3681:"Few beliefs have been subject to as much misunderstanding as the 'Chosen People' doctrine. The Torah and the Prophets clearly stated that this does not imply any innate Jewish superiority. In the words of Amos (3:2) 'You alone have I singled out of all the families of the earth—that is why I will call you to account for your iniquities.' The Torah tells us that we are to be "a kingdom of priests and a holy nation" with obligations and duties which flowed from our willingness to accept this status. Far from being a license for special privilege, it entailed additional responsibilities not only toward God but to our fellow human beings. As expressed in the blessing at the reading of the Torah, our people have always felt it to be a privilege to be selected for such a purpose. For the modern traditional Jew, the doctrine of the election and the covenant of Israel offers a purpose for Jewish existence which transcends its own self interests. It suggests that because of our special history and unique heritage we are in a position to demonstrate that a people that takes seriously the idea of being covenanted with God can not only thrive in the face of oppression, but can be a source of blessing to its children and its neighbors. It obligates us to build a just and compassionate society throughout the world and especially in the
4094:
3697:"Originally the text read that God has not made us like the nations who "bow down to nothingness and vanity, and pray to an impotent god", ... In the Middle Ages these words were censored, since the church believed they were an insult to Christianity. Omitting them tends to give the impression that the Aleinu teaches that we are both different and better than others. The actual intent is to say that we are thankful that God has enlightened us so that, unlike the pagans, we worship the true God and not idols. There is no inherent superiority in being Jewish, but we do assert the superiority of monotheistic belief over paganism. Although paganism still exists today, we are no longer the only ones to have a belief in one God."
3730:
2452:
4191:, Beker expresses the view that the concept of chosenness is the driving force behind Jewish-Gentile relations, explaining both the admiration and, more pointedly, the envy and the hatred which the world has felt towards the Jews in both religious and secular terms. Beker argues that while Christianity has modified its doctrine on the displacement of the Jews, Islam has neither reversed nor reformed its theology concerning the succession of both the Jews and the Christians. According to Beker, this presents a major barrier to conflict resolution in the Arab-Israeli conflict.
3465:"It is our duty to praise the Master of all, to exalt the Creator of the Universe, who has not made us like the nations of the world and has not placed us like the families of the earth; who has not designed our destiny to be like theirs, nor our lot like that of all their multitude. We bend the knee and bow and acknowledge before the Supreme King of Kings, the Holy One, blessed be he, that it is he who stretched forth the heavens and founded the earth. His seat of glory is in the heavens above; his abode of majesty is in the lofty heights.
3710:
brotherhood, Justice, truth and peace on earth. This is our
Messianic goal." In 1999 the Reform movement stated, "We affirm that the Jewish people are bound to God by an eternal covenant, as reflected in our varied understandings of Creation, Revelation and Redemption. ... We are Israel, a people aspiring to holiness, singled out through our ancient covenant and our unique history among the nations to be witnesses to God's presence. We are linked by that covenant and that history to all Jews in every age and place."
3901:
3653:). This spiritual vocation consists of two complementary functions, described as "Goy Kadosh", that of a holy nation, and "Mamlekhet Kohanim", that of a kingdom of priests. The first term denotes the development of communal separateness or differences in order to achieve a collective self-transcendence. ... The second term implies the obligation of this brotherhood of the spiritual elite toward the rest of mankind; priesthood is defined by the prophets as fundamentally a teaching vocation."
7119:
3374:
3663:
3526:
4019:"The idea of Israel as God's chosen people ... is a key concept in rabbinic Judaism. Yet it is particularly problematic for many Jews today, in that it seems to fly in the face of monotheistic belief that all humanity is created in the divine image—and hence, all humanity is equally loved and valued by God. ... I find it difficult to conceive of a feminist Judaism that would incorporate it in its teaching: the valuing of one people
7133:
36:
4015:. She writes that as a politically liberal feminist, she must reject distinctions made between men and women, homosexuals and heterosexuals, Jews and non-Jews, and to some extent even distinctions between the Sabbath and the other six days of the week. She thus rejects the idea of chosenness as unethical. She also rejects Jewish theology in general, and instead holds to a form of religious humanism. Falk writes:
3600:"Yes, I do believe that the chosen people concept as affirmed by Judaism in its holy writ, its prayers, and its millennial tradition. In fact, I believe that every people—and indeed, in a more limited way, every individual—is "chosen" or destined for some distinct purpose in advancing the designs of Providence. Only, some fulfill their mission and others do not. Maybe the
3823:. Khein basically read the Tanya backwards; since the souls of idol worshipers are known to be evil, according to the Tanya, while the Jewish souls are known to be good, he concluded that truly altruistic people are really Jewish, in a spiritual sense, while Jewish nationalists and class oppressors are not. By this logic, he claimed that
3366:"But thus shall ye deal with them; ye shall destroy their altars, and break down their images, and cut down their groves, and burn their graven images with fire. For thou art a holy people unto the LORD thy God: the LORD thy God hath chosen thee to be His own treasure, out of all peoples that are upon the face of the earth."
5354:
3875:
philosopher, considered all people, who sincerely profess an ethical religion, to be part of a greater "spiritual Israel". He explicitly included
Christians and Muslims in this category. Meiri rejected all Talmudic laws that discriminate between the Jews and non-Jews, claiming that they only apply to
3854:, one can find "potential Jews" among all nations, whose souls are illuminated by the leap of "holy faith", which "activated" the Jewishness in their souls. These people would otherwise convert to Judaism, but prefer not to do so. Instead, they recognize the Divine unity within their pagan religions.
3428:
Most Jewish texts do not state that "God chose the Jews" by itself. Rather, this is usually linked with a mission or purpose, such as proclaiming God's message among all the nations, even though Jews cannot become "unchosen" if they shirk their mission. This implies a special duty, which evolves from
3924:
itself, he argues that God's choice of Israel was not unique (he had chosen other nations before choosing the Hebrew nation) and that the choice of the Jews is neither inclusive (it does not include all of the Jews, but only the 'pious' ones) nor exclusive (it also includes 'true gentile prophets').
