146:
4411:
250:
399:(GCM) with reconstructed Last Interglacial temperatures for Europe. Central Europe (north of the Alps) was found to be 1â2 °C (1.8â3.6 °F) warmer than present; south of the Alps, conditions were 1â2 °C cooler than today. The model (generated using observed greenhouse gas concentrations and Last Interglacial orbital parameters) generally reproduces these observations, leading them to conclude that these factors are enough to explain the Last Interglacial temperatures.
463:
39:
4170:
31:
451:
530:
363:, Finland. At the peak of the Last Interglacial, the Northern Hemisphere winters were generally warmer and wetter than now, though some areas were actually slightly cooler than today. A cooling event similar to but not exactly mirroring the 8.2-kiloyear event is recorded from Beckentin during the E5 phase of the Eemian, some 6,290 years after the start of interglacial afforestation. A 2018 study based on soil samples from
202:(Mediterranean faunal province). More information on the molluscan assemblages is given by Lorié (1887), and Spaink (1958). Since their discovery, Last Interglacial beds in the Netherlands have mainly been recognized by their marine molluscan content combined with their stratigraphical position and other palaeontology. The marine beds there are often underlain by
738:
during this time. During the Last
Interglacial, Neanderthals engaged in a variety of food-gathering activities, including fishing, as well as big-game hunting, including the largest animals living in Europe at the time, straight-tusked elephants. Modern humans were present outside Africa in Arabia during this interval, as far east as the
387:(AMOC) began to cool the eastern Mediterranean region. The period closed as temperatures steadily fell to conditions cooler and drier than the present, with a 468-year-long aridity pulse in central Europe at about 116,000 BC, and by 112,000 BC, ice caps began to form in southern Norway, marking the start of a new
375:, lasting hundreds of years and causing temperature drops of a few degrees and vegetation changes in these regions. In Northern Europe, winter temperatures rose over the course of the Last Interglacial while summer temperatures fell. During an insolation maximum from 133,000 to 130,000 BP, meltwater from the
1271:
Johnsen, SigfĂșs J.; Clausen, Henrik B.; Dansgaard, Willi; Gundestrup, Niels S.; Hammer, Claus U.; Andersen, Uffe; Andersen, Katrine K.; Hvidberg, Christine S.; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; Steffensen, JĂžrgen P.; Shoji, Hitoshi; SveinbjörnsdĂłttir, Ărny E.; White, Jim; Jouzel, Jean; Fisher, David (30 November
89:
in the atmosphere was about 280 parts per million. The Last
Interglacial was one of the warmest periods of the last 800,000 years, with temperatures comparable to and at times warmer (by up to on average 2 degrees Celsius) than the contemporary Holocene interglacial, with the maximum sea level being
1031:
Barlow, Natasha L. M.; McClymont, Erin L.; Whitehouse, Pippa L.; Stokes, Chris R.; Jamieson, Stewart S. R.; Woodroffe, Sarah A.; Bentley, Michael J.; Callard, S. Louise; Ă Cofaigh, Colm; Evans, David J. A.; Horrocks, Jennifer R.; Lloyd, Jerry M.; Long, Antony J.; Margold, Martin; Roberts, David H.
482:
Sea level at peak was probably 6 to 9 metres (20 to 30 feet) higher than today, with
Greenland contributing 0.6 to 3.5 m (2.0 to 11.5 ft), thermal expansion and mountain glaciers contributing up to 1 m (3.3 ft), and an uncertain contribution from Antarctica. A 2007 study found
296:
During the northern summer, temperatures in the Arctic region were about 2â4 °C higher than in 2011. The Arctic Last
Interglacial climate was highly unstable, with pronounced temperature swings revealed by ÎŽO fluctuations in Greenlandic ice cores, though some of the instability inferred from
737:
managed to colonise the higher latitudes of Europe during this time interval, after having retreated from the region due to unfavourable conditions during the
Penultimate Glacial Period. However, unlike previous interglacials, they were absent from Britain, likely due to Britain being an island
2258:
Willerslev, E.; Cappellini, E.; Boomsma, W.; Nielsen, R.; Hebsgaard, M. B.; Brand, T. B.; Hofreiter, M.; Bunce, M.; Poinar, H. N.; Dahl-Jensen, D.; Johnsen, S.; Steffensen, J. P.; Bennike, O.; Schwenninger, J. -L.; Nathan, R.; Armitage, S.; De Hoog, C. -J.; Alfimov, V.; Christl, M.; Beer, J.;
2820:
Pearce, Elena A.; Mazier, Florence; Normand, Signe; Fyfe, Ralph; Andrieu, ValĂ©rie; Bakels, Corrie; Balwierz, Zofia; BiĆka, Krzysztof; Boreham, Steve; Borisova, Olga K.; Brostrom, Anna; de
Beaulieu, Jacques-Louis; Gao, Cunhai; Gonzålez-Sampériz, Penélope; Granoszewski, Wojciech (2023-11-10).
1186:
Brovkin, Victor; BrĂŒcher, Tim; Kleinen, Thomas; Zaehle, Sönke; Joos, Fortunat; Roth, Raphael; Spahni, Renato; Schmitt, Jochen; Fischer, Hubertus; Leuenberger, Markus; Stone, Emma J.; Ridgwell, Andy; Chappellaz, JĂ©rĂŽme; Kehrwald, Natalie; Barbante, Carlo (1 April 2016).
983:
Thomas, Zoë A.; Jones, Richard T.; Turney, Chris S. M.; Golledge, Nicholas; Fogwill, Christopher; Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Menviel, Laurie; McKay, Nicholas P.; Bird, Michael; Palmer, Jonathan; Kershaw, Peter; Wilmshurst, Janet; Muscheler, Raimund (April 2020).
93:
The Last
Interglacial is known as the Eemian in northern Europe (sometimes used to describe the global interglacial), Ipswichian in Britain, the Mikulino (also spelled Milukin) interglacial in Russia, the Kaydaky in Ukraine, the Valdivia interglacial in
927:
Shackleton, S.; Baggenstos, D.; Menking, J. A.; Dyonisius, M. N.; Bereiter, B.; Bauska, T. K.; Rhodes, R. H.; Brook, E. J.; Petrenko, V. V.; McConnell, J. R.; Kellerhals, T.; HĂ€berli, M.; Schmitt, J.; Fischer, H.; Severinghaus, J. P. (2020-01-02).
