437:
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865:
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837:
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333:
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40:
236:
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that the
Egyptians opened heavy fire on the Oromo; after seven hours and 10 minutes, the Oromo sent their women to surrender. The Egyptians requested that the Nole and Ala send their leaders. The Ala sent Al Buku Raya, and the Nole sent Uthman Yaro and Ali Karow. The Nole representatives asked for mercy, but their request was ignored. In spring 1882, the Egyptians destroyed a Metta (Ala) and Oborra Oromo force at Chelenqo and subjugated the Oborra and Ala tribes.
245:
877:
414:
714:), after the battle of Hakim in an attempt to intimidate the Nole Oromo; he also took advantage of Oromo leader Orfo Jilo Bikos' presence in the region. Bikos had left his main force, which was fighting the neighbouring Issa Somali, in the Ogaden desert. The small Oromo force eventually surrendered; its leaders, including Orfo Jilo Biko, Garad Jibril, Ali Abu Bakr, and Garad Adam Asihabiyye, were captured and sent to
170:
718:. After the battle, the Egyptians marched into Harar with little Oromo resistance. The four Nole tribes, the 12 Ala tribes, the three Berteri tribes, the two Babile tribes, the seven Abiba tribes, the three Hiri tribes, and the Abuba, Ittu and Zaho Jarelo Oromo tribes surrendered on October 11, 1875.
570:. Munzinger's forces consisted of 350 soldiers, two guns, and 45 camels. Reaching Aussa on 14 November, the Egyptian forces were attacked at night by a large number of Gallas. The Afar and Galla forces under Sultan Muhammed Hanfadhe destroyed the Egyptian army, leaving only a small number who fled to
390:
due to the Emir siding with the Oromo clans to become Emir of Harar. He gave Oromo traders privileges at the expense of Harari traders, disenfranchising local
Hararis and causing dislike for this autocratic rule. The Harari opposition therefore reached out to the Egyptians, who had annexed Zeila and
1391:
On the east bank of the Dega-hardani are the remains of a fortress built by the
Egyptians during their occupation of this country, of which I shall have more to say. The object of this wayside fort was to protect their trade from the plundering Gadabursi tribe, whose country at this place approaches
603:
The battle of Hakim was fought by the
Egyptians and the Harar Oromo tribes. According to the Oromo, their elite were told to approach Mount Hakim to make peace with the Egyptians. However, this was a trap to kill the elite to intimidate the other Oromo in the area. According to the Oromo sources, no
520:
On the east bank of the Dega-hardani are the remains of a fortress built by the
Egyptians during their occupation of this country, of which I shall have more to say. The object of this wayside fort was to protect their trade from the plundering Gadabursi tribe, whose country at this place approaches
701:
The Battle of Abgou was fought on
October 8, soon after the battle of Eguu. The Ala and Nole Oromo allied and led a large force of Oromo soldiers who blocked roads and defeated the Egyptians. The following day, 37,000 Ala and Nole cavalry and infantry awaited the Egyptians near Abgou. Rauf reported
692:
The battle of Eguu was significant in Nole history. The Nole Oromo led their army into the outskirts of their territory at Eguu (thirty miles west of Harar), which the
Egyptians planned to attack. Egyptian firearms beat back the Nole cavalry, since their horses were afraid of the noise. After seven
652:
trade route were under Nole Oromo control. According to a report on Harar the Nole Oromo numbered about 142,000 and were centred in
Jaldessa (the border between the Issa and Nole). The Nole had subjugated the Issa near Jaldessa, and were the dominant clan there. The Egyptians arrived in Jaldessa in
783:
arrived in Harar without telling the
Egyptians; their mission was successful in Berbera, but failed in Zeila. The Egyptians were afraid that the French church would spark a religious war, and did not provide the church with security in or near Harar. In 1884 they had left Berbera, and the British
788:
to remain in
Berbera. Hunter returned from Aden in August 1884, and ordered Nuba Pasha to evacuate Zeila; this was impossible, however, due to Emir Abu Bakr's influence on the area's Somali tribes. Abu Bakr tried to earn Hunter's favour, and gave him economic resources; he requested Egyptian
615:
Adam Ashabbiye, who had participated in skirmishes between the Egyptians and Oromo. The garad praised Rauf in the letter, swearing allegiance and surrendering his kingdom; the garad and his people were Muslims, and did not want to fight the Egyptians. Rauf entered
683:
On September 24, Afran Qallo soldiers arrived at Mount Hakim and Iftur. Oromo leader Orfo Jilo Biko attacked both Egyptian flanks, but Rauf's firepower destroyed his cavalry and archers. Rauf sent his artillery to Mount Hakim, site of the battle of Hakim.