3357:
According to the Torah, the nations which inhabited Can'an after Jacob left there, violated God's laws and were to be vomited out of the land as a result, however their iniquity was not sufficiently great to deserve that result until a few hundred years later, which was when God then brought Jacob's
4031:
also criticises the idea of chosenness, for many of the same reasons as Falk. A politically liberal lesbian, Plaskow rejects most distinctions made between men and women, homosexuals and heterosexuals, and Jews and non-Jews. In contrast to Falk, Plaskow does not reject all concepts of difference as
3545:
It is now abundantly clear that the pledges Hashem made to
Avraham and his descendants would be fulfilled exclusively first in Yitzchak and then in Yaakov, Yitzchak son. This is confirmed by a passage that states, "He is ever mindful of His covenant ... that He made with Avraham, swore to Yitzchak,
3521:
How do we understand "A Gentile who consecrates his life to the study and observance of the Law ranks as high as the high priest", says R. Meïr, by deduction from Lev. xviii. 5; II Sam. vii. 19; Isa. xxvi. 2; Ps. xxxiii. 1, cxviii. 20, cxxv. 4, where all stress is laid not on Israel, but on man or
3456:
is inaugurated over a cup of wine, the text reads, "For you have chosen us and sanctified us out of all the nations, and have given us the
Sabbath as an inheritance in love and favour. Praised are you, Lord, who hallows the Sabbath." In the "Kiddush" recited on festivals it reads, "Blessed are You
3580:
The Nation of Israel is likened to the olive. Just as this fruit yields its precious oil only after being much pressed and squeezed, so Israel's destiny is one of great oppression and hardship, in order that it may thereby give forth its illuminating wisdom. Poverty is the quality most befitting
3477:
has a relationship with other peoples—rather, Judaism held that God had entered into a covenant with all humankind, and that Jews and non-Jews alike have a relationship with God. Biblical references as well as rabbinic literature support this view: Moses refers to the "God of the spirits of all
4375:, "We asked: “To what extent do you believe that the Jews are the ‘chosen people’?” As shown in Figure 34, roughly two thirds of the Jewish respondents (64.3%) believe “very strongly” or “quite strongly” that the Jews are indeed the chosen people, while one third (32.7%) do not share this view."
3494:
states that "Humanity was produced from one man, Adam, to show God's greatness. When a man mints a coin in a press, each coin is identical. But when the King of Kings, the Holy One, blessed be He, creates people in the form of Adam not one is similar to any other." The
Tosefta, a collection of
3303:
states that "Humanity was produced from one man, Adam, to show God's greatness. When a man mints a coin in a press, each coin is identical. But when the King of Kings, the Holy One, blessed be He, creates people in the form of Adam not one is similar to any other" (Mishnah
Sanhedrin 4:5). The
4209:
The
Israeli philosopher Ze'ev Levy writes that chosenness can be "(partially) justified only from the historical angle" with respect to its spiritual and moral contribution to Jewish life through the centuries as "a powerful agent of consolation and hope". He points out, however, that modern
3709:
views the concept of chosenness as follows: "Throughout the ages it has been Israel's mission to witness to the Divine in the face of every form of paganism and materialism. We regard it as our historic task to cooperate with all men in the establishment of the kingdom of God, of universal
4157:
similarly argues that God made Israel the "holy nation" to exclusively uphold the promises made to their "pious forefathers". They argue that Jewish supremacist views are unsound, with Jews being frequently described as a small people that engaged in "perverse" moral conduct in the Bible.
3649:"The chosenness of Israel relates exclusively to its spiritual vocation embodied in the Torah; the doctrine, indeed, was announced at Sinai. Whenever it is mentioned in our liturgy—such as the blessing immediately preceding the Shema....it is always related to Torah or Mitzvot (
4132:, believe that God has not rejected Israel as his chosen people and that the Jews will in fact accept Jesus as their Messiah at his Second Coming, resulting in their salvation. The view that the Jews still retain their status as the chosen people is also associated with
3633:. He is also promised that his descendants will become a numerous people. But nowhere does the Bible tell us why Abraham rather than someone else was chosen. The implication is that God chooses whom He wishes and that He owes no accounting to anyone for His choices."
3550:
The Gemara states this regarding a non-Jew who studies Torah and regarding this, see Shita
Mekubetzes, Bava Kama 38a who says that this is an exaggeration. In any case, this statement was not extolling the non-Jew. The Rishonim explain that it is extolling the Torah.
4035:
A number of responses to these views have been made by Reform and
Conservative Jews; they hold the view that these criticisms are against teachings that do not exist within liberal forms of Judaism, and such teachings are rare in Orthodox Judaism (outside certain
5351:
3948:
is for me nothing more than the expression and product of human weaknesses, the Bible a collection of honorable, but still primitive legends which are nevertheless pretty childish. No interpretation no matter how subtle can (for me) change this.... For me the
3407:"The Lord did not set his love upon you, nor choose you, because you were more in number than any people; for you were the fewest of all people; but because the Lord loved you, and because he would keep the oath which he had sworn unto your ancestors."
4670:
3790:
are naturally good-hearted people. Rabbi Yosef
Jacobson, a popular contemporary Chabad lecturer, teaches that in today's world most non-Jews belong to the category of righteous Gentiles, effectively rendering the Tanya's attitude anachronistic.
3612:
for bringing parliamentary rule into the world, and the Americans for piloting democracy in a pluralistic society. The Jews were chosen by God to be 'peculiar unto Me' as the pioneers of religion and morality; that was and is their national
4011:, has been accepted by many Reform and Reconstructionist Jews. Falk rejects all concepts which are related to hierarchy or distinction; she sees any distinction as leading to the acceptance of other kinds of distinctions, thus leading to
3260:. Isaiah and Jeremiah viewed God's loving choice of Israel as a means to teaching monotheism, combatting idolatry, curbing human arrogance, ending violence, lust, greed, extreme chauvinism and warfare, and ushering in a new society.