1536:
Levy, Elan J.; Vonhof, Hubert B.; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; MartĂnez-GarcĂa, Alfredo; Ayalon, Avner; Matthews, Alan; Silverman, Vered; Raveh-Rubin, Shira; Zilberman, Tami; Yasur, Gal; Schmitt, Mareike; Haug, Gerald H. (25 August 2023).
3153:
ZilhĂŁo, J.; Angelucci, D. E.; Igreja, M. AraĂșjo; Arnold, L. J.; Badal, E.; Callapez, P.; Cardoso, J. L.; dâErrico, F.; Daura, J.; Demuro, M.; Deschamps, M.; Dupont, C.; Gabriel, S.; Hoffmann, D. L.; Legoinha, P. (2020-03-27).
1820:
Wassenburg, Jasper A.; Vonhof, Hubert B.; Cheng, Hai; MartĂnez-GarcĂa, Alfredo; Ebner, Pia-Rebecca; Li, Xianglei; Zhang, Haiwei; Sha, Lijuan; Tian, Ye; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Fiebig, Jens; Haug, Gerald H. (18 November 2021).
2937:
Froese, Duane; Stiller, Mathias; Heintzman, Peter D.; Reyes, Alberto V.; Zazula, Grant D.; Soares, André E. R.; Meyer, Matthias; Hall, Elizabeth; Jensen, Britta J. L.; Arnold, Lee J.; MacPhee, Ross D. E. (March 28, 2017).
491:. Recent research on marine sediment cores offshore of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet suggest that the sheet melted during the Last Interglacial, and that ocean waters rose as fast as 2.5 meters per century. Global mean
1402:
Salonen, J. Sakari; Helmens, Karin F.; Brendryen, Jo; Kuosmanen, Niina; VĂ€liranta, Minna; Goring, Simon; Korpela, Mikko; Kylander, Malin; Philip, Annemarie; Plikk, Anna; Renssen, Hans; Luoto, Miska (20 July 2018).
428:(now tundra) to have boreal forest, although inadequate precipitation caused a reduction in the forest cover in interior Alaska and Yukon Territory despite warmer conditions. The prairie-forest boundary in the
274:
The Last
Interglacial climate is believed to have been warmer than the current Holocene. The temperature of the Last Interglacial peaked during the early part of the period, around 128,000 to 123,000 years
1309:"CH 4 and ÎŽ 18 O of O 2 records from Antarctic and Greenland ice: A clue for stratigraphic disturbance in the bottom part of the Greenland Ice Core Project and the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice cores"
495:
are thought to have been higher than in the
Holocene, but not by enough to explain the rise in sea level through thermal expansion alone, and so melting of polar ice caps must also have occurred.
241:
age for late Last
Interglacial deposits from this borehole of 118,200 ± 6,300 years ago. A historical review of Dutch Last Interglacial research is provided by Bosch, Cleveringa and Meijer, 2000.
1720:"Re-investigation of the Bispingen palaeolake sediment succession (northern Germany) reveals that the Last Interglacial (Eemian) in northern-central Europe lasted at least ~15 000 years"
4309:
3007:"First occurrence of <i>Panthera atrox</i> (Felidae, Pantherinae) in the Mexican state of Hidalgo and a review of the record of felids from the Pleistocene of Mexico"
708:(which is first known from the Snowmass site in Colorado, dating to around 120,000 years ago) and ultimately all North American bison species, and marking the beginning of the
1973:
841:
279:, before declining during the latter half of the period. Changes in the Earth's orbital parameters from today (greater obliquity and eccentricity, and perihelion), known as
683:
that occurred during the following Last Glacial Period, has been suggested as a "baseline" reference point for the analysis and restoration of modern European ecosystems.
3452:
Van Leeuwen, R.J., Beets, D., Bosch, J.H.A., Burger, A.W., Cleveringa, P., van Harten, D., Herngreen, G.F.W., Langereis, C.G., Meijer, T., Pouwer, R., de Wolf, H., 2000.
2597:
2374:; Marshall, Shawn J.; Overpeck, Jonathan T.; Miller, Gifford H.; Hu, Aixue (2006). "Simulating Arctic Climate Warmth and Icefield Retreat in the Last Interglaciation".
1896:"A tentative reconstruction of the last interglacial and glacial inception in Greenland based on new gas measurements in the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) ice core"
237:
glacial basin in the Amsterdam-Terminal borehole and was the subject of a multidisciplinary investigation (Van Leeuwen, et al., 2000). These authors also published a
1249:
214:. In contrast to e.g. the deposits in Denmark, the Last Interglacial deposits in the type area have never been found overlain by tills, nor in ice-pushed positions.
3046:
Roebroeks, Wil; MacDonald, Katharine; Scherjon, Fulco; Bakels, Corrie; Kindler, Lutz; Nikulina, Anastasia; Pop, Eduard; Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine (2021-12-17).
2722:
Davoli, Marco; Monsarrat, Sophie; Pedersen, Rasmus Ăstergaard; Scussolini, Paolo; Karger, Dirk Nikolaus; Normand, Signe; Svenning, Jens-Christian (January 2024).
498:
Because of the sea level drop since the Last Interglacial, exposed fossil coral reefs are common in the tropics, especially in the Caribbean and along the
2632:"A new record of Pleistocene hippopotamus from River Severn terrace deposits, Gloucester, UKâpalaeoenvironmental setting and stratigraphical significance"
478:. Foreground shows corals truncated by erosion; behind the geologist is a post-erosion coral pillar which grew on the surface after sea level rose again.
1472:
Wegwerth, Antje; Dellwig, Olaf; Wulf, Sabine; Plessen, Birgit; Kleinhanns, Ilka C.; Nowaczyk, Norbert R.; Jiabo, Liu; Arz, Helge W. (1 September 2019).
4253:
4206:
3510:
133:). As the most recent point in time with a climate comparable to the Holocene, the Last Interglacial is also of relevance as a point of reference (
702:) migrated into the heartlands of North America from Alaska at the beginning of the Last Interglacial, giving rise to the giant long-horned bison
2215:
Scherer, RP; Aldahan, A; Tulaczyk, S; Possnert, G; Engelhardt, H; Kamb, B (3 July 1998). "Pleistocene collapse of the west antarctic ice sheet".
3956:
2320:
Cuffey, K. M.; Marshall, S. J. (2000). "Substantial contribution to sea-level rise during the last interglacial from the Greenland ice sheet".
1606:
Sirocko, F.; Seelos, K.; Schaber, K.; Rein, B.; Dreher, F.; Diehl, M.; Lehne, R.; JĂ€ger, K.; Krbetschek, M.; Degering, D. (11 August 2005).
