34:
2131:
404:
360:
The comparative method can be extended to other languages of the Indo-European family, including ones from which
Romanian could not have borrowed directly or indirectly, in order to reconstruct Thraco-Dacian substratum words. This yields results with varying degrees of probability. Between 80 and 100
877:
Numerous language studies and research papers discuss the problems of the
Substrate in Romanian, considered by some to be the most controversial and difficult part of Romanian language since its nature and development could explain the evolution of Latin to Romanian.
391:
states that almost the entire major hydronymy has been transmitted from Dacian to
Romanian. Other linguists have pointed out that the present Romanian forms of these hydronyms indicate that they were borrowed from
805:
Several other have been attributed to the influence of substratum by some researchers, but there is no general consensus among scholars. For example, the development of "ă" vowel: linguists Al. Phillipide and
351:
arichiță, băiat, băl, brâncă, orbalţ, borţ, bulz, burduf, burtă, codru, Crăciun, creţ, cruţa, curma, daltă, dărâma, fluture, lai, mătură, mire, negură, păstaie, scorbură, spuză, stăpân, sterp, stână, traistă
1476:
History of
Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606 - III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526) - 1. Transylvania'a Indigenous Population at the Time of the Hungarian Conquest
411:) has preserved the substrate form of their names instead of the Latin form. Other linguist say that the Romanian form of the names of these rivers indicate, that they are loanwords in Romanian mainly from
1178:
Friedman, Victor A. (2023). "The importance of
Aromanian for the study of Balkan language contact in the context of Balkan-Caucasian parallels". In Aminian Jazi, Ioana; Kahl, Thede (eds.).
278:
balaur, bală, baligă, barză, brad, călbează, căpușă, cioară, cioc, ciut, ghionoaie, măgar, mânz(at), murg, mușcoi, năpârcă, pupăză, raţă, strepede, şopârlă, ştiră, ţap, viezure, vizuină
109:. According to a widely accepted theory, the territory where the language formed was a large one, consisting of both the north and the south of the Danube (encompassing the regions of
1514:(4). Nemzeti Kulturális Alap, Szegedi Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Kara, Szegedért Alapítvány, Szeged Megyei Jogú Város Önkormányzata, Nemzeti Együttműködési Alap: 146.
48:, the Romanians' ancestors included Roman provincials who preferred to remain in Dacia after the withdrawal of Roman troops and administration in the early 270s AD
901:
and they were borrowed from
Romanian by the neighboring languages. Though the substratum status of many Romanian words is not much disputed, their status as
989:
1699:
368:(1. shore, bank; 2. ravine, reg. a raised portion of land smaller than a hill and with abrupt sides) have almost identical correspondents in Albanian
2042:
999:
68:, languages with which Romanian came into contact, or determining if it is an internal construct. If there are no matching results, a comparison to
948:
There are also some
Romanian substratum words in languages other than Romanian, these examples having entered via Romanian dialects. For example,
2052:
1994:
1662:
1436:
There is not a single river name of
Romanian origin, the old river names have been transmitted into Romanian through Slavic transmission.
1153:(2013). "Geography and distribution of the Romance languages in Europe". In Maiden, Martin; Smith, John Charles; Ledgeway, Adam (eds.).
137:, published in 2013, came to the conclusion that the "historical, archaeological and linguistic data available do not seem adequate" to
17:
2157:
2116:
937:" language as its substrate, a hypothecised language that accordig to him had a number of features which distinguished it from the
268:
brusture, bung(et), ciump, coacăză, copac, curpen, druete, leurdă, ghimpe, mazăre, mărar, mugure, sâmbure, spânz, strugure, ţeapă
921:
from
Albanian, it indicates that the substrate language of Romanian may have been on the same Indo-European branch as Albanian.
1478:. New York: Columbia University Press, (The Hungarian original by Institute of History Of The Hungarian Academy of Sciences).
1570:
1341:
1312:
1265:
1162:
2010:
1726:
1254:
Schumacher, Stefan (2020). "The perfect system of Old
Albanian (Geg variety)". In Robert Crellin; Thomas Jügel (eds.).