3773:, an early Tanya commentator, wrote that the souls of righteous Gentiles are more similar to the Jewish souls, and are generally good and not egoistic. This teaching was accepted by Schneerson and is considered normative in Chabad.
4165:
describes the "People of God" as referring to all people who have faith in Christ and are baptized. They have characteristics "that distinguish it from all other religious, ethnic, political, or cultural groups found in history".
3781:
According to the author of the Tanya himself, a righteous non-Jew can achieve a high level of spirituality, similar to an angel, although his soul is still fundamentally different in character, but not value, from a Jewish one.
3925:
Finally, he argues that God's choice is not unconditional. Recalling the numerous times God threatened the complete destruction of the Hebrew nation, he asserts that this choice is neither absolute, nor eternal, nor necessary.
3514:
According to the Rabbis, "Israel is of all nations the most willful or headstrong one, and the Torah was to give it the right scope and power of resistance, or else the world could not have withstood its fierceness."
3879:
Meiri applied his idea of "spiritual Israel" to the Talmudic statements about unique qualities of the Jewish people. For example, he believed that the famous saying that Israel is above astrological predestination
3299:, a Yemenite Jewish theologian of the 12th century, "God permitted to some people that which he forbade to others ... God sends a prophet to every people according to their own language." (Levine, 1907/1966) The
4187:, regarded the idea of the chosen people as Judaism's defining concept and "the central unspoken psychological, historical, and theological problem which is at the heart of Jewish-Gentile relations." In his book
3295:. Jewish tradition is clear that there were interactions of non-Jewish prophets with God which are not recounted in the Torah. Based on these statements and stories, some rabbis theorized that, in the words of
4075:(2:47 and 2:122). However, Muslim scholars point out that this status did not confer upon Israelites any racial superiority, and was only valid so long as the Israelites maintain their covenant with God.
3362:, the Torah states: "when the Lord delivers the Israelites to the land, the other nations will be cast out, and "thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor show mercy unto them" Deuteronomy 7:5-7:6,
3981:(prayer books). For example, the original blessing recited before reading from the Torah contains the phrase, "asher bahar banu mikol ha’amim"—"Praised are you Lord our God, ruler of the Universe,
3490:, a Yemenite Jewish theologian of the 12th century, "God permitted to every people something he forbade to others... God sends a prophet to every people according to their own language." The
3396:"And I will establish My covenant between Me and you and your descendants after you in their generations, for an everlasting covenant, to be God to you and your descendants after you."
4000:, includes the traditional blessings as an option, and some modern Reconstructionist writers have opined that the traditional formulation should be embraced because it is not racist.
3248:—maintain the belief that the Jews have been chosen by God for a purpose. Sometimes this choice is seen by believers as charging the Jewish people with a specific mission—to be a
3993:. It states that the idea of chosenness is "morally untenable", because anyone who has such beliefs "implies the superiority of the elect community and the rejection of others."
3957:
to whom I gladly belong and with whose mentality I have a deep affinity have no different quality for me than all other people.... I cannot see anything “chosen” about them.
1094:
3765:. The original text of the Tanya refers to the "idol worshippers" and does not mention the "nations of the world" at all, although such interpretation was endorsed by
3388:"Now therefore, if you will obey my voice indeed, and keep my covenant, then you shall be a peculiar treasure unto me from all the peoples, for all the earth is mine."
3876:
the ancient idolators, who had no sense of morality. The only exceptions are a few laws related directly or indirectly to intermarriage, which Meiri did recognize.
4964:
1672:
1327:
1022:
5439:
5391:
3370:
A similar passage speaking of Israel as the chosen people follows prohibitions on baldness and cutting yourself in mourning, "For thou art a holy people".
3124:
3985:
by giving us the Torah." The Reconstructionist version is rewritten as "asher kervanu la’avodato", "Praised are you Lord our God, ruler of the Universe,
3358:
descendants back to the land, with a warning that they too would be cast out if they violated God's rules regarding idolatry and other 'abominations'. In
1214:
4660:
Weber's "System der Altsynagogalen Theologie", etc., pp. 59–69, is full of glaring errors and misstatements on the subject of Israel as the chosen people
4603:
5410:
2422:
3581:
Israel as the chosen people. Only on account of its good works is Israel among the nations "as the lily among thorns", or "as wheat among the chaff."
3860:, an influential philosopher and mystic of the 15th century, believed that righteous non-Jews are spiritually identical to the righteous Jews. Rabbi
186:
6623:
1209:
7013:
1457:
3275:
humankind, and that Jews and non-Jews alike have a relationship with God. Biblical references as well as rabbinic literature support this view:
3509:
The following section contains information from the Jewish Encyclopedia, originally published between 1901–1906, which is in the public domain.
3448:
reads, "Praised are You, Lord our God, King of the Universe, Who has chosen us out of all the nations and bestowed upon us His Torah." In the "
5696:
1711:
4826:
6973:
3469:
Sometimes this choice is seen as charging the Jewish people with a specific mission—to be a light unto the nations, and to exemplify the
3160:
696:
659:
5491:
3566:(translated here as "inside" instead of as "pearls"; thus that the Torah is introspectively absorbed into the person), which refers to
2750:
1635:
7171:
5520:
3977:
beliefs among Jews, thus, it must be excised from Jewish theology. This rejection of chosenness is made explicit in the movement's
3884:) also applied to the followers of other ethical faiths. He also considered countries, inhabited by decent moral non-Jews, such as
1658:
5054:
3753:
rabbis offered alternative readings of the Tanya, did not take this teaching literally, and even managed to reconcile it with the
7019:
5458:
4154:
1008:
752:
4695:
3850:
also believed that Jewishness is a level of consciousness, and not an intrinsic inborn quality. He wrote that, according to the
3749:, contain statements to the effect that the Jewish soul is qualitatively different from the non-Jewish soul. A number of known
7519:
6119:
5573:
5431:
5374:
3667:
3577:
In any case, in Midrash Rabba this statement is made with an important addition: a non-Jew who converts and studies Torah etc.