1350:
Hrynowiecka, Anna; Stachowicz-Rybka, Renata; Niska, Monika; Moskal-del Hoyo, Magdalena; Börner, Andreas; Rother, Henrik (20 December 2021).
4316:
1945:
Wilson, M. A.; Curran, H. A.; White, B. (2007). "Paleontological evidence of a brief global sea-level event during the last interglacial".
3950:
384:
502:
coastlines. These reefs often contain internal erosion surfaces showing significant sea level instability during the Last Interglacial.
884:
3455:
Stratigraphy and integrated facies analysis of the Saalian and Eemian sediments in the Amsterdam-Terminal borehole, the Netherlands
182:
on which Amersfoort is located. Harting noticed the marine molluscan assemblages to be very different from the modern fauna of the
3454:
3338:
487:
was glaciated during the Last Interglacial, which implies that Greenland could have contributed at most 2 m (6.6 ft) to
2878:
NoguĂ©s-Bravo, David; RodrĂguez, JesĂșs; Hortal, JoaquĂn; Batra, Persaram; AraĂșjo, Miguel B (2008-04-01). Barnosky, Anthony (ed.).
2783:"The Pleistocene easternmost distribution in Eurasia of the species associated with the Eemian Palaeoloxodon antiquus assemblage"
1313:
1278:
42:
553:
The warmness of the interval allowed temperate-adapted taxa to extend their range considerably northward, with the range of the
4199:
3884:
3860:
3848:
3005:
Bravo-Cuevas, Victor Manuel; Priego-Vargas, Jaime; Cabral-Perdomo, Miguel Ăngel; Pineda Maldonado, Marco Antonio (2016-07-20).
1274:"The ÎŽ 18 O record along the Greenland Ice Core Project deep ice core and the problem of possible Eemian climatic instability"
3503:
3471:
Vegetation, climate and radiocarbon datings in the Late Pleistocene of the Netherlands. Part 1: Eemian and Early Weichselian.
3132:
2607:
129:
by this time, representing the earliest split of modern human populations that persists to the present time (associated with
90:
up to 6 to 9 metres higher than at present, with global ice volume likely also being smaller than the Holocene interglacial.
186:. Many species from the Last Interglacial layers nowadays show a much more southern distribution, ranging from South of the
3362:
1257:
319:
229:
was re-investigated using old and new data in a multi-disciplinary approach (Cleveringa et al., 2000). At the same time a
3890:
17:
3483:
301:
records may be a result of mixing of Last Interglacial ice with ice from the preceding or succeeding glacial intervals.
3270:"Beyond arrows on a map: The dynamics of Homo sapiens dispersal and occupation of Arabia during Marine Isotope Stage 5"
283:, probably led to greater seasonal temperature variations in the Northern Hemisphere. As the Last Interglacial cooled,
4192:
4130:
3417:
MĂŒller, Ulrich C.; et al. (2005). "Cyclic climate fluctuations during the last interglacial in central Europe".
2502:
1539:"Weakened AMOC related to cooling and atmospheric circulation shifts in the last interglacial Eastern Mediterranean"
720:) appeared and become widespread across North America, having descended from populations of the Eurasian cave lion (
4294:
4120:
3823:
3496:
3350:
Archives NĂ©erlandaises Sciences Exactes et Naturelles de la SociĂ©tĂ© Hollandaise des Sciences (Harlem), 10: 443â454.
1474:"Major hydrological shifts in the Black Sea "Lake" in response to ice sheet collapses during MIS 6 (130â184 ka BP)"
1113:
Arctic Council, Impacts of a Warming Climate: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, Cambridge U. Press, Cambridge, 2004
780:
Dahl-Jensen, D.; Albert, M. R.; Aldahan, A.; Azuma, N.; Balslev-Clausen, D.; Baumgartner, M.; et al. (2013).
304:
The warmest peak of the Last Interglacial was around 125,000 years ago, when forests reached as far north as
34:
Two ice core temperature records; the Last Interglacial is at a depth of about 1500â1800 meters in the lower graph
2554:"Quaternary development and evolution of the sedimentary environments in the Central Mediterranean Spanish coast"
1900:
3336:
Cleveringa, P., Meijer, T., van Leeuwen, R.J.W., de Wolf, H., Pouwer, R., Lissenberg T. and Burger, A.W., 2000.
1352:"Eemian (MIS 5e) climate oscillations based on palaeobotanical analysis from the Beckentin profile (NE Germany)"
565:
in northern England, though their range outside of southern Europe did not extend much further east of than the
4184:
3817:
3268:
Nicholson, Samuel Luke; Hosfield, Rob; Groucutt, Huw S.; Pike, Alistair W.G.; Fleitmann, Dominik (June 2021).
3213:"Hunting and processing of straight-tusked elephants 125.000 years ago: Implications for Neanderthal behavior"
2823:"Substantial light woodland and open vegetation characterized the temperate forest biome before Homo sapiens"
3339:
The Eemian stratotype locality at Amersfoort in the central Netherlands: a re-evaluation of old and new data
909:
3551:
1767:
781:
680:
4390:
4302:
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849:
391:. The Eemian lasted about 1,500 to 3,000 years longer in Southern Europe than in Northern Europe. Kaspar
447:
Interglacial conditions ended on Antarctica while the Northern Hemisphere was still experiencing warmth.
4410:
4060:
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424:. Coastal Alaska was warm enough during the summer due to reduced sea ice in the Arctic Ocean to allow
298:
134:
66:
2497:
1473:
402:
Meltwater pulse 2B, approximately 133,000 BP, substantially weakened the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM).
4435:
4385:
4375:
4125:
3781:
3556:
3411:
Contributions a la géologie des Pays Bas III. Le Diluvium plus récent ou sableux et le systÚme Eémien
2148:
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caused the Black and Caspian Seas to connect. During the middle of the Last Interglacial, a weakened
122:
114:
3112:
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871:
77:. It was the second-to-latest interglacial period of the current Ice Age, the most recent being the
4380:
4080:
3872:
3811:
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Foraminiferen aus dem Eemien (Riss-WĂŒrm-Interglazial) in der Bohrung Amersfoort I (Locus Typicus).
2558:
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1676:
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570:
546:
505:
Along the Central Mediterranean Spanish coast, sea levels were comparable to those of the present.
