1479:
439:, and Ed Creutz. To be on the same program with these two giants of scientific accomplishments was breathtaking. Just before the meeting began, my sponsor, Delsasso, asked me, "Say, Creutz, have you met Einstein yet?" I had not. Delsasso took me over to where Einstein was sitting in sweatshirt and tennis shoes, and said, "Professor Einstein, this is Creutz who has come to work on our cyclotron." The great man held out his hand, which seemed as big as a dinner plate, and said in an accented voice, "I’m glad to meet you, Dr. Creutz." I managed to wheeze out, "I’m glad to meet you, too, Dr. Einstein."
1491:
736:
33:
1503:
607:
534:. The group's task was to design the reactors that would convert uranium into plutonium. At the time, reactors existed only on paper, and no reactor had yet gone critical. In July 1942, Wigner chose a conservative 100 MW design, with a graphite neutron moderator and water cooling. The choice of water as a coolant was controversial at the time because water was known to absorb
1467:
762:
to occur. Due to its safety and reliability, which allows it to be installed in densely populated areas, and its ability to still generate high energy for brief periods, which is particularly useful for research, it became the world's most popular research reactor, and
General Atomics sold 66 TRIGAs
546:
as a coolant would delay the project. Working seven days a week, the group designed the reactors between
September 1942 and January 1943. Creutz studied the corrosion of metals in a water-cooled system, and designed the cooling system. In 1959 a patent for the reactor design would be issued in the
352:
with a degree in electrical engineering, persuaded him to go to college as well. John suggested that "if you aren’t sure what part of science you want, take physics, because that's basic to all of them." Creutz later recalled that this was the best advice he ever got. He entered the
University of
245:
at the
Metallurgical Laboratory, designing the cooling system for the first water-cooled reactors. He led a group that studied the metallurgy of uranium and other elements used in reactor designs. In October 1944, he moved to the Los Alamos Laboratory, where he became a group leader.
589:
design verification and preliminary testing. Difficulties encountered in testing the lenses led to the construction of a special test area in
Pajarito Canyon, and Creutz became responsible for testing there. As part of the preparation for the
728:, as its vice president for research and development, and was concurrently the director of its John Jay Hopkins Laboratory for Pure and Applied Science from 1955 to 1967. He was also a member of the Advisory Panel on General Science at the
258:. While there he accepted an offer to become vice president for research and development and the director of its John Jay Hopkins Laboratory for Pure and Applied Science at General Atomics. Under his leadership, General Atomics developed
249:
After the war ended, Creutz accepted an offer to come to the
Carnegie Institute of Technology, where he became the head of its physics department and its nuclear research center in 1948. In 1955 he returned to Los Alamos to evaluate its
632:, and help create a nuclear physics group there. Creutz in turn recruited a number of young physicists who had worked with him at Princeton and on the Manhattan Project in Chicago and Los Alamos, including Martyn Foss,
663:
Creutz became a professor, the head of the physics department, and the head of the nuclear research center at the
Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1948. He was also a member of the executive board at the
293:, the son of Lester Creutz, a high school history teacher, and Grace Smith Creutz, a general science teacher. He had two older brothers, John and Jim, and a younger sister, Edith. The family moved to
538:, thereby reducing the efficiency of the reactor; but Wigner was confident that his group's calculations were correct and that water would work, while the technical difficulties involved in using
408:, under Breit's supervision. Creutz married Lela Rollefson, a mathematics student at Wisconsin, and the sister of Ragnar Rollefson, on September 13, 1937. The couple had three children, two sons,
357:, especially after his father died in 1935. To pay his bills, Creutz worked as a dishwasher and short order cook, and took a job taking care of the physics laboratory equipment. In 1936, his
431:
On my third day in
Princeton I was invited to give a short report on my thesis work. There were usually two or three speakers at these "Journal Club" meetings. This time the speakers were
801:. His wife Lela died of cancer in 1972. In 1974 he married Elisabeth Cordle, who worked for the National Science Board. The two of them enjoyed locating and photographing rare orchids.
