209:
species are unlikely to go extinct, network persistence increases with connectance and nestedness. No consensus on the links between network nestedness and community stability in mutualistic species has however been reached among several investigations in recent years. Recent findings suggest that a trade-off between different types of stability may exist. The nested structure of mutual networks was shown to promote the capacity of species to persist under increasingly harsh circumstances. Most likely, because the nested structure of mutualistic networks helps species to indirectly support each other when circumstances are harsh. This indirect facilitation helps species to survive, but it also means that under harsh circumstances one species cannot survive without the support of the other. As circumstances become increasingly harsh, a tipping point may therefore be passed at which the populations of a large number of species may collapse simultaneously.
96:: the degree distribution of an ecological network is the cumulative distribution for the number of links each species has. The degree distributions of food webs have been found to display the same universal functional form. The degree distribution can be split into its two component parts, links to a species' prey (aka. in degree) and links to a species' predators (aka- out degree). Both the in degree and out degree distributions display their own universal functional forms. As there is a faster decay of the out-degree distribution than the in degree distribution we can expect that on average in a food web a species will have more in links than out links.
197:, to spread and amplify through the network. However, other characteristics of network structure have been identified that reduce the spread of indirect effects and thus enhance ecosystem stability. The relationship between complexity and stability can even be inverted in food webs with sufficient trophic coherence, so that increases in
114:: the division of the network into relatively independent sub-networks. Some ecological networks have been observed to be compartmentalized by body size and by spatial location. Evidence also exists which suggests that compartmentalization in food webs appears to result from patterns of species' diet contiguity and adaptive foraging
208:
Interaction strength may decrease with the number of links between species, damping the effects of any disturbance and cascading extinctions are less likely in compartmentalized networks, as effects of species losses are limited to the original compartment. Furthermore, as long as the most connected
130:
contain both generalists (species with many links) and specialists (species with few links, all shared with the generalists). In mutualistic networks, nestedness is often asymmetrical, with specialists of one guild linked to the generalists of the partner guild. The level of nestedness is determined
67:(linkage density): the average number of links per species. Explaining the observed high levels of complexity in ecosystems has been one of the main challenges and motivations for ecological network analysis, since early theory predicted that complexity should lead to instability.
145:: Motifs are unique sub-graphs composed of n-nodes found embedded in a network. For instance there exist thirteen unique motif structures containing three species, some of these correspond to familiar interaction modules studied by population ecologists such as
189:. Use of ecological networks makes it possible to analyze the effects of the network properties described above on the stability of an ecosystem. Ecosystem complexity was once thought to reduce stability by enabling the effects of disturbances, such as
83:
as the level of connectance increases. The observed values of connectance in empirical food webs appear to be constrained by the variability of the physical environment, by habitat type, which will reflect on an organism's diet breadth driven by
75:: the proportion of possible links between species that are realized (links/species). In food webs, the level of connectance is related to the statistical distribution of the links per species. The distribution of links changes from (partial)
131:
not by species features but overall network depictors (e.g. network size and connectance) and can be predicted by a dynamic adaptive model with species rewiring to maximize individual fitness or the fitness of the whole community.
217:
Additional applications of ecological networks include exploration of how the community context affects pairwise interactions. The community of species in an ecosystem is expected to affect both the ecological interaction and
157:. Studies investigating motif structures of ecological networks, by examining patterns of under/over representation of certain motifs compared to a random graph, have found that food webs have particular motif structures
205:
to them. In doing so one could find that spanning trees are characterized by universal scaling relations, thereby suggesting that ecological network could be the product of an optimisation procedure.
201:
would make a community more stable rather than less. Once ecological networks are described as transportation networks where the food flows along the predation links, one can extend the concept of
1550:
Suweis, S., Grilli, J., & Maritan, A. (2014). Disentangling the effect of hybrid interactions and of the constant effort hypothesis on ecological community stability. "Oikos", 123(5), 525-532.
1202:
Marco A. R. Mello; Gabriel M. Felix; Rafael B. P. Pinheiro; Renata L. Muylaert; Cullen
Geiselman; et al. (2019). "Insights into the assembly rules of a continent-wide multilayer network".
39:. Ecological networks are used to describe and compare the structures of real ecosystems, while network models are used to investigate the effects of network structure on properties such as
1511:
Suweis, S., Grilli, J., Banavar, J. R., Allesina, S., & Maritan, A. (2015) Effect of localization on the stability of mutualistic ecological networks. "Nature
Communications", 6
234:. In these cases, networks of habitat patches (metapopulations) or individuals (epidemiology, social behavior), make it possible to explore the effects of spatial heterogeneity.
1265:
Rafael B. P. Pinheiro; Gabriel M. F. Felix; Carsten F. Dormann; Marco A. R. Mello (2019). "A new model explaining the origin of different topologies in interaction networks".
165:: The tendency of species to specialise on particular trophic levels leads to food webs displaying a significant degree of order in their trophic structure, known as
2623:
122:: the degree to which species with few links have a sub-set of the links of other species, rather than a different set of links. In highly nested networks,
1092:
Albert Solé-Ribalta; Claudio J. Tessone; Manuel S. Mariani; Javier Borge-Holthoefe (2018). "Revealing in-block nestedness: Detection and benchmarking".
137:: Also called compound structures, some ecological networks combine compartmentalization at large network scales with nestedness within compartments.
2148:
Dunne, J.A.; Williams, R.J.; Martinez, N.D. (2002). "Network structure and biodiversity loss in food webs: robustness increases with connectance".
1619:
Dunne, J.A.; Williams, R.J.; Martinez, N.D. (2002). "Network structure and biodiversity loss in food webs: robustness increases with connectance".
3695:
2948:
2731:
Suweis, S.; Simini, F.; Banavar, J; Maritan, A. (2013). "Emergence of structural and dynamical properties of ecological mutualistic networks".
1031:
Suweis, S.; Simini, F.; Banavar, J; Maritan, A. (2013). "Emergence of structural and dynamical properties of ecological mutualistic networks".
2093:
Burgos, E.; Ceva, H.; Perazzo, R.P.J.; Devoto, M.; Medan, D.; Zimmermann, M.; Delbue, A.M. (2007). "Why nestedness in mutualistic networks?".
1815:
Burgos, E.; Ceva, H.; Perazzo, R.P.J.; Devoto, M.; Medan, D.; Zimmermann, M.; Delbue, A.M. (2007). "Why nestedness in mutualistic networks?".