3829:
3269:
2724:"Megafauna diversity and functional declines in Europe from the Last Interglacial to the present"
2631:
1351:
985:
840:
Shackleton, Nicholas J.; Sånchez-Goñi, Maria Fernanda; Pailler, Delphine; Lancelot, Yves (2003).
578:
569:. The temperate landscapes of Europe were inhabited by large now extinct megafauna including the
492:
413:
195:
3113:"Testing Human Presence During the Last Interglacial (MIS 5e): A Review of the British Evidence"
2553:
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225:, providing a subdivision of this stage into pollen stages. At the end of the 20th century, the
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Wetenschappelijke Mededelingen Koninklijke Nederlandse Natuurhistorische Vereniging 29, 44 pp.
2263:; Haile, J.; Taberlet, P.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Casoli, A.; Campani, E.; Collins, M. J. (2007).
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Collage of temperate forest environments in Europe during the Eemian, with animals including
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Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine; Kindler, Lutz; MacDonald, Katharine; Roebroeks, Wil (2023).
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Lauterbach, Stefan; Neumann, Frank H.; Tjallingii, Rik; Brauer, Achim (12 February 2024).
1225:
8:
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Stage of North America, the Last Interglacial is equivalent to either all or part of it.
82:
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62:
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Voosen, Paul (20 December 2018). "Antarctic ice melt 125,000 years ago offers warning".
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2129:
2112:"Quantification of Greenland ice-sheet contribution to Last Interglacial sea-level rise"
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1991:
1913:
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1823:"Penultimate deglaciation Asian monsoon response to North Atlantic circulation collapse"
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2498:"Stratigraphy and evolution of emerged Pleistocene reefs at the Red Sea coast of Sudan"
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2011:
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Bova, Samantha; Rosenthal, Yair; Liu, Zhengyu; Godad, Shital P.; Yan, Mi (2021-01-28).
1069:
1034:"Lack of evidence for a substantial sea-level fluctuation within the Last Interglacial"
1013:
965:
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126:
110:
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identified abrupt cold spells ca. 120,000 years ago caused by shifts in the
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2940:"Fossil and genomic evidence constrains the timing of bison arrival in North America"
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2015:
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1405:"Abrupt high-latitude climate events and decoupled seasonal trends during the Eemian"
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Kopp, RE; Simons, FJ; Mitrovica, JX; Maloof, AC; Oppenheimer, M (17 December 2009).
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Chappellaz, JérÎme; Brook, Ed; Blunier, Thomas; Malaizé, Bruno (30 November 1997).
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3363:"Paleoclimatic Evidence for Future Ice-Sheet Instability and Rapid Sea-Level Rise"
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3639:
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2655:
1608:"A late Eemian aridity pulse in central Europe during the last glacial inception"
1373:
1125:"Seasonal origin of the thermal maxima at the Holocene and the last interglacial"
726:) that had migrated into Alaska during the preceding Penultimate Glacial Period.
704:
562:
510:
467:
187:
4214:
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Geologie & Mijnbouw / Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 79(2/3): 197â216.
2673:
2265:"Ancient Biomolecules from Deep Ice Cores Reveal a Forested Southern Greenland"
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1349:
1148:
687:
488:
437:
388:
276:
175:
3328:
3303:
3285:
3210:
2697:
2037:
1057:
953:
4424:
4135:
4100:
3932:
3926:
3896:
3878:
3799:
3741:
3690:
3675:
3634:
3189:
3079:
3032:
2973:
2905:
2846:
2806:
2767:
2705:
2531:
2466:
1931:
1868:
1763:"A model-data comparison of European temperatures in the Eemian interglacial"
1747:
1574:
1507:
1440:
1336:
1234:
1156:
1065:
961:
713:
709:
433:
406:
334:
321:
313:
254:
199:
130:
3386:
3171:
2964:
2405:
2288:
1999:
249:
4085:
4050:
3571:
3566:
3484:
www.foraminifera.eu Foraminifera (Microfossils) of the Eemian Interglacial
3394:
3254:
3236:
3197:
3097:
3071:
3023:
2991:
2923:
2864:
2838:
2474:
2413:
2349:
2306:
2081:
2007:
1882:
Vegetation and paleoclimate of the last interglacial period, central Alaska
1641:
1592:
1458:
1164:
986:"Tipping elements and amplified polar warming during the Last Interglacial"
818:
739:
695:
554:
471:
429:
218:
155:
118:
3488:
3304:"The Eemian stage in the Netherlands: history, character and new research"
2244:
2138:
2038:"Probabilistic assessment of sea level during the last interglacial stage"
679:). The Last Interglacial ecosystems of Europe, which existed prior to the
4228:
4110:
4095:
4090:
3944:
3736:
3624:
3581:
2758:
2200:
2176:"The role of ocean thermal expansion in Last Interglacial sea level rise"
2175:
1922:
1895:
1788:
734:
648:
534:
506:
475:
462:
211:
171:
103:
2073:
1633:
1189:"Comparative carbon cycle dynamics of the present and last interglacial"
810:
38:
4326:
4216:
4014:
3993:
3726:
3685:
3576:
3180:
664:
222:
167:
3459:
Geologie en Mijnbouw / Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 79, 161â196.
2748:
2723:
1738:
1719:
1327:
1308:
1292:
1273:
4238:
3438:
2341:
1535:
1100:
839:
634:
594:
514:
234:
226:
183:
30:
2496:
Hamed, Basher; Bussert, Robert; Dominik, Wilhelm (1 February 2016).
1819:
926:
782:"Eemian interglacial reconstructed from a Greenland folded ice core"
210:, and overlain by local fresh water or wind-blown deposits from the
3998:
3706:
2370:
1672:"A time dependent glaciological model of the Weichselian Ice Sheet"
626:
610:
529:
417:
348:
258:
191:
163:
78:
3156:"Last Interglacial Iberian Neandertals as fisher-hunter-gatherers"
2880:"Climate Change, Humans, and the Extinction of the Woolly Mammoth"
2257:
2056:
450:
4233:
4055:
3665:
3655:
2721:
1761:
Kaspar, F.; KĂŒhl, Norbert; Cubasch, Ulrich; Litt, Thomas (2005).
1717:
1270:
602:
538:
499:
376:
368:
207:
150:
3045:
2877:
1401:
1030:
441:
421:
410:
309:
2214:
2110:
Stone, E.J; Lundt, D.J; Annan, J.D.; Hargreaves, J.C. (2013).