672:
from 1946 to 1958. In addition to his work on nuclear physics, he cultivated flowers and orchids at his home. He published eight papers on floral species, and named three varieties of
816:, which was published in 1999. He expanded programs for education and outreach, and secured funding for two new buildings. He retired in 1987 and returned to his home in
594:, Creutz conducted a test detonation at Pajarito Canyon without nuclear material. This test brought bad news; it seemed to indicate that the Trinity test would fail.
550:
As a group leader at the
Metallurgical Laboratory, Creutz conducted studies of uranium and how it could be extruded into rods. His group looked into the process of
657:
1572:
775:
in
Colorado encountered technical problems. General Atomics also conducted research into thermonuclear energy, including means of magnetically confining
570:
and Alvin Weinberg later reckoned that the activities of Creutz and his group may have reduced the time taken to produce plutonium by up to two years.
1587:
758:. As the temperature of the core increases, the reactivity rapidly decreases. It is thus highly unlikely, though not completely impossible, for a
1252:
648:. For a time, This put them at the forefront of research into nuclear physics, allowing physicists there to study the recently discovered
1592:
1577:
1527:
Oral history interview transcript with Edward Creutz on 10 January 2006, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
1294:
1188:
1521:
Oral history interview transcript with Edward Creutz on 9 January 2006, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
1562:
1557:
755:
793:. He became assistant director for mathematical and physicals sciences in 1975, and was acting deputy director from 1976 to 1977. The
767:(HTGR) was less successful, and only two HTGR power reactors were built, both in the United States. A 40 MW demonstration unit at the
1567:
392:. With this done, the question became what to do with it, and Breit suggested that it had previously been observed that high-energy
598:
worked through the night to assess the results, and was able to report that the results were consistent with a perfect explosion.
768:
1552:
709:
334:
255:
467:, coffee cans and motorcycle batteries, and with this apparatus the physicists at Princeton were able to confirm the results.
1373:
982:
897:
364:
Creutz encountered several members of the faculty at the University of Wisconsin, including Julian Mack, Ragnar Rollefson,
729:
419:
in 1938, and soon after Creutz received an offer as well. Princeton had been given a 36-inch (910 mm) magnet by the
349:
226:
93:
628:
After the war ended in 1945, Creutz accepted an offer from Seitz to come to the Carnegie Institute of Technology as an
420:
1582:
1446:
1427:
1397:
1346:
772:
1100:
582:
1478:
1526:
1520:
783:
322:
187:
125:
1387:
1192:
986:
764:
669:
1218:
906:
701:
from French into English. His family served as hosts for a time to two young people from Tahiti and Samoa.
341:
teams at Janesville and Monroe. He expressed an interest in chemistry, biology, geology and photography.
817:
790:
665:
318:
266:
74:
797:
raised the national profile of energy issues, and Creutz served on a panel that produced a study called
1457:
195:
129:
1507:
1495:
804:
His appointment at the National Science Foundation ended in 1977, and Creutz became director of the
751:
678:
585:
design. In October 1944, Creutz moved to Los Alamos, where he became a group leader responsible for
829:
637:
508:
183:
121:
1257:
645:
385:
377:
591:
1196:
512:
302:
294:
290:
146:
56:
1337:
Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945
1547:
1542:
1023:
725:
713:
705:
685:
479:
between 1939 and 1941, Wigner led the Princeton group in a series of experiments involving
443:
But it was Bohr who electrified the audience with his news from Europe of the discovery by
416:
401:
251:
230:
8:
794:
629:
381:
1027:
1335:
1330:
573:
The discovery of spontaneous fission in reactor-bred plutonium due to contamination by
456:
448:
358:
1442:
1423:
1403:
1393:
1369:
1352:
1342:
1314:
1306:
523:
496:
488:
338:
298:
179:
178:(January 23, 1913 – June 27, 2009) was an American physicist who worked on the
1471:
1366:
Current Trends in International Fusion Research: Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium
1326:
1031:
776:
759:
721:
694:
621:
581:
from thorium, but the challenge was met by the Los Alamos Laboratory developing an
460:
354:
158:
990:
1222:
1014:
717:
567:
504:
452:
436:
238:
199:
133:
111:
1120:
1118:
1483:
1415:
1383:
586:
554:
in metals in contact with fast-flowing liquids, the processes for fabricating
492:
409:
1536:
1310:
1142:
1115:
951:
805:
786:
673:
574:
531:
527:
373:
369:
270:
242:
219:
163:
1407:
1356:
1318:
1035:
543:
476:
444:
389:
365:
353:
Wisconsin and studied mathematics and physics. Money was scarce during the
191:
812:. He took particular interest in the museum's work preparing a two-volume
1012:
Creutz, Edward (May 1939). "Resonance Scattering of Protons by Lithium".