3839:
3909:
3481:
1876:
Thébault, E.; Fointaine, C. (2010). "Stability of
Ecological Communities and the Architecture of Mutualistic and Trophic Networks".
3446:
3919:
3647:
2684:
Zhang, F.; Hui, C.; Terblanche, J.S. (2011). "An interaction switch predicts the nested architecture of mutualistic networks".
978:
Zhang, F.; Hui, C.; Terblanche, J.S. (2011). "An interaction switch predicts the nested architecture of mutualistic networks".
104:: the proportion of species that are directly linked to a focal species. A focal species in the middle of a cluster may be a
3924:
4112:
1155:
Lewinsohn, T.M.; Prado, P.I.; Jordano, P.J.; Olensen, J.M. (2006). "Structure in Plant Animal
Interaction Assembleges".
3865:
3688:
3529:
2941:
88:
behaviour. This ultimately links the structure of these ecological networks to the behaviour of individual organisms.
3201:
4510:
1520:
D. Garlaschelli, G. Caldarelli, L. Pietronero, (2003). Universal
Scaling relations in food webs. "Nature" 423, 165
3662:
1715:
James, A.; Pitchford, J.W.; Planck, M.J. (2012). "Disentangling nestedness from models of ecological complexity".
3944:
3657:
3524:
3236:
51:
Historically, research into ecological networks developed from descriptions of trophic relationships in aquatic
4329:
4202:
2786:
Lever, J. J.; Nes, E. H.; Scheffer, M.; Bascompte, J. (2014). "The sudden collapse of pollinator communities".
1978:
Lever, J. J.; Nes, E. H.; Scheffer, M.; Bascompte, J. (2014). "The sudden collapse of pollinator communities".
813:"A hybrid behavioural rule of adaptation and drift explains the emergent architecture of antagonistic networks"
2426:"Trophic links' length and slope in the Tuesday Lake food web with species' body mass and numerical abundance"
644:"Trophic links' length and slope in the Tuesday Lake food web with species' body mass and numerical abundance"
4375:
3974:
3929:
3681:
2934:
80:
3461:
1091:
3807:
2239:
1264:
687:
4164:
3055:
71:
1201:
4229:
3949:
3436:
3153:
3050:
2459:
Schmid-Araya, J.M.; Schmid, P.E.; Robertson, A.; Winterbottom, J.; Gjerlov, C.; Hildrew, A.G. (2002).
758:; Leicht, E.A.; Newman, M.E.J.; Ameral, L.A.N. (2010). "Origin of compartmentalization in food webs".
601:
Schmid-Araya, J.M.; Schmid, P.E.; Robertson, A.; Winterbottom, J.; Gjerlov, C.; Hildrew, A.G. (2002).
31:, in which species (nodes) are connected by pairwise interactions (links). These interactions can be
4410:
4022:
3914:
3772:
3757:
3752:
3431:
3143:
2583:
1530:
248:
2926:
2600:
4400:
4395:
4365:
4169:
3632:
3514:
231:
3673:
3304:
4244:
4107:
4017:
3885:
3767:
3737:
3594:
3559:
3279:
3246:
3221:
4390:
4334:
4269:
4132:
4067:
4002:
3564:
3352:
3060:
3040:
2595:
1457:
1386:
263:
100:
24:
2344:
1666:
4294:
4239:
4102:
4087:
3870:
3827:
3817:
3812:
3569:
3549:
3405:
3395:
3337:
3332:
3168:
3020:
2617:
185:
The relationship between ecosystem complexity and stability is a major topic of interest in
59:. Results of this work have identified several important properties of ecological networks.
4420:
4385:
4380:
4304:
4299:
4254:
4152:
4122:
4117:
3969:
3832:
3822:
3367:
3206:
2995:
2890:
2851:
2795:
2750:
2693:
2644:
2507:
2472:
2437:
2396:
2359:
2254:
2198:
2157:
2112:
2053:
1987:
1936:
1885:
1834:
1724:
1681:
1628:
1466:
1405:
1284:
1276:
1221:
1213:
1166:
1113:
1050:
987:
932:
873:
767:
702:
655:
614:
573:
514:
452:
397:
350:
295:
174:
170:
154:
150:
1529:
Diego P. Vázquez, Carlos J. Melián, Neal M. Williams, Nico Blüthgen, Boris R. Krasnov and
8:
4470:
4445:
4309:
4279:
4224:
4137:
4027:
4012:
3959:
3792:
3727:
3609:
3539:
3471:
3070:
2881:
Montoya, J.M.; Pimm, S.L.; Sole, R.V. (2006). "Ecological networks and their fragility".
258:
92:
56:
40:
2894:
2855:
2799:
2754:
2697:
2648:
2586:(2007). "Species abundance and asymmetric interaction strength in ecological networks".
2511:
2476:
2441:
2400:
2363:
2258:
2202:
2161:
2116:
2057:
1991:
1940:
1889:
1838:
1728:
1685:
1632:
1533:. (2007) Species abundance and asymmetric interaction strength in ecological networks.
1470:
1409:
1280:
1217:
1170:
1117:
1054:
991:
936:
877:
771:
706:
659:
618:
577:
518:
456:
401:
354:
299:
4481:
4430:
4425:
4234:
4197:
3939:
3895:
3860:
3717:
3642:
3476:
3466:
3400:
3347:
3158:
3103:
3065:
2990:
2914:
2774:
2740:
2565:
2542:
2530:
2412:
2326:
2301:
2288:
2173:
2136:
2102:
1960:
1909:
1858:
1824:
1792:
1767:
1748:
1644:
1596:
1573:
1561:
1489:
1452:
1428:
1395:
1381:
1354:
1329:
1310:
1247:
1137:
1103:
1074:
1040:
896:
861:
837:
812:
736:
537:
502:
468:
366:
243:
202:
2667:
2632:
2221:
2186:
2076:
2041:
955:
920:
420:
385:
318:
283:
4505:
4370:
4339:
4127:
3954:
3762:
3627:
3604:
3342:
3118:
3030:
3015:
3000:
2980:
2906:
2821:
2766:
2719:
2705:
2672:
2609:
2570:
2520:
2495:
2485:
2460:
2450:
2425:
2375:
2371:
2331:
2280:
2226:
2169:
2128:
2081:
2013:
1964:
1952:
1913:
1901:
1850:
1797:
1740:
1697:
1693:
1640:
1601:
1494:
1433:
1359:
1314:
1302:
1267:
1251:
1239:
1178:
1129:
1094:
1066:
1013:
999:
960:
901:
842:
793:
755:
728:
668:
643:
627:
602:
586:
561:
542:
425:
323:
222:
of pairs of species. Related, spatial applications are being developed for studying
161:
2140:
1862:
1154:
4500:
4324:
4187:
4179:
4097:
3979:
3964:
3900:
3880:
3797:
3787:
3782:
3747:
3579:
3519:
3390:
3191:
3133:
3045:
3005:
2898:
2867:
2859:
2811:
2803:
2778:
2758:
2709:
2701:
2662:
2652:
2605:
2560:
2552:
2515:
2480:
2445:
2416:
2404:
2367:
2321:
2313:
2292:
2270:
2262:
2216:
2206:
2177:
2165:
2120:
2071:
2061:
2003:
1995:
1944:
1893:
1842:
1787:
1779:
1752:
1732:
1689:
1648:
1636:
1591:
1583:
1484:
1474:
1423:
1413:
1349:
1341:
1294:
1231:
1182:
1174:
1141:
1121:
1078:
1058:
1003:
995:
950:
940:
891:
881:
832:
824:
783:
775:
740:
718:
710:
663:
622:
581:
532:
522:
460:
415:
405:
370:
358:
313:
303:
194:
127:
105:
85:
2918:
2631:
Williams, R.J.; Berlow, E.L.; Dunne, J.A.; Barabasi, A.L.; Martinez, N.D. (2002).