902:
1628:
1599:
1541:
1483:
1373:
1238:
1065:
1040:
372:(mountain), but they can also be related to toponyms like Dacia Maluensis later renamed by Romans to Dacia Ripensis (
1902:
1136:
Ein Damm bricht. Die römische Donaugrenze und die Invasionen des 5-7. Jahrhunderts in Lichte der Namen und Wörter
1655:
2016:
2001:
1947:
838:
points this changes can also be seen as the tendency of the oral language to differentiate between forms of a
1879:
2047:
853:
Likewise, the morphological and syntactical features attributed to substratum, identified by comparison to
746:
731:
701:
686:
671:
613:
508:
493:
478:
221:
77:
2111:
1924:
1709:
905:
is controversial, some more than others since there are no significant surviving written examples of the
1080:
2162:
2135:
1957:
1952:
1648:
211:
1790:
897:
in standard literature may have actually developed from reconstructed (not attested) words of local
355:
1874:
782:
rhotacism of n consonant, seen only marginally in Romanian, is a general rule for lexical items of
424:
Romanian river names with the etymons found in Indo-European languages as per Felecan&Felecan.
61:
1500:
2073:
1795:
898:
886:
783:
161:
150:
138:
45:
345:
bucur(ie), ciupi, copil, cursă, fluier, droaie, gata, ghiuj, jumătate, mare (adj), moş, scăpăra.
1721:
383:
All river names over 500 km and half of those between 200 and 500 km derive from pre-
169:
2106:
1978:
930:
807:
635:
388:
1736:
218:, a language that although almost unattested has left traces in toponomy and inscriptions.
176:
varieties are today spoken by approximately 6 million people in the Balkans, primarily in
8:
1260:. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Vol. 352. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
847:
843:
839:
33:
1891:
1884:
1785:
1687:
1191:
894:
827:
416:
88:
1731:
1448:
387:
substratum, according to linguist and philologist Oliviu Felecan. Similarly, linguist
2078:
2037:
1942:
1714:
1704:
1679:
1671:
1624:
1595:
1566:
1537:
1479:
1412:
1369:
1337:
1308:
1261:
1234:
1158:
1061:
1036:
938:
910:
862:
858:
854:
831:
643:
568:
553:
538:
448:
233:
In general, words assumed to belong to substratum can be placed into two categories:
215:
205:
173:
157:
98:
92:
73:
69:
53:
28:
708:
2088:
1988:
1962:
1826:
1811:
1692:
1402:
1183:
890:
791:
412:
408:
126:
1100:
605:
545:
530:
455:
1928:
1916:
1281:
1255:
1226:
1213:
1084:
994:
906:
716:
658:
583:
523:
463:
356:
Comparative methods applied to Thraco-Dacian and/or other Indo-European languages
185:
102:
41:
122:
1869:
1821:
1816:
1407:
1390:
961:
1471:
2151:
1779:
1416:
1195:
1150:
934:
866:
787:
693:
500:
253:
201:
1754:
560:
1920:
1912:
882:
628:
349:
Words possibly of substratum but not generally agreed among linguists are:
106:
1187:
810:
consider the spontaneous evolution of unstressed "a" from words like Lat.
759:
A couple of phonetic changes have been agreed on as substratum influence:
942:
835:
575:
470:
332:
285:
164:– an Indo-European language and the only surviving representative of the
37:
1089:, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-19-964492-6, page 2.
397:
322:
193:
84:
2083:
2068:
918:
1640:
1759:
1155:
The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages, Volume II: Contexts
965:
914:
598:
302:
165:
723:
590:
125:. Other scholars place the origin of the Romanian language in the
1983:
1851:
969:
953:
949:
754:
403:
312:
243:
177:
118:
57:
1229:. In Kapović, Mate; Giacalone Ramat, Anna; Ramat, Paolo (eds.).
1118:
On the history of Romanian (Marino, Mary C.; Pérez, Luis A. ed.)
909:. Many of the possible pre-Roman lexical items of Romanian have
885:
and Ivan Duridanov) propose that a number of words presented as
1286:, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-19-964492-6
973:
957:
650:
440:
237:
197:
189:
181:
130:
114:
1451:(December 1951). "The Development and Structure of Rumanian".