641:
578:
464:
380:. Creutz remained at Wisconsin as a graduate student after receiving his
345:
344:
After graduating from Janesville High School in 1929, he took a job as a
211:
1278:
771:
in Pennsylvania operated successfully, but a larger 300 MW unit at the
636:, Roger Sutton and Sergio DeBenedetti. Together, with funding from the
595:
516:
432:
400:
was bombarded with protons at 440 keV. Creutz therefore wrote his 1939
348:
at a local bank. In 1932, his brother John, who had graduated from the
215:
633:
559:
555:
551:
522:
Wigner led the Theoretical Group that included Creutz, Leo Ohlinger,
500:
424:
393:
277:, where he took particular interest in the museum's preparation of a
234:
779:. Between 1962 and 1974 Creutz published six papers on the subject.
735:
427:. They wanted Creutz to help get it operational. He later recalled:
305:, in 1927. He played a number of musical instruments, including the
809:
704:
In 1955 and 1956, Creutz spent a year at Los Alamos evaluating its
611:
558:
and jacketing uranium with it. It also investigated the forging of
484:
384:(B.S.) degree in 1936, working for Herb upgrading the departmental
314:
306:
274:
1439:
The First Nuclear Era: The Life and Times of a Technological Fixer
515:. The name was a codename; Creutz was the first to conduct actual
690:
617:
563:
535:
480:
397:
330:
310:
207:
32:
1226:
750:, a small reactor for universities and laboratories. TRIGA used
606:
519:
research, and he hired its first metallurgist to work with him.
539:
203:
140:
1325:
1148:
1124:
747:
739:
326:
259:
1042:
455:. Physicists rushed to confirm the results. Creutz built an
789:
appointed Creutz as assistant director for research of the
653:
649:
1166:
1130:
1066:
1078:
1054:
194:. After the war he became a professor of physics at the
697:. He travelled to Polynesia many times, and translated
547:
name of Creutz, Ohlinger, Weinberg, Wigner, and Young.
507:
design, including Wigner's team from Princeton, at the
262:, a nuclear reactor for universities and laboratories.
831:
To Mars by A-Bomb: The Secret History of Project Orion
660:, created the first photographic emulsion of a meson.
1455:
1154:
676:
after his children. One 1966 paper, published in the
333:
with the school orchestra at Monroe. He also played
218:
and science policy, and held 18 patents relating to
376:. Mack gave Creutz a research project to do in his
1334:
329:in a dance orchestra called Rosie's Ragadors, and
202:from 1955 to 1970. He published over 65 papers on
1534:
754:(UZrH) fuel, which has a large, prompt negative
746:Under his leadership, General Atomics developed
269:from 1970 to 1977, and then as director of the
1363:
1048:
265:Creutz served as an assistant director of the
983:"Oral History Transcript — Dr. Edward Creutz"
1253:"Edward Creutz; worked on Manhattan Project"
742:is the world's most popular research reactor
689:, a rare flower found only on the island of
577:led Wigner to propose switching to breeding
668:from 1946 to 1958, and a consultant at the
905:. Biographical Memoirs. Washington, D.C.:
895:
756:fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity
406:Resonance Scattering of Protons by Lithium
147:Resonance Scattering of Protons by Lithium
31:
624:. Creutz published a paper on it in 1966.
1588:Fellows of the American Physical Society
1436:
1341:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1250:
1136:
1095:
1093:
1084:
1060:
814:Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii
769:Peach Bottom Nuclear Generating Station
734:
605:
423:, which had been used to build an 8 MeV
361:, he taught physics laboratory classes.