2415:
1585:
1520:
1402:
6114:
5334:
5315:
5197:
5087:
701:
3457:... who have chosen us from among all nations, raised us above all tongues, and made us holy through His commandments." The
5173:
Avi Beker, The Chosen: The History of an Idea, and the Anatomy of an Obsession, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, Preface
3596:, former Chief Rabbi of the United Synagogue of Great Britain (Modern Orthodox Judaism), described chosenness in this way:
1144:
6023:
4446:
6134:
6129:
5553:
5415:
4413:
4402:
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459:
4968:
2451:
7314:
6946:
5823:
4922:
3562:" (it is more precious than pearls). This is explained elsewhere in the Gemara to mean that the Torah is more precious
1808:
1758:
1723:
1417:
1282:
1149:
17:
7200:
5974:
5828:
4218:
of all human cultures." He continues that "there are no inferior and superior people or cultures but only different,
4093:
2408:
1500:
1462:
1437:
1357:
1342:
1189:
1129:
1084:
75:
5436:
4842:
3920:, Spinoza mounts an argument against a naive interpretation of God's choice of the Jews. Bringing evidence from the
3419:"You only have I singled out of all the families of the earth: therefore will I visit upon you all your iniquities."
5883:
5791:
4214:
theories "do not merely proclaim the inherent universal equality of all people human beings; they also stress the
4162:
1793:
1775:
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1575:
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3153:
2311:
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1701:
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1397:
1377:
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1241:
1119:
1109:
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1770:
1738:
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1535:
1530:
1525:
1505:
1495:
1490:
1467:
1382:
1367:
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1199:
1194:
1114:
1059:
4469:
7025:
6346:
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1743:
1728:
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The Contemporary Rivalry over the Chosen People: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Perspectives – Avi Beker
4372:
3308:, an important supplement to the Mishnah, also states: "Righteous people of all nations have a share in the
7164:
7088:
6956:
6951:
6139:
6124:
5888:
5843:
5588:
5365:
4204:
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himself was not earned. ... We are simply told that God commanded Abraham to leave his place of birth and
2932:
2745:
1813:
1733:
1696:
1620:
1565:
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outside the community of Israel. Based on these statements, some rabbis theorized that, in the words of
1803:
1798:
1753:
1706:
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480:
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inherently leading to unethical beliefs, and holds to a more classical form of Jewish theism than Falk.
7007:
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criticized Jewish chosenness as "carnal." He reasoned that Israel was chosen "according to the flesh."
4084:
4049:
3766:
3734:
3429:
the belief that Jews have been pledged by the covenant which God concluded with the biblical patriarch
3316:
3146:
3094:
3047:
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2277:
2122:
1830:
1224:
420:
410:
146:
3495:
important post-Talmudic discourses, also states: "Righteous people of all nations have a share in the
3271:
has a relationship with other peoples—rather, Judaism holds that God had entered into a covenant with
7340:
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7123:
7063:
6961:
6941:
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6736:
6596:
6149:
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5465:
OzTorah – Isn't it arrogant and exclusionist for Jews to regard themselves as the Chosen People?
4226:, "which does not go hand in hand with otherness, that is, with unconditional respect of otherness".
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2861:
2735:
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2391:
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1935:
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767:
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5025:
4066:
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2094:
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1184:
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205:
57:
4854:
Federation of Reconstructionist Congregations and Havurot, newsletter, September 1986, pages D, E.
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Judaism and Chosenness: On Some Controversial Aspects from Spinoza to Contemporary Jewish Thought
4322:
Sharoni, Simona, "Feminist Reflections on the Interplay between Racism and Sexism in Israel", in
4106:
3685:
where we may teach by example what it means to be a 'covenant people, a light unto the nations.'"
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5307:
5076:"Anti-Judaism, Philosemitism, and Protestant New Testament Studies: Perspectives and Questions"
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3473:
with God as described in the Torah. This view, however, does not always preclude a belief that
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2712:
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1973:
888:
616:
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Philosophy and Rabbinic Culture: Jewish Interpretation and Controversy in Medieval Languedoc
4298:
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5298:(1990). "The Rhetoric of Chosenness and the Fabrication of American Jewish Identity". In
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like all other religions is an incarnation of the most childish superstitions. And the
3847:
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3618:
3518:"The Lord offered the Law to all nations; but all refused to accept it except Israel."
3264:
3119:
3114:
3084:
3037:
3017:
2866:
2841:
2619:
2589:
2546:
2220:
2170:
2117:
2112:
2026:
1896:
1164:
993:
747:
672:
526:
92:
6356:
6232:
4117:
Some Christians believe that the Jews were God's chosen people, but because of Jewish
7412:
6857:
6788:
6670:
6655:
6438:
6309:
6274:
5563:
5437:
The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord – a Christian Identity movement
5330:
5311:
5226:
Federation of Reconstructionist Congregations and Havurot, September 1986, pages D, E
5193:
5083:
4918:
4137:
4133:
3989:
by giving us the Torah." In the mid-1980s, the Reconstructionist movement issued its
3007:
2997:
2987:
2902:
2836:
2831:
2664:
2639:
2599:
2443:
2364:
2306:
2286:
2103:
1663:
1302:
762:
633:
563:
440:
353:
220:
7442:
7370:
7256:
6923:
6891:
6852:
6823:
6806:
6756:
6557:
6366:
6299:
6252:
6200:
6168:
6159:
6144:
6018:
5993:
5969:
5853:
5784:
5701:
5568:
5138:
4200:
4129:
4102:
3770:
3237:
3074:
3022:
2717:
2659:
2624:
2614:
2604:
2571:
2334:
2215:
2175:
2139:
1837:
1387:
898:
654:
558:
473:
363:
155:
7283:
6833:
6828:
6640:
6567:
6400:
6371:
6294:
6284:
6247:
6222:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6013:
6008:
5998:
5983:
5774:
5691:
5658:
5616:
5606:
5443:
5395:
5369:
5358:
5273:
5058:
4387:
4211:
4122:
4121:, the Christians in turn received that special status. This doctrine is known as
4045:
3996:
Not all Reconstructionists accept this view. The newest siddur of the movement,
3970:
3950:
3938:
3851:
3816:
3746:
3570:(translated as "the most inner of places"), that is the Holy of Holies where the
3437:. In this view, Jews are charged with living a holy life as God's priest-people.
