months and years before March 2006. 517:Forças Armadas de Libertação de Timor-Leste 273:Donations from foreign governments, mostly 5742: 5728: 5370: 5356: 4789: 4775: 4389: 4053:"State Budget 2015 Budget Overview Book 1" 3691:"U.S. Military Engagement: 2009 in Review" 3617:Defence Intelligence Organisation (2019). 3604:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1104:gunboats. These ships were to replace the 973:stated that the Army had 2,200 personnel. 710: 556: 61: 49: 4502: 4099:Sharland, Lisa; Feely, Genevieve (2020). 4081:Jane's Fighting Ships Vol. 114, 2011–2012 3106:"Aussies to revamp East Timor naval base" 3002: 2682:. Australian Strategic Policy Institute. 2337: 2097: 2061: 1957: 1775: 1751: 866:Superior Council for Defence and Security 4850:Democratic Republic of East Timor (1975) 4699: 4635: 4590:"Transformation of FALINTIL into F-FDTL" 4077: 2969: 2957: 2805: 2778: 2704:International Crisis Group (2008), p. 15 2676:"China's navy is making friends in Dili" 2352: 1923: 1921: 1889: 1820:"Fretilin still a stranger to democracy" 1814: 1588: 1529: 1468: 1148: 1084: 1034: 939: 891: 847: 783: 718: 590: 560: 42:Falintil-Forças de Defesa de Timor Leste 4796: 4418: 3926:. Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge. 3907:. Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge. 3822:"Timor-Leste's Parliamentary Elections" 3655: 3425: 3353: 3341: 3103: 2892: 2429: 2183:International Crisis Group (2008), p. 8 2179: 2177: 2162:International Crisis Group (2008), p. i 2158: 2156: 2040:International Crisis Group (2008), p. 2 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 1976:International Crisis Group (2008), p. 5 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1627:United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon 1607:Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention 843: 14: 6159:Recipients of the Order of Timor-Leste 6141: 5377: 4892:United Nations Administered East Timor 4728: 4604:from the original on 28 September 2007 4435:from the original on 18 September 2020 4148: 3572:. Melbourne: Monash University Press. 3567: 3426:Santosa, Novan Iman (22 August 2011). 3366:Defence Intelligence Organisation 2019 3330:Defence Intelligence Organisation 2019 3166:from the original on 10 September 2019 3003:Dominguez, Gabriel (6 November 2017). 2945: 2857: 2737: 2646: 1705: 1703: 1070:near the Indonesian border. Under the 27:Combined military forces of East Timor 5723: 5351: 4770: 4664: 4616: 4563: 4398:Australian Strategic Policy Institute 4362: 4136:from the original on 22 February 2018 4121: 4109:from the original on 12 February 2021 4065:from the original on 15 November 2019 3974:Australian Strategic Policy Institute 3959: 3846:"Timor-Leste: Security Sector Reform" 3761: 3757:. Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. 3555:from the original on 13 February 2021 3302:from the original on 21 February 2018 3085:from the original on 17 February 2022 2829:"Alarm at China's influence in Timor" 2621: 2450: 1918: 1712: 1631:United Nations Mission in South Sudan 1577:'s main destinations for aid and the 1062:, which also undertakes military and 852:Major General Lere Anan Timor in 2012 595:F-FDTL soldiers standing in formation 4674:New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 4456: 4350:from the original on 26 October 2012 4021: 3947:from the original on 22 January 2018 3656:Dobbins, James; et al. (2013). 3537: 3438:from the original on 16 October 2015 3250:from the original on 26 January 2022 3050:from the original on 24 January 2022 2897:. The Canadian Press. Archived from 2826: 2728:. Issue 20 – 2007, pp. 146, 152 2686:from the original on 26 January 2021 2673: 2634:from the original on 16 October 2015 2300:"East Timor's window of opportunity" 2243: 2195:"Secret missile plan for East Timor" 2192: 2174: 2153: 2027: 2021: 2000: 1963: 4449: 3865:International Crisis Group (2011). 3720:from the original on 27 August 2007 3428:"RI, Timor Leste ink defense deals" 3153: 2141:from the original on 10 August 2017 1906:from the original on 1 October 2006 1700: 1526:Defence expenditure and procurement 707:Battalion members were on courses. 495: 481:different parts of the government. 24: 5681:Dependencies and other territories 4759: 4149:Sedra, Mark; et al. (2010a). 4038:from the original on 28 March 2019 3643:from the original on 12 April 2020 3532: 3224:from the original on 13 March 2023 3116:from the original on 27 March 2023 2874:from the original on 19 March 2013 2743: 1892:"East Timor's Tiny Army Aims High" 1890:McDonald, Hamish (20 April 2002). 