289:Creutz was born on January 23, 1913, in
279:Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii
1414:
1329:; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.;
1072:
945:
943:
198:. He was Vice President of Research at
1573:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
1535:
1382:
1292:
1246:
1244:
1183:
1181:
1172:
1160:
1011:
977:
975:
973:
971:
949:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
1420:The Recollections of Eugene P. Wigner
1090:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
1364:Raman, Roger; Panarella, E. (2009).
1279:https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1039992
896:Hinman, George; Rose, David (2010).
823:
644:at the Nuclear Research Center near
1293:Creutz, Edward (July–August 1966).
1241:
1178:
968:
950:Creutz, Edward (January 23, 1996).
920:
820:, and died there on June 27, 2009.
765:high-temperature gas-cooled reactor
712:. While there he was approached by
317:. He played in the school bands at
237:. During World War II he worked on
13:
1593:Joseph A. Craig High School alumni
1578:Carnegie Mellon University faculty
1392:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
1251:Gonzalez, Blanca (July 13, 2009).
844:
412:and Carl, and a daughter, Ann Jo.
14:
1604:
1563:People from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin
1558:People from Janesville, Wisconsin
1514:
989:. January 9, 2006. Archived from
773:Fort St. Vrain Generating Station
1568:20th-century American physicists
1501:
1489:
1477:
1465:
716:, who recruited him to join the
699:Grammar of the Tahitian language
196:Carnegie Institute of Technology
130:Carnegie Institute of Technology
1272:
1211:
1101:"Alvin M. Weinberg's Interview"
899:Edward Chester Creutz 1913–2009
470:
350:University of Wisconsin–Madison
227:University of Wisconsin–Madison
94:University of Wisconsin–Madison
1368:. Ottawa: NRC Research Press.
1295:"The Tiare Apetahi of Raiatea"
1005:
616:, a rare flower found only on
16:American physicist (1913–2009)
1:
1553:People from Monroe, Wisconsin
1389:The Making of the Atomic Bomb
1286:
1193:American Institute of Physics
987:American Institute of Physics
670:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
601:
583:implosion-type nuclear weapon
284:
907:National Academy of Sciences
806:Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum
499:'s various teams working on
271:Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum
7:
818:Rancho Santa Fe, California
791:National Science Foundation
666:Argonne National Laboratory
267:National Science Foundation
75:Rancho Santa Fe, California
10:
1609:
1103:. Manhattan Project Voices
1049:Raman & Panarella 2009
799:The Nation's Energy Future
325:. At Janesville he played
1219:"TRIGA® Nuclear Reactors"
752:uranium zirconium hydride
679:New York Botanical Garden
562:, and the preparation of
169:
157:
139:
117:
107:
100:
89:
81:
63:
42:
30:
23:
1583:Manhattan Project people
1437:Weinberg, Alvin (1994).
838:
710:Atomic Energy Commission
638:Office of Naval Research
509:Metallurgical Laboratory
421:University of California
256:Atomic Energy Commission
184:Metallurgical Laboratory
122:Metallurgical Laboratory
1441:. New York: AIP Press.
1258:San Diego Union-Tribune
646:Saxonburg, Pennsylvania
386:Van de Graaff generator
96:(B.S. 1936, Ph.D. 1939)
1331:Westfall, Catherine L.
1036:10.1103/PhysRev.55.819
743:
656:. A visiting scholar,
625:
475:In the early years of
441:
319:Janesville High School
763:in 24 countries. The
738:
730:Department of Defense
640:they built a 450 MeV
609:
513:University of Chicago
429:
303:Janesville, Wisconsin
295:Eau Claire, Wisconsin
291:Beaver Dam, Wisconsin
188:Los Alamos Laboratory
126:Los Alamos Laboratory
57:Beaver Dam, Wisconsin
1149:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1125:Hoddeson et al. 1993
726:La Jolla, California
714:Frederic de Hoffmann
706:thermonuclear fusion
686:Apetahia raiateensis
592:Trinity nuclear test
417:Princeton University
402:Doctor of Philosophy
252:thermonuclear fusion
231:Princeton University
37:Creutz in later life
1229:on October 15, 2014
1199:on October 10, 2014
1175:, pp. 661–663.