407:
Major rivers of Romania. According to one theory, Romanian (a
1908:
842:, comparable to the development of similar central vowels in
738:
678:
620:
515:
393:
384:
273:
263:
110:
65:
1857:
485:
376:- meaning bank, shore - has been inherited in Romanian as
292:
1862:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
834:, as the substratum influence in Romanian, while linguist
337:
baci, bâr, buc, grapă, gresie, lete, strungă, ţarc, zgardă
228:
1120:. Linguistic Association of Canada and the United States.
1182:. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. pp. 345–360.
1180:
Ethno-Cultural Diversity in the Balkans and the Caucasus
60:
items. The process of determining if a word is from the
1623:]. Editura Fundaţiei România de Mâine. p. 43.
1594:]. Editura Fundaţiei România de Mâine. p. 47.
1536:]. Editura Fundaţiei România de Mâine. p. 46.
1501:"A román nép születése – avagy egy rejtély filológiája"
1368:]. Editura Fundaţiei România de Mâine. p. 45.
1035:]. Editura Fundaţiei România de Mâine. p. 44.
933:
developed the theory that the Romanian language has a "
1747:
1212:. University of Michigan Press, 1991. pp. 10–11.
1157:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 283–334 (287).
297:
abur, brânză, fărâmă, grunz, sarbăd, scrum, urdă, zară
141:
where the development of the Romanian language began.
1391:"Etymological strata reflected in Romanian hydronymy"
224:, if none of the other languages yielded any results.
972:, the name being derived from the Romanian word for
913:
parallels, and if they are in fact substratum words
990:
List of Romanian words of possible pre-Roman origin
204:, also represents one of the core languages of the
1523:
1521:
1355:
1353:
87:, some other features of Eastern Romance, such as
1058:An English-Aromanian (Macedo-Romanian) Dictionary
1022:
1020:
1018:
2149:
1621:Introduction to the History of Romanian Language
1592:Introduction to the History of Romanian Language
1534:Introduction to the History of Romanian Language
1366:Introduction to the History of Romanian Language
1033:Introduction to the History of Romanian Language
1565:]. Editura Pro Universitaria. p. 148.
1518:
1350:
1294:
1292:
1388:
1336:]. Editura Pro Universitaria. p. 83.
1307:]. Editura Pro Universitaria. p. 84.
1257:Perfects in Indo-European Languages and Beyond
1247:
1015:
755:Phonetic, morphological and syntactic features
135:The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages
1656:
1148:
1000:Albanian–Eastern Romance linguistic parallels
872:
44:: according to one of the theories about the
1289:
767:- /ʃ/ - comes from the voiceless fricative
95:) may also be from Paleo-Balkan languages.
1663:
1649:
1395:Quaderns de Filología. Estudis Lingüístics
1389:Felecan, Oliviu; Felecan, Nicolae (2015).
1253:
160:and its reconstructed ancient precursor –
2117:Romanian-language schools in Transnistria
1498:
1406:
881:Some linguists (including Sorin Olteanu,
1202:
1177:
402:
32:
1995:Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române
1614:
1585:
1527:
1447:
1359:
1224:
1026:
229:Comparative methods applied to Albanian
105:language, which in turn developed from
14:
2150:
1469:
1055:
822:or a consonant cluster beginning with
763:the fricative post-alveolar consonant
327:buză, ceafă, ciuf, grumaz, guşă, rânză
121:), more precisely to the north of the
91:features and elements of grammar (see
1670:
1644:
1617:Introducere în istoria limbii române]
1588:Introducere în istoria limbii române]
1530:Introducere în istoria limbii române]
1453:The Slavonic and East European Review
1429:
1362:Introducere în istoria limbii române]
1029:Introducere în istoria limbii române]
325:(some initially used for livestock):
1556:
1327:
1298:
1129:
1127:
952:is a type of cheese made in Eastern
823:
819:
771:in a soft position for example Lat.
149:The study of the substrate involves
52:The proposed substratal elements in
1508:Aetas - Történettudományi Folyóirat
1463:
1133:
1098:
865:since the grammatical structure of
24:
2043:Linguistic parallels with Albanian
1138:(in German). R. Oldenbourg Verlag.
1060:. Romance Monographs. p. 21.