547:
and the sultan of Aussa. Munzinger was defeated at Gondet by the Ethiopian Emperor Yohannes IV, and was instructed to lead his forces elsewhere. He arrived in Aussa in 1875, and defeated the Afar garrison for an Egyptian victory.
793:; Abu Bakr told the British that the next night, the French planted their flag in the area. Although it was Abu Bakr's duty to work with the British, he was also secretly working with the French in Djibouti. Abu Bakr succeeded
484:
Major Hunter, an English Egyptian officer, was sent to Harar in mid-1884 and conducted a number of surveys. According to Hunter, the Issa clan (who numbered about 60,000) lived near the trade routes of Zeila and
721:
After conquering Harar, Rauf killed the emir and the Oromo leaders who did not surrender and declared himself emir of Hararghe. He subdued every Oromo tribe, suppressing all rebellions to end Egyptian rule.
836:
762:
took control of Sudan and much of Egypt; however, it was unsuccessful in Harar. Major Hunter recommended that the British governor of Harar return independence to the Somalis. Hunter's main concern was
710:
The battle of Dire Gofile was the most important battle between the Oromo of Harar and the Egyptians. Rauf ordered the Egyptians to rush to Dire Gofile, deep in Nole territory (east of
532:
Before 1875, the Afar and Ottomans had very little contact with each other (although they had been neighbours). Around 1578, the Ottomans invaded Massawa and other cities on the
17:
779:
of Berbera as an incautious, suggestible and corrupt ruler, and described Emir Abu Bakr as a powerful man who controlled the slave trade along the Somali coast. That year, the
467:, who (with the Issa) accepted Egyptian rule. Before Egyptian occupation, the Issa and Gadabuursi controlled the Zeila-Harar trade route and were responsible for its security.
864:
667:
In September 1875, a large Afran Qallo force under Orfo Jilo Biko ambushed the Egyptian army west of Harar. In the battle the Egyptians captured Ali ibn Abu Bakr, a
2108:
Wehib M. Ahmed (October 2015), History of Harar and the Hararis (PDF), Harari People Regional State Culture, Heritage and Tourism Bureau, retrieved 2020-12-14
824:
767:, as rumours spread about the Egyptian disaster in the Sudanese ports. Hunter said that Emir Abu Bakr of Zeila, an Afar businessman, influenced the Issa and
1538:
Edward Ullendorff, The Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and People, second edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 90. ISBN 0-19-285061-X
748:
Garad/Sultan Adam Asshabiye, the ruler of the Jarso, made peace with the Egyptians, however his son Aaqil (Muhumad) and successor continued resistance.
1758:
617:
595:. Rauf was instructed to lead a large force of Egyptian and Turkish soldiers into southeastern Ethiopia, beginning his conquest of eastern Ethiopia.
1404:
1408:
742:
812:
566:
and Tadjoura for contact with King Menelik of Showa; he was also instructed to annex the Afar Sultanate of Aussa and penetrate areas such as
655:
1245:
Laitin, David D.; Lattin, David C.; Laitin, James T. Watkins IV and Elise V. Watkins Professor of Political Science David D. (May 1977).
2360:
379:
230:
675:
of Harar and Zeila. When Rauf invited the Harari leaders to discuss the occupation, Ali Abu Bakr offered to betray his cousin.
2380:
2375:
2365:
2324:
2283:
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2229:
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2063:
2006:
1976:
1949:
1922:
1876:
1849:
1822:
1795:
1768:
1708:
1681:
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1490:
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1436:
1367:
1340:
1310:
1283:
1256:
1229:
1202:
1175:
1148:
1074:
1033:
1003:
976:
771:. Hunter warned the Egyptians that Abu Bakr was probably planning an invasion of Berbera. In March 1884, Hunter returned to
406:
1480:
1617:
737:
After occupying the Khedivate of Egypt, the British controlled the Hararghe and Somaliland. They sent expeditions to the
1839:
1384:
1138:
966:
932:
993:
2350:
2246:
2219:
2053:
1812:
1330:
1300:
942:
2273:
1912:
1866:
2314:
2165:
1996:
1724:
1644:
1426:
1192:
1064:
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in early October 1875, and was welcomed by 62 Jaarso leaders who had agreed to surrender their territories to him.