1030: 1027:GS trucks were delivered in 2014. 25: 6170: 6154:2001 establishments in East Timor 4275:from the original on 18 July 2011 4221:from the original on 18 July 2011 4122:Sedra, Mark; et al. (2010). 3941:"Timor-Leste SSR Background Note" 3710:Government of East Timor (2007). 3676:from the original on 19 July 2016 3456:Patrikainen et al. (2011), p. 154 3377:Patrikainen et al. (2011), p. 150 2993:Patrikainen et al. (2011), p. 146 2984:Patrikainen et al. (2011), p. 149 2860:"China's Inroads into East Timor" 2546:Patrikainen et al. (2011), p. 143 2384:Patrikainen et al. (2011), p. 141 2310:from the original on 7 April 2008 2085:from the original on 14 June 2013 1805:Fawthrop and Harris (2001), p. 37 1730:Patrikainen et al. (2011), p. 140 4932: 4625:Beyond the crisis in Timor-Leste 4370:. United Nations. Archived from 4322:. United Nations. Archived from 4295:. United Nations. Archived from 4194:from the original on 30 May 2008 4009:from the original on 17 May 2008 3798:"Resolving Timor-Leste's Crisis" 3473:. United Nations. Archived from 3471:United Nations Treaty Collection 3459: 3419: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3314: 3288: 3262: 3236: 3186:"Timor Leste's Newest Shipwreck" 3147: 2927:from the original on 8 June 2010 2075:"Aust to send troops to E Timor" 1603:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1464: 1391:Commissioned 26 September 2011; 930:Indonesian National Armed Forces 683:, the commander of the F-FDTL's 642: 534:(UNTAET) contracted a team from 382: 369: 356: 343: 330: 317: 304: 291: 278: 5753:security forces equipment lists 5643:States with limited recognition 4665:Smith, Anthony L. (June 2005). 4078:Saunders, Stephen, ed. (2011). 3570:East Timor: beyond independence 3104:McGuirk, Rod (30 August 2019). 3097: 2996: 2963: 2913: 2886: 2820: 2799: 2719: 2698: 2655: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2588: 2567: 2558: 2549: 2528: 2519: 2510: 2501: 2492: 2483: 2456: 2435: 2372:Sedra et al. (2010a), pp. 11–12 2343: 2322: 2292: 2270: 2237: 2228: 2219: 2186: 2165: 2127: 2118: 2109: 2067: 2006: 1942: 1883: 1874: 1865: 1856: 1808: 1799: 1790: 1643: 1568:Foreign relations of East Timor 1458:Scheduled for delivery in 2023 1436:Scheduled for delivery in 2023 1293:Commissioned 26 September 2011 1271:Commissioned 26 September 2011 887: 458:Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste 435:Forças de Defesa de Timor Leste 5689:British Indian Ocean Territory 2674:Dodd, Mark (23 October 2019). 1991:. Issue 20 – 2007, p. 116 1781: 1757: 1366:(P 1163), transferred in 2002 1339:(P 1012), transferred in 2002 983:The F-FDTL is armed only with 955:Nicolau Lobato Training Centre 623: 209:12,443 females (2010 est) 13: 1: 4578:10.1080/09592318.2022.2064702 4566:Small Wars & Insurgencies 4422:Arms Flows to South East Asia 4058:. Government of Timor Leste. 3416:Dobbins et al. (2013), p. 141 2923:. Government of Timor-Leste. 2893:McGuirk, Rod (23 June 2010). 2814:United States Naval Institute 1939:Dobbins et al. (2013), p. 139 1657: 1542:(GDP). Timor Leste is one of 1130:The 2020 edition of the IISS 969:company. The 2020 edition of 475:National Police of East Timor 4743:10.1080/14799855.2012.723928 4714:10.1080/14799855.2013.832212 4638:The Journal of Asian Studies 4517:10.1080/14799855.2014.914498 4084:. Coulsdon, UK: IHS Global. 3716:. Government of East Timor. 2827:Dodd, Mark (16 April 2008). 2555:La'o Hamutuk Bulletin (2005) 2244:Dodd, Mark (6 August 2007). 1930:Issue 20 – 2007, p. 148 1662: 1510:Military ranks of East Timor 410:Military ranks of East Timor 7: 4471:10.1080/1323910022000023147 4419:Wezeman, Siemon T. (2019). 4390:Wainwright, Elsina (2002). 4022:Rees, Edward (April 2004). 3296:"Timor-Leste Defence Force" 2624:"Timorese take to training" 2622:Doran, Mark (21 May 2015). 2516:UNMIT (2010), pp. 11 and 14 1611:Chemical Weapons Convention 1159:Guardian-class patrol boats 794:attempted to kill or kidnap 746:armoured personnel carriers 427:Forcas Defesa Timor Lorosae 146:Filomeno da Paixão de Jesus 102:Timor-Leste Naval Component 10: 6175: 5433:People's Republic of China 4960:Cities, towns and villages 4680:(1): 15–36. Archived from 3842:International Crisis Group 3818:International Crisis Group 3794:International Crisis Group 2462:Burton (2007), pp. 100–101 2363:Sedra et al. (2010), p. 11 2193:Dodd, Mark (8 June 2007). 