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across echocardiography labs in the United States. Accreditation is offered in adult and pediatric transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography, as well as adult stress and fetal echo. Accreditation is a two-part process. Each facility will conduct a detailed self-evaluation, paying close attention to the IAC Standards and
Guidelines. The facility will then complete the application and submit actual case studies to the board of directors for review. Once all requirements have been met, the lab will receive certification. IAC certification is a continual process and must be maintained by the facility: it may include audits or site visits by the IAC. There are several states in which Medicare and/or private insurance carriers require accreditation (credentials) of the laboratory and/or sonographer for reimbursement of echocardiograms.
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treadmill or uses another exercise modality to increase the heart rate to his or her target heart rate, or 85% of the age-predicted maximum heart rate (220 − patient's age). Finally, images of the heart are taken "at stress" to assess wall motion at the peak heart rate. A stress echo assesses wall motion of the heart; it does not, however, create an image of the coronary arteries directly. Ischemia of one or more coronary arteries could cause a wall motion abnormality, which could indicate coronary artery disease. The gold standard test to directly create an image of the coronary arteries and directly assess for stenosis or occlusion is a cardiac catheterization. A stress echo is not invasive and is performed in the presence of a licensed medical professional, such as a cardiologist, and a cardiac sonographer.
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measurements. There are two forms, pulse and continuous. Pulsed allows velocities to be calculated in a specific place, but has a limited velocity range is can be used. Continuous wave allows the velocity to be measured from zero to the fastest blood velocities a diseased heart can generate. However, it can not tell you where in the A-scan the high velocity is coming from. Continuous wave would be used to calculate aortic stenosis because you know the high velocity is coming from the stenosis region. Pulsed would be used to find a ventricular septal defect where there should be no velocity across the septum and the pulsed tells you the location.
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through the cardiovascular system and return the ultrasound waves, creating a highly reflective image. There are multiple applications in which contrast-enhanced ultrasound can be useful. The most commonly used application is in the enhancement of LV endocardial borders for assessment of global and regional systolic function. Contrast may also be used to enhance visualization of wall thickening during stress echocardiography, for the assessment of LV thrombus, or for the assessment of other masses in the heart. Contrast echocardiography has also been used to assess blood perfusion throughout myocardium in the case of coronary artery disease.
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flow through the heart. Color
Doppler, as well as spectral Doppler, is used to visualize any abnormal communications between the left and right sides of the heart, any leaking of blood through the valves (valvular regurgitation), and estimate how well the valves open (or do not open in the case of valvular stenosis). The Doppler technique can also be used for tissue motion and velocity measurement, by
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272:. It is one of the most widely used diagnostic imaging modalities in cardiology. It can provide a wealth of helpful information, including the size and shape of the heart (internal chamber size quantification), pumping capacity, location and extent of any tissue damage, and assessment of valves. An echocardiogram can also give physicians other estimates of heart function, such as a calculation of the
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1000:(ASE) is a professional organization made up of physicians, sonographers, nurses, and scientists involved in the field of echocardiography. One of the most important roles that the ASE plays is providing their recommendations through the ASE Guidelines and Standards, providing resource and educational opportunities for sonographers and physicians in the field.
986:). Accreditation is granted through the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Recognition of ARDMS programs in providing credentials has also earned the ARDMS accreditation with the National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA). The NCCA is the accrediting arm of the National Organization for Competency Assurance (NOCA).
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echocardiography studies. For example, the differentiation of mild, moderate, and severe valvular disease is based upon measured criteria. Another example is the estimation of heart function by the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) has vast uses including classification of heart failure and cut offs for implantation of
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same images. It necessitated the development of accreditation programs around the world. The aim of such programs is to standardize the practice of echocardiography and to ensure that practitioners have the proper training prior to practicing echocardiography which will eventually limit inter-observer variability.
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to further refine the perspective of the heart. Additionally, the ultrasound crystal is often a two-dimension crystal and the ultrasound plane being used can be rotated electronically to permit an additional dimension to optimize views of the heart structures. Often, movement in all of these dimensions is needed.