924:
25:
2174:
2048:Slavic superstratum and adstratum
1124:
1109:
1092:
941:spoken further south, across the
343:Other words from substratum are:
248:ciucă, groapă, mal, măgură, noian
2158:History of the Romanian language
2130:
2129:
1115:
917:with the Albanian ones, and not
144:
1608:
1579:
1550:
1492:
1441:
1423:
1401:(Toponímia Románica): 251–269.
1382:
1321:
1274:
1218:
361:words belong to this category.
2017:Academy of Sciences of Moldova
2011:Dicționar moldovenesc-românesc
1948:Romanian transitional alphabet
1171:
1142:
1074:
1049:
380:- the abrupt side of a hill).
13:
1:
2053:Influence on Slavic languages
1432:Istoria și geografia României
1008:
795:
80:reconstructed words is made.
818:, and stresses "a" before a
307:bască, brâu, căciulă, sarică
7:
2112:Romanian language in Serbia
1280:Pană Dindelegan, Gabriela,
1231:The Indo-European Languages
1225:Rusakov, Alexander (2017).
983:
929:The Bulgarian Thracologist
857:and other languages of the
200:. Albanian, especially the
10:
2179:
1972:Institutions and movements
1958:Romanian Cyrillic alphabet
1953:Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet
1773:Dialects/related languages
1499:Miskolczy, Ambrus (2018).
1408:10.7203/qfilologia.20.7521
1210:The Early medieval Balkans
873:A difficult research topic
790:prior to the contact with
26:
18:Eastern Romance substratum
2125:
2099:
2061:
2025:
2002:Dicționarul Limbii Române
1971:
1935:
1900:
1804:
1772:
1678:
1615:Brâncuș, Grigore (2005).
1586:Brâncuș, Grigore (2005).
1528:Brâncuș, Grigore (2005).
1472:"Toponymy and Chronology"
1360:Brâncuș, Grigore (2005).
1081:Pană Dindelegan, Gabriela
1027:Brâncuș, Grigore (2005).
317:argea, cătun, gard, vatră
168:branch, belonging to the
826:, a vowel found also in
238:nature and natural world
129:, strictly south of the
1880:traditional month names
1748:Argots and speech forms
1559:De la Latină la Română]
1470:Makkai, László (2001).
1330:De la Latină la Română]
1283:The Grammar of Romanian
1102:Kosovo, a short history
1086:The Grammar of Romanian
899:Indo-European languages
435:Language of the etymon
139:determine the territory
64:involves comparison to
46:origin of the Romanians
1563:From Latin to Romanian
1334:From Latin to Romanian
1305:From Latin to Romanian
1301:De la Latină la Română
964:(Moravian Wallachia),
420:
364:Substratum words like
49:
2107:Romanian Language Day
1875:longest Romanian word
1557:Sala, Marius (2012).
1328:Sala, Marius (2012).
1299:Sala, Marius (2012).
1188:10.2307/jj.3508401.16
1056:Vrabie, Emil (2000).
406:
36:
1979:Transylvanian School
1870:Lexis and vocabulary
1134:Schramm, Gottfried.
1715:Republic of Moldova
863:to scholarly debate
747:Proto-Indo-European
732:Proto-Indo-European
702:Proto-Indo-European
687:Proto-Indo-European
672:Proto-Indo-European
614:Proto-Indo-European
509:Proto-Indo-European
494:Proto-Indo-European
479:Proto-Indo-European
425:
222:Proto-Indo-European
151:comparative methods
101:developed from the
78:Proto-Indo-European
2062:Speech communities
1903:historic evolution
1149:Andreose, Alvise;
423:
421:
333:related activities
284:and those used in
170:Paleo-Balkan group
50:
2163:Linguistic strata
2145:
2144:
2038:Balkan sprachbund
1782:(Romanian itself)
1768:
1767:
1672:Romanian language
1572:978-606-647-435-1
1430:Petrovici, Emil.
1343:978-606-647-435-1
1314:978-606-647-435-1
1267:978-90-272-6090-1
1164:978-0-521-80073-0
1116:Izzo, Herbert J.