1853:Sedra et al. (2010a), p. 5 1565: 1507: 1124:Chamsuri-class patrol boat 627: 618:Indonesian National Police 488: 484: 6094: 6061: 6028: 5995: 5964: 5920: 5891: 5858: 5831: 5800: 5767: 5758: 5679: 5641: 5383: 5314: 5284: 5206: 5197: 5145: 5136: 5045: 5036: 4950: 4941: 4930: 4808: 4650:10.1017/S0021911811001586 4594:The La'o Hamutuk Bulletin 4488:Janes Intelligence Review 3905:The Military Balance 2016 3628:. Department of Defence. 3523:Sharland & Feely 2020 3511:Sharland & Feely 2020 3499:Sharland & Feely 2020 3142:Bateman & Bergin 2011 3079:Government of Timor-Leste 2972:Jane's Navy International 2794:Bateman & Bergin 2011 2612:Wainwright (2002), pp. 34 2583:Sharland & Feely 2020 1900:The Sydney Morning Herald 1562:Foreign defence relations 641: 636: 419:Timor Leste Defence Force 403: 398: 269: 261: 254: 240: 235: 225: 213: 201: 189: 177: 169: 164: 151: 139: 127: 120: 108: 104:Timor-Leste Air Component 94: 86: 72: 60: 48: 39: 35:Timor-Leste Defence Force 34: 5119:Supreme Court of Justice 4537:"Turmoil in Timor Leste" 3989:. Coulsdon: IHS Jane's. 3112:. The Associated Press. 2812:. Vol. March 2008. 2594:Ball (2002), pp. 179–180 2393:Robinson (2011), p. 1014 2328:UNMIT (2008), pp. 2, 5–6 2052:Robinson (2011), p. 1011 1742:Wainwright (2002), p. 23 1636: 1601:East Timor ratified the 1550:terms over this period. 1503: 207:12,795 males (2010 est), 5699:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3298:. Uniforminsignia.org. 1862:Smith (2005), pp. 31–32 1520:Portuguese Armed Forces 1249:Commissioned June 2010 1220:Commissioned June 2010 1008:squad automatic weapons 916: 819:exclusive economic zone 711:Force development plans 700:began to arrive in Dili 557:Formation of the F-FDTL 467: 426: 6149:Military of East Timor 5124:United Nations mission 4870:Province of East Timor 4865:Provisional government 2603:Rees (2004), pp. 28–29 2489:Rees (2004), pp. 11–14 1948:Rees (2004), pp. 47–49 1594: 1540:gross domestic product 1535: 1474: 1154: 1121:Republic of Korea Navy 1097: 1050:patrol boats from the 1040: 1001:M203 grenade launchers 991:. The 2007 edition of 987:and does not have any 945: 897: 853: 789: 724: 630:2006 East Timor crisis 596: 566: 434: 153:Chief of Defence Force 79: 41: 4860:Indonesian occupation 3009:Jane's Defence Weekly 2171:Burton (2007), p. 101 1592: 1533: 1472: 1152: 1088: 1038: 943: 895: 851: 809:' (IISS) publication 787: 722: 594: 564: 536:King's College London 491:History of East Timor 5618:United Arab Emirates 5002:Administrative posts 3780:on 27 September 2007 3762:Horta, Loro (2006). 2858:Storey, Ian (2009). 2258:on 18 September 2012 1709:Rees (2004), pp. 7–9 1619:anti-personnel mines 1393:sunk as a dive wreck 971:The Military Balance 858:Council of Ministers 844:Command arrangements 811:The Military Balance 669:absent without leave 543:, foreign editor of 246:$ 31.1 million 141:Minister for Defence 4897:International Force 4855:Indonesian invasion 4845:Japanese occupation 4617:Lowry, Bob (2006). 4600:(1–2: April 2005). 4551:on 14 November 2007 4547:(5). Archived from 4248:on 20 December 2007 3960:Lowry, Bob (2007). 3881:on 3 December 2011. 3046:. 9 December 2021. 2960:, pp. 197–198. 2652:Rees (2004), p. 29. 2573:UNMIT (2010), p. 14 2564:UNMIT (2006), p. 29 2507:UNMIT (2006), p. 17 2480:UNMIT (2011), p. 38 2471:UNMIT (2010), p. 11 2453:, pp. 122–124. 1960:, pp. 133–134. 1871:Ball (2002), p. 180 1754:, pp. 131–132. 1173: 1094:-class patrol boats 989:crew-served weapons 862:National Parliament 742:anti-armour weapons 157:Lieutenant general 5378:Militaries of Asia 5175:Telecommunications 4833:Colonial governors 4823:Pre-colonial Timor 4687:on 9 February 2012 4631:on 19 August 2006. 4541:Strategic Comments 4414:on 31 August 2007. 4377:on 5 February 2015 4346:. United Nations. 4268:. United Nations. 4163:on 16 October 2015 3966:Strategic Insights 3852:on 23 January 2008 3477:on 3 February 2021 3386:Rees (2004), p. 27 3190:Dive Timor Lorosae 3015:on 10 January 2018 2534:UNMIT (2008), p. 8 2525:Rees (2004), p. 56 2498:Rees (2004), p. 28 2349:UNMIT (2009), p. 2 1880:Rees (2004), p. 31 1718:Rees (2004), p. 14 1595: 1583:State Department's 1536: 1475: 1172: 1155: 1144:Special Operations 1098: 1041: 946: 902:human intelligence 898: 854: 790: 725: 597: 567: 262:Domestic suppliers 6136: 6135: 6131: 6130: 6127: 6126: 5958: 5957: 5717: 5716: 5345: 5344: 5310: 5309: 5193: 5192: 5132: 5131: 5104:Political parties 5065:Foreign relations 5032: 5031: 4840:Japanese invasion 4329:on 9 October 2011 4302:on 9 October 2011 4091:978-0-7106-2959-3 3828:on 14 August 2007 3804:on 15 August 2007 3771:IDSS Commentaries 3669:978-0-8330-7861-2 3579:978-1-876924-49-2 3538:Books and reports 3513:, pp. 30–31. 