282:
Williams, R.J.; Berlow, E.L.; Dunne, J.A.; Barabasi, A.L.; Martinez, N.D. (2002).
55:; however, recent work has expanded to look at other food webs as well as webs of
4460:
4319:
4289:
4284:
4274:
4207:
4192:
4072:
4052:
3934:
3802:
3708:
3599:
3509:
3451:
3035:
2961:
886:
123:
1667:"Network structural properties mediate the stability of mutualistic communities"
4440:
4264:
4217:
4147:
4142:
4037:
3904:
3777:
3584:
3574:
3554:
3357:
3322:
3261:
3138:
3093:
2985:
2863:
2345:"Network structure properties mediate the stability of mutualistic communities"
2124:
1846:
1330:"Evidence for the existence of a robust pattern of prey selection in food webs"
1125:
223:
2238:
Krause, A.E.; Frank, K.A.; Mason, D.M.; Ulanowicz, R.E.; Taylor, W.W. (2003).
1235:
686:
Krause, A.E.; Frank, K.A.; Mason, D.M.; Ulanowicz, R.E.; Taylor, W.W. (2003).
4494:
4465:
3441:
3415:
3372:
3362:
3317:
3284:
3176:
3010:
2965:
1204:
141:
2066:
1897:
1479:
1418:
945:
527:
4450:
4435:
4092:
4062:
4007:
3890:
3855:
3732:
3231:
2910:
2825:
2770:
2723:
2676:
2657:
2574:
2556:
2379:
2335:
2317:
2284:
2230:
2211:
2132:
2085:
2017:
1956:
1905:
1854:
1801:
1783:
1744:
1701:
1605:
1587:
1498:
1437:
1363:
1345:
1306:
1243:
1133:
1070:
1017:
964:
905:
846:
828:
797:
732:
546:
429:
410:
327:
308:
227:
198:
190:
2714:
2582:
Vazquez, D.P.; Melian, C.J.; Williams, N.M.; Bluthgen, N.; Krasnov, B.R.;
1008:
788:
3742:
3289:
3251:
3226:
3216:
3181:
3128:
3108:
2547:
2275:
2187:"Food-web structure and network theory: The role of connectance and size"
1578:
723:
386:"Food-web structure and network theory: The role of connectance and size"
219:
146:
32:
2902:
2762:
2266:
1736:
1328:
Stouffer, D.B.; Sales-Pardo, Camacho; Jiang, W.; Ameral, L.A.N. (2007).
1062:
714:
4455:
4032:
3997:
3637:
3589:
3534:
3504:
3410:
3327:
3271:
3148:
3098:
2872:
2816:
2458:
2008:
1187:
600:
472:
118:
63:
2807:
2107:
1999:
1829:
779:
490:. Tennessee: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL-5983. pp. 37–39.
4360:
4314:
4042:
3486:
3456:
3256:
3211:
3186:
3123:
3113:
3088:
3080:
3025:
2956:
2408:
1298:
486:
Briand, F. (1983). DeAngelis, D.L.; Post, W.M.; Sugihara, G. (eds.).
362:
76:
36:
28:
1948:
464:
4415:
4344:
3875:
3703:
3382:
3294:
3241:
3196:
1379:
1289:
1226:
1108:
253:
52:
2745:
1400:
1045:
443:
Briand, F. (1983). "Environmental control of food web structure".
4405:
4212:
4082:
4077:
3704:
3652:
3312:
2957:
2387:
Pimm, S.L. (1984). "The complexity and stability of ecosystems".
341:
Pimm, S.L. (1984). "The complexity and stability of ecosystems".
186:
753:
2040:
Bascompte, J.; Jordano, P.; Melian, C.J.; Olesen, J.M. (2003).
919:
Bascompte, J.; Jordano, P.; Melian, C.J.; Olesen, J.M. (2003).
1327:
2581:
1157:
2039:
918:
859:
169:, which in turn has important effects on properties such as
2630:
1380:
Johnson S, DomĂnguez-GarcĂa V, Donetti L, Muñoz MA (2014).
281:
2730:
2302:"Tolerance of pollination networks to species extinctions"
2042:"The nested assembly of plant-animal mutualistic networks"
1768:"Tolerance of pollination networks to species extinctions"
1030:
921:"The nested assembly of plant-animal mutualistic networks"
2785:
2237:
1977:
1453:"Looplessness in networks is linked to trophic coherence"
685:
16:
Representation of the biotic interactions in an ecosystem
108:, and its loss could have large effects on the network.
2092:
1814:
817:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1450:
500:
2184:
2147:
1618:
501:
Beckerman, A.P.; Petchey, O.L.; Warren, P.H. (2006).
383:
2185:
Dunne, J.A.; Williams, R.J.; Martinez, N.D. (2002).
1714:
862:"Factors Determining Nestedness in Complex Networks"
384:
Dunne, J.A.; Williams, R.J.; Martinez, N.D. (2002).