3267:, the status as a "chosen people" within Judaism does not preclude a belief that
3182:
3032:
2881:
2773:
2689:
2679:
2296:
2255:
2250:
2230:
2152:
2146:
2079:
2031:
1871:
1852:
1003:
727:
644:
627:
171:
5400:
3378:
7493:
7437:
7427:
7220:
7180:
7137:
7112:
6933:
6840:
6798:
6778:
6766:
6746:
6660:
6650:
6618:
6611:
6591:
6562:
6534:
6529:
6495:
6405:
6329:
6319:
6257:
6055:
6003:
5914:
5909:
5671:
5666:
5601:
5530:
5247:
JPS, 1993. The most thorough academic study of the Jewish liturgy ever written.
4141:
4028:
3911:
3865:
3861:
3762:
3706:
3682:
3609:
3412:
3245:
3229:
3209:
3099:
2967:
2937:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2871:
2851:
2669:
2396:
2195:
2050:
1930:
1909:
1886:
1881:
1859:
1847:
1442:
923:
857:
822:
800:
732:
575:
553:
415:
394:
370:
136:
118:
51:
46:
4361:
3444:, chosenness is referred to in a number of ways. The blessing for reading the
3212:. Israelites being properly the chosen people of God is found directly in the
7508:
7447:
7390:
7375:
7330:
6906:
6751:
6678:
6485:
6419:
6392:
6341:
6289:
6262:
6237:
6227:
5988:
5934:
5868:
5848:
5838:
5833:
5806:
5752:
5681:
5626:
5259:
5241:
4989:
4504:
4493:
4482:
4457:
4257:
4223:
4088:
3954:
3690:
3332:
3201:
3089:
2972:
2947:
2344:
2339:
1545:
1472:
998:
847:
842:
837:
827:
805:
757:
519:
358:
263:
225:
176:
4785:ר' אברהם חן, במלכות היהדות (Rabbi Abraham Chen, "In the Kingdom of Judaism")
4283:
God's Chosen People: a Theological Interpretation of the Book of Deuteronomy
4071:
The children of Israel enjoy a special status in the Islamic holy book, the
7488:
7452:
7432:
7402:
7365:
7267:
7216:
6886:
6683:
6645:
6606:
6195:
5939:
5878:
5858:
5818:
5801:
5769:
5757:
5718:
5636:
5611:
5295:
4524:
4247:
4242:
4169:
3934:
3832:
3800:
3605:
3546:
and confirmed in a decree for Yaakov, for Yisrael, as an eternal covenant."
3320:
3221:
3027:
2876:
2609:
2561:
2374:
2200:
2041:
2036:
1994:
1947:
1041:
908:
893:
852:
817:
430:
272:
5080:
Protestant Bible Scholarship: Antisemitism, Philosemitism and Anti-Judaism
4299:
The Jews as a Chosen People: Tradition and Transformation, S. Leyla Gurkan
7478:
7385:
7347:
7245:
6896:
6411:
6336:
6314:
6217:
5811:
5740:
5735:
5723:
5713:
5452:
5250:
5232:, 1999 Pittsburgh convention of the Central Conference of American Rabbis
4004:
3638:
3434:
3411:
The obligation imposed upon the Israelites was emphasized by the prophet
3359:
2977:
2942:
2755:
2740:
2674:
2634:
2492:
2359:
2301:
1966:
872:
867:
862:
832:
4023:
others is all too analogous to the privileging of one sex over another."
7473:
7230:
6990:
6697:
6279:
5873:
5621:
5543:
4755:
4432:
4425:
3945:
3872:
3835:
and other totalitarians do not, and many Zionists, whom he compared to
3693:
comments on the excised sentence in the Aleinu prayer mentioned above:
3630:
3540:
3530:
3373:
3263:
While the concept of "chosenness" may be understood by some to connote
3197:
3002:
2788:
2778:
2684:
2654:
2629:
2551:
2477:
2017:
1031:
960:
918:
742:
722:
286:
193:
113:
5264:
Or Hadash: A Commentary on Siddur Sim Shalom for Shabbat and Festivals
3604:
were chosen for their unique contributions to art and philosophy, the
7293:
7208:
6911:
6376:
6267:
6178:
5796:
5730:
5327:
A People apart: chosenness and ritual in Jewish philosophical thought
5279:
5190:
A People apart: chosenness and ritual in Jewish philosophical thought
4914:
4180:
4147:
4012:
3889:
3885:
3496:
3309:
2793:
2556:
2487:
2482:
2180:
2165:
1255:
1203:
965:
913:
903:
584:
580:
570:
485:
245:
5747:
3776:
3662:
3525:
3392:
God promises that he will never exchange his people with any other:
933:
7468:
7298:
6630:
6572:
6517:
6512:
6183:
5469:
5455:. Exposes fraudulent or distorted Talmud quotes used by antisemites
4324:
Challenging racism and sexism: alternatives to genetic explanations
4189:
The Chosen: The History of an Idea, and the Anatomy of an Obsession
3742:
2886:
2566:
2349:
1959:
1891:
717:
230:
181:
5062:
5014:
The Collegeville Bible Commentary: Based on the New American Bible
3404:"And you shall be unto me a kingdom of priests, and a holy nation"
7149:
6845:
6729:
6724:
6714:
6702:
6522:
6507:
6451:
6386:
6361:
6324:
6188:
5863:
5762:
5686:
5578:
5504:
4827:"Spinoza and the Philosophical Impossibility of a Chosen People."
