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this new form as you live on under the earth with Obassi Nsi. Now, Obassi Osaw is seen as cruel and dangerous as he terrifies the people of Ekoi and is responsible for leading them to death. He does not accept offerings, though the people will still attempt to do so by throwing objects in the air only for them to come back down. In order to protect the people from the fallen objects, Obassi Nsi will draw them down into the earth which shows that Obassi Nsi is more powerful than Obassi Osaw. These deities are friends, they split offerings and eat together. The Ekoi community refers to Obassi Nsi as their mother due to her kind spirit (Ma Obassi as known as Lady Obassi), while Obassi Osaw (Nta Obassi as known as Lord Obassi) is their father.
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456:, the Ekoi masks are fairly realistic. In the Ekoi's approach to make 2-sided masks, the darker side represented the male force, and the whiter side the female force. The wooden masks were often covered with strips of animal skin or human skin. The realism aspect is further pushed with shiny eyes and sometimes including human hair. The teeth can be carved with wood like the rest of the sculpture or different materials like wood or cane are used.
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hunting. Once a battle was won, the skin of the enemies were taken and made into a mask to proclaim victory. The head and heart are the most significant parts of the body. The head is the home of the spirit, therefore, to come back with the head of an outsider showed you were a strong man. Men were expected to engage in combat in order to be accepted in a male power society and have the opportunity to get married.
217:. Seeing a number of coconut trees or a mboma tree at the entrance or center of a village is an indication that you have entered Ejaham territory. In order to have easy access to a reliable source of water, all villages are built by a river or stream. It was convenient for people to live in the Cross River area, as they were used as main roads and journeys for trade routes.
308:(going on infinitely or without end). Put together then, Ejagham stands for that unified whole or parcel that was originally one but is now broken into pieces and is forging for reunification. This refers to the first break away of the other tribes (in Nigeria, Cameroon, Uganda, South Africa etc.) that migrated from the historical
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the
European power took measures to combat the native Ekoi people (1899-1904 German-Ekoi War). However, the response was not uniform; not only were there no pitched battles, but some villages fled instead of fighting back. Moreover, Ekoi people in British-controlled Nigeria did not act to help their ethnic compatriots.
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Another tale that explains the natural world tells of Eagle and Ox playing hide-and-seek. Eagle finds Ox immediately and then hides on Ox's horns where Ox cannot see him. Ox goes to every animal and asks if they had seen Eagle, but Eagle tells them all not to say anything. Finally, Fowl tells Ox that
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ideograms convey countless concepts. There are over 12 different symbols for love, 7 different symbols for hatred, 7 different symbols for speech, 8 different symbols for mirror, 14 different symbols for a set table, and 6 different symbols for journeys. Symbols that are shaded in usually mean danger
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believed in the story of an old king named Tanze. When he died, he became a fish that was caught by a woman. A man killed the woman, created the
Leopard Society, and Tanze became the body of a female drum. This tale raised the symbols of the roaring fish and the leopard as signs from God and so they
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tells of God creating the first man and woman and allowing them to live in a hut. God tells the man to impregnate the woman and leaves before the child is born. When the child is born, God instructs the man and woman to care for their new child. At the end of the tale it is revealed that all people
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and
Nsibidi script. There was a large and centralized Ejagham kingdom with a capacity for mobilizing its citizenry for its various needs. A strong economy supported by a secure agro-technological base was established. Fishing was practiced by those at the coastal areas and hunting by those residing
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script, a script which can be seen in many surviving artifacts found in the areas inhabited by the Ekoi/Ejagham people, and which roughly translates into "cruel letters". It is an entirely
African script, with virtually no Western influence. According to Ekoi folklore, the script was taught to them
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Nsi and Obassi Osaw. Though both powerful, Obassi Nsi is seen as the loving and caring deity who ripens the food that the Ekoi people plant in the ground. Once you die, your body will be buried in the ground along with your important belonging from earth. The soul then leaves the body and takes on
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The Ekoi people, while all speaking the same language, have not tended to live in complete unison. Living in what is now
Southeast Nigeria and Southwest Cameroon, the people were physically divided by British and German colonial holdings in Africa. When a German captain named Von Weiss was killed,
