608:
2752:
2740:
113:
2764:
812:, but more recently Heggarty and Renfrew noted that "McAlpin's analysis of the language data, and thus his claims, remain far from orthodoxy", adding that Fuller finds no relation of Dravidian languages with other languages, and thus assumes it to be native to India. Renfrew and Bahn conclude that several scenarios are compatible with the data, and that "the linguistic jury is still very much out".
805:. This would suggest that agriculturalists brought a new language as well as farming from Elam. Supporting ethno-botanical data include the Near Eastern origin and name of wheat (D. Fuller). Later evidence of extensive trade between Elam and the Indus Valley Civilization suggests ongoing links between the two regions.
1650:
Shinde, Vasant; Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Mah, Matthew; Lipson, Mark; Nakatsuka, Nathan; Adamski, Nicole; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Ferry, Matthew; Lawson, Ann Marie; Michel, Megan; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin; Jadhav, Nilesh; Kim, Yong Jun; Chatterjee,
898:
Narasimhan et al.: " Iranian farmer–related ancestry in this group was characteristic of the Indus Valley hunter-gatherers in the same way as it was characteristic of northern
Caucasus and Iranian plateau hunter-gatherers. The presence of such ancestry in hunter-gatherers from Belt and Hotu Caves in
827:
to 3700 BCE, before the advent of the mature IVC. Sylvester et al. (2019) noted that (referring to
Renfrew (1996)) "the existence of Brahui speakers, solitary Dravidian language speakers in Balochistan in Pakistan, supports the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis", and concluded that bidirectional migration
819:
was contributed by people related to but distinct from
Iranian agriculturalists, lacking the Anatolian farmer-related ancestry which was common in Iranian farmers after 6000 BCE. Those Iranian farmers-related people may have arrived in India before the advent of farming in northern India, and mixed
1362:
More recently, about 15,000–10,000 years before present (ybp), when agriculture developed in the
Fertile Crescent region that extends from Israel through northern Syria to western Iran, there was another eastward wave of human migration (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994; Renfrew 1987), a part of which
864:
Derenko: "The spread of these new technologies has been associated with the dispersal of
Dravidian and Indo-European languages in southern Asia. It is hypothesized that the proto-Elamo-Dravidian language, most likely originated in the Elam province in southwestern Iran, spread eastwards with the
1186:
The analysis of two Y chromosome variants, Hgr9 and Hgr3 provides interesting data (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). Microsatellite variation of Hgr9 among
Iranians, Pakistanis and Indians indicate an expansion of populations to around 9000 YBP in Iran and then to 6,000 YBP in India. This migration
659:
as the other major supporter. The hypothesis has gained attention in academic circles, but has been subject to serious criticism by linguists, and remains only one of several possible scenarios for the origins of the
Dravidian languages. Elamite is generally accepted by scholars to be a
770:
criticized them as no closer than correspondences with other nearby language families. For the majority of historical linguists, the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis remains unproven, and
Elamite is generally accepted by scholars to be a
1363:
also appears to have entered India. This wave has been postulated to have brought the
Dravidian languages into India (Renfrew 1987). Subsequently, the Indo-European (Aryan) language family was introduced into India about 4,000 ybp.
1327:
Namita
Mukherjee; Almut Nebel; Ariella Oppenheim; Partha P. Majumder (December 2001), "High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from central Asia and West Asia into India",
1651:
Malavika; Munshi, Avradeep; Panyam, Amrithavalli; Waghmare, Pranjali; Yadav, Yogesh; Patel, Himani; Kaushik, Amit; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Meyer, Matthias; Patterson, Nick; Rai, Niraj; Reich, David (October 2019).
909:: "...it may, in fact, be the case that ANI-like quasi-Iranians occupied northwest South Asia for a long time, and AHG populations hugged the southern and eastern fringes, during the height of the Pleistocene."
1187:
originated in what was historically termed Elam in south-west Iran to the Indus valley, and may have been associated with the spread of Dravidian languages from south-west Iran (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001).
744:
The hypothesis has gained attention in academic circles but is difficult to assess due to the limited resources on the Elamite language. Supporters of the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis include
901:
Shinde et al. (2019) note that these Iranian people "had little if any genetic contribution from western Iranian farmers or herders"; they split from each other more than 12,000 years ago.