4110:
4101:, 16th century (Blaffer Foundation Collection, Houston, Texas).
3820:
3808:
3626:
3491:
3483:
3453:
3449:
3430:
3305:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3174:
2783:
2325:
2291:
2160:
1954:
943:
938:
810:
596:
592:
588:
337:
332:
309:
291:
166:
161:
151:
129:
104:
4843:“Einstein's 'I don't believe in God' letter has sold on eBay..."
3291:
is explicitly told to go prophesize to the non-Jewish people of
6916:
6783:
6719:
5423:
5362:
5218:
Emet Ve-Emunah: Statement of Principles of Conservative Judaism
4711:
Emet Ve-Emunah: Statement of Principles of Conservative Judaism
4326:, Ethel Tobach, Betty Rosoff (Eds), Feminist Press, 1994, p 319
4230:
4041:
4037:
4003:
An original prayer book by the Reconstructionist feminist poet
3978:
3974:
3973:, said that the idea that God chose the Jewish people leads to
3868:
3750:
3479:
3458:
3441:
3280:
3129:
1985:
1980:
1940:
1925:
1036:
928:
348:
314:
300:
235:
5448:
4229:
Some people have said that Judaism's chosen people concept is
4052:, which do not have a problem with the concept of chosenness.
3558:(high priest), because this statement is based on the verse, "
6867:
6862:
6816:
6771:
6692:
6687:
5951:
5706:
5676:
4222:, ones." He concludes that the concept of chosenness entails
4072:
3921:
3787:
3589:
3445:
3433:, their ancestor, and again with the entire Jewish nation at
3288:
3276:
3257:
2513:
948:
377:
281:
250:
5401:
When God Wanted to Destroy the Chosen People, Dr Gili Kugler
5063:
Christadelphian Magazine and Publishing Association Ltd (UK)
4911:
Standing Again at Sinai: Judaism form a Feminist Perspective
4317:
Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1987, Volume 17; Volume 1987
6966:
5500:
4739:
4331:
Chosen: the history of an idea, the anatomy of an obsession
3193:
100:
5411:
Some are Chosen, All are Loved. Rabbi Gilbert S. Rosenthal
4338:
Christian Perspectives on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
4515:
Translation by Philip Birnbaum, "High Holyday Prayerbook"
4183:, an Israeli scholar and former Secretary General of the
4044:). A separate criticism stems from the very existence of
3836:
3608:
for their pioneering services in law and government, the
3474:
3461:
prayer refers to the concept of Jews as a chosen people:
3268:
4990:
Is the Quran Anti-Semitic?: The Semites, a Chosen People
4170:
Influence on Judaism's relationship with other religions
5122:"Deuteronomy 7 Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary"
4233:
because it implies that Jews are superior to non-Jews.
3969:
rejects the concept of chosenness. Its founder, Rabbi
3670:, the main rabbinical seminary of Conservative Judaism
3720:
Kabbalah § Distinction between Jews and non-Jews
3279:
refers to the "God of the spirits of all flesh", the
4600:
The essential Maimonides. Translations of the Rambam
3910:
One Jewish critic of chosenness was the philosopher
1964:
1945:
368:
5016:, Robert J. Karris, Liturgical Press, 1992, p. 1042
5432:Anti-Defamation League paper on Christian Identity
4683:The Body of Faith, Judaism as a Corporeal Election
3196:as a subset, via partial descent from the ancient
5425:How does Jewish Pride differ from Nazi Supremacy?
4965:"The Jews and the Qur'an - AskMusa.org - English"
4758:Convention, Central Conference of American Rabbis
3777:Different in character but not different in value
7506:
4580:Sifra, Aḥare Mot, 86b; Bacher, "Ag. Tan." ii. 31
3287:outside the community of Israel and the prophet
27:Religious belief in a unique divine relationship
5324:
5187:
5002:Liberation and reconciliation: a Black theology
3769:and is popular in contemporary Chabad circles.
3961:
3554:Tosfos explains that it uses the example of a
3335:" is free translated from the biblical terms ʿ
7165:
5485:
5417:The Chosen People: Reclaiming Our Sacred Myth
4865:The Chosen People: Reclaiming Our Sacred Myth
4696:"Seventy Faces: Articles of Faith, Volume 1."
3677:views the concept of chosenness in this way:
3220:(בָּחַר), and is alluded to elsewhere in the
3154:
2416:
7206:
3839:, are merely "Jewish by birth certificate".
3786:, the third rebbe of Chabad, wrote that the
3452:", a prayer of sanctification, in which the
3232:19:6. Much is written about these topics in
47:texts from within a religion or faith system
7345:
6974:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
5304:American pluralism and the Jewish community
4055:
3933:In a German-language letter to philosopher
3323:believe that Jews are the "chosen people".
3224:using other terms such as "holy people" as
660:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
7172:
7158:
5492:
5478:
5230:Statement of Principles for Reform Judaism
4752:Statement of Principles for Reform Judaism
3502:
3326:
3161:
3147:
2423:
2409:
5284:, Mesorah Publications, 2nd edition, 1986
5139:Catechism of the Catholic Church, 781-786
4726:, The Rabbinical Assembly, New York, 2003
3236:. The three largest Jewish denominations—
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
5521:Index of Jewish history-related articles
4736:The Guiding Principles of Reform Judaism
4309:
4307:
4092:
3983:who has chosen us from among all peoples
3899:
3728:
3661:
3584:
3524:
3372:
7315:Debate on Exclusivism in the SDA Church
7020:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
5657:
5245:Jewish Liturgy: A Comprehensive History
4908:
4571:Mek. Yitro, Pes. R. K. 103b, 186a, 200a
4155:Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
3803:interpretation of Tanya was offered by
2774:Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean
14:
7507:
4357:
4355:
3937:, dated 3 January 1954, the physicist
3668:Jewish Theological Seminary of America
7153:
5473:
5294:
5220:, JTSA, New York, 1988, p. 33–34
4304:
3842:
3657:
3400:Other Torah verses about chosenness,
3352:
5499:
5073:
4803:Isaac Arama, Akedat Yitzchak, Ch. 60
4383:
4381:
3724:
3713:
3631:go to a land that God would show him
29:
5363:Institute for Global Jewish Affairs
4937:
4841:Dvorsky, George (23 October 2012).