2496:"Scaling from individuals to networks in food webs"
562:"Scaling from individuals to networks in food webs"
2683:
977:
2622:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2531:"Complexity and fragility in ecological networks"
1875:
1562:"Complexity and fragility in ecological networks"
1382:"Trophic coherence determines food-web stability"
4492:
2633:"Two degrees of separation in complex food webs"
2299:
1765:
1085:
860:Johnson S, DomĂnguez-GarcĂa V, Muñoz MA (2013).
810:
284:"Two degrees of separation in complex food webs"
2880:
2637:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2191:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2046:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
925:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
507:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
503:"Foraging biology predicts food web complexity"
488:Biogeographic Patterns in Food Web Organization
390:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
288:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2342:
1927:Fontaine, C (2013). "Abundant equals nested".
1664:
1375:
1373:
3689:
2942:
2300:Memmot, J.; Waser, N.M.; Price, M.V. (2004).
2240:"Compartments revealed in food-web structure"
1766:Memmot, J.; Waser, N.M.; Price, M.V. (2004).
1148:
688:"Compartments revealed in food-web structure"
180:
2842:Bascompte, J (2007). "Networks in ecology".
2535:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
2306:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
1772:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
1660:
1658:
1566:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
1258:
2528:
2423:
1971:
1559:
1444:
1370:
681:
679:
641:
3910:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
3696:
3682:
2949:
2935:
2871:
2841:
2815:
2744:
2713:
2666:
2656:
2599:
2564:
2546:
2519:
2484:
2449:
2325:
2274:
2220:
2210:
2106:
2075:
2065:
2007:
1828:
1791:
1655:
1595:
1577:
1488:
1478:
1427:
1417:
1399:
1353:
1288:
1225:
1195:
1186:
1107:
1044:
1007:
954:
944:
895:
885:
836:
811:Nuwagaba, S.; Zhang, F.; Hui, C. (2015).
787:
722:
667:
626:
585:
536:
526:
419:
409:
317:
307:
3808:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
3447:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
2493:
1926:
676:
559:
3840:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
4493:
3648:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
485:
442:
3677:
2930:
212:
3663:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
2386:
340:
4113:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
2343:Okuyama, T.; Holland, J.N. (2008).
1665:Okuyama, T.; Holland, J.N. (2008).
13:
3866:Ecological effects of biodiversity
2529:Sole, R.V.; Montoya, J.M. (2001).
2424:Reuman, D.C.; Cohen, J.E. (2004).
1560:Sole, R.V.; Montoya, J.M. (2001).
642:Reuman, D.C.; Cohen, J.E. (2004).
14:
4522:
3202:Generalist and specialist species
2461:"Connectance in stream food webs"
603:"Connectance in stream food webs"
3925:Occupancy–abundance relationship
2706:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01647.x
2610:10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.15828.x
2521:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01644.x
2486:10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00668.x
2451:10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00856.x
2372:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01137.x
2170:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00354.x
1694:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01137.x
1641:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00354.x
1179:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2006.14583.x
1000:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01647.x
669:10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00856.x
628:10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00668.x
587:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01644.x
3945:Relative abundance distribution
3658:Plant defense against herbivory
3525:Competitive exclusion principle
3237:Mesopredator release hypothesis
1920:
1869:
1808:
1759:
1708:
1612:
1553:
1544:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1451:Johnson S and Jones NS (2017).
1321:
1024:
971:
912:
853:
804:
747:
3530:Consumer–resource interactions
2095:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1817:Journal of Theoretical Biology
635:
594:
553:
494:
479:
436:
377:
334:
275:
1:
4376:Biological data visualization
4203:Environmental niche modelling
3930:Population viability analysis
2027:
754:Guimera, R.; Stouffer, D.B.;
46:
3861:Density-dependent inhibition
887:10.1371/journal.pone.0074025
7:
4330:Liebig's law of the minimum
4165:Resource selection function
3056:Metabolic theory of ecology
2032:
237:
23:is a representation of the
10:
4527:
4230:Niche apportionment models
3950:Relative species abundance
3154:Primary nutritional groups
3051:List of feeding behaviours
2864:10.1016/j.baae.2007.06.003
2834:
2125:10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.07.030
1847:10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.07.030
1126:10.1103/PhysRevE.97.062302
181:Stability and Optimisation
4479:
4411:Ecosystem based fisheries
4353:
4253:
4178:
4051:
4023:Interspecific competition
3988:
3915:Minimum viable population
3848:
3773:Maximum sustainable yield
3758:Intraspecific competition
3753:Effective population size
3716:
3633:Anti-predator adaptations
3618:
3497:
3424:
3381:
3303:
3270:
3167:
3144:Photosynthetic efficiency
3079:
2973:
2844:Basic and Applied Ecology
2465:Journal of Animal Ecology
2430:Journal of Animal Ecology
1236:10.1038/s41559-019-1002-3
648:Journal of Animal Ecology
607:Journal of Animal Ecology
249:Consumer-resource systems
126:of species that share an
4401:Ecological stoichiometry
4366:Alternative stable state
269:
232:evolution of cooperation
4511:Ecological connectivity
4245:Ontogenetic niche shift
4108:Ideal free distribution
4018:Ecological facilitation
3768:Malthusian growth model
3738:Consumer-resource model
3595:Paradox of the plankton
3560:Energy systems language
3280:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
3247:Optimal foraging theory
3222:Heterotrophic nutrition
2494:Stouffer, D.B. (2010).
2067:10.1073/pnas.1633576100
1898:10.1126/science.1188321
1480:10.1073/pnas.1613786114
1419:10.1073/pnas.1409077111
946:10.1073/pnas.1633576100
560:Stouffer, D.B. (2010).
528:10.1073/pnas.0603039103
4391:Ecological forecasting
4335:Marginal value theorem
4133:Landscape epidemiology
4068:Cross-boundary subsidy
4003:Biological interaction
3353:Microbial intelligence
3041:Green world hypothesis
2658:10.1073/pnas.192448799
2612:(inactive 2024-09-05).