712:
faunal age in North America. Also during this time period the
3711:
3614:
3301:
3267:
1306:
779:
566:
484:
380:
364:
352:
262:
95:
1762:
178:(1875). He named the beds "SystĂšme EĂ©mien", after the river
3721:
3152:
2936:
1185:
672:
360:
284:
203:
99:
3048:"Landscape modification by Last Interglacial Neanderthals"
2169:
1471:
69:
and ended about 115,000 years ago at the beginning of the
2552:
Viñals, MarĂa JosĂ©; Fumanal, MarĂa Pilar (January 1995).
2109:
2035:
1088:
Human Mitochondrial DNA and the Evolution of Homo sapiens
982:
517:
being drowned. Vast areas of northwestern Europe and the
356:
221:
from the type site, whereas Zagwijn (1961) published the
179:
1605:
842:"Marine Isotope Substage 5e and the Eemian Interglacial"
2819:
1974:"Ice volume and sea level during the last interglacial"
253:
View of the Last Interglacialâaged coastal terraces of
154:
Picture from Pieter Harting (1886) assigned by him as '
3466:
Mededelingen Geologische Stichting NS 11(1957), 27â39.
102:. Depending on how a specific publication defines the
81:
which extends to the present day (having followed the
65:
which began about 130,000 years ago at the end of the
3111:
G. Lewis, Simon; Ashton, Nick; Jacobi, Roger (2011),
1760:
1122:
686:
In contrast, the range of cold-adapted taxa like the
85:). During the Last Interglacial, the proportion of CO
3302:
Bosch, J. H. A.; Cleveringa, P.; Meijer, T. (2000).
3110:
2602:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 101.
930:"Global ocean heat content in the Last Interglacial"
416:: currently, the northern limit is further south at
2495:
1101:"Current & Historical Global Temperature Graph"
1944:
1247:
910:"Earth is the warmest it's been in 120,000 years"
27:Interglacial period which began 130,000 years ago
4422:
3473:Mededelingen Geologische Stichting NS 14, 15â45.
1250:"Warm past climates: is our future in the past?"
395:(GRL, 2005) performed a comparison of a coupled
162:The Last Interglacial was first recognized from
3447:De Nederlandse Eemlagen, I: Algemeen overzicht.
2944:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2671:
1669:
641:), with predators including lions (the extinct
3957:Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field
2319:
4310:
4200:
3504:
2551:
1971:
1086:M Richards et al. in: Bandelt et al. (eds.),
509:formed an island due to the area between the
113:and is of some interest for the evolution of
3413:Archives Teyler, Ser. II, Vol. III: 104â160.
3119:, vol. 14, Elsevier, pp. 125â164,
3951:Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area
3518:
3361:Overpeck, Jonathan T.; et al. (2006).
2674:"The Eemian mammal fauna of central Europe"
2170:McKay, Nicholas P.; Overpeck, Jonathan T.;
1254:The National Centre for Atmospheric Science
385:Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
4317:
4303:
4207:
4193:
3511:
3497:
2636:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
483:evidence that the Greenland ice core site
3327:
3244:
3179:
3087:
3022:
2981:
2963:
2913:
2895:
2854:
2757:
2747:
2395:
2296:
2199:
2149:1983/d05aa57e-0230-4287-94e8-242d43abee77
2147:
2137:
2055:
1921:
1858:
1848:
1796:
1737:
1582:
1564:
1448:
1430:
1326:
1291:
1224:
1214:
870:
3360:
2780:
528:
461:
248:
144:
98:, and the Riss-WĂŒrm interglacial in the
37:
29:
2629:
2595:
1893:
1314:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
1279:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
907:
609:), alongside still-living species like
440:, whereas the current boundary is near
14:
4423:
3885:Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail
3849:Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area
3416:
3274:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
2717:
2715:
2434:
2259:Muscheler, R.; Barker, J.; Sharp, M.;
1972:Dutton, A; Lambeck, K (13 July 2012).
1894:Landais, Amaelle (16 September 2003).
269:
4298:
4188:
3492:
2667:
2665:
2630:Schreve, Danielle C. (January 2009).
217:Van Voorthuysen (1958) described the
206:that are considered to date from the
2672:van Kolfschoten, Th. (August 2000).
2541:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
1391:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
729:
681:global wave of megafauna extinctions
561:) notably extending as far north as
405:Trees grew as far north as southern
3891:Ice Age National Scientific Reserve
3204:
3117:Developments in Quaternary Sciences
2774:
2712:
198:faunal province) and even into the
24:
3308:Netherlands Journal of Geosciences
3295:
3125:10.1016/b978-0-444-53597-9.00009-1
2678:Netherlands Journal of Geosciences
2662:
2599:Rising Seas: Past, Present, Future
1959:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1998.tb00513.x
1670:Holmlund, P.; Fastook, J. (1995).
449:
25:
4452:
4325:The cold and warm periods of the
4215:The cold and warm periods of the
3879:Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area
3477:
2503:Journal of African Earth Sciences
4409:
4169:
4168:
3824:Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine
2799:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2007.00109.x
2524:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.11.011
908:Kaufman, Mark (27 August 2018).
3357:Album der Natuur, 1886: 95â100.
3261:
3146:
3104:
3039:
2998:
2930:
2871:
2813:
2728:Global Ecology and Biogeography
2623:
2589:
2545:
2489:
2428:
2364:
2313:
2251:
2208:
2163:
2103:
2029:
1965:
1938:
1901:Journal of Geophysical Research
1887:
1875:
1813:
1754:
1711:
1663:
1599:
1529:
1500:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.07.008
1465:
1395:
1343:
1300:
1264:
1241:
1216:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.01.028
1179:
1116:
1010:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106222
3887:, Idaho, Oregon and Washington
1798:11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FED3-9
1226:11858/00-001M-0000-0027-AE16-0
1107:
1093:
1080:
1024:
976:
920:
901:
833:
773:
13:
1:
4131:HuelmoâMascardi Cold Reversal
3462:Van Voorthuysen, J.H., 1958.
2781:Pushkina, Diana (July 2007).
2459:10.1126/science.362.6421.1339
881:10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00181-9
767:
591:Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis
140:
3552:Glacial history of Minnesota
3355:Het Eemdal en het Eemstelsel
2897:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060079
2656:10.1016/j.pgeola.2009.03.003
2576:10.1016/1040-6182(95)00014-A
2180:Geophysical Research Letters
1768:Geophysical Research Letters
1698:10.1016/1040-6182(94)00060-I
1374:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.025
457:
158:' for the Last Interglacial.