4352:
4176:Jewish views on religious pluralism
3186:
24:
7179:
6967:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
6947:American Jewish Historical Society
5288:
5151:"Catechism of the Catholic Church"
4333:, Macmillan, 2008, p 131, 139, 151
3831:probably have Jewish souls, while
25:
7536:
5345:
4816:. Routledge Jewish Studies Series
4378:
3423:
451:Historical population comparisons
7131:
7118:
7117:
5389:The Jewish concept of chosenness
5052:Israel: God's People, God's Land
4194:
4163:Catechism of the Catholic Church
3987:who has drawn us to your service
2450:
1095:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1009:Historical population by country
34:
5459:Are the Jews the Chosen People?
5449:The Real Truth About The Talmud
5176:
5167:
5143:
5132:
5114:
5101:
5067:
5045:
5030:
5019:
5007:
4995:
4982:
4957:
4931:
4902:
4878:
4869:
4857:
4848:
4835:
4819:
4806:
4797:
4788:
4779:
4770:
4767:Lessons in Tanya, Vol. 1, Ch. 1
4761:
4745:
4729:
4716:
4713:, JTSA, New York, 1988, p.33–34
4704:
4688:
4675:
4663:
4654:
4645:
4636:
4627:
4618:
4609:
4592:
4583:
4574:
4565:
4556:
4547:
4538:
4529:
4518:
4509:
4498:
4487:
4476:
4462:
4451:
4440:
4345:Israel: a divided Promised Land
4099:Saint Paul Writing His Epistles
4078:
3701:
3283:(Hebrew Bible) also identifies
7039:Relations with other religions
4418:
4407:
4396:
4366:
4292:
4275:
4128:Other Christians, such as the
4105:was the first major figure in
3914:. In the third chapter of his
3905:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
3442:Jewish prayerbook (the Siddur)
3319:, approximately two thirds of
2718:Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari
13:
1:
7520:Judaism-related controversies
7026:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
5325:Daniel H. Frank, ed. (1993).
5224:Platform on Reconstructionism
5211:
5188:Daniel H. Frank, ed. (1993).
4606:, Northvale New Jersey London
3991:Platform on Reconstructionism
3917:Theologico-Political Treatise
3888:, as a spiritual part of the
3256:with God as described in the
666:Christianity and Judaism
54:that critically analyze them.
6957:Leo Baeck Institute New York
6952:American Sephardi Federation
4205:Racism in Jewish communities
3811:Chabad rabbi, who supported
3377:Prophet Amos as depicted by
2933:Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi
7:
5780:Constantinopolitan Karaites
5082:, Brill, pp. 149–181,
4832:. 1993. 20 February 2018.
4289:, 182. London: S.C.M. Press
4236:
3962:Reconstructionist criticism
3928:
3794:
3617:Modern Orthodox theologian
3204:, i.e. selected to be in a
1965:
1946:
1673:Latin America and Caribbean
369:
10:
7541:
7008:National Library of Israel
5649:Zionism, race and genetics
5256:Harper San Francisco, 1996
4794:Likutei Moharan, Part 2 ,5
4198:
4173:
4085:Jewish-Christian relations
4082:
4064:
3895:
3767:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
3735:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
3717:
3317:Israel Democracy Institute
3048:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
2928:Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm
2278:Jewish political movements
1975:Conversion to Judaism
7461:
7358:
7323:
7304:Jews as the chosen people
7276:
7263:Nicaraguan exceptionalism
7187:
7106:
6962:Yeshiva University Museum
6942:Center for Jewish History
6932:
6797:
6669:
6543:
6437:
5968:
5587:
5529:
5511:
5384:Beliefs of Reform Judaism
5074:Frey, Jörg (2022-04-04),
4281:Clements, Ronald (1968).
4046:feminist forms of Judaism
4027:Reconstructionist author
3967:Reconstructionist Judaism
3737:, the "Lubavitcher Rebbe"
3342:(“treasure people”) and ʿ
3192:) is the belief that the
2958:Simcha Bunim of Peshischa
2751:Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat
2509:Aristobulus of Alexandria
681:Hinduism and Judaism
5554:Ancient Israel and Judah
4909:Plaskow, Judith (1991).
4776:סידור הרב, שער אכילת מצה
4268:
4067:Islamic-Jewish relations
4060:
4056:Views of other religions
4050:denominations of Judaism
3625:"he initial election of
2923:Joseph Solomon Delmedigo
507:Temple in Jerusalem
200:Bar and bat mitzvah
7241:European exceptionalism
7195:American exceptionalism
5930:North African Sephardim
5903:Jewish tribes of Arabia
5155:www.catholicculture.org
4598:Avraham Yaakov Finkel.
4391:Encyclopedia Britannica
4315:Dinstien, Yoram (Ed.),
4134:Dispensational theology
3643:Modern Orthodox Judaism
3503:Further interpretations
3327:Etymological background
3252:, and to exemplify the
469:Twelve Tribes of Israel
7396:Template:Ethnocentrism
7346:
7225:Chinese exceptionalism
7207:
7033:Holocaust Encyclopedia
7003:Jewish Virtual Library
5406:The Chosen People FAQs
5308:Transaction Publishers
5300:Lipset, Seymour Martin
4944:Jewish Women's Archive
4890:Jewish Women's Archive
4754:, adopted at the 1999
4685:. 1984. pp. 174–177.
4681:Wyschogrod, Michael.