939:Thracian language
931:Vladimir Georgiev
893:language or from
859:Balkan sprachbund
752:
751:
236:those related to
206:Balkan Sprachbund
93:Balkan sprachbund
29:Romanian language
16:(Redirected from
2170:
2133:
2132:
2026:Language contact
1989:Romanian Academy
1963:Romanian Braille
1791:Megleno-Romanian
1745:
1744:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1510:(in Hungarian).
1505:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1449:Nandris, Grigore
1445:
1439:
1438:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1222:
1216:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1096:
1090:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1024:
800:
797:
792:Slavic languages
429:Name in Romanian
426:
422:
409:Romance language
127:Balkan Peninsula
21:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2121:
2095:
2057:
2021:
1967:
1943:Modern alphabet
1931:
1929:Modern Romanian
1925:Re-latinization
1917:Common Romanian
1909:Classical Latin
1896:
1800:
1764:
1743:
1674:
1669:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1526:
1519:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1468:
1464:
1446:
1442:
1428:
1424:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1297:
1290:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1223:
1219:
1207:
1203:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1147:
1143:
1132:
1125:
1114:
1110:
1099:Malcolm, Noel.
1097:
1093:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1025:
1016:
1011:
1005:
995:Common Romanian
986:
927:
925:Other languages
907:Dacian language
875:
869:is unattested.
808:Grigore Brâncuș
798:
757:
432:Proposed etymon
389:Grigore Brâncuș
358:
254:bodies of water
231:
186:North Macedonia
147:
117:, and possibly
103:Common Romanian
83:In addition to
42:Moesia Inferior
31:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2176:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1907:
1905:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1796:Istro-Romanian
1793:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1684:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1607:
1600:
1578:
1571:
1549:
1542:
1517:
1491:
1484:
1462:
1440:
1422:
1381:
1374:
1349:
1342:
1320:
1313:
1288:
1273:
1266:
1246:
1239:
1217:
1201:
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1151:Renzi, Lorenzo
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985:
982:
962:Czech Republic
926:
923:
874:
871:
861:, are subject
803:
802:
784:Istro-Romanian
780:
756:
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749:
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741:
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734:
729:
726:
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172:of antiquity.
162:Proto-Albanian
146:
143:
27:Main article:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1780:Daco-Romanian
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1240:9781317391531
1236:
1233:. Routledge.
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1196:jj.3508401.16
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1189:
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916:
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868:
867:Thraco-Dacian
864:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
799: 600 CE
793:
789:
788:Tosk Albanian
785:
781:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:
760:
748:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
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712:
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544:
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528:
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522:
519:
517:
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472:
469:
468:
465:
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405:
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353:
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331:
328:
324:
321:
318:
314:
311:
308:
304:
301:
298:
294:
291:
290:
289:
287:
286:pastoral life
279:
275:
272:
269:
265:
262:
259:
255:
252:
249:
245:
242:
241:
240:
239:
234:
223:
220:
217:
213:
212:Thraco-Dacian
210:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:
155:
154:
152:
145:Lexical items
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
2134:
2089:Timok Vlachs
2032:
2009:
2000:
1993:
1936:Written form
1921:Old Romanian
1913:Vulgar Latin
1727:Transylvania
1620:
1616:
1610:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1533:
1529:
1511:
1507:
1494:
1475:
1465:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1365:
1361:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1304:
1300:
1282:
1276:
1256:
1249:
1230:
1220:
1214:Google Books
1209:
1204:
1179:
1173:
1154:
1144:
1135:
1117:
1111:
1101:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1057:
1051:
1032:
1028:
1004:
977:
947:
935:Daco-Moesian
928:
903:Dacian words
883:Sorin Paliga
880:
876:
852:
815:
811:
804:
776:
772:
768:
764:
758:
629:Daco-moesian
382:
377:
373:
369:
365:
363:
359:
350:
348:
344:
342:
336:
326:
316:
306:
296:
283:
277:
267:
257:
247:
235:
232:
202:Tosk dialect
153:applied to:
148:
134:
123:Jireček Line
107:Vulgar Latin
97:
89:phonological
82:
76:remnants or
72:vocabulary,
51:
1901:Periods of
1885:profanities
1805:Linguistics
1680:Subdialects
1459:(74): 7–39.
836:Marius Sala
258:bâlc, pârâu
56:are mostly
38:Roman Dacia
2152:Categories
1755:Gumuțeasca
1227:"Albanian"
1208:Fine, JA.