2557:10.1098/rspb.2001.1767
2318:10.1098/rspb.2004.2909
2212:10.1073/pnas.192407699
1784:10.1098/rspb.2004.2909
1588:10.1098/rspb.2001.1767
1458:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
1387:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
1346:10.1098/rspb.2007.0571
829:10.1098/rspb.2015.0320
411:10.1073/pnas.192407699
309:10.1073/pnas.192448799
264:Recycling (ecological)
4396:Ecological humanities
4295:Ecological energetics
4240:Niche differentiation
4103:Habitat fragmentation
3871:Ecological extinction
3818:Small population size
3570:Feed conversion ratio
3550:Ecological succession
3482:San Francisco Estuary
3396:Ecological efficiency
3338:Microbial cooperation
4421:Evolutionary ecology
4386:Ecological footprint
4381:Ecological economics
4305:Ecological threshold
4300:Ecological indicator
4170:Source–sink dynamics
4123:Land change modeling
4118:Insular biogeography
3970:Species distribution
3709:Modelling ecosystems
3368:Microbial metabolism
3207:Intraguild predation
2996:Biogeochemical cycle
2962:Modelling ecosystems
155:intraguild predation
151:apparent competition
112:Compartmentalization
4471:Theoretical ecology
4446:Natural environment
4310:Ecosystem diversity
4280:Ecological collapse
4270:Bateman's principle
4225:Limiting similarity
4138:Landscape limnology
3960:Species homogeneity
3798:Population modeling
3793:Population dynamics
3610:Trophic state index
2903:10.1038/nature04927
2895:2006Natur.442..259M
2856:2007BApEc...8..485B
2800:2014EcolL..17..350L
2763:10.1038/nature12438
2755:2013Natur.500..449S
2698:2011EcolL..14..797Z
2649:2002PNAS...9912913W
2643:(20): 12913–12916.
2541:(1480): 2039–2045.
2512:2010FuEco..24...44S
2477:2002JAnEc..71.1056S
2442:2004JAnEc..73..852R
2401:1984Natur.307..321P
2364:2008EcolL..11..208O
2312:(1557): 2605–2611.
2267:10.1038/nature02115
2259:2003Natur.426..282K
2203:2002PNAS...9912917D
2197:(20): 12917–12922.
2162:2002EcolL...5..558D
2117:2007JThBi.249..307B
2058:2003PNAS..100.9383B
1992:2014EcolL..17..350L
1941:2013Natur.500..411F
1890:2010Sci...329..853T
1839:2007JThBi.249..307B
1778:(1557): 2605–2611.
1737:10.1038/nature11214
1729:2012Natur.487..227J
1686:2008EcolL..11..208O
1633:2002EcolL...5..558D
1572:(1480): 2039–2045.
1471:2017PNAS..114.5618J
1410:2014PNAS..11117923J
1394:(50): 17923–17928.
1340:(1621): 1931–1940.
1281:2019Ecol..100E2796P
1218:2019NatEE...3.1525M
1171:2006Oikos.113..174L
1118:2018PhRvE..97f2302S
1063:10.1038/nature12438
1055:2013Natur.500..449S
992:2011EcolL..14..797Z
937:2003PNAS..100.9383B
878:2013PLoSO...874025J
772:2010Ecol...91.2941G
715:10.1038/nature02115
707:2003Natur.426..282K
660:2004JAnEc..73..852R
619:2002JAnEc..71.1056S
578:2010FuEco..24...44S
519:2006PNAS..10313745B
513:(37): 13745–13749.
457:1983Ecol...64..253B
402:2002PNAS...9912917D
396:(20): 12917–12922.
355:1984Natur.307..321P
300:2002PNAS...9912913W
294:(20): 12913–12916.
259:Pollination network
135:In-block nestedness
93:Degree distribution
41:ecosystem stability
25:biotic interactions
4482:Outline of ecology
4431:Industrial ecology
4426:Functional ecology
4290:Ecological deficit
4235:Niche construction
4198:Ecosystem engineer
3975:Species–area curve
3896:Introduced species
3711:: Other components
3643:Deimatic behaviour
3545:Ecological network
3477:North Pacific Gyre
3462:hydrothermal vents
3401:Ecological pyramid
3348:Microbial food web
3159:Primary production
3104:Foundation species
2500:Functional Ecology
823:(1807): 20150320.
566:Functional Ecology
244:Biological network
213:Other applications
203:allometric scaling
173:and prevalence of
79:to exponential to
21:ecological network
4488:
4487:
4371:Balance of nature
4128:Landscape ecology
4013:Community ecology
3955:Species diversity
3891:Indicator species
3886:Gradient analysis
3763:Logistic function
3671:
3670:
3628:Animal coloration
3605:Trophic mutualism
3343:Microbial ecology
3134:Photoheterotrophs
3119:Myco-heterotrophy
3031:Ecosystem ecology
3016:Carrying capacity
2981:Abiotic component
2889:(7100): 259–264.
2808:10.1111/ele.12236
2739:(7463): 449–452.
2395:(5949): 321–326.
2253:(6964): 282–285.
2052:(16): 9383–9387.
2000:10.1111/ele.12236
1935:(7463): 411–412.
1884:(5993): 853–856.
1723:(7406): 227–230.
1465:(22): 5618–5623.
1212:(11): 1525–1532.
1095:Physical Review E
1039:(7463): 449–452.
931:(16): 9383–9387.
780:10.1890/09-1175.1
766:(10): 2941–2951.
701:(6964): 282–285.
349:(5949): 321–326.
167:trophic coherence
162:Trophic coherence
4518:
4188:Ecological niche
4160:selection theory
3980:Umbrella species
3965:Species richness
3901:Invasive species
3881:Flagship species
3788:Population cycle
3783:Overexploitation
3748:Ecological yield
3698:
3691:
3684:
3675:
3674:
3580:Mesotrophic soil
3520:Climax community
3452:Marine food webs
3391:Biomagnification
3192:Chemoorganotroph
3046:Keystone species
3006:Biotic component
2951:
2944:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2877:
2875:
2829:
2819:
2782:
2748:
2727:
2717:
2680:
2670:
2660:
2627:
2621:
2613:
2603:
2594:(7): 1120–1127.
2578:
2568:
2550:
2548:cond-mat/0011196
2525:
2523:
2490:
2488:
2471:(6): 1056–1062.
2455:
2453:
2420:
2409:10.1038/307321a0
2383:
2349:
2339:
2329:
2296:
2278:
2244:
2234:
2224:
2214:
2181:
2144:
2110:
2089:
2079:
2069:
2022:
2021:
2011:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1832:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1581:
1579:cond-mat/0011196
1557:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1482:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1431:
1421:
1403:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1299:10.1002/ecy.2796
1292:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1229:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1111:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1048:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1011:
975:
969:
968:
958:
948:
916:
910:
909:
899:
889:
857:
851:
850:
840:
808:
802:
801:
791:
751:
745:
744:
726:
692:
683:
674:
673:
671:
639:
633:
632:
630:
613:(6): 1056–1062.