2192:
1966:
1246:
1023:
2355:
1453:
1357:
1219:
1165:
789:
protection, and told Hunter that he would not continue as ruler of Zeila. On 27 October 1884, the Egyptians left
745:
was the last emir of Harar, and with Oromo support pushed the Egyptians and British out of Harar to Mount Hakim.
1671:
1590:
2345:
1785:
1698:
1273:
780:
2039:
J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), pp 120f
2106:
1892:
1091:
2316:
A Modern History Of Somalia: Nation And State In The Horn Of Africa, Revised, Updated, And Expanded Edition
1302:
A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa
110:
2300:
Bezabeh, Samson (2016). Subjects of Empires, Citizens of States: Yemenis in Djibouti and Ethiopia. p. 18
2022:
1939:
852:
359:
were not on good terms at the time. The Egyptians attempted a number of unsuccessful invasions of the
2370:
1741:
187:
634:. The Nole and Ala, the most powerful groups in the region, led a series of campaigns against them.
876:
1551:
436:
843:
2080:
1521:
1112:
8:
794:
592:
368:
214:
204:
607:
Rauf continued to march towards Harar. He received a mid-1875 letter in Arabic from the
343:
Facing a power vacuum, the Egyptians decided to move south and take full control of the
2146:
1398:
913:
305:
297:
174:
154:
2320:
2279:
2252:
2225:
2198:
2171:
2138:
2086:
2059:
2002:
1972:
1945:
1941:
The Galla of Ethiopia; The Kingdoms of Kafa and Janjero: North Eastern Africa Part II
1918:
1872:
1845:
1818:
1791:
1764:
1704:
1677:
1650:
1623:
1596:
1486:
1459:
1432:
1363:
1336:
1306:
1279:
1252:
1225:
1198:
1171:
1144:
1140:
The Oromo Movement and Imperial Politics: Culture and Ideology in Oromia and Ethiopia
1070:
1029:
999:
972:
938:
460:
in 1875, and left a small garrison at what would be the seat of Ugaas Robleh Farah.
2248:
Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth-Century Harar
2221:
Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth-Century Harar
2194:
Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth-Century Harar
2167:
Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth-Century Harar
2055:
Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth-Century Harar
1998:
Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth-Century Harar
1814:
Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth-Century Harar
1760:
Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth-Century Harar
1700:
Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth-Century Harar
1673:
Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth-Century Harar
1646:
Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth-Century Harar
1619:
Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth-Century Harar
1592:
Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth-Century Harar
1359:
Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth-Century Harar
1332:
Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth-Century Harar
1221:
Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth-Century Harar
995:
Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth-Century Harar
801:
and Zeila from 1860 to 1884; he also controlled the lucrative Red Sea slave trade.
588:
544:
540:
336:
293:
196:
192:
163:
130:
81:
1482:
Thinking Outside the Box: Essays on the History and (Under)Development of Ethiopia
1167:
Peoples of the Horn of Africa (Somali, Afar and Saho): North Eastern Africa Part I
386:. The Emir of Harar persecuted his own people, favoring the Oromo tribes over the
244:
775:
and established himself as the first British governor of Harar. He described the
1066:
Frontiers of Violence in North-East Africa: Genealogies of Conflict Since C.1800
567:
500:
Eliakim Littel (1894) describes the remains of an Egyptian fortress built near
289:
2339:
2142:
387:
235:
668:
581:(then ruled by the Ottomans) attempted an invasion of Zeila and Aussa. The
578:
479:
375:
360:
301:
39:
1914:
Civil status documents from Harar under Egyptian Administration 1875-1885
1787:
Civil status documents from Harar under Egyptian Administration 1875-1885
1275:
Civil status documents from Harar under Egyptian Administration 1875-1885
768:
371:
2150:
2126:
917:
901:
587:
of Aussa, however, repulsed the Ottoman Yemenis out of their territory.
513:
464:
356:
104:
49:
625:
1025:
Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia
846:
with the Nole, Issa, Gadabuursi, Jarso, and Gheri Oromo-Somali tribes
785:
490:
309:
45:
2027:. Haile Selassie I University, Institute of Ethiopian Studies. 1974.