2543:
1276:
1818:
1210:, Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (1979); David McAlpin, "Proto-Elamo-Dravidian: The Evidence and its Implications",
918:
Mascarenhas et al. (2015) note that "new, possibly West Asian, body types are reported from the graves of Mehrgarh beginning in the Togau phase (3800 BCE)."
1032:
720:. McAlpin (1975) in his study identified some similarities between Elamite and Dravidian. He proposed that 20% of Dravidian and Elamite vocabulary are
732:. They have a number of similar derivatives, abstract nouns, and the same verb stem+tense marker+personal ending structure. Both have two positive
1876:
2593:
672:
The concept that Elamite and Dravidian are in some way related dates from the beginnings of both fields in the early nineteenth century.
855:
Renfrew and Bahn conclude that several scenarios are compatible with the data, and that "the linguistic jury is still very much out."
1206:
vol. 16 no. 1 (1975); David McAlpin: "Linguistic prehistory: the Dravidian situation", in Madhav M. Deshpande and Peter Edwin Hook:
1140:
vol. 16 no. 1 (1975); David McAlpin: "Linguistic prehistory: the Dravidian situation", in Madhav M. Deshpande and Peter Edwin Hook:
2533:
1778:
1173:
790:
2794:
594:
1843:
1756:
1302:
1257:
1247:
1002:
899:
northeastern Iran increases the plausibility that this ancestry could have existed in hunter-gatherers farther east."
808:
Renfrew and Cavalli-Sforza have also argued that Proto-Dravidian was brought to the Indus Valley by farmers from the
2616:
1869:
1071:
784:
2458:
2446:
307:
2673:
2663:
2658:
2523:
2351:
2135:
2130:
724:
while 12% are probable cognates. He further claimed that Elamite and Dravidian possess similar second-person
1289:
2784:
2678:
2648:
2503:
676:
was the first to publish an article in support of the hypothesis in 1853. Further evidence was proposed by
607:
149:
1696:"Maternal genetic link of a south Dravidian tribe with native Iranians indicating bidirectional migration"
1144:, Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (1979); David McAlpin, "
2626:
2528:
1967:
1862:
2730:
2295:
689:
2789:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2551:
2473:
2124:
2110:
1885:
816:
697:
692:, published a series of papers providing evidence supporting the theory. He also speculated that the
125:
1510:
Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Bahmanimehr A, Denisova G, Perkova M, Farjadian S, Yepiskoposyan L (2013).
2518:
2463:
2234:
2064:
1953:
536:
312:
128:
2332:
2227:
2177:
2156:
2147:
2029:
1946:
1906:
1766:
1202:
vol. 50 no. 1 (1974); David McAlpin: "Elamite and Dravidian, Further Evidence of Relationships",
904:
755:
681:
587:
336:
2488:
2483:
2248:
2220:
2211:
2170:
1608:
Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, N.J.; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (2019),
1563:
Mascarenhas, Desmond D.; Raina, Anupuma; Aston, Christopher E.; Sanghera, Dharambir K. (2015).
789:
Apart from the linguistic similarities, the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis rests on the claim that
279:
269:
240:
144:
1326:
758:
regarded McAlpin's proposed morphological correspondences between Elamite and Dravidian to be
2640:
2513:
2493:
2241:
2036:
1974:
762:, and found them to be lacking phonological motivation. Similar criticisms have been made by
651:
as being more closely related to Elamite than to the remaining Dravidian languages. Linguist
551:
250:
245:
2621:
2611:
2601:
2451:
2305:
2118:
2002:
1748:
The Harappan Civilization and Its Writing: A Model for the Decipherment of the Indus Script
1523:
1133:
956:
274:
8:
2668:
2441:
2426:
2361:
2163:
2085:
1995:
1988:
1939:
1897:
749:
685:
656:
640:
465:
302:
185:
73:
1609:
1527:
960:
2744:
2402:
2356:
2271:
2266:
2261:
1805:
1723:
1677:
1653:"An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers"
1652:
1634:
1591:
1564:
1546:
1511:
1353:
1063:
1055:
580:
541:
180:
2606:
2583:
2578:
2556:
2498:
2276:
2199:
2092:
1774:
1752:
1742:
1715:
1695:
1682:
1639:
1596:
1551:
1345:
1253:
1169:
1093:
1067:
998:
767:
745:
733:
693:
556:
546:
415:
284:
103:
1834:
1727:
1357:
2568:
2561:
2508:
2436:
2431:
2388:
2381:
2311:
2255:
2193:
2099:
2071:
2057:
2043:
1960:
1932:
1920:
1913:
1830:
1797:
1707:
1672:
1664:
1629:
1621:
1586:
1576:
1541:
1531:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1337:
1047:
964:
837:
809:
772:
661:
652:
624:
471:
200:
190:
68:
1711:
2751:
2395:
2346:
2300:
2183:
2078:
2050:
2009:
1926:
1788:
McAlpin, David W. (2003). "Velars, Uvulars, and the North Dravidian Hypothesis".