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A-scan or one dimensional ultrasound represents over half the standard ECHO exam. For example, it is how aortic stenosis valve area (or any obstruction). It is also how pressures are calculated in the heart such as right ventricle systolic pressure (RVSP). It is usually used in the form of
Doppler
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ICE is often inserted through the femoral vein and into the right atrium. From the right atrium, visualization of the interatrial septum, all four cardiac chambers, all four valves, and the pericardial space (for an effusion) can be readily visualized. It can also be advanced across the atrial septum
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TEE, unlike TTE, does not have discrete "windows" to view the heart. The entire esophagus and stomach can be utilized, and the probe advanced or removed along this dimension to alter the perspective on the heart. Most probes include the ability to deflect the tip of the probe in one or two dimensions
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TTE utilizes one- ("M mode"), two-, and three-dimensional ultrasound (time is implicit and not included) from the different windows. These can be combined with pulse wave or continuous wave
Doppler to visualize the velocity of blood flow and structure movements. Images can be enhanced with "contrast"
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The "Intersocietal
Accreditation Commission for Echocardiography" (IAC) sets standards for echo labs across the US. Cardiologists and sonographers who wish to have their laboratory accredited by IAC must comply with these standards. The purpose of accreditation is to maintain quality and consistency
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Echocardiography can at many times be subjective, meaning that the person reading the echo may have personal input that affects the interpretation of the findings, leading to so-called "inter-observer variability", where different echocardiographers might produce different reports when examining the
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echocardiography when the picture is moving) is possible using a matrix array ultrasound probe and an appropriate processing system. It enables detailed anatomical assessment of cardiac pathology, particularly valvular defects, and cardiomyopathies. The ability to slice the virtual heart in infinite
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TTE utilizes several "windows" to image the heart from different perspectives. Each window has advantages and disadvantages for viewing specific structures within the heart and, typically, numerous windows are utilized within the same study to fully assess the heart. Parasternal long and parasternal
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Douglas, P. S.; Garcia, M. J.; Haines, D. E.; Lai, W. W.; Manning, W. J.; Patel, A. R.; Picard, M. H.; Polk, D. M.; Ragosta, M.; Ward, R. P.; Douglas, R. B.; Weiner, R. B.; Society for
Cardiovascular Angiography Interventions; Society of Critical Care Medicine; American Society of Echocardiography;
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Under both credentialing bodies, sonographers must first document completion of prerequisite requirements, which contain both didactic and hands-on experience in the field of ultrasound. Applicants must then take a comprehensive exam demonstrating knowledge in both the physics of ultrasound and the
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Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is a specialized form of echocardiography that uses a catheter to insert the ultrasound probe inside blood vessels. This is commonly used to measure the size of blood vessels and to measure the internal diameter of the blood vessel. For example, this can be used in a
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ICE has the benefit over transthoracic echocardiography in that an operator who is performing a sterile procedure can also operate the ICE catheter and it is not limited to visibility problems that can arise with transthoracic or transesophageal echo. Though, there are image quality limitations due
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A stress echocardiogram, also known as a stress echo, uses ultrasound imaging of the heart to assess the wall motion in response to physical stress. First, images of the heart are taken "at rest" to acquire a baseline of the patient's wall motion at a resting heart rate. The patient then walks on a
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There are three primary types of echocardiography: transthoracic, transesophageal, and intracardic. Stress testing utilizes tranthoracic echo in combination with an exercise modality (e.g., a treadmill). Intravascular ultrasound is included below, but is as the name indicates more "ultrasound" than
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Not only can an echocardiogram create ultrasound images of heart structures, but it can also produce accurate assessment of the blood flowing through the heart by
Doppler echocardiography, using pulsed- or continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound. This allows assessment of both normal and abnormal blood
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Contrast echocardiography or contrast-enhanced ultrasound is the addition of an ultrasound contrast medium, or imaging agent, to traditional ultrasonography. The ultrasound contrast is made up of tiny microbubbles filled with a gas core and protein shell. This allows the microbubbles to circulate
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Health societies do not recommend routine testing when the patient has no change in clinical status or when a physician is unlikely to change care for the patient based on the results of testing. A common example of overuse of echocardiography when not indicated is the use of routine testing in
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Three-dimensional echocardiography technology may feature anatomical intelligence, or the use of organ-modeling technology, to automatically identify anatomy based on generic models. All generic models refer to a dataset of anatomical information that uniquely adapts to variability in patient
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Health societies recommend the use of echocardiography for initial diagnosis when a change in the patient's clinical status occurs and when new data from an echocardiogram would result in the physician changing the patient's care. Diagnostic criteria for numerous cardiac diseases are based on
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Gilliland, Yvonne E.; Lavie, Carl J.; Ahmad, Homaa; Bernal, Jose A.; Cash, Michael E.; Dinshaw, Homeyar; Milani, Richard V.; Shah, Sangeeta; Bienvenu, Lisa (12 January 2016). "Development and
Implementation of a Quality Improvement Process for Echocardiographic Laboratory Accreditation".
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anatomy to perform specific tasks. Built on feature recognition and segmentation algorithms, this technology can provide patient-specific three-dimensional modeling of the heart and other aspects of the anatomy, including the brain, lungs, liver, kidneys, rib cage, and vertebral column.
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via the mouth, allowing image and
Doppler evaluation from a location directly behind the heart. It is most often used when transthoracic images are suboptimal and when a clearer and more precise image is needed for assessment. This test is performed in the presence of a cardiologist,
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Nagueh, Sherif F.; Farrell, Mary B.; Bremer, Merri L.; Dunsiger, Shira I.; Gorman, Beverly L.; Tilkemeier, Peter L. (September 2015). "Predictors of
Delayed Accreditation of Echocardiography Laboratories: An Analysis of the Intersocietal Accreditation Commission Database".
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planes in an anatomically appropriate manner and to reconstruct three-dimensional images of anatomic structures make it unique for the understanding of the congenitally malformed heart. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography can be used to guide the location of
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A standard echocardiogram is also known as a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) or cardiac ultrasound, and it is used for rapid evaluation of a patient at their bedside. In this case, the echocardiography transducer (or probe) is placed on the chest wall (or
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Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) is specialized form of echocardiography that uses catheters to insert the ultrasound probe inside the heart to view structures from within the heart. ICE is often used as a part of the cardiac procedure of crossing the
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had developed to detect defects in metal castings. In fact, Edler in 1953 produced the first echocardiographs using an industrial Firestone-Sperry Ultrasonic Reflectoscope. In developing echocardiography, Edler worked with the physicist
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At the European level individual and laboratory accreditation is provided by the European Association of Echocardiography (EAE). There are three subspecialties for individual accreditation: Adult Transthoracic Echocardiography
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American Society of Nuclear Cardiology; Heart Failure Society of America; Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance; Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography; American Heart Association; Heart Rhythm Society (2011).