870:
Map of the Hararghe, including territories of the Nole and Ala Oromo
671:
nobleman. Ali ruled the territory of Igu, and was the cousin of the
798:
645:
631:
559:
457:
417:
364:
317:
313:
100:
1917:. Department of Arabic and Islamic Studies, University of Warsaw.
1790:. Department of Arabic and Islamic Studies, University of Warsaw.
1278:. Department of Arabic and Islamic Studies, University of Warsaw.
653:
1875, and peacefully took control of the city around the time the
577:
Soon after the destruction of the Egyptian expedition, Arabs from
332:
1420:
1418:
830:
Oromo Garad Abu Bakr Liben of a village northwest of Harar (1885)
790:
764:
759:
738:
571:
563:
558:
According to survivors, Munzinger, his wife and child arrived in
533:
494:
475:
449:
429:
352:
321:
85:
1425:
Holt, Peter Malcolm; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1977).
424:
612:
471:
453:
401:
348:
2275:
Empire and Commerce in Africa: A Study in Economic Imperialism
1415:
797:, had gained the respect of the Issa and Afar, and controlled
715:
711:
649:
608:
583:
509:
505:
501:
486:
445:
383:
159:
53:
1740:
Society, Haile Sellassie I. University Ethnological (1957).
772:
672:
413:
344:
478:
clans made peace with the Egyptians for one year to avoid
776:
367:
provinces in present-day Eritrea, which were repelled by
118:
Egyptian-controlled Harari Emirate disestablished in 1885
753:
1523:
Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London
630:
In 1874, the Egyptians led a large force from Zeila to
1248:
Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience
574:. Amongst those killed were Munzinger and his family.
456:(which was temporarily closed). The Egyptians entered
659:
of the Issa Robleh Farah moved his seat to Jaldessa.
1520:
Britain), Royal Geographical Society (Great (1876).
1382:
741:, the only Oromo to resist the British occupation.
626:
Expeditions into Nole and Ala territory (1874–1875)
1244:
444:By 1873, the Egyptians peacefully took control of
732:
27:1874–1885 military conflict in the Horn of Africa
2337:
1424:
115:Egyptian forces retreat to Zeila and Mount Hakim
396:
18:Egyptian invasion of the Eastern Horn of Africa
1017:
1015:
489:and were the most dangerous Somali clan; the
463:The Egyptians signed an 1877 treaty with the
1729:. Royal Scottish Geographical Society. 1885.
1403:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
355:(then known as Ethiopia). The Egyptians and
1990:
1988:
1937:
2251:. Syracuse University Press. p. 189.
2197:. Syracuse University Press. p. 175.
2170:. Syracuse University Press. p. 175.
1407:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1362:. Syracuse University Press. p. 173.
1224:. Syracuse University Press. p. 170.
1050:ethiopianhistory.com. Retrieved 2021-06-01
1012:
818:Oromo men in Harar during the Egyptian era
440:Zeila waterfront under Egyptian rule, 1880
1910:
1783:
1703:. Syracuse University Press. p. 59.
1649:. Syracuse University Press. p. 90.
1622:. Syracuse University Press. p. 89.
1271:
225:Emir Muhammed Abu Bakr Pasha (after 1885)
2244:
2217:
2190:
2163:
2051:
1994:
1985:
1810:
1756:
1696:
1669:
1642:
1615:
1588:
1519:
1355:
1328:
1217:
991:
705:
543:(1875) was fought between the forces of
435:
423:
412:
400:
331:
2127:"The Occupation of Harar: January 1887"
2082:A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855–1991
1964:
1739:
1190:
902:"The Occupation of Harar: January 1887"
562:on 5 October to open the roads between
409:Rooble with his nephew, Jardon, in 1885
14:
2338:
1478:
1136:
1021:
2312:
2271:
2124:
2078:
1906:
1904:
1324:
1322:
1298:
1163:
1089:
899:
754:British and French involvement (1885)
553:
259:Sultan Ali Karo (Sultan of the Nole)
1938:Huntingford, G. W. B. (2017-02-10).
1864:
1837:
1451:
1191:Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (2003-02-25).
1062:
964:
930:
693:hours, the Nole army was destroyed.