598:
592:
591:
589:
557:
551:
550:
540:
530:
498:
492:
491:
483:
477:
476:
440:
434:
433:
423:
413:
381:
375:
374:
363:10.1038/307321a0
338:
332:
331:
321:
311:
279:
195:species invasion
128:ecological niche
106:keystone species
86:optimal foraging
4526:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4475:
4461:Systems ecology
4349:
4320:Extinction debt
4285:Ecological debt
4275:Bioluminescence
4256:
4249:
4218:marine habitats
4193:Ecological trap
4174:
4054:
4047:
3990:
3984:
3940:Rapoport's rule
3935:Priority effect
3876:Endemic species
3844:
3803:Population size
3719:
3712:
3702:
3672:
3667:
3620:
3614:
3600:Trophic cascade
3510:Bioaccumulation
3493:
3420:
3377:
3299:
3266:
3163:
3075:
3036:Ecosystem model
2969:
2955:
2925:
2837:
2832:
2788:Ecology Letters
2686:Ecology Letters
2615:
2614:
2601:10.1.1.567.1820
2352:Ecology Letters
2347:
2242:
2150:Ecology Letters
2035:
2030:
2025:
1980:Ecology Letters
1976:
1972:
1949:10.1038/500411a
1925:
1921:
1874:
1870:
1813:
1809:
1764:
1760:
1713:
1709:
1674:Ecology Letters
1669:
1663:
1656:
1621:Ecology Letters
1617:
1613:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1449:
1445:
1378:
1371:
1334:Proc. R. Soc. B
1326:
1322:
1263:
1259:
1200:
1196:
1153:
1149:
1090:
1086:
1029:
1025:
980:Ecology Letters
976:
972:
917:
913:
858:
854:
809:
805:
756:Sales-Pardo, M.
752:
748:
690:
684:
677:
640:
636:
599:
595:
558:
554:
499:
495:
484:
480:
465:10.2307/1937073
441:
437:
382:
378:
339:
335:
280:
276:
272:
240:
224:metapopulations
215:
183:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4524:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4441:Microecosystem
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4340:Thorson's rule
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4265:Assembly rules
4261:
4259:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4184:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4150:
4148:Patch dynamics
4145:
4143:Metapopulation
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4038:Storage effect
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3994:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3920:Neutral theory
3917:
3912:
3907:
3905:Native species
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3778:Overpopulation
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3714:
3713:
3701:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3678:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3585:Nutrient cycle
3582:
3577:
3575:Feeding frenzy
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3555:Energy quality
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3515:Cascade effect
3512:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3358:Microbial loop
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3323:Lithoautotroph
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3305:Microorganisms
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3262:Prey switching
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3139:Photosynthesis
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3094:Chemosynthesis
3091:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2986:Abiotic stress
2983:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2924:
2923:
2878:
2850:(6): 485–490.
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2794:(3): 350–359.
2783:
2728:
2715:10019.1/118286
2692:(8): 797–803.
2681:
2628:
2579:
2526:
2491:
2456:
2436:(5): 852–866.
2421:
2384:
2358:(3): 208–216.
2340:
2297:
2235:
2182:
2156:(4): 558–567.
2145:
2101:(2): 307–313.
2090:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:
1986:(3): 350–359.
1970:
1919:
1868:
1823:(2): 307–313.
1807:
1758:
1707:
1680:(3): 208–216.
1654:
1627:(4): 558–567.
1611:
1552:
1543:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1443:
1369:
1320:
1290:10.1101/362871
1257:
1227:10.1101/452565
1194:
1165:(1): 174–184.
1147:
1084:
1023:
1009:10019.1/118286
986:(8): 797–803.
970:
911:
852:
803:
789:2027.42/117072
746:
675:
654:(5): 852–866.
634:
593:
552:
493:
478:
451:(2): 253–263.
435:
376:
333:
273:
271:
268:
267:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
239:
236:
214:
211:
182:
179:
48:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4523:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4466:Urban ecology
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4325:Kleiber's law
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4098:Foster's rule
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3694:
3692:
3687:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3416:Trophic level
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3373:Phage ecology
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:Microbial mat
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3318:Bacteriophage
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:Decomposition
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3232:Mesopredators
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:Apex predator
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3011:Biotic stress
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2276:2027.42/62960
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2108:q-bio/0609005
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1830:q-bio/0609005
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1659:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1547:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1531:Robert Poulin
1526:
1517:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:(9): e02796.
1274:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1205:Nat Ecol Evol
1198:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1102:(6): 062302.
1101:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
974:
966:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
915:
907:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
879:
875:
872:(9): e74025.
871:
867:
863:
856:
848:
844:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
807:
799:
795:
790:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
750:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
724:2027.42/62960
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
689:
682:
680:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
638:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
597:
588:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
556:
548:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
497:
489:
482:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
439:
431:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
380:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
337:
329:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
278:
274:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
210:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:
142:Network motif
138:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
120:
115:
113:
109:
107:
103:
102:
97:
95:
94:
89:
87:
82:
78:
74:
73:
68:
66:
65:
60:
58:
54:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4451:Regime shift
4436:Macroecology
4157:
4153:
4093:Edge effects
4063:Biogeography
4008:Commensalism
3856:Biodiversity
3733:Allee effect
3544:
3472:kelp forests
3425:Example webs
3290:Detritivores
3129:Organotrophs
3109:Kinetotrophs
3061:Productivity
2886:
2882:
2847:
2843:
2791:
2787:
2736:
2732:
2689:
2685:
2640:
2636:
2618:cite journal
2591:
2587:
2538:
2534:
2506:(1): 44–51.
2503:
2499:
2468:
2464:
2433:
2429:
2392:
2388:
2355:
2351:
2309:
2305:
2250:
2246:
2194:
2190:
2153:
2149:
2098:
2094:
2049:
2045:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1677:
1673:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1546:
1541:; 1120-1127.
1538:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1462:
1456:
1446:
1391:
1385:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1036:
1032:
1026:
983:
979:
973:
928:
924:
914:
869:
865:
855:
820:
816:
806:
763:
759:
749:
698:
694:
651:
647:
637:
610:
606:
596:
572:(1): 44–51.