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short axis windows are taken next to the sternum, the apical two/three/four chamber windows are taken from the apex of the heart (lower left side), and the subcostal window is taken from underneath the edge of the last rib.
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clinical competency related to their specialty. Credentialed sonographers are then required to maintain competency in their field by obtaining a certain number of Continuing Medical Education credits, or CME's.
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surgery the TEE can be used to assess the valve function immediately before repair/replacement and immediately after. This permits revising the valve mid-surgery, if needed, to improve outcomes of the surgery.
396:. In this case, patients are often asymptomatic for years before the onset of deterioration and the results of the echocardiogram would not result in a change in care without other change in clinical status.
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Bharucha, Tara; Roman, Kevin S.; Anderson, Robert H.; Vettukattil, Joseph J. (2008). "Impact of Multiplanar Review of Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Data on Management of Congenital Heart Disease".
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Kleiman, Amanda M.; Potter, Jennifer F.; Bechtel, Allison J.; Forkin, Katherine T.; Dunn, Lauren K.; Collins, Stephen R.; Lyons, Genevieve; Nemergut, Edward C.; Huffmyer, Julie L. (1 March 2019).
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anesthesiologist, registered nurse, and ultrasound technologist. Conscious sedation and/or localized numbing medication may be used to make the patient more comfortable during the procedure.
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to assess the narrowing of the coronary artery. If the catheter is retraced in a controlled manner, then an internal map can be generated to see the contour of the vessel and its branches.
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In the UK, accreditation is regulated by the British Society of Echocardiography. Accredited radiographers, sonographers, or other professionals are required to pass a mandatory exam.
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A transesophageal echocardiogram is an alternative way to perform an echocardiogram. A specialized probe containing an ultrasound transducer at its tip is passed into the patient's
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The most important advantages of echocardiography are that it is not invasive (does not involve breaking the skin or entering body cavities) and has no known risks or side effects.
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Echocardiography is an important tool in assessing wall motion abnormality in patients with suspected cardiac disease. It is a tool which helps in reaching an early diagnosis of
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Motion mode is infrequently used in modern echocardiography. It has specific uses and has the benefit of very high temporal fidelity (e.g., measuring LV size at end diastole).
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with a transseptal puncture to permit catheter access from the right atrium to the left atrium; alternative access to the left heart would be retrograde through the
310:, and dilated cardiomyopathy. The use of stress echocardiography may also help determine whether any chest pain or associated symptoms are related to heart disease.
435:) of the subject, and images are taken through the chest wall. This is a non-invasive, highly accurate, and quick assessment of the overall function of the heart.
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878:. Strain rate imaging measures either regional systolic deformation (strain) or the rate of regional deformation (strain rate). The methods used are either
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Behera, Sarina K.; Smith, Shea N.; Tacy, Theresa A. (September 2017). "Impact of Accreditation on Quality in Echocardiograms: A Quantitative Approach".
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1324:"Echocardiography, a non-invasive method for the assessment of cardiac function and morphology in preclinical drug toxicology and safety pharmacology"
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1549:"Generative retrieval results in positive academic emotions and long-term retention of cardiovascular anatomy using transthoracic echocardiography"
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during right ventricular endomyocardial biopsies, placement of catheter-delivered valvular devices, and in many other intraoperative assessments.
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and the red mark the time in the cardiac cycle when the image was captured. Colors are used to represent the velocity and direction of blood flow.
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The various modes describe how the ultrasound crystals are used to obtain information. These modes are common to all types of echocardiography.
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1647:"Assessing aortic valve area in aortic stenosis by continuity equation: a novel approach using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography"
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Cleve, Jayne; McCulloch, Marti L. (2018), Nihoyannopoulos, Petros; Kisslo, Joseph (eds.), "Conducting a Cardiac Ultrasound Examination",
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1781:"Comparison of Fluoroscopic versus Real Time Three-Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiographic Guidance of Endomyocardial Biopsies"
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Spencer, Kirk T.; Kimura, Bruce J.; Korcarz, Claudia E.; Pellikka, Patricia A.; Rahko, Peter S.; Siegel, Robert J. (1 June 2013).
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TEE can be used as stand-alone procedures, or incorporated into catheter- or surgical-based procedures. For example, during a
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Echocardiography was also the first ultrasound subspecialty to use intravenous contrast. Echocardiography is performed by
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Strain rate imaging is an ultrasound method for imaging regional differences in contraction (dyssynergy) in for instance
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Echocardiography is routinely used in the diagnosis, management, and follow-up of patients with any suspected or known
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Echocardiogram in the parasternal long-axis view, showing a measurement of the heart's left ventricle
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1459:"ACCF/ASE/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCM/SCCT/SCMR 2011 Appropriate Use Criteria for Echocardiography"
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1275:"Echo and heart failure: when do people need an echo, and when do they need natriuretic peptides?"