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Initiates of Nnimm would be unmarried young girls. They would wear cursive body-painting and material dresses of calabash and shells, as well as leather necklaces. Bones of monkeys were matched with feather headdresses (the single feather at the back of the head was most important, as it was the
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The people of
Ejagham treat the earth with the utmost respect. The land provides the crops that grow in the fields, water to drink and bath in from the river, and animals to hunt in the forest. The man who chooses the place of settlement becomes the chief of the village. The current chief of the
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The
Ejagham, an East Nigerian ethnic group, was the first to make skin covered masks and dance in them. The Nigerian and Cameroon regions share similar tribal organizations and traditional masks. Nkwa-mbuk, a mask-wearing society of the Ekoi, performed rituals such as human sacrifices and head
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Colonialism was at its peak in the 18th and 19th centuries after previous encounters with the
Portuguese. Old Calabar, a city state in southeastern Nigeria, was a major center for the Slave Trade as well as trading palm oil. During this time the indigenous culture was completely destroyed and
312:. It further refers to the reunification of the Ejagham speaking communities in Ikom LGA, Etung LGA, Quas of the present Calabar and it environs, Ishibor in Ogoja and Southern Cameroons among others. The Ejagham are one of the oldest Bantu groups and were an integral part of the
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area. The Ekoi believe that the heirs of the first settlers of their present settlement own the land. Though newcomers are not allowed to buy land, they are able to purchase rights of settlement. Ekoi men have traditionally hunted, while women have engaged in fishing,
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script is used in the Ekoi languages and is understandable in reading and writing. The script's importance is emphasized through its beauty and artistic aesthetics rather than its ability to shape cohesive sentences.
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Body-painting and poetry are also critical to men, as they are seen simultaneously as warriors and artists. Though war has been largely uncommon in Ekoi history, except for the German-Ekoi War between 1899-1904.
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The Ekoi culture is known for mastering the art of sculpture. The complexity of its art is a hint to the complexity of the Ekoi people's organization. Their masks are unique because unlike most traditional
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in the hinterland. Domestication of animals like sheep, goats, and fowls was common while the knowledge of iron workings provided the tools through which most of these activities were carried out.
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would leave his house and make a series of sacrifices. This included those of skull-caps with leopard's teeth, a staff bound with leopard's skin, and a necklace of leopard's teeth. Also, when a
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village along with all the previous chiefs before him are honored until the end of time. Each time the village is met with a blessing the people present offerings to the ancestors.
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Eagle is on his horns. Enraged, Eagle seizes Fowl and swears that he will take his children for this offense. It is said that because of this, eagles eat younger fowls.
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By 200 AD, the
Ejagham civilization had developed to such an advanced level that gave inspiration to the creation of ingenious forms as exemplified by the
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A treasury of
African folklore : the oral literature, traditions, myths, legends, epics, tales, recollections, wisdom, sayings, and humor of Africa
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are spoken around this area, although English (the national language) is also spoken. The Ejaham are spread out living in multiple villages called
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351:. Eventually, groups of Igbo settlers moved into the area. Tensions between the Igbo settlers and the indigenous Ibibio led to the
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Evaluating the Place of the Ekpe Traditional Institution as a Tool for Nation-Building in Pre-Colonial Cross River Region
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Genetic variation reveals large-scale population expansion and migration during the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples
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Nnimm feather) and finished off with a cowrie-fringed wrapper. Nnimm plumes would become very important to Africans in
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1002:"Chronology and Oral Historical Reconstruction: The Example of the Ejagham of the Cross River Region of Nigeria"
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CHRONOLOGY AND ORAL HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION: THE EXAMPLE OF THE EJAGHAM OF THE CROSS RIVER REGION OF NIGERIA
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Carlson, Amanda (2004). "Nsibidi: An Indigenous Writing System". In Peek, Philip M.; Yankah, Kwesi (eds.).
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Anene, J.C. (December 1961). "THE NIGERIA—SOUTHERN CAMEROONS BOUNDARY (An Ethno-Political Analysis)".
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Funeral rites of the Ejagham people in Cross River State: An appraisal of Akamkpa Local Government
632:'s spirit returns to God. If they were not wary, it is believed a real leopard would attack them.