1075:, pp. 217–218.
1028:1939PhRv...55..819C
993:on October 13, 2014
795:1970s energy crisis
732:from 1959 to 1963.
658:Gilberto Bernardini
630:associate professor
404:(Ph.D.) thesis on
396:were produced when
382:Bachelor of Science
1508:Nuclear technology
1496:History of science
1299:The Garden Journal
744:
626:
457:ionization chamber
323:Monroe High School
301:, in 1920, and to
225:A graduate of the
1375:978-0-660-19890-3
1327:Hoddeson, Lillian
1139:, pp. 36–38.
1087:, pp. 22–24.
1063:, pp. 11–12.
824:Media appearances
524:Alvin M. Weinberg
497:Manhattan Project
495:concentrated the
491:. In early 1942,
489:neutron moderator
339:American football
299:Monroe, Wisconsin
229:, Creutz helped
180:Manhattan Project
173:
172:
102:Scientific career
1600:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1481:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1452:
1433:
1411:
1379:
1360:
1340:
1322:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1225:. Archived from
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1195:. Archived from
1185:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1097:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
979:
966:
965:
963:
961:
956:
947:
918:
917:
915:
913:
904:
893:
760:nuclear meltdown
722:General Dynamics
708:program for the
695:French Polynesia
622:French Polynesia
483:and two tons of
461:linear amplifier
415:Wigner moved to
388:from 300 to 600
355:Great Depression
254:program for the
233:build its first
159:Doctoral advisor
153:
70:
53:January 23, 1913
52:
50:
35:
21:
20:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1533:
1532:
1517:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1456:
1449:
1430:
1416:Szanton, Andrew
1400:
1384:Rhodes, Richard
1376:
1349:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1249:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1223:General Atomics
1217:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1189:"Edward Creutz"
1187:
1186:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1015:Physical Review
1010:
1006:
996:
994:
981:
980:
969:
959:
957:
954:
948:
921:
911:
909:
902:
894:
845:
841:
826:
718:General Atomics
604:
568:Frederick Seitz
505:nuclear reactor
473:
453:nuclear fission
437:Albert Einstein
287:
239:nuclear reactor
200:General Atomics
151:
134:General Atomics
132:
128:
124:
112:Nuclear physics
90:Alma mater
77:
72:
68:
59:
54:
48:
46:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1606:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1516:
1515:External links
1513:
1511:
1510:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1434:
1428:
1412:
1398:
1380:
1374:
1361:
1347:
1323:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1271:
1240:
1210:
1177:
1165:
1163:, p. 657.
1153:
1151:, p. 273.
1141:
1129:
1127:, p. 471.
1114:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1051:, p. 353.
1041:
1022:(9): 819–824.
1004:
967:
919:
842:
840:
837:
836:
835:
825:
822:
724:. He moved to
603:
600:
587:explosive lens
493:Arthur Compton
472:
469:
286:
283:
220:nuclear energy
171:
170:
167:
166:
161:
155:
154:
143:
137:
136:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
98:
97:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
73:
71:(aged 96)
65:
61:
60:
55:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1605:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1529:- Session II
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1450:
1448:1-56396-358-2
1444:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1429:0-306-44326-0
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1399:0-671-44133-7
1395:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1348:0-521-44132-3
1344:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1280:
1275:
1264:September 24,
1260:
1259:
1254:
1247:
1245:
1233:September 24,
1228:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1203:September 21,
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1137:Weinberg 1994
1133:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1107:September 22,
1102:
1096:
1094:
1086:
1085:Weinberg 1994
1081:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1061:Weinberg 1994