49:over the last 400,000 years.
7:
3915:Kettle Moraine State Forest
3818:Lion's Head Provincial Park
2237:10.1126/science.281.5373.82
850:Global and Planetary Change
745:
166:in the area of the city of
137:) for nature conservation.
131:mitochondrial haplogroup L0
10:
4457:
4061:Penultimate Glacial Period
3788:Big Rock (glacial erratic)
1850:10.1038/s41561-021-00851-9
1566:10.1038/s41467-023-40880-z
1479:Quaternary Science Reviews
1432:10.1038/s41467-018-05314-1
1248:Nathaelle Bouttes (2011).
1194:Quaternary Science Reviews
1149:10.1038/s41586-020-03155-x
1090:, Springer (2006), p. 233.
990:Quaternary Science Reviews
583:Stephanorhinus hemitoechus
470:in a fossil coral reef on
299:Greenland ice core project
244:
115:anatomically modern humans
109:The period falls into the
67:Penultimate Glacial Period
4407:
4334:
4224:
4164:
4126:Late Glacial Interstadial
4033:
4007:
3976:
3905:, Minnesota and Wisconsin
3839:
3782:Arrowhead Provincial Park
3774:
3758:
3699:
3648:
3607:
3600:
3557:List of prehistoric lakes
3524:
3329:10.1017/S0016774600021673
3286:10.1016/j.jaa.2021.101269
2698:10.1017/s0016774600021752
1058:10.1038/s41561-018-0195-4
954:10.1038/s41561-019-0498-0
547:straight-tusked elephants
397:general circulation model
123:Skhul and Qafzeh hominins
4081:Holocene glacial retreat
3873:Glacial Lakes State Park
3812:Foothills Erratics Train
2596:Gornitz, Vivien (2013).
2559:Quaternary International
1677:Quaternary International
1357:Quaternary International
571:straight-tusked elephant
524:
493:sea surface temperatures
4121:BĂžllingâAllerĂžd warming
3861:Devil's Lake State Park
3830:Ovayok Territorial Park
3519:Continental glaciations
3387:10.1126/science.1115159
3172:10.1126/science.aaz7943
2965:10.1073/pnas.1620754114
2406:10.1126/science.1120808
2289:10.1126/science.1141758
2172:Otto-Bliesner, Bette L.
2000:10.1126/science.1205749
579:narrow-nosed rhinoceros
75:Marine Isotope Stage 5e
3963:Yosemite National Park
3867:Glacial Lake Wisconsin
3806:Eskers Provincial Park
3794:Cypress Hills (Canada)
3592:Timeline of glaciation
3237:10.1126/sciadv.add8186
3072:10.1126/sciadv.abj5567
3024:10.5194/fr-19-131-2016
2839:10.1126/sciadv.adi9135
762:Timeline of glaciation
752:Marine Isotope Stage 5
575:Palaeoloxodon antiquus
559:Hippopotamus amphibius
550:
479:
454:
436:lay further west near
373:North Atlantic Current
266:
159:
117:, who were present in
50:
35:
4106:Quaternary glaciation
4041:Quaternary glaciation
3939:Mill Bluff State Park
3903:Interstate State Park
3717:Giant current ripples
3532:Cordilleran ice sheet
3469:Zagwijn, W.H., 1961.
2139:10.5194/cp-9-621-2013
1544:Nature Communications
1410:Nature Communications
692:Mammuthus primigenius
599:Megaloceros giganteus
532:
465:
453:
426:Saint Lawrence Island
359:grew as far north as
335:71.17250°N 25.79444°E
252:
148:
41:
33:
4329:in the Alpine region
4116:Wisconsin glaciation
4071:Last Glacial Maximum
3587:Post-glacial rebound
3542:Last Glacial Maximum
3537:Laurentide ice sheet
2372:Otto-Bliesner, B. L.
2201:10.1029/2011GL048280
1923:10.1029/2002JD003147
1789:10.1029/2005GL022456
1321:(C12): 26547â26557.
1286:(C12): 26397â26410.
233:was selected in the
73:. It corresponds to
57:, also known as the
4101:Pre-Illinoian Stage
4066:Last Glacial Period
3855:Coteau des Prairies
3766:Greenland ice sheet
3431:2005Geo....33..449M
3379:2006Sci...311.1747O
3373:(5768): 1747â1750.
3353:Harting, P., 1886.
3346:Harting, P., 1875.
3320:2000NJGeo..79..135B
3229:2023SciA....9D8186G
3064:2021SciA....7.5567R
2956:2017PNAS..114.3457F
2740:2024GloEB..33...34D
2690:2000NJGeo..79..269V
2648:2009PrGA..120...58S
2568:1995QuInt..29..119V
2516:2016JAfES.114..133H
2451:2018Sci...362.1339V
2388:2006Sci...311.1751O
2334:2000Natur.404..591C
2281:2007Sci...317..111W
2229:1998Sci...281...82S
2192:2011GeoRL..3814605M
2130:2013CliPa...9..621S
2117:Climate of the Past
2074:10.1038/nature08686
2066:2009Natur.462..863K
1992:2012Sci...337..216D
1914:2003JGRD..108.4563L
1860:20.500.11850/519155
1841:2021NatGe..14..937W
1781:2005GeoRL..3211703K
1690:1995QuInt..27...53H
1634:10.1038/nature03905
1626:2005Natur.436..833S
1557:2023NatCo..14.5180L
1492:2019QSRv..219..126W
1423:2018NatCo...9.2851S
1366:2021QuInt.605...38H
1207:2016QSRv..137...15B
1141:2021Natur.589..548B
1050:2018NatGe..11..627B
1002:2020QSRv..23306222T
946:2020NatGe..13...77S
863:2003GPC....36..151S
811:10.1038/nature11789
803:2013Natur.493..489N
631:Capreolus capreolus
519:West Siberian Plain
331: /
281:Milankovitch cycles
270:Global temperatures
151:Bittium reticulatum
83:last glacial period
71:Last Glacial Period
63:interglacial period
18:Eemian interglacial
4146:4.2 kiloyear event
4141:8.2 kiloyear event
4076:Mousterian Pluvial
3808:, British Columbia
3445:Spaink, G., 1958.
2562:. 29â30: 119â128.
1360:. 605â606: 38â54.
1260:on 13 August 2018.
1032:(September 2018).