3344:, pp. 10–11. 3220:. 18 April 2018. 3218:Austal: Corporate 2585:, pp. 31–32. 2306:. 10 March 2008. 2024:, pp. 32–33. 2003:, pp. 20–21. 1832:on 28 August 2007 1818:(9 August 2007). 1462: 1461: 1078:-sized ships and 838:guerrilla warfare 662:Brigadier General 653: 652: 565:FALINTIL veterans 415: 414: 270:Foreign suppliers 227:Reserve personnel 202:Reaching military 170:Military age 16:(Redirected from 6166: 5962: 5961: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5721: 5720: 5694:Christmas Island 5385:Sovereign states 5372: 5365: 5358: 5349: 5348: 5330: 5323: 5204: 5203: 5143: 5142: 5043: 5042: 4948: 4947: 4936: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4768: 4767: 4754: 4725: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4686: 4671: 4661: 4644:(4): 1007–1021. 4632: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4581: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4528: 4499: 4482: 4450:Journal articles 4444: 4442: 4440: 4434: 4427: 4415: 4410:. Archived from 4386: 4384: 4382: 4376: 4369: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4328: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4301: 4294: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4274: 4267: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4247: 4241:. Archived from 4240: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4220: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4193: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4162: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4135: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4095: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4064: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3998: 3981: 3980:on 21 July 2008. 3976:. Archived from 3956: 3954: 3952: 3935: 3924:Military Balance 3918: 3899: 3890:. London: IISS. 3882: 3880: 3873: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3779: 3768: 3758: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3737: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3642: 3623: 3613: 3603: 3595: 3583: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3432:The Jakarta Post 3423: 3417: 3414: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3210: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3071: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3036: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3011:. Archived from 3000: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2835:. Archived from 2824: 2818: 2817: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2782: 2776: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2714: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2671: 2662: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2604: 2601: 2595: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2556: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2535: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2373: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2254:. Archived from 2241: 2235: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2203:. Archived from 2190: 2184: 2181: 2172: 2169: 2163: 2160: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2131: 2125: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2041: 2038: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1977: 1974: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1828:. Archived from 1812: 1806: 1803: 1797: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1740: 1731: 1728: 1719: 1716: 1710: 1707: 1698: 1692: 1651: 1647: 1237: 1206: 1177:Current vessels 1174: 1171: 1132:Military Balance 874: 646: 645: 634: 633: 530:In mid-2000 the 521:José Ramos-Horta 496:Pre-independence 399:Related articles 388: 386: 385: 375: 373: 372: 362: 360: 359: 349: 347: 346: 336: 334: 333: 323: 321: 320: 310: 308: 307: 297: 295: 294: 284: 282: 281: 214:Active personnel 192:military service 180:military service 134:Jose Ramos-Horta 100:Timor-Leste Army 96:Service branches 82: 65: 53: 44: 32: 31: 21: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6123: 6119:Public Security 6090: 6057: 6024: 5991: 5954: 5916: 5913:Public Security 5887: 5854: 5827: 5796: 5754: 5751:Southeast Asian 5748: 5718: 5713: 5675: 5661:Northern Cyprus 5637: 5538:Myanmar (Burma) 5379: 5376: 5346: 5341: 5333: 5326: 5319: 5306: 5280: 5266:Sex trafficking 5189: 5128: 5028: 4992:Protected areas 4937: 4928: 4882:1999 referendum 4828:Portuguese rule 4804: 4795: 4764: 4762: 4760:Further reading 4757: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4669: 4607: 4605: 4554: 4552: 4535:(IISS) (2006). 