662:
504:to protect the trade routes linking
265:Garad Waday Iru of Alemaya Ala Oromo
231:Emir Muhammad ibn Ali Abd Ash-Shakur
24:
2157:
1901:
1897:. Oromo Studies Association. 2008.
1452:Kohn, George Childs (2013-10-31).
1319:
965:Kohn, George Childs (2013-10-31).
696:
678:
598:
527:
324:coast, and ruled it for 11 years.
25:
2392:
937:. Psychology Press. p. 108.
687:
380:Muhammad ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur
255:Sheikh Abdulle Sohaim Al Danakili
2245:Ben-Dror, Avishai (2018-08-23).
2218:Ben-Dror, Avishai (2018-08-23).
2191:Ben-Dror, Avishai (2018-08-23).
2164:Ben-Dror, Avishai (2018-08-23).
2052:Ben-Dror, Avishai (2018-08-23).
1995:Ben-Dror, Avishai (2018-08-23).
1811:Ben-Dror, Avishai (2018-08-23).
1757:Ben-Dror, Avishai (2018-08-23).
1697:Ben-Dror, Avishai (2018-08-23).
1670:Ben-Dror, Avishai (2018-08-23).
1643:Ben-Dror, Avishai (2018-08-23).
1616:Ben-Dror, Avishai (2018-08-23).
1589:Ben-Dror, Avishai (2018-08-23).
1356:Ben-Dror, Avishai (2018-08-23).
1329:Ben-Dror, Avishai (2018-08-23).
1218:Ben-Dror, Avishai (2018-08-23).
1194:Historical Dictionary of Somalia
992:Ben-Dror, Avishai (2018-08-23).
875:
863:
851:
835:
823:
811:
644:Before the Egyptian occupation,
604:Oromo leader in Hakim survived.
308:from 1874 to 1885. In 1874, the
288:, was part of a conflict in the
243:
234:
212:Ali Rida Pasha Governor of Harar
168:
148:
38:
2306:
2292:
2265:
2238:
2211:
2184:
2118:
2099:
2072:
2045:
2031:
2015:
1958:
1931:
1885:
1858:
1831:
1804:
1777:
1750:
1733:
1717:
1690:
1663:
1636:
1609:
1582:
1568:
1544:
1530:
1513:
1499:
1472:
1445:
1376:
1349:
1292:
1265:
1251:. University of Chicago Press.
1238:
1211:
1184:
1157:
1130:
1063:Reid, Richard J. (2011-03-24).
263:Dini Abu Bakr Sultan of Rahaito
2361:Military history of Somaliland
1965:Rimbaud, Arthur (2004-09-02).
1911:Nieuważny, Adam (2021-11-01).
1784:Nieuważny, Adam (2021-11-01).
1726:Scottish Geographical Magazine
1507:Wylde, Modern Abyssinia, p. 25
1431:. Cambridge University Press.
1428:The Cambridge History of Islam
1272:Nieuważny, Adam (2021-11-01).
1105:
1092:"History of Harar and Hararis"
1083:
1056:
1042:
985:
958:
924:
893:
733:British occupation (1880–1885)
493:, who lived between Harar and
223:Peyton Pasha Governor of Zeila
13:
1:
2272:Woolf, Leonard (2018-05-03).
2224:. Syracuse University Press.
2058:. Syracuse University Press.
2001:. Syracuse University Press.
1817:. Syracuse University Press.
1763:. Syracuse University Press.
1676:. Syracuse University Press.
1595:. Syracuse University Press.
1335:. Syracuse University Press.
1090:Ahmed, Wehib (October 2015).
998:. Syracuse University Press.
887:
327:
57:
2381:Wars involving Ottoman Egypt
2376:Military history of Ethiopia
2366:Military history of Djibouti
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1894:The Journal of Oromo Studies
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1137:Jalata, Asafa (2020-02-28).
906:Journal of Ethiopian Studies
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397:Invasion of Somali territory
219:Nuba Pasha Governor of Zeila
7:
2313:Lewis, I. M. (2019-05-20).
2079:Zewde, Bahru (2002-03-17).
1164:Lewis, I. M. (2017-02-03).
1069:. Oxford University Press.
639:
432:under Egyptian rule c. 1884
10:
2397:
2125:CAULK, RICHARD A. (1971).
1968:Selected Poems and Letters
1479:Poluha, Eva (2016-01-28).
900:Caulk, Richard A. (1971).