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In 2009, New Mexico and Oregon became the first two states to require licensure of sonographers.
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accreditation for certifying bodies from the International Organization for Standardization (
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Brightness mode is often synonymous with "2D" and is very commonly used in echocardiography.
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Alsharqi, M; Woodward, W J; Mumith, J A; Markham, D C; Upton, R; Leeson, P (December 2018).
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1606:"Focused Cardiac Ultrasound: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography"
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that are typically some sort of micro bubble suspension that reflect the ultrasound waves.
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Coronary artery IVUS with lumen inside yellow line and atherosclerotic plaque in green
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Rodriguez, Gall. "Innovations Revolutionaize Medical Imaging". NEMA electroindustry.
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416:"echocardiography" as it is imaging the walls of a vessel rather than the heart.
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There are two credentialing bodies in the United States for sonographers, the
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Utilization of ICE imagery can be incorporated into the 3-D models built with
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in Echo but they are at a very early stage and still needs full development.
978:(ARDMS), established in 1975. Both CCI and ARDMS have earned the prestigious
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Modin, Daniel; Andersen, Ditte Madsen; Biering-Sørensen, Tor (June 2018).
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328:, cardiac physiologists (UK), or physicians trained in echocardiography.
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Hanton, G.; Eder, V.; Rochefort, G.; Bonnet, P.; Hyvelin, J. M. (2008).
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The most commonly used terminology in echocardiography diagnostics are:
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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Recognized as the "Father of Echocardiography", the Swedish physician
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into the left atrium to visualize the left atrial appendage during
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Platts D, Brown M, Javorsky G, West C, Kelly N, Burstow D (2010).
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Three-dimensional echocardiogram of a heart viewed from the apex
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to size constraints of the probe being limited to a catheter.
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There have been various institutes who are working on use of
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253:. The visual image formed using this technique is called an
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1696:"A case of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy"
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Goland S, Czer LS, Luthringer D, Siegel RJ (January 2008).
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1414:"The origin of echocardiography: A Tribute to Inge Edler"
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Poh KK, Levine RA, Solis J, et al. (October 2008).
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950:) and Congenital Heart Disease Echocardiography (CHD).
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407:, which involves echocardiography of an unborn fetus.
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An abnormal echocardiogram: Image shows a midmuscular
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Virtual TEE – online self-study and teaching resource
1506:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
1226:"Echocardiography in heart failure: Beyond diagnosis"
1196:, Springer International Publishing, pp. 33–42,
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echocardia – online self-study and teaching resource
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CT2TEE – transesophageal echocardiography simulator
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Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography
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Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography
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Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography
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American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography
66:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2052:Echobasics – free online echocardiography tutorial
1328:Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology
1065:TAPSE – tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion
902:Three-dimensional echocardiography (also known as
860:Strain rate imaging (deformation echocardiography)
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1378:"The Development of Ultrasound for Clinical Use"
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1983:"Artificial intelligence and echocardiography"
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481:Please review the contents of the section and
371:Sonographer doing an echocardiogram of a child
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1463:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
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1077:IVSd – interventricular septal end diastole
946:), Adult Transesophageal Echocardiography (
781:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
705:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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3055:Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
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1382:Pioneers of Medicine Without a Nobel Prize
1141:RVSP – right ventricular systolic pressure
972:Cardiovascular Credentialing International
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1474:
1429:
1298:
1241:
819:Learn how and when to remove this message
801:Learn how and when to remove this message
126:Learn how and when to remove this message
3194:shunt from heart chamber to blood vessel
2920:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
893:
649:
392:response to a patient diagnosis of mild
374:
366:
156:. The trace in the lower left shows the
3294:shunt from blood vessel to blood vessel
1491:
1376:Batohi, Bhavna; Sidhu, Paul S. (2014).
386:implantable cardioverter-defibrillators
284:function (how well the heart relaxes).
3795:
1513:Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the
1412:Singh, Siddharth; Goyal, Abha (2007).
1384:. World Scientific. pp. 141–159.
1123:RVOT – right ventricular outflow tract
1059:RVOT – right ventricular outflow tract
16:Medical imaging technique of the heart
3424:Valve-sparing aortic root replacement
3163:enlargement of existing septal defect
3001:
2065:
3158:production of septal defect in heart
1785:European Journal of Echocardiography
1230:European Journal of Echocardiography
998:American Society of Echocardiography
974:(CCI), established in 1968, and the
779:adding citations to reliable sources
746:
711:
670:
450:
399:Echocardiography has a vast role in
64:adding citations to reliable sources
35:
2091:
13:
3255:transposition of the great vessels
3180:creation of septal defect in heart
2727:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
1223:
890:Three-dimensional echocardiography
14:
3829:
3555:Cardiac resynchronization therapy
2035:
884:Speckle tracking echocardiography
686:This section has multiple issues.