569:
565:
555:
510:
506:
496:
487:
481:
448:
444:
438:
393:
389:
379:
346:
342:
336:
291:
287:
277:
228:epidemiology
216:
207:
199:biodiversity
191:species loss
184:
166:
160:
159:
140:
139:
134:
133:
117:
116:
111:
110:
99:
98:
91:
90:
70:
69:
62:
61:
50:
20:
18:
4088:Disturbance
3991:interaction
3813:Recruitment
3743:Depensation
3535:Copiotrophs
3406:Energy flow
3328:Lithotrophy
3272:Decomposers
3252:Planktivore
3227:Insectivore
3217:Heterotroph
3182:Bacterivore
3149:Phototrophs
3099:Chemotrophs
3071:Restoration
3021:Competition
2873:10261/40172
2817:10261/91808
2009:10261/91808
1188:10261/40471
220:coevolution
147:food chains
72:Connectance
4495:Categories
4456:Sexecology
4033:Parasitism
3998:Antibiosis
3833:Resistance
3828:Resilience
3718:Population
3638:Camouflage
3590:Oligotroph
3505:Ascendency
3467:intertidal
3457:cold seeps
3411:Food chain
3212:Herbivores
3187:Carnivores
3114:Mixotrophs
3089:Autotrophs
2968:components
2584:Poulin, R.
2028:References
1109:1801.05620
230:, and the
119:Nestedness
101:Clustering
64:Complexity
57:mutualists
47:Properties
4361:Allometry
4315:Emergence
4043:Symbiosis
4028:Mutualism
3823:Stability
3728:Abundance
3540:Dominance
3498:Processes
3487:tide pool
3383:Food webs
3257:Predation
3242:Omnivores
3169:Consumers
3124:Mycotroph
3081:Producers
3026:Ecosystem
2991:Behaviour
2746:1308.4807
2596:CiteSeerX
1965:205078357
1914:206526054
1401:1404.7728
1315:195329102
1252:204540022
1046:1308.4807
171:stability
77:power-law
53:food webs
37:symbiotic
29:ecosystem
4506:Networks
4416:Endolith
4345:Xerosere
4257:networks
4073:Ecocline
3619:Defense,
3295:Detritus
3197:Foraging
3066:Resource
2911:16855581
2826:24386999
2771:23969462
2724:21707903
2677:12235367
2575:11571051
2380:18070101
2336:15615687
2285:14628050
2231:12235364
2141:10258963
2133:17897679
2086:12881488
2033:Specific
2018:24386999
1957:23969457
1906:20705861
1863:10258963
1855:17897679
1802:15615687
1745:22722863
1702:18070101
1606:11571051
1499:28512222
1438:25468963
1364:17567558
1307:31232470
1244:31611677
1134:30011537
1071:23969462
1018:21707903
965:12881488
906:24069264
866:PLOS ONE
847:25925104
798:21058554
733:14628050
547:16954193
430:12235364
328:12235367
254:Food web
238:See also
4501:Ecology
4406:Ecopath
4213:Habitat
4083:Ecotype
4078:Ecotone
4055:ecology
4053:Spatial
3989:Species
3849:Species
3720:ecology
3705:Ecology
3653:Mimicry
3621:counter
3565:f-ratio
3313:Archaea
3001:Biomass
2974:General
2966:Trophic
2958:Ecology
2891:Bibcode
2852:Bibcode
2835:General
2796:Bibcode
2779:4412384
2751:Bibcode
2694:Bibcode
2645:Bibcode
2566:1088846
2508:Bibcode
2473:Bibcode
2438:Bibcode
2417:4317192
2397:Bibcode
2360:Bibcode
2327:1691904
2293:1752696
2255:Bibcode
2199:Bibcode
2178:2114852
2158:Bibcode
2113:Bibcode
2054:Bibcode
1988:Bibcode
1937:Bibcode
1886:Bibcode
1878:Science
1835:Bibcode
1793:1691904
1753:4398165
1725:Bibcode
1682:Bibcode
1649:2114852
1629:Bibcode
1597:1088846
1490:5465891
1467:Bibcode
1429:4273378
1406:Bibcode
1355:2275185
1285:bioRxiv
1277:Bibcode
1268:Ecology
1222:bioRxiv
1214:Bibcode
1167:Bibcode
1142:1697222
1114:Bibcode
1079:4412384
1051:Bibcode
988:Bibcode
933:Bibcode
897:3777946
874:Bibcode
838:4424652
768:Bibcode
760:Ecology
741:1752696
703:Bibcode
656:Bibcode
615:Bibcode
574:Bibcode
538:1560085
515:Bibcode
473:1937073
453:Bibcode
445:Ecology
398:Bibcode
371:4317192
351:Bibcode
296:Bibcode
187:ecology
81:uniform
33:trophic
3437:Rivers
3333:Marine
2919:592403
2917:
2909:
2883:Nature
2824:
2777:
2769:
2733:Nature
2722:
2675:
2668:130559
2665:
2598:
2573:
2563:
2415:
2389:Nature
2378:
2334:
2324:
2291:
2283:
2247:Nature
2229:
2222:130560
2219:
2176:
2139:
2131:
2084:
2077:170927
2074:
2016:
1963:
1955:
1929:Nature
1912:
1904:
1861:
1853:
1800:
1790:
1751:
1743:
1717:Nature
1700:
1647:
1604:
1594:
1497:
1487:
1436:
1426:
1362:
1352:
1313:
1305:
1287:
1250:
1242:
1224:
1140:
1132:
1077:
1069:
1033:Nature
1016:
963:
956:170927
953:
904:
894:
845:
835:
796:
739:
731:
695:Nature
545:
535:
471:
428:
421:130560
418:
369:
343:Nature
326:
319:130559
316:
175:cycles
124:guilds
27:in an
4354:Other
4255:Other
4208:Guild
4180:Niche
3432:Lakes
2915:S2CID
2775:S2CID
2741:arXiv
2588:Oikos
2543:arXiv
2413:S2CID
2348:(PDF)
2289:S2CID
2243:(PDF)
2174:S2CID
2137:S2CID
2103:arXiv
1961:S2CID
1910:S2CID
1859:S2CID
1825:arXiv
1749:S2CID
1670:(PDF)
1645:S2CID
1574:arXiv
1535:Oikos
1396:arXiv
1311:S2CID
1248:S2CID
1158:Oikos
1138:S2CID
1104:arXiv
1075:S2CID
1041:arXiv
737:S2CID
691:(PDF)
469:JSTOR
367:S2CID
270:Notes
153:, or
3442:Soil
2907:PMID
2822:PMID
2767:PMID
2720:PMID
2673:PMID
2624:link
2571:PMID
2376:PMID
2332:PMID
2281:PMID
2227:PMID
2129:PMID
2082:PMID
2014:PMID
1953:PMID
1902:PMID
1851:PMID
1798:PMID
1741:PMID
1698:PMID
1602:PMID
1495:PMID
1434:PMID
1360:PMID
1303:PMID
1240:PMID
1130:PMID
1067:PMID
1014:PMID
961:PMID
902:PMID
843:PMID
794:PMID
729:PMID
543:PMID
426:PMID
324:PMID
2899:doi
2887:442
2868:hdl
2860:doi
2812:hdl
2804:doi
2759:doi
2737:500
2710:hdl
2702:doi
2663:PMC
2653:doi
2606:doi
2592:116
2561:PMC
2553:doi
2539:268
2516:doi
2481:doi
2446:doi
2405:doi
2393:307
2368:doi
2322:PMC
2314:doi
2310:271
2271:hdl
2263:doi
2251:426
2217:PMC
2207:doi
2166:doi
2121:doi
2099:249
2072:PMC
2062:doi
2050:100
2004:hdl
1996:doi
1945:doi
1933:500
1894:doi
1882:329
1843:doi
1821:249
1788:PMC
1780:doi
1776:271
1733:doi
1721:487
1690:doi
1637:doi
1592:PMC
1584:doi
1570:268
1539:116
1485:PMC
1475:doi
1463:114
1424:PMC
1414:doi
1392:111
1350:PMC
1342:doi
1338:274
1295:doi
1273:100
1232:doi
1183:hdl
1175:doi
1163:113
1122:doi
1059:doi
1037:500
1004:hdl
996:doi
951:PMC
941:doi
929:100
892:PMC
882:doi
833:PMC
825:doi
821:282
784:hdl
776:doi
719:hdl
711:doi
699:426
664:doi
623:doi
582:doi
533:PMC
523:doi
511:103
461:doi
416:PMC
406:doi
359:doi
347:307
314:PMC
304:doi
193:or
35:or
19:An
4497::
3903:/
3707::
2964::
2960::
2913:.