4459:Pacifica Review 4452: 4447: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4408: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4353: 4351: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4238: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4180: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4112: 4110: 4092: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4041: 4039: 4012: 4010: 4001: 3950: 3948: 3915: 3878: 3871: 3855: 3853: 3831: 3829: 3807: 3805: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3766: 3753: 3741: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3723: 3721: 3700: 3698: 3679: 3677: 3670: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3621: 3597: 3596: 3580: 3558: 3556: 3540: 3535: 3533:Works consulted 3530: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3277: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3212: 3211: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3169: 3167: 3154:Defense, R. P. 3152: 3148: 3140: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3073: 3072: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3038: 3037: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2901:on 26 June 2010 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2825: 2821: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2785: 2777: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2757:on 14 June 2017 2749: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2672: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2637: 2635: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2409: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2313: 2311: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2283: 2281: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2259: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2207:on 11 July 2007 2191: 2187: 2182: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2154: 2144: 2142: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2098: 2088: 2086: 2081:. 24 May 2006. 2073: 2072: 2068: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2044: 2039: 2028: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1987: 1980: 1975: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1926: 1919: 1909: 1907: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1845: 1835: 1833: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1774: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1734: 1729: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1701: 1693: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1654: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1570: 1564: 1528: 1512: 1506: 1467: 1400:Future vessels 1298:Former vessels 1231: 1200: 1136:Jane's Sentinel 1060:Portuguese Navy 1052:Portuguese Navy 1033: 1031:Naval Component 993:Jane's Sentinel 963:military police 919: 890: 878:Lere Anan Timor 868: 846: 713: 689:Gastão Salsinha 685:military police 681:Alfredo Reinado 665:Taur Matan Ruak 643: 632: 626: 606:Ermera district 601:Lautém District 559: 498: 493: 487: 470: 394: 383: 381: 370: 368: 357: 355: 344: 342: 331: 329: 318: 316: 305: 303: 292: 290: 279: 277: 208: 203: 196: 191: 184: 179: 159:Falur Rate Laek 103: 101: 68: 56: 28: 23: 22: 18:East Timor Army 15: 12: 11: 5: 6172: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6134: 6133: 6129: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6100: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6067: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6034: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6001: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5981: 5976: 5970: 5968: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5926: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5906: 5903: 5897: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5864: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5843: 5837: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5806: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5773: 5771: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5747: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5724: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5685: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5647: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5389: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5352: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5332: 5331: 5324: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5251:Notable people 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5114:Prime Minister 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4967: 4965:Municipalities 4962: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4825: 4820: 4814: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4794: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4771: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4737:(3): 287–310. 