302:Echocardiography can help detect
3779:
3778:
2982:
2981:
1758:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.04.106
1553:Advances in Physiology Education
1120:RAVI – right atrial volume index
961:
927:
751:
715:
675:
547:
455:
40:
3562:Left atrial appendage occlusion
2484:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
1974:
1963:
1945:
1893:
1857:
1822:
1813:
1772:
1736:
1687:
1638:
1597:
1099:LAVI – left atrial volume index
694:or discuss these issues on the
633:left atrial appendage occlusion
362:
319:tissue Doppler echocardiography
249:, using standard ultrasound or
51:needs additional citations for
2732:Radioactive iodine uptake test
1540:
1520:American College of Cardiology
1502:American College of Cardiology
1405:
1380:. In Thompson, Gilbert (ed.).
1315:
1266:
1217:
1185:
1080:PWd – posterior wall thickness
1010:
843:
560:Transesophageal echocardiogram
483:add the appropriate references
447:Transesophageal echocardiogram
1:
3684:Radionuclide ventriculography
2712:Radionuclide ventriculography
2186:Lower gastrointestinal series
2178:Upper gastrointestinal series
1712:10.1016/s0828-282x(08)70551-8
1178:
1163:Aortic valve area calculation
1096:ST Jxn – sinotubular junction
600:Intracardiac echocardiography
3669:Myocardial perfusion imaging
2903:Optical coherence tomography
2825:Myocardial perfusion imaging
2413:Dental panoramic radiography
1224:Oh, J. K. (1 January 2007).
1071:EDD – end diastolic diameter
426:Transthoracic echocardiogram
420:Transthoracic echocardiogram
25:other types of electrography
7:
1202:10.1007/978-3-319-71617-6_2
1151:
1074:ESD – end systolic diameter
606:Intracardiac echocardiogram
468:reliable medical references
335:(1911–2001), a graduate of
308:hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
10:
3834:
3276:for univentricular defect
2707:Ventilation/perfusion scan
2182:Small-bowel follow-through
1987:Echo Research and Practice
1879:10.1016/j.echo.2015.05.003
1843:10.1016/j.echo.2017.06.008
1623:10.1016/j.echo.2013.04.001
1476:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.002
1279:Echo Research and Practice
1243:10.1016/j.euje.2006.09.002
1137:global longitudinal strain
1102:EDV – end-diastolic volume
1031:isovolumic relaxation time
863:
603:
588:
557:
423:
18:
3776:
3755:
3727:
3616:Implantable loop recorder
3584:
3439:
3335:
3260:Arterial switch operation
3075:
3068:
3050:Interventional cardiology
3040:
2977:
2956:
2948:Dynamic angiothermography
2928:
2884:
2833:
2810:
2800:
2765:
2692:
2682:
2673:
2616:Abdominal ultrasonography
2524:
2440:
2400:
2319:
2278:
2269:
2122:
2113:
2099:
1798:10.1093/ejechocard/jeq036
1105:ESV – end-systolic volume
1055:ventricular outflow tract
936:
919:Contrast echocardiography
851:
834:
623:into the left ventricle.
474:or relies too heavily on
217:
203:
191:
177:
165:
154:ventricular septal defect
145:
140:
3695:Coronary catheterization
3185:Blalock–Hanlon procedure
3146:Mitral valve replacement
3129:Aortic valve replacement
2938:Non-contact thermography
2717:Radionuclide angiography
2569:Doppler echocardiography
1663:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn022
1566:10.1152/advan.00047.2018
1340:10.1517/17425255.4.6.681
1062:PHT – pressure half time
666:
646:Intravascular ultrasound
410:
19:Not to be confused with
3808:Medical ultrasonography
3691:Cardiac catheterization
3633:Electrophysiology study
3533:Radiofrequency ablation
3498:Alcohol septal ablation
2722:Radioisotope renography
1126:RVD – basal RV diameter
1005:Artificial intelligence
874:or dyssynchrony due to
640:electroanatomic mapping
585:Stress echocardiography
3737:Impedance cardiography
3359:Coronary artery bypass
2757:Gastric emptying study
1173:Fetal echocardiography
1026:DT – deceleration time
899:
872:ischemic heart disease
655:
405:fetal echocardiography
394:valvular heart disease
380:
372:
357:Heinrich Rudolph Hertz
3768:Transcutaneous pacing
3572:Heart transplantation
3493:Ventricular reduction
3309:Blalock–Taussig shunt
2418:X-ray motion analysis
2301:X-ray microtomography
2220:Hysterosalpingography
2127:Pneumoencephalography
1116:fractional shortening
1085:left ventricular mass
1050:RV – right ventricle
953:
897:
653:
378:
370:
289:myocardial infarction
3742:Ballistocardiography
3299:systemic circulation
2943:Contact thermography
2653:Emergency ultrasound
2591:Transcranial Doppler
2342:Abdominal and pelvis
775:improve this section
326:cardiac sonographers
60:improve this article
3621:Cardiac stress test
3599:Electrocardiography
3538:Pacemaker insertion
3285:Kawashima procedure
3249:compound procedures
3124:Aortic valve repair
3097:Mitral valve repair
2910:Confocal microscopy
2788:Indium-111 WBC scan
2611:Echoencephalography
2347:Virtual colonoscopy
1999:10.1530/ERP-18-0056
1873:(9): 1062–1069.e7.
1291:10.1530/erp-18-0004
1068:VC – vena contracta
876:Bundle branch block
866:Strain rate imaging
635:device deployment.