1057:
1050:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1008:
997:September 21,
992:
988:
984:
978:
976:
974:
972:
960:September 21,
953:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
908:
901:
900:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
843:
833:
832:
828:
827:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
787:Richard Nixon
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
741:
737:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:
682:
680:
675:
671:
667:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
623:
619:
615:
613:
608:
599:
597:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
575:plutonium-240
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:Katharine Way
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
468:
466:
463:out of radio
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
440:
438:
434:
428:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:Gregory Breit
371:
370:Eugene Wigner
367:
362:
360:
356:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
247:
244:
243:Eugene Wigner
241:design under
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:Edward Creutz
168:
165:
164:Gregory Breit
162:
160:
156:
149:
148:
144:
142:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
67:June 27, 2009
66:
62:
58:
45:
41:
34:
29:
25:Edward Creutz
22:
19:
1438:
1419:
1388:
1365:
1336:
1302:
1298:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1256:
1231:. Retrieved
1227:the original
1213:
1201:. Retrieved
1197:the original
1168:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1105:. Retrieved
1080:
1073:Szanton 1992
1068:
1056:
1044:
1019:
1013:
1007:
995:. Retrieved
991:the original
958:. Retrieved
910:. Retrieved
898:
834:(BBC, 2003)
830:
813:
803:
798:
781:
745:
720:division of
703:
698:
684:
677:
662:
627:
610:
572:
549:
544:liquid metal
521:
477:World War II
474:
471:World War II
465:vacuum tubes
445:Lise Meitner
442:
430:
414:
405:
366:Raymond Herb
363:
343:
288:
278:
264:
248:
224:
192:World War II
175:
174:
145:
118:Institutions
101:
69:(2009-06-27)
18:
1548:2009 deaths
1543:1913 births
1523:- Session I
1173:Rhodes 1986
1161:Rhodes 1986
642:synchrotron
614:raiateensis
579:uranium-233
449:Otto Frisch
378:junior year
359:senior year
327:tenor banjo
297:, in 1916,
212:mathematics
82:Citizenship
1537:Categories
1422:. Plenum.
1305:(4): 142.
1287:References
952:"Obituary"
602:Later life
596:Hans Bethe
532:Gale Young
517:metallurgy
433:Niels Bohr
394:gamma rays
346:bookkeeper
335:left guard
285:Early life
216:metallurgy
49:1913-01-23
1472:Biography
1311:0016-4585
912:April 28,
784:President
560:beryllium
556:aluminium
552:corrosion
501:plutonium
425:cyclotron
235:cyclotron
1418:(1992).
1408:13793436
1386:(1986).
1357:26764320
1333:(1993).
810:Honolulu
782:In 1970
654:mu meson
650:pi meson
634:Jack Fox
612:Apetahia
536:neutrons
485:graphite
315:trombone
307:mandolin
275:Honolulu
186:and the
85:American
1484:Physics
1458:Portals
1319:1570422
1024:Bibcode
691:Raiatea
683:was on
681:Journal
674:violets
618:Raiatea
564:thorium
511:at the
481:uranium
410:Michael
398:lithium
337:on the
331:timpani
311:ukulele
208:physics
190:during
182:at the
1445:
1426:
1406:
1396:
1372:
1355:
1345:
1317:
1309:
777:plasma
540:helium
459:and a
204:botany
152:(1939)
150:
141:Thesis
108:Fields
955:(PDF)
903:(PDF)
839:Notes
748:TRIGA
740:TRIGA
487:as a
260:TRIGA
1443:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1404:OCLC
1394:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1353:OCLC
1343:ISBN
1315:OCLC
1307:ISSN
1266:2014
1235:2014
1205:2014
1109:2014
999:2014
962:2014
914:2019
652:and
530:and
503:and
447:and
372:and
321:and
313:and
64:Died
43:Born
1032:doi
808:in
693:in
620:in
542:or
451:of
390:keV
273:in
1539::
1402:.
1351:.
1313:.
1303:16
1301:.
1297:.
1255:.
1243:^
1221:.
1191:.
1180:^
1117:^
1092:^
1030:.
1020:55
1018:.
985:.
970:^
922:^
846:^
566:.
526:,
435:,
368:,
309:,
281:.
222:.
214:,
210:,
206:,
1460::
1451:.
1432:.
1410:.
1378:.
1359:.
1321:.
1268:.
1237:.
1207:.
1111:.
1038:.
1034::
1026::
1001:.
964:.
916:.
51:)
47:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