4731:Asian Security 4726: 4708:(3): 185–210. 4702:Asian Security 4697: 4662: 4633: 4614: 4582: 4572:(1): 113–137. 4561: 4529: 4511:(4): 123–150. 4505:Asian Security 4500: 4483: 4465:(3): 175–189. 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4416: 4406: 4387: 4363:UNMIT (2011). 4360: 4339: 4312: 4285: 4258: 4231: 4204: 4173: 4146: 4119: 4096: 4090: 4075: 4048: 4019: 3999: 3982: 3957: 3936: 3919: 3913: 3900: 3883: 3862: 3838: 3814: 3790: 3759: 3751: 3707: 3697:on 27 May 2010 3686: 3668: 3653: 3614: 3584: 3578: 3565: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3515: 3503: 3488: 3458: 3449: 3418: 3406: 3397: 3388: 3379: 3370: 3358: 3346: 3334: 3322: 3313: 3287: 3261: 3235: 3202: 3177: 3146: 3127: 3096: 3061: 3026: 2995: 2986: 2977: 2962: 2950: 2948:, p. 299. 2938: 2912: 2885: 2850: 2833:The Australian 2819: 2798: 2783: 2781:, p. 203. 2768: 2742: 2740:, p. 298. 2730: 2718: 2706: 2697: 2680:The Strategist 2663: 2654: 2645: 2630:. p. 14. 2614: 2605: 2596: 2587: 2575: 2566: 2557: 2548: 2536: 2527: 2518: 2509: 2500: 2491: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2455: 2443: 2434: 2422: 2420:, p. 296. 2407: 2395: 2386: 2374: 2365: 2351: 2342: 2340:, p. 142. 2338:Glendhill 2014 2330: 2321: 2291: 2269: 2251:The Australian 2236: 2227: 2218: 2200:The Australian 2185: 2173: 2164: 2152: 2126: 2117: 2108: 2096: 2066: 2064:, p. 133. 2062:Glendhill 2014 2054: 2042: 2026: 2014: 2005: 1993: 1978: 1962: 1958:Glendhill 2014 1950: 1941: 1932: 1917: 1882: 1873: 1864: 1855: 1843: 1825:The Australian 1816:Sheridan, Greg 1807: 1798: 1789: 1780: 1778:, p. 132. 1776:Glendhill 2014 1765: 1756: 1752:Glendhill 2014 1744: 1732: 1720: 1711: 1699: 1697:, p. 317. 1667: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1579:Brazilian Army 1563: 1560: 1527: 1524: 1516:military ranks 1508:Main article: 1505: 1502: 1493:Baucau Airport 1466: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1426: 1423: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1389: 1386: 1381: 1378: 1368: 1367: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1341: 1340: 1333: 1330: 1325: 1322: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1210: 1207: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1032: 1029: 967:special forces 923:light infantry 918: 915: 889: 886: 845: 842: 712: 709: 651: 650: 639: 638: 637:External image 625: 622: 558: 555: 546:The Australian 502:guerrilla army 497: 494: 486: 483: 469: 466: 413: 412: 407: 401: 400: 396: 395: 393: 392: 379: 366: 353: 340: 327: 314: 301: 288: 274: 271: 267: 266: 263: 259: 258: 252: 251: 244: 238: 237: 233: 232: 229: 223: 222: 215: 211: 210: 205: 199: 198: 193: 187: 186: 181: 175: 174: 171: 167: 166: 162: 161: 155: 149: 148: 143: 137: 136: 131: 125: 124: 118: 117: 112: 106: 105: 98: 92: 91: 88: 84: 83: 76: 70: 69: 66: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6171: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6104:Ground Forces 6102: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5745: 5740: 5738: 5733: 5731: 5726: 5725: 5722: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5656:South Ossetia 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5373: 5368: 5366: 5361: 5359: 5354: 5353: 5350: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5155:Centavo coins 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4877:Dili massacre 4875: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4787: 4785: 4780: 4778: 4773: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4615: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4454: 4431: 4424: 4423: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4407:1-920722-00-9 4403: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4388: 4373: 4366: 4361: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4325: 4318: 4313: 4298: 4291: 4286: 4271: 4264: 