591:Cardiac stress test
355:and grandnephew of
346:Carl Hellmuth Hertz
21:electrocardiography
3674:Cardiovascular MRI
3604:Vectorcardiography
3459:Pericardial window
3454:Pericardiocentesis
3395:Drug-eluting stent
3224:Rastelli procedure
3173:Balloon septostomy
2898:Optical tomography
2747:Dacryoscintigraphy
2742:Immunoscintigraphy
2381:Whole body imaging
2132:Dental radiography
1956:2008-11-19 at the
1915:10.1111/echo.13129
1418:Tex. Heart Inst. J
1131:inferior vena cava
900:
727:. You can help by
661:coronary angiogram
656:
613:interatrial septum
497:"Echocardiography"
381:
373:
251:Doppler ultrasound
245:. It is a type of
235:cardiac ultrasound
75:"Echocardiography"
3790:
3789:
3647:Angiocardiography
3593:Electrophysiology
3580:
3579:
3523:Catheter ablation
3506:Conduction system
3431:LeCompte maneuver
3419:Bentall procedure
3280:Norwood procedure
3270:Senning procedure
3265:Mustard procedure
3168:Atrial septostomy
3119:Valve replacement
2995:
2994:
2957:Target conditions
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2796:
2795:
2737:Bone scintigraphy
2702:Scintimammography
2697:Cholescintigraphy
2542:contrast-enhanced
2436:
2435:
2396:
2395:
2386:Full-body CT scan
2286:General operation
2265:
2264:
2235:Angiocardiography
1746:Ann. Thorac. Surg
1657:(20): 2526–2535.
1168:Electrocardiogram
1110:ejection fraction
1041:RA – right atrium
1022:body surface area
829:
828:
821:
811:
810:
803:
745:
744:
709:
578:valve replacement
556:
555:
532:
348:, the son of the
297:ejection fraction
278:ejection fraction
228:
227:
193:OPS-301 code
136:
135:
128:
110:
3825:
3782:
3781:
3747:Cardiotocography
3715:
3679:Ventriculography
3652:Echocardiography
3643:
3595:
3511:Maze procedure (
3508:
3474:
3450:
3403:
3402:Obstacle removal
3390:Bare-metal stent
3386:
3346:
3303:pulmonary artery
3295:
3250:
3235:pulmonary artery
3208:Fontan procedure
3203:pulmonary artery
3195:
3159:
3073:
3072:
3022:
3015:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2985:
2984:
2808:
2807:
2690:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2564:Echocardiography
2423:Hounsfield scale
2276:
2275:
2195:Cholecystography
2120:
2119:
2111:
2110:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2029:
2028:
2018:
1993:(4): R115–R125.
1978:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1903:Echocardiography
1897:
1891:
1890:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1800:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1723:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1568:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1522:, archived from
1510:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1469:(9): 1126–1166.
1453:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1245:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1194:Echocardiography
1189:
904:four-dimensional
824:
817:
806:
799:
795:
792:
786:
755:
747:
740:
737:
719:
712:
701:
679:
678:
671:
551:
550:
542:
539:
533:
531:
490:
459:
458:
451:
304:cardiomyopathies
237:, is the use of
233:, also known as
231:Echocardiography
221:edit on Wikidata
213:
187:
150:
141:Echocardiography
138:
137:
131:
124:
120:
117:
111:
109:
68:
44:
36:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3803:Cardiac imaging
3793:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3772:
3751:
3723:
3719:Phonocardiogram
3711:
3641:Cardiac imaging
3639:
3591:
3576:
3504:
3488:Septal myectomy
3478:Cardiomyoplasty
3470:
3464:Pericardiectomy
3446:
3435:
3401:
3382:
3342:
3336:Cardiac vessels
3331:
3325:Glenn procedure
3293:
3248:
3231:right ventricle
3193:
3157:
3079:
3064:
3060:Cardiac imaging
3045:Cardiac surgery
3036:
3026:
2996:
2991:
2973:
2952:
2924:
2872:
2858:PET mammography
2829:
2792:
2778:Gallium-67 scan
2773:Octreotide scan
2761:
2669:
2520:
2432:
2392:
2315:
2296:High-resolution
2261:
2225:Skeletal survey
2191:Cholangiography
2104:
2095:
2093:Medical imaging
2090:
2038:
2033:
2032:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1964:
1958:Wayback Machine
1950:
1946:
1898:
1894:
1862:
1858:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1777:
1773:
1741:
1737:
1692:
1688:
1643:
1639:
1602:
1598:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1529:on 24 June 2012
1526:
1515:ABIM Foundation
1508:
1499:
1492:
1454:
1447:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1320:
1316:
1271:
1267:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1154:
1149:
1092:ascending aorta
1013:
964:
956:
939:
930:
921:
892:
868:
862:
854:
846:
837:
825:
814:
813:
812:
807:
796:
790:
787:
772:
756:
741:
735:
732:
725:needs expansion
680:
676:
669:
648:
619:and across the
608:
602:
593:
587:
562:
552:
548:
543:
537:
534:
491:
480:
476:primary sources
460:
456:
449:
428:
422:
413:
365:
341:Floyd Firestone
337:Lund University
295:, by assessing
261:, or simply an
247:medical imaging
241:to examine the
224:
209:
183:
161:
132:
121:
115:
112:
69:
67:
57:
45:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3831:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3788:
3787:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3729:Function tests
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3649:
3644:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3626:Bruce protocol
3618:
3613:
3611:Holter monitor
3608:
3607:
3606:
3596:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3509:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3407:Endarterectomy
3404:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3384:Coronary stent
3379:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3352:
3347:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3215:left ventricle
3212:
3211:
3210:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3134:Ross procedure
3126:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3032:involving the
3025:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
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2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2915:Endomicroscopy
2912:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2894:
2892:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
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2798:
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2709:
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2037:
2036:External links
2034:
2031:
2030:
1973:
1962:
1944:
1909:(3): 459–471.