804:
286:Egyptian Invasion of Harar
242:Garad Adam Ashabiyye
33:Egyptian Invasion of Harar
2085:. Ohio University Press.
1383:Littel, E, et al (1894).
269:
180:
141:
64:
37:
32:
2351:19th century in Ethiopia
1022:Dumper, Michael (2007).
882:Werner Munzinger in 1873
795:Haji Ali Sharmarke Saleh
591:replaced Munzinger with
374:. Around that time, the
251:Garad Jibril of the Geri
249:Sultan Muhammed Hanfadhe
111:Khedivate's Somali Coast
1485:. Xlibris Corporation.
227:Ali ibn Abu Bakr Harari
2356:19th-century conflicts
1865:Dunn, John P. (2005).
1838:Dunn, John P. (2005).
1305:. LIT Verlag Münster.
931:Dunn, John P. (2005).
844:Richard Francis Burton
758:During the mid-1880s,
523:
441:
433:
421:
410:
340:
261:Emir Muhammed Abu Bakr
181:Commanders and leaders
2346:19th century in Egypt
1868:Khedive Ismail's Army
1841:Khedive Ismail's Army
1552:"Muhammad Rauf Pasha"
1299:Lewis, I. M. (1999).
934:Khedive Ismail's Army
706:Battle of Dire Gofile
518:
439:
427:
416:
404:
335:
270:Casualties and losses
109:Establishment of the
1871:. Psychology Press.
1844:. Psychology Press.
1386:Littell's Living Age
842:19th-century map by
253:Garad Abu Bakr Liben
1197:. Scarecrow Press.
593:Muhammad Rauf Pasha
382:were prospering in
304:tribesmen, and the
240:Raba Orfo Jilo Biko
215:Muhammad Nadi Pasha
1526:. Edward Stanford.
1455:Dictionary of Wars
1101:. Revised Version.
968:Dictionary of Wars
554:Battle of Tadjoura
442:
434:
422:
411:
341:
306:Khedivate of Egypt
175:Sultanate of Aussa
155:Khedivate of Egypt
48:expedition led by
2326:978-0-429-71282-1
2285:978-1-351-02236-1
2258:978-0-8156-5431-5
2231:978-0-8156-5431-5
2204:978-0-8156-5431-5
2177:978-0-8156-5431-5
2092:978-0-8214-4572-3
2065:978-0-8156-5431-5
2008:978-0-8156-5431-5
1978:978-0-14-193234-7
1951:978-1-315-30809-8
1924:978-83-954430-8-4
1878:978-0-7146-5704-2
1851:978-0-7146-5704-2
1824:978-0-8156-5431-5
1797:978-83-954430-8-4
1770:978-0-8156-5431-5
1710:978-0-8156-5431-5
1683:978-0-8156-5431-5
1656:978-0-8156-5431-5
1629:978-0-8156-5431-5
1602:978-0-8156-5431-5
1492:978-1-5144-2223-6
1465:978-1-135-95501-4
1438:978-0-521-29137-8
1369:978-0-8156-5431-5
1342:978-0-8156-5431-5
1312:978-3-8258-3084-7
1285:978-83-954430-8-4
1258:978-0-226-46791-7
1231:978-0-8156-5431-5
1204:978-0-8108-6604-1
1177:978-1-315-30817-3
1150:978-1-7936-0338-8
1076:978-0-19-921188-3
1035:978-1-57607-919-5
1005:978-0-8156-5431-5
978:978-1-135-95494-9
663:Battle of Gaflole
497:, were friendly.
351:, they aimed for
347:. After annexing
320:and parts of the
282:
281:
257:Sheikh Osman Yaro
217:Governor of Harar
137:
136:
133:occupied by Egypt
16:(Redirected from
2388:
2371:History of Harar
2331:
2330:
2310:
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2019:
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1982:
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1119:. 10 August 2016
1117:The Conversation
1109:
1103:
1102:
1099:Everything Harar
1096:
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928:
922:
921:
897:
879:
867:
858:Abu Bakr in 1877
855:
839:
827:
815:
784:agreed with the
545:Werner Munzinger
428:Illustration of
339:, ruler of Egypt
312:invaded Eastern
294:Emirate of Harar
247:
238:
201:
193:Werner Munzinger
173:
172:
171:
164:Emirate of Harar
153:
152:
151:
131:Emirate of Harar
82:Emirate of Harar
66:
65:
59:
42:
30:
29:
21:
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2093:
2077:
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2046:
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2020:
2016:
2009:
1993:
1986:
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1963:
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1932:
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1416:
1396:
1395:
1389:. p. 219.