2905:.
2897:.
2885:.
2866:.
2858:.
2846:.
2820:.
2810:.
2802:.
2792:17
2790:.
2773:.
2765:.
2757:.
2749:.
2735:.
2718:.
2708:.
2700:.
2690:14
2688:.
2671:.
2661:.
2651:.
2641:99
2639:.
2635:.
2620:}}
2616:{{
2604:.
2590:.
2569:.
2559:.
2551:.
2537:.
2533:.
2514:.
2504:24
2502:.
2498:.
2479:.
2469:71
2467:.
2463:.
2444:.
2434:73
2432:.
2428:.
2411:.
2403:.
2391:.
2374:.
2366:.
2356:11
2354:.
2350:.
2330:.
2320:.
2308:.
2304:.
2287:.
2279:.
2269:.
2261:.
2249:.
2245:.
2225:.
2215:.
2205:.
2195:99
2193:.
2189:.
2172:.
2164:.
2152:.
2135:.
2127:.
2119:.
2111:.
2097:.
2080:.
2070:.
2060:.
2048:.
2044:.
2012:.
2002:.
1994:.
1984:17
1982:.
1959:.
1951:.
1943:.
1931:.
1908:.
1900:.
1892:.
1880:.
1857:.
1849:.
1841:.
1833:.
1819:.
1796:.
1786:.
1774:.
1770:.
1747:.
1739:.
1731:.
1719:.
1696:.
1688:.
1678:11
1676:.
1672:.
1657:^
1643:.
1635:.
1623:.
1600:.
1590:.
1582:.
1568:.
1564:.
1537:,
1493:.
1483:.
1473:.
1461:.
1455:.
1432:.
1422:.
1412:.
1404:.
1390:.
1384:.
1372:^
1358:.
1348:.
1336:.
1332:.
1309:.
1301:.
1293:.
1283:.
1271:.
1246:.
1238:.
1230:.
1220:.
1208:.
1181:.
1173:.
1161:.
1136:.
1128:.
1120:.
1112:.
1100:97
1098:.
1073:.
1065:.
1057:.
1049:.
1035:.
1012:.
1002:.
994:.
984:14
982:.
959:.
949:.
939:.
927:.
923:.
900:.
890:.
880:.
868:.
864:.
841:.
831:.
819:.
815:.
792:.
782:.
774:.
764:91
762:.
735:.
727:.
717:.
709:.
697:.
693:.
678:^
662:.
652:73
650:.
646:.
621:.
611:71
609:.
605:.
580:.
570:24
568:.
564:.
541:.
531:.
521:.
509:.
505:.
467:.
459:.
449:64
447:.
424:.
414:.
404:.
394:99
392:.
388:.
365:.
357:.
345:.
322:.
312:.
302:.
292:99
290:.
286:.
226:,
177:.
149:,
43:.
4158:K
4156:/
4154:r
3697:e
3690:t
3683:v
2950:e
2943:t
2936:v
2921:.
2901::
2893::
2876:.
2870::
2862::
2854::
2848:8
2828:.
2814::
2806::
2798::
2781:.
2761::
2753::
2743::
2726:.
2712::
2704::
2696::
2679:.
2655::
2647::
2626:)
2608::
2577:.
2555::
2545::
2524:.
2518::
2510::
2489:.
2483::
2475::
2454:.
2448::
2440::
2419:.
2407::
2399::
2382:.
2370::
2362::
2338:.
2316::
2295:.
2273::
2265::
2257::
2233:.
2209::
2201::
2180:.
2168::
2160::
2154:5
2143:.
2123::
2115::
2105::
2088:.
2064::
2056::
2020:.
2006::
1998::
1990::
1967:.
1947::
1939::
1916:.
1896::
1888::
1865:.
1845::
1837::
1827::
1804:.
1782::
1755:.
1735::
1727::
1704:.
1692::
1684::
1651:.
1639::
1631::
1625:5
1608:.
1586::
1576::
1501:.
1477::
1469::
1440:.
1416::
1408::
1398::
1366:.
1344::
1317:.
1297::
1279::
1254:.
1234::
1216::
1210:3
1191:.
1185::
1177::
1169::
1144:.
1124::
1116::
1106::
1081:.
1061::
1053::
1043::
1020:.
1006::
998::
990::
967:.
943::
935::
908:.
884::
876::
870:8
849:.
827::
800:.
786::
778::
770::
743:.
721::
713::
705::
672:.
666::
658::
631:.
625::
617::
590:.
584::
576::
549:.
525::
517::
475:.
463::
455::
432:.
408::
400::
373:.
361::
353::
330:.
306::
298::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.