1746:
1536:
1163:
990:
677:
648:
620:
531:
225:
210:
205:
195:
175:
53:
1383:
708:
According to David McAlpin, the Dravidian languages were brought to present day
2573:
2341:
1854:
1668:
1424:
763:
430:
220:
215:
1225:
969:
944:
815:
Narasimhan et al. (2019) conclude that the Iranian ancestral component in the
356:
2778:
512:
497:
492:
487:
445:
435:
420:
235:
230:
170:
165:
1625:
1565:"Genetic and Cultural Reconstruction of the Migration of an Ancient Lineage"
647:. The latest version (2015) of the hypothesis entails a reclassification of
2768:
2478:
2286:
2020:
1719:
1686:
1643:
1600:
1555:
1412:
1400:
1349:
1272:
798:
673:
561:
507:
502:
477:
425:
361:
1581:
1436:
1097:
655:
has been a chief proponent of the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis, followed by
2756:
455:
385:
2653:
2372:
2322:
2188:
1809:
1341:
1277:
Archaeology and Language I: Theoretical and Methodological Orientations
1145:
1059:
729:
644:
396:
42:
1125:
865:
movement of farmers to the Indus Valley and the Indian sub-continent."
794:
391:
82:
46:
1801:
1051:
2739:
709:
440:
366:
351:
341:
1607:
1430:
1394:
1230:
When Worlds Collide: The Indo-Europeans and the Pre-Indo-Europeans
1889:
1308:
725:
721:
346:
2330:
1472:
The origins and spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia
881:
The origins and spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia
112:
1981:
482:
460:
450:
1649:
1610:"The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia"
1418:
1406:
1562:
1442:
872:
Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins
1018:
Archaeologies of Text: Archaeology, Technology, & Ethics
802:
717:
713:
684:
book in 1856 about the Dravidian languages. David McAlpin,
636:
632:
628:
1033:"Proto-Elamo-Dravidian: The Evidence and Its Implications"
1146:
Proto-Elamo-Dravidian: The Evidence and its Implications
1134:
Elamite and Dravidian, Further Evidence of Relationships
1448:
1373:
1371:
2728:
1477:
1290:
The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum
1226:"Language Contact in the Caucasus and the Near East"
1098:"On the genetic affiliation of the Elamite language"
1368:
611:
The hypothesized tree of the Elamo-Dravidian family
1512:"Complete mitochondrial DNA diversity in Iranians"
1212:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
1150:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
1040:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
984:
982:
980:
1466:Sylvester et al. (2019) refer to Renfrew (1996),
1303:The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet
2776:
1884:
1501:Cavalli-Sforza LL, Menozzi P, Piazza A (1994).
1198:David McAlpin, "Toward Proto-Elamo-Dravidian",
1161:
988:
977:
828:and admixture occurred during neolithic times.
820:with people related to Indian hunter-gatherers
1500:
1314:
1228:. In T. L. Markey; John A. C. Greppin (eds.).
688:of Dravidian languages and linguistics at the
1870:
1320:
588:
2714:Families with more than 30 languages are in
1765:
1468:Language families and the spread of farming.
1245:
1241:
1239:
1165:Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent
991:"South and Island Southeast Asia; Languages"
938:
936:
934:
877:Language families and the spread of farming.
700:) might also have been part of this family.
1088:
1086:
1084:
1877:
1863:
1741:
942:
885:* Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi, Piazza (1994),
667:
595:
581:
1693:
1676:
1633:
1590:
1580:
1545:
1535:
1483:
1454:
1236:
1223:
1120:
1118:
1092:
968:
931:
775:, unrelated to any other known language.