1381:
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1077:
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990:
986:
979:
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959:
949:
947:
945:
929:
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898:
894:
890:
883:
880:
871:
868:
859:
856:
847:
840:
831:
828:
819:
816:
807:
756:
735:
728:
708:
699:
697:Battle of Abgou
690:
681:
679:Battle of Iftur
665:
642:
628:
601:
599:Battle of Hakim
556:
530:
528:Battle of Aussa
399:
330:
298:Sultan of Aussa
264:
262:
260:
258:
256:
254:
252:
250:
248:
241:
239:
226:
224:
222:
220:
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197:
191:
169:
167:
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162:
149:
147:
126:
89:
56:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2394:
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2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2305:
2291:
2284:
2264:
2257:
2237:
2230:
2210:
2203:
2183:
2176:
2156:
2117:
2098:
2091:
2071:
2064:
2044:
2030:
2014:
2007:
1984:
1977:
1971:. Penguin UK.
1957:
1950:
1930:
1923:
1900:
1884:
1877:
1857:
1850:
1830:
1823:
1803:
1796:
1776:
1769:
1749:
1732:
1716:
1709:
1689:
1682:
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1655:
1635:
1628:
1608:
1601:
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1567:
1543:
1529:
1512:
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1491:
1471:
1464:
1444:
1437:
1414:
1375:
1368:
1348:
1341:
1318:
1311:
1291:
1284:
1264:
1257:
1237:
1230:
1210:
1203:
1183:
1176:
1156:
1149:
1129:
1113:"Asafa Jalata"
1104:
1082:
1075:
1055:
1041:
1034:
1011:
1004:
984:
977:
957:
943:
923:
891:
889:
886:
885:
884:
881:
874:
872:
869:
862:
860:
857:
850:
848:
841:
834:
832:
829:
822:
820:
817:
810:
806:
803:
755:
752:
743:Amir Abdullahi
734:
731:
727:
724:
707:
704:
698:
695:
689:
688:Battle of Eguu
686:
680:
677:
664:
661:
648:and the Harar-
641:
638:
627:
624:
600:
597:
568:Wollo Province
555:
552:
539:The battle of
529:
526:
398:
395:
329:
326:
290:Horn of Africa
280:
279:
276:
272:
271:
267:
266:
228:
183:
182:
178:
177:
157:
144:
143:
139:
138:
135:
134:
128:
122:
121:
120:
119:
116:
113:
107:
99:Occupation of
95:
91:
90:
80:
78:
74:
73:
70:
62:
61:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2393:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2328:
2322:
2319:. Routledge.
2318:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2295:
2287:
2281:
2278:. Routledge.
2277:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2034:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1989:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1947:
1944:. Routledge.
1943:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1577:
1571:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1539:
1533:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1502:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1458:. Routledge.
1457:
1456:
1448:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1419:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1173:
1170:. Routledge.
1169:
1168:
1160:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1051:
1045:
1037:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1016:
1007:
1001:
997:
996:
988:
980:
974:
971:. Routledge.
970:
969:
961:
946:
944:9780714657042
940:
936:
935:
927:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
896:
892:
878:
873:
866:
861:
854:
849:
845:
838:
833:
826:
821:
814:
809:
808:
802:
800:
796:
792:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
751:
749:
746:
744:
740:
730:
723:
719:
717:
713:
703:
694:
685:
676:
674:
670:
660:
658:
657:
651:
647:
637:
635:
633:
623:
621:
619:
614:
610:
605:
596:
594:
590:
589:Isma'il Pasha
586:
585:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
551:
549:
546:
542:
537:
535:
525:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
482:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
438:
431:
426:
419:
415:
408:
403:
394:
392:
389:
388:Harari people
385:
381:
377:
373:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
338:
337:Isma'il Pasha
334:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
277:
274:
273:
268:
246:
237:
232:
229:
216:
206:
202:
200:
194:
190:
189:
185:
184:
179:
176:
165:
161:
158:
156:
146:
145:
140:
132:
129:
124:
123:
117:
114:
112:
108:
106:
102:
98:
97:
96:
93:
92:
87:
83:
79:
76:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2315:
2308:
2299:
2294:
2274:
2267:
2247:
2240:
2220:
2213:
2193:
2186:
2166:
2159:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2107:
2101:
2081:
2074:
2054:
2047:
2038:
2033:
2023:
2017:
1997:
1967:
1960:
1940:
1933:
1913:
1893:
1887:
1867:
1860:
1840:
1833:
1813:
1806:
1786:
1779:
1759:
1752:
1742:
1735:
1725:
1719:
1699:
1692:
1672:
1665:
1645:
1638:
1618:
1611:
1591:
1584:
1575:
1570:
1560:, retrieved
1558:, 2021-11-05
1555:
1546:
1537:
1532:
1522:
1515:
1506:
1501:
1481:
1474:
1454:
1447:
1427:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1358:
1351:
1331:
1301:
1294:
1274:
1267:
1247:
1240:
1220:
1213:
1193:
1186:
1166:
1159:
1139:
1132:
1121:. Retrieved
1116:
1107:
1098:
1085:
1065:
1058:
1049:
1044:
1028:. ABC-CLIO.