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The Mgbe and Nnimm societies were for males and females, respectively, in the Ekoi community. The
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were originally from the Ibom Kingdom and might have left before or during the Aro-Ibibio Wars.
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Ntufam Ndifon Attah explains that "Ejagham" is derived from the combination of three words:
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or bad fortune, and include ideas of a dead body or the death of a friend. The
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Leopards especially would be seen as important in Ekoi society. In times of
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745:"Early Ceramics from Calabar, Nigeria: Towards a History of Nsibidi"
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145:. Other Ekoi languages are spoken by related groups, including the
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people of southeastern Nigeria. The Ekoi are best known for their
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Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy
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PHILOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIAN DIASPORA
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manhunts along with human sacrifice were at an all time high.
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722:(illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 599.
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died, his people would enter the jungle to bring back the
343:. This proto Ibibio group originally came from Usak Edet (
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Long-corned statue, Coleção Museu Afro Brasil (São Paulo)
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dialect cluster. The Ekoi are the likely creators of the
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Script as the Language and Literature of the Crossroads"
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Jeffreys, M. D. W. (1939). "Some Notes on the Ekoi".
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ideograms and still use them as a part of tradition.
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The Ekoi have a large number of spoken stories. One
347:), a segment of the Ejagham in present-day Southern
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1115:Talbot, P. Amaury (1913). "4. Two Ekoi Stories".
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173:. The Ekoi have lived closely with the nearby
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1097:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1006:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria
983:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria
891:(1st ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. Group.
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959:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
556:Ejagham, skin covered mask with shiny eyes
409:would be referred to in every Ekoi court.
370:Ekoi people taken into slavery across the
1046:Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama (2009).
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339:migrated to the area and established the
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577:are descendants of this man and woman.
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719:African Folklore: An Encyclopedia
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697:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
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276:The Ekoi originated from the
989:: 186–195 – via JSTOR.
743:Slogar, Christopher (2007).
646:. Munchen: Panterra Verlag.
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1158:Courlander, Harold (1975).
885:Röschenthaler, Ute (1996).
814:. New York: Vintage Books.
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67:Traditional Ekoi Religions
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406:Ekpe(Leopard) Society
300:(a whole or parcel),
77:Related ethnic groups
1164:. Marlowe & Co.
1079:. L. Kahan Gallery.
1000:Onor, Sandy (2015).
843:Nwosu, Maik (2010).
429:Head priest of Nimms
304:(split or broken),
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47:Ekoi language
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28:
23:
1903:Iwellemmedan
1758:
1447:Yerwa Kanuri
1421:
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1197:
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1120:
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1048:
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1029:. Retrieved
1009:
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855:(182): 286.
852:
846:
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809:
755:(1): 18–19.
752:
749:African Arts
748:
738:
718:
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700:. Retrieved
691:
685:
643:
636:Bibliography
601:
588:
579:
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458:
450:
411:
403:
394:
391:Ekoi Society
385:
369:
365:
361:
341:Ibom Kingdom
326:
318:
305:
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297:
295:
278:Lake Ejagham
275:
254:
230:
214:
204:
127:ethnic group
122:
118:
117:
71:Christianity
20:Ekoi/Ejagham
16:Ethnic group
1380:Beti-Pahuin
931:. MĂĽnchen.
520:Ngbe statue
496:Ngbe statue
382:Colonialism
283:agriculture
245:Niger–Congo
119:Ekoi people
2066:Categories
1180:1295732989
830:1031963287
702:2009-01-24
652:B0007B16FU
566:See also:
285:, raising
225:See also:
159:Akparabong
137:region of
1315:Akunakuna
1218:0307-3114
1137:0025-1496
1093:cite book
1085:600695253
1018:0018-2540
1012:: 37–55.
955:cite book
947:718779411
869:1613-3692
853:Semiotica
769:0001-9933
562:Mythology
345:Isanguele
333:Arochukwu
291:plantains
201:Geography
153:(such as
135:southwest
125:, are an
41:Languages
1958:Mambilla
1898:Itsekiri
1866:Kalabari
1684:Anlo Ewe
1360:Bamileke
1355:Baligham
1052:. SAGE.