664:, unrelated to any other known language.
1823:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1790:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1503:The History and Geography of Human Genes
1155:
1081:
993:, in Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul (eds.),
989:Heggarty, Paul; Renfrew, Collin (2014),
887:The History and Geography of Human Genes
712:by immigration from the Middle East via
606:
1841:
1816:
1787:
1509:
1377:
1246:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003-01-16).
1030:
703:
2777:
1132:vol. 50 no. 1 (1974); David McAlpin: "
1115:
716:, located in present-day southwestern
1858:
1819:"Brahui and the Zagrosian Hypothesis"
1252:. Cambridge University. p. 44.
1232:. Ann Arbor: Karoma. pp. 53–65.
778:
1844:"Modern Colloquial Eastern Elamite"
13:
1735:
1292:", Cambridge University Press, p.3
14:
2806:
1275:, Matthew Spriggs (eds.)(2003), "
2762:
2750:
2738:
1301:Amalia E. Gnanadesikan (2011), "
111:
1835:10.7817/jameroriesoci.135.3.551
1460:
1295:
1288:Roger D. Woodard (ed.)(2008), "
1282:
1266:
1217:
912:
892:
858:
617:Elamo-Dravidian language family
1773:. Cambridge University Press.
1192:
1024:
1010:
997:, Cambridge University Press,
995:The Cambridge World Prehistory
849:
572:Portal:Dravidian civilizations
308:History of Dravidian languages
1:
1712:10.1080/03014460.2019.1599067
1569:BioMed Research International
1505:. Princeton University Press.
943:Southworth, Franklin (2011).
924:
821:
736:, a "past" and a "non-past".
1537:10.1371/journal.pone.0080673
1208:Aryan and Non-Aryan in India
1142:Aryan and Non-Aryan in India
1126:Toward Proto-Elamo-Dravidian
739:
150:Ancient history of Sri Lanka
7:
1694:Sylvester, Charles (2019),
831:
785:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
10:
2811:
2795:Proposed language families
2534:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
1842:McAlpin, David W. (2022).
1817:McAlpin, David W. (2015).
1669:10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.048
1493:
1031:McAlpin, David W. (1981).
1020:. Oxbow Books. p. 34.
782:
690:University of Pennsylvania
631:(present-day southwestern
2702:
2639:
2592:
2542:
2422:
2415:
2370:
2321:
2285:
2210:
2146:
2109:
2019:
1896:
1751:. BRILL. pp. 19–23.
1743:Fairservis, Walter Ashlin
970:10.1007/s12284-011-9076-9
698:Indus Valley civilization
318:Elamo-Dravidian languages
126:Indus Valley Civilisation
81:
62:
54:Linguistic classification
52:
36:
31:
26:
21:
1767:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju
1305:", John Wiley & Sons
1224:Diakonoff, I.M. (1990).
1162:Dhavendra Kumar (2004).
843:
537:Tulu Nadu state movement
313:Proto-Dravidian language
129:Keezhadi excavation site
58:Proposed language family
16:Proposed language family
2711:have no living members.
2594:East and Southeast Asia
1771:The Dravidian Languages
1700:Annals of Human Biology
1626:10.1126/science.aat7487
1470:In: Harris DR, editor,
1443:Mascarenhas et al. 2015
1249:The Dravidian Languages
879:In: Harris DR, editor,
756:Bhadriraju Krishnamurti
682:comparative linguistics
668:History of the proposal
532:Kannada language rights
337:Dravidian folk religion
1431:Narasimhan et al. 2019
1395:Narasimhan et al. 2019
612:
280:Dravidian architecture
270:Dravidian civilization
145:History of South India
1315:Cavalli-Sforza (1994)
1214:vol. 71 pt. 3, (1981)
1152:vol. 71 pt. 3, (1981)
903:See also Razib Kkan,
696:(the language of the
610:
552:Dravidian nationalism
1204:Current Anthropology
1138:Current Anthropology
704:Linguistic arguments
680:when he published a
275:South Indian culture
2785:Dravidian languages
2352:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
2136:Northwest Caucasian
2131:Northeast Caucasian
1582:10.1155/2015/651415
1528:2013PLoSO...880673D
1330:Journal of Genetics
1279:", Routledge, p.125
961:2011Rice....4..142S
945:"Rice in Dravidian"
906:The Day of the Dasa
750:Franklin Southworth
686:assistant professor
657:Franklin Southworth
641:Dravidian languages
635:, and southeastern
303:Dravidian languages
158:Dravidian dynasties
106:culture and history
98:Part of a series on
2617:Austronesian–Ongan
2416:Proposed groupings
1663:(3): 729–735.e10.