1892:
1856:
1837:(9): 913–922.
1821:
1812:
1791:(7): 637–643.
1771:
1752:(3): 875–881.
1735:
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1637:
1616:(6): 567–581.
1596:
1539:
1490:
1445:
1424:(4): 431–438.
1404:
1391:978-1783263868
1390:
1368:
1334:(6): 681–696.
1314:
1285:(2): R65–R79.
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880:tissue Doppler
864:Main article:
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424:Main article:
421:
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350:Nobel laureate
274:cardiac output
270:heart diseases
255:echocardiogram
226:
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200:
195:
189:
188:
181:
175:
174:
169:
163:
162:
151:
143:
142:
134:
133:
116:September 2017
48:
46:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3830:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3785:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Cardioversion
3761:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3710:
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3698:
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3692:
3689:
3685:
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3677:
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3672:
3670:
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3663:
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3648:
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3627:
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3609:
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3597:
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3590:
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3583:
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3510:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3483:Dor procedure
3481:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3449:
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3408:
3405:
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3375:
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3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3318:to the right
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3247:
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3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3139:Transcatheter
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3102:Valvuloplasty
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
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3043:
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3039:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2988:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
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2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
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2927:
2921:
2918:
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2899:
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2840:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:Ga-68-DOTATOC
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
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2728:
2725:
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2700:
2698:
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2659:
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2641:
2639:
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2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:Intravascular
2594:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2516:Synthetic MRI
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
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2477:
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2465:
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2419:
2416:
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2403:
2399:
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2345:
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2343:
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2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:Electron beam
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2257:Orbital x-ray
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
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2218:
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2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
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2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2152:Bronchography
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1971:BSEcho – Exam
1970:
1966:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1888:
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1872:
1868:
1860:
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1816:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1700:Can J Cardiol
1697:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1558:
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1543:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1450:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1008:
1006:
1001:
999:
994:
991:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
962:United States
959:
951:
949:
945:
934:
928:Accreditation
925:
916:
912:
910:
905:
896:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
867:
857:
849:
841:
832:
823:
820:
805:
802:
794:
791:February 2023
784:
780:
776:
770:
769:
765:
760:This section
758:
754:
749:
748:
739:
736:February 2023
730:
726:
723:This section
721:
718:
714:
713:
708:
706:
699:
698:
693:
692:
687:
682:
673:
672:
664:
662:
652:
643:
641:
636:
634:
628:
624:
622:
618:
614:
607:
597:
592:
582:
579:
574:
570:
567:
561:
545:
541:
530:
527:
523:
520:
516:
513:
509:
506:
502:
499: –
498:
494:
493:Find sources:
488:
484:
478:
477:
473:
469:
464:This section
462:
453:
452:
444:
440:
436:
434:
427:
417:
408:
406:
402:
397:
395:
389:
387:
377:
369:
360:
358:
354:
351:
347:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
322:
320:
314:
311:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
293:heart failure
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
222:
216:
212:
208:
206:
202:
199:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
180:
176:
173:
170:
168:
164:
159:
158:cardiac cycle
155:
149:
144:
139:
130:
127:
119:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77: –
76:
72:
71:Find sources:
65:
61:
55:
54:
49:This article
47:
43:
38:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3651:
3551:implantation
3545:implantation
3528:Cryoablation
3369:Off-pump CAB
3179:
3162:
3087:Valve repair
3077:Heart valves
2964:Acute stroke
2930:Thermography
2685:scintigraphy
2675:Radionuclide
2663:pre-hospital
2563:
2509:Tractography
2428:Radiodensity
2330:calcium scan
2291:Quantitative
1990:
1986:
1976:
1965:
1947:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1815:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1706:(1): 61–62.
1703:
1699:
1689:
1654:
1651:Eur. Heart J
1650:
1640:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1559:(1): 47–54.