4259: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4217: 4210: 4205: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4174: 4159: 4152: 4147: 4132: 4125: 4120: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4076: 4061: 4054: 4049: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4028:Working Paper 4025: 4020: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3914:9781857438352 3910: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3877: 3870: 3869: 3863: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3735: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3708: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3654: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3525:, p. 32. 3524: 3519: 3512: 3507: 3501:, p. 31. 3500: 3495: 3493: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3462: 3453: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3413: 3411: 3401: 3392: 3383: 3374: 3368:, p. 27. 3367: 3362: 3356:, p. 41. 3355: 3350: 3343: 3338: 3332:, p. 26. 3331: 3326: 3317: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3275: 3274:Media release 3271: 3265: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3207: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3165: 3162:(in French). 3161: 3157: 3150: 3144:, p. 54. 3143: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2990: 2981: 2973: 2966: 2959: 2958:Strating 2013 2954: 2947: 2942: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2839:on 9 May 2008 2838: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2816:. p. 16. 2815: 2811: 2810: 2802: 2796:, p. 53. 2795: 2790: 2788: 2780: 2779:Saunders 2011 2775: 2773: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2739: 2734: 2727: 2722: 2713: 2711: 2701: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2668: 2658: 2649: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2609: 2600: 2591: 2584: 2579: 2570: 2561: 2552: 2543: 2541: 2531: 2522: 2513: 2504: 2495: 2486: 2477: 2468: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2438: 2432:, p. 42. 2431: 2426: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2404: 2399: 2390: 2381: 2379: 2369: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2346: 2339: 2334: 2325: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2295: 2279: 2273: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2240: 2231: 2222: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2189: 2180: 2178: 2168: 2159: 2157: 2140: 2136: 2130: 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692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 677:Mari Alkatiri 672: 670: 666: 663: 658: 657:Xanana Gusmão 649: 640: 635: 631: 621: 619: 613: 609: 607: 602: 593: 589: 586: 580: 577: 571: 563: 554: 550: 548: 547: 542: 541:Greg Sheridan 537: 533: 528: 526: 522: 518: 514: 511: 507: 503: 492: 482: 478: 476: 465: 461: 459: 454: 452: 448: 444: 441:-FDTL, often 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 411: 408: 406: 402: 397: 391: 390:United States 380: 378: 367: 365: 354: 352: 341: 339: 328: 326: 315: 313: 302: 300: 289: 287: 276: 275: 272: 268: 264: 260: 257: 253: 249: 245: 243: 239: 234: 230: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 206: 200: 194: 188: 182: 178:Available for 176: 172: 168: 163: 160: 156: 154: 150: 147: 144: 142: 138: 135: 132: 130: 126: 123: 119: 116: 113: 111: 107: 99: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 75: 71: 67:F-FDTL emblem 64: 59: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 5840: 5613:Turkmenistan 5602: 5573:Saudi Arabia 5297:Coat of arms 5256:Prostitution 5221:Demographics 5093: 5070:Human rights 5050:Constitution 5006: 4909:Independence 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London. 3280:2 October 2284:11 August 2262:10 August 2211:10 August 2022:Rees 2004 2001:Rees 2004 1663:Citations 1486:Mil Mi-17 1452:Guardian 1374:Kamenassa 1356:Albatroz 1353:Portugal 1324:Portugal 1005:FN Minimi 504:known as 445:) is the 325:Indonesia 286:Australia 165:Personnel 129:President 6063:Thailand 5922:Malaysia 5802:Cambodia 5651:Abkhazia 5598:Thailand 5553:Pakistan 5533:Mongolia 5528:Maldives 5523:Malaysia 5428:Cambodia 5337:Category 5261:Religion 5094:Military 5038:Politics 5019:Wildlife 4818:Timeline 4802:articles 4602:Archived 4588:(2005). 4430:Archived 4354:6 August 4348:Archived 4270:Archived 4216:Archived 4189:Archived 4167:3 August 4140:3 August 4131:Archived 4107:Archived 4060:Archived 4036:Archived 4007:Archived 3945:Archived 3943:. 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