1620:(6457): eaat7487,
1419:Shinde et al. 2019
1407:Shinde et al. 2019
1342:10.1007/BF02717908
1317:, p. 221-222.
875:* Renfrew (1996),
870:* Renfrew (1987),
868:Derenko refers to:
791:agriculture spread
619:is a hypothesised
613:
542:Telugu Desam Party
2726:
2725:
2635:
2634:
2627:Sino-Austronesian
2411:
2410:
1886:Language families
1780:978-0-521-77111-5
1175:978-1-4020-1215-0
1094:Starostin, George
779:Spread of farming
768:Georgiy Starostin
746:Igor M. Diakonoff
694:Harappan language
605:
604:
557:Dravidian parties
547:Tamil nationalism
416:Dravidian peoples
285:Dravidian studies
93:
92:
2802:
2790:Elamite language
2767:
2766:
2765:
2755:
2754:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2694:Proto-Euphratean
2420:
2419:
2328:
2327:
2296:Great Andamanese
1879:
1872:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1838:
1813:
1784:
1762:
1730:
1690:
1680:
1646:
1637:
1604:
1594:
1584:
1559:
1549:
1539:
1506:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1381:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1299:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1221:
1215:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1159:
1153:
1124:David McAlpin, "
1122:
1113:
1112:
1102:
1090:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1070:. Archived from
1037:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1008:
1007:
986:
975:
974:
972:
955:(3–4): 142–148.
940:
919:
916:
910:
896:
890:
862:
856:
853:
838:Haplogroup L-M20
826:
823:
810:Fertile Crescent
773:language isolate
662:language isolate
625:Elamite language
597:
590:
583:
115:
95:
94:
19:
18:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2749:
2737:
2729:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2698:
2689:Paleo-Laplandic
2684:Pre-Finno-Ugric
2631:
2588:
2552:Greater Siangic
2538:
2524:Uralic–Yukaghir
2474:Ibero-Caucasian
2469:Elamo-Dravidian
2407:
2366:
2317:
2281:
2206:
2142:
2125:North Caucasian
2105:
2015:
1954:Paleo-Sardinian
1892:
1883:
1802:10.2307/3217749
1781:
1759:
1738:
1736:Further reading
1733:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1384:
1376:
1369:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1287:
1283:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1244:
1237:
1222:
1218:
1197:
1193:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1160:
1156:
1123:
1116:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1074:
1052:10.2307/1006352
1035:
1029:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1005:
987:
978:
941:
932:
927:
922:
917:
913:
902:
900:
897:
893:
884:
874:
869:
867:
866:
863:
859:
854:
850:
846:
834:
824:
787:
781:
742:
706:
678:Robert Caldwell
670:
623:that links the
621:language family
601:
567:
566:
527:
519:
518:
517:
410:
402:
401:
381:
373:
372:
371:
331:
323:
322:
298:
290:
289:
265:
257:
256:
255:
154:
140:
132:
131:
123:
38:
32:(controversial)
22:Elamo-Dravidian
17:
12:
11:
5:
2808:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2772:
2771:
2759:
2747:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2519:Uralo-Siberian
2516:
2511:
2506:
2504:Serbi–Mongolic
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2464:Dravido-Korean
2461:
2459:Dené–Yeniseian
2456:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2447:Dené–Caucasian
2444:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2375:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2065:Hurro-Urartian
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1947:Paleo-Corsican
1943:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1839:
1829:(5): 551–586.
1814:
1796:(3): 521–546.
1785:
1779:
1763:
1758:978-8120404915
1757:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1706:(2): 175–180,
1691:
1647:
1605:
1560:
1522:(11): e80673.
1507:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:Sylvester 2019
1476:
1459:
1455:Sylvester 2019
1447:
1435:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1382:
1378:Derenko (2013)
1367:
1319:
1307:
1294:
1281:
1265:
1258:
1235:
1216:
1191:
1174:
1154:
1114:
1080:
1077:on 2020-02-18.