1556:
1552:
1542:
1531:, retrieved
1524:the original
1512:
1466:
1462:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1397:23 September
1395:. Retrieved
1381:
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1331:
1327:
1317:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1193:
1187:
1053:LVOT – left
1014:
1002:
995:
992:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
969:
965:
957:
947:
943:
940:
931:
922:
913:
901:
869:
855:
847:
838:
830:
815:
797:
788:
773:Please help
761:
733:
729:adding to it
724:
702:
695:
689:
688:Please help
685:
657:
637:
629:
625:
621:aortic valve
609:
594:
575:
571:
563:
535:
525:
518:
511:
504:
492:
472:verification
465:
441:
437:
429:
414:
398:
390:
382:
363:Medical uses
353:Gustav Hertz
330:
323:
315:
312:
301:
286:
267:
262:
259:cardiac echo
258:
254:
234:
230:
229:
122:
113:
103:
96:
89:
82:
70:
58:Please help
53:verification
50:
33:
3705:Cardiac PET
3448:Pericardium
3412:Atherectomy
3350:Angioplasty
3092:Valvulotomy
2853:Cardiac PET
2626:renal tract
2601:Gynecologic
2533:Techniques
2504:restriction
2479:Angiography
2462:Neurography
2408:Fluoroscopy
2354:Angiography
2335:angiography
2279:Techniques:
2240:Aortography
2230:Angiography
2210:Cystography
2200:Mammography
2142:Myelography
2137:Sialography
2106:radiography
1236:(1): 4–14.
1044:LV – left
1011:Terminology
844:B-mode / 2D
466:needs more
205:MedlinePlus
3818:Cardiology
3797:Categories
3700:Cardiac CT
3567:Cardiotomy
3472:Myocardium
3240:Sano shunt
3030:procedures
3028:Tests and
2766:Full body:
2552:endoscopic
2526:Ultrasound
2455:functional
2252:Lymphogram
2247:Venography
2215:Arthrogram
1179:References
1035:LA – left
691:improve it
538:March 2023
508:newspapers
401:pediatrics
333:Inge Edler
306:, such as
239:ultrasound
86:newspapers
3813:Radiology
3080:and septa
2969:Pregnancy
2848:Brain PET
2816:gamma ray
2752:DMSA scan
2606:Obstetric
2499:diffusion
2494:Sequences
2472:perfusion
2364:Pulmonary
2311:Cone beam
2205:Pyelogram
2007:2055-0464
1923:0742-2822
1575:1043-4046
1533:17 August
1252:1525-2167
1158:Angiogram
1145:E/A ratio
1090:Ao asc –
1046:ventricle
909:bioptomes
762:does not
697:talk page
642:systems.
566:esophagus
282:diastolic
3784:Category
3517:minimaze
3513:Cox maze
2987:Category
2839:positron
2359:Coronary
2025:30400053
1960:ESCardio
1954:Archived
1939:10482668
1931:26757247
1887:26087758
1851:28865558
1807:20335406
1766:18721576
1730:18209772
1681:18263866
1632:23711341
1591:58659588
1583:30615478
1485:21349406
1440:18172524
1356:72290828
1348:18611111
1309:29691224
1260:17240313
1152:See also
167:ICD-9-CM
3069:Surgery
2886:Optical
2868:PET-MRI
2648:Carotid
2643:Scrotal
2537:doppler
2467:Cardiac
2376:Thyroid
2320:Targets
2271:CT scan
2016:6280250
1721:2631252
1672:2721715
1431:2170493
1361:30 June
1300:5958420
1083:LVMI –
1029:IVRT –
783:removed
768:sources
522:scholar
487:removed
185:D004452
100:scholar
3756:Pacing
3364:MIDCAB
3355:Bypass
3305:shunt
3199:atrium
3112:mitral
3107:aortic
2863:PET-CT
2638:Breast
2633:Rectal
2557:duplex
2489:Breast
2326:Heart
2023:
2013:
2005:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1885:
1849:
1805:
1764:
1728:
1718:
1679:
1669:
1630:
1589:
1581:
1573:
1483:
1438:
1428:
1388:
1354:
1346:
1307:
1297:
1258:
1250:
1208:
1135:GLS –
1129:IVC –
1037:atrium
1020:BSA –
937:Europe
852:M-mode
835:A-mode
524:
517:
510:
503:
495:
433:thorax
280:, and
211:003869
102:
95:
88:
81:
73:
3713:sound
3585:Tests
3543:S-ICD
3440:Other
3374:TECAB
3219:aorta
3034:heart
2890:Laser
2812:SPECT
2621:renal
2450:Brain
2401:Other
2101:X-ray
1935:S2CID
1587:S2CID
1527:(PDF)
1509:(PDF)
1352:S2CID
1114:FS –
1108:EF –
1087:index
667:Modes
617:aorta
529:JSTOR
515:books
411:Types
243:heart
219:[
198:3-052
172:88.72
107:JSTOR
93:books
3515:and
3253:for
2658:FAST
2371:Head
2021:PMID
2003:ISSN
1927:PMID
1919:ISSN
1883:PMID
1847:PMID
1803:PMID
1762:PMID
1726:PMID
1677:PMID
1628:PMID
1579:PMID
1571:ISSN
1535:2012
1481:PMID
1436:PMID
1399:2016
1386:ISBN
1363:2021
1344:PMID
1305:PMID
1256:PMID
1248:ISSN
1206:ISBN
996:The
766:any
764:cite
501:news
470:for
263:echo
257:, a
179:MeSH
79:news
29:ECMO
3662:TEE
3657:TTE
3549:ICD
3344:CHD
3316:SVC
3301:to
3233:to
3217:to
3201:to
2835:PET
2803:ECT
2801:3D/
2683:2D/
2584:ICE
2579:TEE
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