694:) contracted. The
587:Merck's rhinoceros
551:
543:Merck's rhinoceros
480:
466:Last Interglacial
455:
414:Arctic Archipelago
340:71.17250; 25.79444
306:North Cape, Norway
267:
160:
111:Middle Paleolithic
51:
36:
4418:
4417:
4401:Last Interglacial
4292:
4291:
4284:Last Interglacial
4182:
4181:
4151:Piora Oscillation
4111:Sangamonian Stage
3972:
3971:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3409:Lorié, J., 1887.
3348:Le systĂšme Ăemien
3134:978-0-444-53597-9
2950:(13): 3457â3462.
2749:10.1111/geb.13778
2609:978-0-231-14739-2
2261:Penkman, K. E. H.
1828:Nature Geoscience
1739:10.1111/bor.12649
1328:10.1029/97JC00164
1293:10.1029/97JC00167
1135:(7843): 548â553.
1038:Nature Geoscience
934:Nature Geoscience
797:(7433): 489â494.
730:Paleoanthropology
312:) well above the
293:remained stable.
55:Last Interglacial
16:(Redirected from
4448:
4436:Paleoclimatology
4413:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4296:
4295:
4219:in North Germany
4209:
4202:
4195:
4186:
4185:
4172:
4171:
3772:
3771:
3697:
3696:
3681:Terminal moraine
3605:
3604:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3490:
3489:
3442:
3439:10.1130/G21321.1
3406:
3333:
3331:
3314:(2/3): 135â145.
3290:
3289:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3248:
3217:Science Advances
3208:
3202:
3201:
3183:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3058:(51): eabj5567.
3052:Science Advances
3043:
3037:
3036:
3026:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2967:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2899:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2833:(45): eadi9135.
2827:Science Advances
2817:
2811:
2810:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2751:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2684:(2â3): 269â281.
2669:
2660:
2659:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2399:
2382:(5768): 1751â3.
2368:
2362:
2361:
2342:10.1038/35007053
2317:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2141:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2059:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1925:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1852:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1800:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1741:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1568:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1434:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1330:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1256:. Archived from
1245:
1239:
1238:
1228:
1218:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1028:
1022:
1021:
980:
974:
973:
924:
918:
917:
905:
899:
898:
896:
895:
889:
883:. Archived from
874:
846:
837:
831:
830:
786:
777:
757:Paleoclimatology
723:Panthera spelaea
644:Panthera spelaea
521:were inundated.
346:
345:
343:
342:
341:
336:
332:
329:
328:
327:
324:
125:) as well as in
21:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4405:
4330:
4323:
4293:
4288:
4220:
4213:
4183:
4178:
4160:
4046:Illinoian Stage
4029:
4020:Lambert Glacier
4003:
3989:Killary Harbour
3968:
3921:Lake Bonneville
3841:
3835:
3770:
3746:
3695:
3644:
3640:U-shaped valley
3630:Roche moutonnée
3596:
3562:Proglacial lake
3547:Canadian Shield
3520:
3517:
3480:
3298:
3296:Further reading
3293:
3266:
3262:
3223:(5): eadd8186.
3209:
3205:
3151:
3147:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3109:
3105:
3044:
3040:
3003:
2999:
2935:
2931:
2876:
2872:
2818:
2814:
2779:
2775:
2720:
2713:
2670:
2663:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2494:
2490:
2433:
2429:
2397:10.1.1.728.3807
2369:
2365:
2328:(6778): 591â4.
2318:
2314:
2275:(5834): 111â4.
2256:
2252:
2213:
2209:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2050:(7275): 863â7.
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
1986:(6091): 216â9.
1970:
1966:
1943:
1939:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1835:(12): 937â941.
1818:
1814:
1759:
1755:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1620:(7052): 833â6.
1604:
1600:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1470:
1466:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1348:
1344:
1305:
1301:
1269:
1265:
1246:
1242:
1184:
1180:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1029:
1025:
981:
977:
925:
921:
906:
902:
893:
891:
887:
872:10.1.1.470.1677
844:
838:
834:
784:
778:
774:
770:
748:
732:
705:Bison latifrons
607:Bos primigenius
563:North Yorkshire
527:
511:Gulf of Finland
468:erosion surface
460:
339:
337:
333:
330:
325:
322:
320:
318:
317:
291:
272:
247:
188:Strait of Dover
143:
127:Southern Africa
88:
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4454:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4416:
4415:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4391:Haslach/Mindel
4388:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4322:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4299:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4212:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4189:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4156:Little Ice Age
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4025:Ross Ice Shelf
4022:
4017:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3984:Hardangerfjord
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3909:Kelleys Island
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3857:, South Dakota
3852:
3845:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3796:, Saskatchewan
3791:
3785:
3778:
3776:
3769:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3701:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3620:Glacial striae
3617:
3611:
3609:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3479:
3478:External links
3476:
3475:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3450:
3443:
3425:(6): 449â452.
3414:
3407:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3334:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3260:
3203:
3145:
3133:
3103:
3038:
3017:(2): 131â141.
2997:
2929:
2870:
2812:
2793:(3): 224â245.
2773:
2711:
2661:
2622:
2608:
2588:
2544:
2488:
2445:(6421): 1339.
2427:
2363:
2312:
2250:
2223:(5373): 82â5.
2207:
2162:
2124:(2): 621â639.
2102:
2028:
1964:
1953:(3): 241â250.
1937:
1886:
1874:
1812:
1775:(11): L11703.
1753:
1732:(2): 243â261.
1710:
1662:
1598:
1528:
1464:
1394:
1342:
1299:
1263:
1240:
1178:
1115:
1106:
1092:
1079:
1044:(9): 627â634.
1023:
975:
919:
900:
857:(3): 151â155.
832:
771:
769:
766:
765:
764:
759:
754:
747:
744:
731:
728:
718:Panthera atrox
688:woolly mammoth
615:Cervus elaphus
526:
523:
489:sea level rise
459:
456:
438:Lubbock, Texas
389:glacial period
351:trees such as
308:(which is now
289:
277:Before Present
271:
268:
246:
243:
231:parastratotype
176:Pieter Harting
142:
139:
86:
47:concentrations
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4453:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4431:Interglacials
4429:
4428:
4426:
4412:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4328:
4320:
4315:
4313:
4308:
4306:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4218:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4198:
4196:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4175:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4136:Younger Dryas
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3933:Lake Missoula
3931:
3928:
3927:Lake Lahontan
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3897:Ice Age Trail
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3838:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3800:Eramosa River
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:North America
3757:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3691:Veiki moraine
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3676:Rogen moraine
3674:
3672:
3671:Pulju moraine
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3661:Erratic block
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3635:Tunnel valley
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3149:
3136:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3011:Fossil Record
3008:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2787:Mammal Review
2784:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2759:11573/1714498
2755:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2716:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2666:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2174:(July 2011).