1023:
1009:
1003:
976:
929:
928:
926:
923:
921:
920:
911:
891:
857:
847:
845:
842:
841:
840:
833:
830:
780:
777:
764:Kamil Zvelebil
741:
738:
705:
702:
669:
666:
603:
602:
600:
599:
592:
585:
577:
574:
573:
569:
568:
565:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
528:
525:
524:
521:
520:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
469:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
412:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
400:
399:
394:
389:
382:
379:
378:
375:
374:
370:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
333:
332:
329:
328:
325:
324:
321:
320:
315:
310:
305:
299:
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
287:
282:
277:
272:
266:
263:
262:
259:
258:
254:
253:
248:
243:
241:Aryacakravarti
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
162:
161:
160:
153:
152:
147:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
124:
121:
120:
117:
116:
108:
107:
100:
99:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
77:
76:
71:
64:
60:
59:
56:
50:
49:
40:
34:
33:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2807:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:Eskimo–Uralic
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:Paleosiberian
2329:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2228:Austroasiatic
2225:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2178:Austroasiatic
2175:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2157:Indo-European
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2030:Indo-European
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1907:Indo-European
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1397:, p. 11.
1396:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1336:(3): 125–35,
1335:
1331:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1261:
1259:9781139435338
1255:
1251:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1188:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1105:Mother Tongue
1099:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1013:
1006:
1004:9781107647756
1000:
996:
992:
985:
983:
981:
971:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
937:
935:
930:
915:
908:
907:
895:
888:
882:
878:
873:
861:
852:
848:
839:
836:
835:
829:
818:
813:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
786:
776:
774:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
751:
747:
737:
735:
731:
728:and parallel
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
665:
663:
658:
654:
653:David McAlpin
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
609:
598:
593:
591:
586:
584:
579:
578:
576:
575:
571:
570:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
523:
522:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
478:Cholanaikkans
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
421:Brahui people
419:
417:
414:
413:
406:
405:
398:
395:
393:
390:
387:
384:
383:
377:
376:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
327:
326:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
294:
293:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
267:
261:
260:
252:
251:Eastern Ganga
249:
247:
246:Western Ganga
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
159:
156:
155:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
136:
135:
130:
127:
119:
118:
114:
110:
109:
105:
102:
101:
97:
96:
89:
86:
84:
80:
75:
72:
70:
67:
66:
65:
61:
57:
55:
51:
48:
44:
41:
35:
30:
25:
20:
2715:
2708:
2707:Families in
2664:Pre-Goidelic
2659:Pre-Germanic
2489:Indo-Semitic
2484:Indo-Pacific
2479:Indo-Hittite
2468:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2310:
2287:Indian Ocean
2254:
2249:Austronesian
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2221:Sino-Tibetan
2219:
2198:
2176:
2171:Sino-Tibetan
2169:
2162:
2155:
2123:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1975:North Picene
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1847:
1826:
1822:
1793:
1789:
1770:
1747:
1703:
1699:
1660:
1656:
1617:
1613:
1572:
1568:
1519:
1515:
1502:
1479:
1474:, pp. 70–92.
1471:
1467:
1462:
1457:, p. 1.
1450:
1445:, p. 9.
1438:
1433:, p. 5.
1426:
1421:, p. 4.
1414:
1409:, p. 6.
1402:
1361:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1310:
1297:
1284:
1273:Roger Blench
1268:
1248:
1229:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1185:
1179:. Retrieved
1168:. Springer.
1164:
1157:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1108:
1104:
1072:the original
1046:(3): 1–155.
1043:
1039:
1026:
1017:
1012:
994:
952:
948:
914:
905:
894:
886:
880:
876:
871:
860:
851:
814:
807:
799:Indus Valley
788:
766:and others.
759:
754:
743:
730:case endings
707:
674:Edwin Norris
671:
616:
614:
562:Dravida Nadu
426:Gondi people
317:
157:
87:
63:Subdivisions
39:distribution
2745:Linguistics
2514:Ural-Altaic
2494:Indo-Uralic
2306:Sentinelese
2037:Afroasiatic
2003:Eteocypriot
883:, pp. 70–92
825: 5400
801:region via
627:of ancient
386:South India
186:Rashtrakuta
2779:Categories
2654:Pre-Celtic
2622:East Asian
2612:Austro-Tai
2602:Andamanese
2452:Eurasiatic
2373:North Asia
2323:North Asia
2235:Hmong–Mien
2189:Burushaski
2148:South Asia
2119:Kartvelian
2086:Philistine
1996:Eteocretan
1940:Tartessian
1181:2008-11-25
1111:: 147–170.