1009:References
887:borrowings
848:Neapolitan
844:Portuguese
775:> Rom.
398:Hungarians
194:Montenegro
85:vocabulary
62:substratum
2084:Moldovans
2069:Romanians
2033:Substrata
1892:Phonology
1786:Aromanian
1737:Maramureș
1688:Wallachia
1417:1135-416X
919:loanwords
895:Hungarian
828:Bulgarian
814:>Rom.
417:Hungarian
2136:Category
2079:diaspora
1856:Former:
1760:Totoiana
1710:Bukovina
1705:Moldavia
984:See also
966:Slovakia
915:cognates
911:Albanian
855:Albanian
840:paradigm
832:Albanian
794:(before
743:*s(e)reu
655:sil-arta
644:Thracian
599:Sanskrit
569:Thracian
554:Thracian
539:Thracian
449:Thracian
303:clothing
216:Thracian
174:Albanian
166:Albanoid
158:Albanian
99:Romanian
74:Thracian
70:Albanian
54:Romanian
1984:Junimea
1827:numbers
1812:Grammar
1732:Crișana
1700:Dobruja
1693:Oltenia
970:Ukraine
954:Austria
950:Bryndza
945:range.
889:from a
812:camisia
773:serpens
668:*eybhro
640:berzava
636:Bârzava
520:Tibisio
460:morisjo
445:Donaris
313:housing
244:terrain
178:Albania
119:Illyria
58:lexical
2100:Others
2074:origin
1627:
1598:
1569:
1540:
1482:
1415:
1372:
1340:
1311:
1264:
1237:
1194:
1161:
1064:
1039:
978:brânză
974:cheese
960:, the
958:Poland
943:Haemus
891:Slavic
816:cămașă
717:Dacian
709:Năruia
659:Dacian
651:Gilort
584:Dacian
580:Gilpil
561:Crișul
550:*bhuǧ-
524:Dacian
490:*pltus
464:Dacian
441:Dunăre
413:Slavic
198:Greece
190:Serbia
182:Kosovo
131:Danube
115:Moesia
1822:verbs
1817:nouns
1722:Banat
1619:[
1590:[
1561:[
1532:[
1504:(PDF)
1364:[
1332:[
1303:[
1192:JSTOR
1031:[
777:șarpe
739:Strei
728:*ser-
724:Săsar
713:*ner-
698:*ner-
683:*ued-
679:Vedea
625:Ampee
621:Ampoi
606:Timiș
591:Someș
565:kres-
546:Buzău
535:*arg-
531:Argeș
505:*ser-
501:Siret
456:Mureș
394:Slavs
385:Latin
288:for:
274:fauna
264:flora
111:Dacia
66:Latin
1625:ISBN
1596:ISBN
1567:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1413:ISSN
1370:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1262:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1037:ISBN
968:and
830:and
786:and
694:Nera
665:Ibru
610:*ti-
595:çam-
516:Tisa
486:Prut
475:*ol-
415:and
378:râpă
374:rīpa
323:body
293:food
196:and
40:and
1403:doi
1184:doi
980:).
846:or
824:/m/
820:/n/
576:Jiu
471:Olt
396:or
370:mal
366:mal
214:or
2154::
1927:→
1923:→
1919:→
1915:→
1911:→
1858:D̦
1520:^
1512:33
1506:.
1474:.
1457:30
1455:.
1434:.
1411:.
1399:20
1397:.
1393:.
1352:^
1291:^
1190:.
1126:^
1083:,
1017:^
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850:.
801:).
796:c.
400:.
335::
315::
305::
295::
276::
266::
256::
246::
192:,
188:,
184:,
180:,
133:.
113:,
1863:Ŭ
1852:Ț
1847:Ș
1842:Î
1837:Â
1832:Ă
1664:e
1657:t
1650:v
1633:.
1604:.
1575:.
1546:.
1488:.
1419:.
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1378:.
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1317:.
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1198:.
1186::
1167:.
1105:.
1070:.
1045:.
976:(
779:.
769:s
765:ș
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329:;
319:;
309:;
299:;
280:;
270:;
260:;
250:;
208:.
20:)
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