1026:24768928
907:34553391
806:(1984).
660:See also
598:Leopards
585:Folklore
372:Atlantic
349:Cameroon
221:Language
139:Cameroon
99:Bahumono
61:Religion
1998:Tangale
1963:Mandara
1948:Longuda
1856:Engenni
1839:Ukwuani
1834:Ikwerre
1694:Afusari
1621:Wodaabe
1616:Widikum
1541:Mandara
1536:Mambila
1464:Kapsiki
1350:Bakossi
1226:2844232
1145:2788493
1123:: 6–8.
1031:17 July
888:Ejagham
847:Nsibidi
626:as the
327:Before
272:History
264:nsibidi
257:Nsibidi
249:Nsibidi
241:Bantoid
195:Nsibidi
131:Nigeria
123:Ejagham
2028:Yoruba
2013:Urhobo
1968:Mumuye
1938:Kotoko
1933:Kofyar
1918:Kanuri
1913:Kamuku
1881:Nkoroo
1824:Ekpeye
1799:Ibibio
1789:Goemai
1784:Gbagyi
1734:Djerma
1724:Defaka
1719:Chamba
1714:Buduma
1704:Bariba
1689:Anaang
1679:Afemai
1546:Mankon
1506:Kotoko
1484:Tupuri
1479:Musgum
1442:Kanuri
1407:Chamba
1402:Buduma
1345:Bakoko
1224:
1216:
1178:
1168:
1143:
1135:
1083:
1056:
1024:
1016:
945:
935:
905:
895:
867:
828:
818:
767:
726:
650:
591:Obassi
355:. The
337:Ibibio
209:. The
185:, and
183:Ibibio
179:Annang
155:Ofutop
87:Annang
83:Ibibio
2033:Ijebu
2003:Tarok
1983:Ogoni
1943:Kuteb
1928:Kirdi
1923:Kilba
1908:Jukun
1893:Isoko
1886:Obolo
1876:Nkoro
1861:Ibani
1851:Bille
1829:Etche
1814:Igede
1809:Igala
1804:Idoma
1794:Hausa
1764:Eleme
1739:Ebira
1729:Dendi
1709:Berom
1699:Atyap
1626:Wovea
1611:Vengo
1601:Tikar
1591:Shuwa
1581:Nzime
1566:Mungo
1556:Mboko
1531:Makaa
1526:Limba
1521:Kwele
1511:Kuteb
1501:Kombe
1454:Kirdi
1437:Hausa
1432:Gbaya
1417:Dwe'e
1412:Duala
1375:Bassa
1370:Banda
1365:Bamum
1335:Bafia
1222:JSTOR
1141:JSTOR
1022:JSTOR
677:Notes
605:ntuis
310:Bantu
167:Ogoja
147:Etung
107:Mbube
2072:Ekoi
2023:Yakö
2018:Waja
1993:Tera
1988:Saro
1978:Ogba
1973:Nupe
1953:Mafa
1871:Kula
1846:Ijaw
1819:Igbo
1779:Fula
1769:Esan
1759:Ekoi
1754:Eket
1749:Efik
1596:Subu
1586:Pori
1571:Njem
1561:Mofu
1491:Kole
1474:Masa
1469:Mafa
1459:Fali
1427:Fula
1422:Ekoi
1397:Bubi
1390:Fang
1385:Beti
1340:Baka
1214:ISSN
1176:OCLC
1166:ISBN
1133:ISSN
1099:link
1081:OCLC
1054:ISBN
1033:2023
1014:ISSN
961:link
943:OCLC
933:ISBN
928:Ekoi
903:OCLC
893:ISBN
865:ISSN
826:OCLC
816:ISBN
765:ISSN
724:ISBN
692:Ekoi
648:ASIN
644:Ekoi
629:ntui
623:ngbe
617:ntui
611:ntui
447:Arts
415:Cuba
376:Cuba
357:Efik
329:Igbo
306:haam
302:ejag
298:ekub
287:yams
239:, a
231:The
215:etek
191:Ekpe
187:Igbo
175:Efik
171:Yakö
161:and
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109:and
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91:Efik
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1330:Aro
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163:Nde
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