925:References
817:IVC people
783:See also:
645:South Asia
472:Giraavarus
431:Kannadigas
397:South Asia
181:Satavahana
43:South Asia
37:Geographic
2679:Pre-Vedic
2669:Pre-Greek
2641:Substrata
2544:Arunachal
2442:Nostratic
2427:Alarodian
2362:Yeniseian
2212:East Asia
2164:Dravidian
2021:West Asia
1989:Tyrsenian
1068:129838682
795:Near East
793:from the
740:Reception
639:) to the
474:(Extinct)
468:(Extinct)
441:Malayalis
392:Sri Lanka
388:(Dravida)
104:Dravidian
83:Glottolog
74:Dravidian
47:West Asia
27:Zagrosian
2674:Vasconic
2649:Atlantic
2403:Eskaleut
2357:Yukaghir
2272:Koreanic
2267:Tungusic
2262:Mongolic
2200:Harappan
2111:Caucasus
2093:Sumerian
1968:Ligurian
1769:(2003).
1745:(1992).
1728:85516060
1720:30909755
1687:31495572
1644:31488661
1601:26491681
1575:: 1–16.
1556:24244704
1516:PLOS ONE
1358:13267463
1350:11988631
1200:Language
1130:Language
1096:(2002).
832:See also
726:pronouns
722:cognates
710:Pakistan
526:Politics
367:Charvaka
352:Buddhism
342:Hinduism
330:Religion
297:Language
201:Kakatiya
191:Chalukya
2731:Portals
2709:italics
2607:Austric
2584:Kho-Bwa
2579:Hrusish
2557:Siangic
2499:Karasuk
2399: ?
2312:Kenaboi
2277:Japonic
2242:Kra–Dai
2203: ?
2194:Kusunda
2100:Elamite
2072:Kassite
2058:Kaskian
1961:Camunic
1933:Iberian
1890:Eurasia
1848:Al-Burz
1810:3217749
1678:6800651
1635:6822619
1614:Science
1592:4605215
1547:3828245
1524:Bibcode
1494:Sources
1060:1006352
957:Bibcode
797:to the
513:Koragas
508:Soligas
498:Paniyas
493:Kurukhs
488:Kodavas
456:Tuluvas
446:Telugus
436:Kodavas
380:Regions
362:Ājīvika
357:Śramaṇa
347:Jainism
264:Culture
226:Aravidu
211:Sangama
206:Hoysala
196:Pallava
176:Pandyan
139:History
69:Elamite
2569:Mijiic
2562:Digaro
2509:Pontic
2437:Borean
2432:Altaic
2396:Rouran
2389:Turkic
2382:Uralic
2371:Other
2256:Turkic
2184:Nihali
2079:Gutian
2051:Hattic
2044:Turkic
2010:Minoan
1982:Sicani
1927:Basque
1921:Turkic
1914:Uralic
1898:Europe
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760:ad hoc
734:tenses
649:Brahui
483:Khonds
461:Irulas
451:Tamils
409:People
221:Tuluva
216:Saluva
122:Origin
2769:India
2347:Nivkh
2301:Ongan
1806:JSTOR
1724:S2CID
1354:S2CID
1101:(PDF)
1075:(PDF)
1064:S2CID
1056:JSTOR
1036:(PDF)
844:Notes
503:Malar
466:Nagas
236:Reddy
231:Nayak
171:Chera
166:Chola
2757:Asia
2716:bold
2574:Miju
2342:Ainu
1775:ISBN
1753:ISBN
1716:PMID
1683:PMID
1657:Cell
1640:PMID
1597:PMID
1573:2015
1552:PMID
1346:PMID
1254:ISBN
1170:ISBN
999:ISBN
949:Rice
803:Elam
748:and
718:Iran
714:Elam
637:Iraq
633:Iran
629:Elam
615:The
88:None
2289:rim
1888:of
1831:doi
1827:135
1798:doi
1794:123
1708:doi
1673:PMC
1665:doi
1661:179
1630:PMC
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