1024:
994:
987:
967:
960:
948:. Retrieved
933:
926:
909:
905:
895:
757:
750:
747:
736:
729:
720:
709:
700:
691:
682:
669:Harari-Oromo
666:
654:
643:
636:
629:
622:
606:
602:
582:
576:
557:
550:
538:
531:
524:
519:
499:
483:
469:
462:
443:
393:
376:Oromo people
342:
292:between the
285:
283:
210:John Hunters
208:Raduan Pasha
198:
188:Ismail Pasha
186:
142:Belligerents
103:and western
2137:(2): 1–20.
950:18 February
912:(2): 1–20.
372:Tewodros II
221:Heath Pasha
125:Territorial
2340:Categories
1562:2021-12-22
1123:2022-07-14
888:References
514:Gadabuursi
465:Gadabuursi
357:Ethiopians
328:Background
205:Rauf Pasha
105:Somaliland
50:Rauf Pasha
2143:0304-2243
1556:Knowledge
1399:cite book
1392:the road.
786:Habr Awal
781:Capuchins
726:Aftermath
521:the road.
512:from the
491:Habr Awal
391:Berbera.
316:, namely
310:Egyptians
72:1874–1885
46:Khedivate
2151:41967469
1743:Bulletin
918:41967469
799:Tadjoura
646:Jaldessa
640:Jaldessa
632:Hararghe
560:Tadjoura
474:and the
458:Jaldessa
418:Jaldessa
365:Hamasien
318:Hararghe
314:Ethiopia
101:Hararghe
84:and the
77:Location
805:Gallery
791:Sagallo
765:Berbera
760:Mahdism
739:Barento
650:Berbera
611:of the
572:Massawa
564:Ankober
536:coast.
534:Red Sea
495:Berbera
476:Gurgura
450:Berbera
430:Berbera
420:in 1885
369:Emperor
353:Eritrea
278:Unknown
275:Unknown
199:†
127:changes
2323:
2282:
2255:
2228:
2201:
2174:
2149:
2141:
2089:
2062:
2005:
1975:
1948:
1921:
1875:
1848:
1821:
1794:
1767:
1707:
1680:
1653:
1626:
1599:
1489:
1462:
1435:
1366:
1339:
1309:
1282:
1255:
1228:
1201:
1174:
1147:
1073:
1032:
1002:
975:
941:
916:
613:Jaarso
472:Jaarso
454:Bulhar
378:under
349:Darfur
322:Somali
300:, and
233:
195:
94:Result
86:Somali
2147:JSTOR
2112:(PDF)
1576:Hecht
1095:(PDF)
914:JSTOR
716:Cairo
712:Harar
673:emirs
656:ugaas
618:Jarso
609:garad
584:ulama
579:Mocha
541:Aussa
510:Zeila
506:Harar
502:Harar
487:Harar
480:Fitna
446:Zeila
407:Ugaas
405:Issa
384:Harar
361:Bogos
302:Oromo
160:Oromo
88:coast
54:Harar
2321:ISBN
2280:ISBN
2253:ISBN
2226:ISBN
2199:ISBN
2172:ISBN
2139:ISSN
2087:ISBN
2060:ISBN
2003:ISBN
1973:ISBN
1946:ISBN
1919:ISBN
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