2173:
2166:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2106:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2032:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1908:(D18): 4563.
1907:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1532:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1398:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1110:
1102:
1096:
1089:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
979:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
923:
915:
911:
904:
890:on 2016-03-03
886:
882:
878:
873:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:
843:
836:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:
783:
776:
772:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
743:
741:
736:
727:
725:
724:
719:
715:
714:American lion
711:
710:Rancholabrean
707:
706:
701:
700:Bison priscus
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
477:
473:
469:
464:
452:
448:
445:
443:
439:
435:
434:United States
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
412:
408:
407:Baffin Island
403:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
344:
315:
314:Arctic Circle
311:
307:
302:
300:
294:
292:
287:
282:
278:
264:
260:
256:
251:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:Mediterranean
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
157:
153:
152:
147:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
91:
84:
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4086:Oldest Dryas
4056:Interstadial
4051:Interglacial
4034:Time periods
3965:, California
3959:, Washington
3700:Glacifluvial
3649:Depositional
3572:Lake Chicago
3567:Lake Agassiz
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735:Neanderthals
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420:in northern
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216:
161:
156:Index fossil
149:
119:Western Asia
108:
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4441:Pleistocene
4396:Mindel/Riss
4381:Danube/Gunz
4274:Weichselian
4229:Pre-Tiglian
4096:Pleistocene
4091:Older Dryas
3953:, Wisconsin
3945:Oneida Lake
3941:, Wisconsin
3917:, Wisconsin
3899:, Wisconsin
3893:, Wisconsin
3881:, Wisconsin
3875:, Minnesota
3869:, Wisconsin
3863:, Wisconsin
3851:, Wisconsin
3737:Outwash fan
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1551:(1): 5180.
1486:: 126â144.
1417:(1): 2851.
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665:brown bears
649:cave hyenas
619:fallow deer
535:fallow deer
507:Scandinavia
476:The Bahamas
338: /
212:Weichselian
172:Netherlands
104:Sangamonian
4425:Categories
4327:Quaternary
4217:Quaternary
4015:Antarctica
4008:Antarctica
3994:Monte Rosa
3947:, New York
3727:Kame delta
3686:Till plain
3577:Lake Tight
3280:: 101269.
3140:2024-06-26
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894:2014-08-07
768:References
639:Sus scrofa
326:25°47âČ40âłE
323:71°10âČ21âłN
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196:Lusitanian
168:Amersfoort
141:Definition
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4259:Cromerian
4239:Eburonian
3935:, Montana
3832:, Nunavut
3826:, Ontario
3820:, Ontario
3814:, Alberta
3802:, Ontario
3790:, Alberta
3784:, Ontario
3608:Erosional
3601:Landforms
3190:0036-8075
3080:2375-2548
3033:2193-0074
2974:0027-8424
2906:1545-7885
2847:2375-2548
2807:0305-1838
2768:1466-822X
2706:0016-7746
2615:August 9,
2537:1 January
2532:1464-343X
2467:0036-8075
2392:CiteSeerX
2057:0903.0752
2016:206534053
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1869:1752-0908
1748:0300-9483
1684:: 53â58.
1575:2041-1723
1516:200048431
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1173:231767101
1157:0028-0836
1074:135048938
1066:1752-0894
1018:216288524
970:209897368
962:1752-0894
867:CiteSeerX
635:wild boar
623:Dama dama
595:Irish elk
515:White Sea
458:Sea level
235:Amsterdam
227:type site
184:North Sea
164:boreholes
4279:Holstein
4254:Bavelian
4249:Menapian
4174:Category
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3403:36048003
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3198:32217702
3166:(6485).
3098:34910514
2992:28289222
2924:18384234
2865:37948521
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2483:58627262
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2422:35153489
2414:16556838
2350:10766239
2307:17615355
2082:20016591
2008:22798610
1807:38387245
1642:16094365
1593:37620353
1584:10449873
1459:30030443
1165:33505038
914:Mashable
819:23344358
746:See also
627:roe deer
611:red deer
513:and the
418:Kuujjuaq
411:Canadian
349:Hardwood
259:Valdivia
192:Portugal
135:baseline
79:Holocene
4354:Haslach
4244:Waalian
4234:Tiglian
3977:Eurasia
3666:Moraine
3656:Drumlin
3525:General
3427:Bibcode
3419:Geology
3375:Bibcode
3367:Science
3316:Bibcode
3246:9891704
3225:Bibcode
3160:Science
3089:8673775
3060:Bibcode
2983:5380047
2952:Bibcode
2915:2276529
2736:Bibcode
2686:Bibcode
2644:Bibcode
2564:Bibcode
2512:Bibcode
2447:Bibcode
2438:Science
2384:Bibcode
2376:Science
2358:4422775
2330:Bibcode
2298:2694912
2277:Bibcode
2269:Science
2245:9651249
2225:Bibcode
2217:Science
2188:Bibcode
2126:Bibcode
2090:4313168
2062:Bibcode
1988:Bibcode
1979:Science
1947:Lethaia
1910:Bibcode
1837:Bibcode
1777:Bibcode
1686:Bibcode
1650:4328192
1622:Bibcode
1553:Bibcode
1488:Bibcode
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1362:Bibcode
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1203:Bibcode
1137:Bibcode
1046:Bibcode
998:Bibcode
942:Bibcode
859:Bibcode
827:4420908
799:Bibcode
661:spelaea
657:Crocuta
653:Crocuta
603:aurochs
577:), the
539:aurochs
500:Red Sea
432:of the
409:in the
377:Dnieper
369:Finland
245:Climate
208:Saalian
4359:Mindel
4344:Danube
4264:Elster
3923:, Utah
3911:, Ohio
3842:States
3840:United
3775:Canada
3742:Sandur
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422:Quebec
393:et al.
310:tundra
255:Niebla
59:Eemian
4339:Biber
4269:Saale
3712:Esker
3615:Fjord
3399:S2CID
2479:S2CID
2418:S2CID
2354:S2CID
2086:S2CID
2052:arXiv
2012:S2CID
1803:S2CID
1646:S2CID
1512:S2CID
1378:S2CID
1169:S2CID
1070:S2CID
1014:S2CID
966:S2CID
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823:S2CID
785:(PDF)
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