4114:
4109:to hold the view that
4097:Artist's depiction of
4025:
3959:
3907:
3738:
3699:
3687:
3671:
3655:
3635:
3615:
3537:
3467:
3381:
3250:light unto the nations
2983:Isaac Orobio de Castro
2953:Shneur Zalman of Liadi
2650:Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera
7289:Religious exclusivism
6980:Encyclopaedia Judaica
6762:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
5947:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
5697:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
5254:The Book of Blessings
5236:Encyclopaedia Judaica
4544:Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:5
4263:Religious nationalism
4185:World Jewish Congress
4096:
4040:communities, such as
4017:
4009:The Book of Blessings
3943:
3903:
3805:Abraham Yehudah Khein
3745:sources, notably the
3732:
3695:
3679:
3665:
3647:
3623:
3598:
3585:Modern Orthodox views
3528:
3463:
3384:The Torah also says,
3376:
3349:(“heritage people”).
3179:Jews as chosen people
3177:, the concept of the
2993:Samuel David Luzzatto
2963:Samson Raphael Hirsch
2584:Spanish and European:
2552:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
1215:São Tomé and Príncipe
1210:Republic of the Congo
604:Second Temple Judaism
475:Kingdom of Judah
446:Modern historiography
50:without referring to
7423:Planetary chauvinism
5559:Second Temple period
5427:, Rabbi Tzvi Freeman
5341:(Part 1. Chosenness)
4701:. 16 February 2018.
4393:. 20 February 2018.
4373:2013 Democracy Index
4253:Criticism of Judaism
3675:Conservative Judaism
3312:" (Sanhedrin 105a).
3242:Conservative Judaism
2695:Judah Leon Abravanel
2317:World Agudath Israel
1458:United Arab Emirates
545:Second Temple period
535:Babylonian captivity
58:improve this article
7418:Particle chauvinism
7252:Thai exceptionalism
6997:Jewish Encyclopedia
6742:Hekhalot literature
6553:Religious movements
6088:Judeo-Tripolitanian
5379:Jewish Encyclopedia
5268:Rabbinical Assembly
5061:, David M. Pearce,
4940:"Feminist Theology"
4886:"Feminist Theology"
4863:e.g. Mitchell Max,
4287:Religious Book Club
4113:is no longer valid.
3882:Ein Mazal le-Israel
3829:Rabindranath Tagore
3813:anarchist communism
3594:Immanuel Jakobovits
3522:the righteous one.
3488:Natan'el al-Fayyumi
3297:Natan'el al-Fayyumi
3234:rabbinic literature
3214:Book of Deuteronomy
3125:Microcosm–macrocosm
3043:Joseph Soloveitchik
2713:Natan'el al-Fayyumi
2514:Philo of Alexandria
2438:Part of a series on
610:Hellenistic Judaism
188:Land of Israel
147:Principles of faith
7408:HIV exceptionalism
7309:Unification Church
7201:Cultural Exception
7138:Judaism portal
7074:Jews and Halloween
7069:Jews and Christmas
6459:Rabbinic authority
6211:Judaeo-Piedmontese
5644:Xueta Christianity
5549:Origins of Judaism
5516:Outline of Judaism
5442:2006-10-02 at the
5394:2008-06-05 at the
5368:2021-02-11 at the
5357:2012-04-01 at the
5238:, Keter Publishing
5057:2018-05-12 at the
4830:My Jewish Learning
4447:Deuteronomy 14:1–2
4119:rejection of Jesus
4115:
3908:
3848:Nachman of Breslov
3843:Righteous non-Jews
3739:
3672:
3658:Conservative views
3619:Michael Wyschogrod
3560:y'kara hi mipnimim
3538:
3382:
3353:In religious texts
3038:Abraham Isaac Kook
3018:Monsieur Chouchani
2620:Joseph ibn Tzaddik
2590:Hasdai ibn Shaprut
2557:Ismaili philosophy
2547:Brethren of Purity
2171:Jewish Koine Greek
1713:Dominican Republic
994:Judaism by country
673:Jews and Christmas
528:Assyrian captivity
18:Election of Israel
7502:
7501:
7413:Carbon chauvinism
7336:God's Own Country
7147:
7146:
7113:extinct languages
7014:YIVO Encyclopedia
6789:Hebrew literature
6757:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
6597:Reconstructionist
6275:Judaeo-Portuguese
5964:
5963:
5920:Eastern Sephardim
5564:Synagogal Judaism
5336:978-0-7914-1631-0
5317:978-0-88738-286-4
5199:978-0-7914-1631-0
5109:Adversius Judaios
5089:978-90-04-50515-5
4938:Plaskow, Judith.
4604:Jason Aronson Inc
4589:Tehillim 105: 8,9
4535:Levine, 1907/1966
4494:Deuteronomy 7:7–8
4434:qorchah or qorcha
4414:Deuteronomy 7:5–6
4403:Deuteronomy 7:1–2
4343:Jacob, Jonathan,
4138:John Nelson Darby
4107:Christian history
3825:Vladimir Solovyov
3725:Equality of souls
3714:Alternative views
3315:According to the
3171:
3170:
3008:Eliezer Berkovits
2998:Elijah Benamozegh
2988:Moses Mendelssohn
2903:Francisco Sanches
2862:Reconstructionist
2665:Isaac ben Sheshet
2660:Moses of Narbonne
2640:Samuel ibn Tibbon
2600:Abraham bar Hiyya
2444:Jewish philosophy
2433:
2432:
2382:
2381:
2130:
2129:
1877:Reconstructionist
1821:
1820:
973:
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780:
779:
617:Jewish–Roman wars
565:Hasmonean dynasty
481:Kingdom of Israel
385:
384:
86:
85:
78:
52:secondary sources
16:(Redirected from
7532:
7443:Phallogocentrism
7371:Anthropocentrism
7351:
7257:Hangul supremacy
7212:
7174:
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7160:
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6253:Judeo-Golpaygani
5854:Palestinian Jews
5829:Alexandrian Jews
5785:Crimean Karaites
5702:Unterlander Jews
5655:
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5569:Rabbinic Judaism
5494:
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5296:Eisen, Arnold M.
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4988:M. Abdulsalam. "
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4473:
4470:"(Genesis 17:7)"
4466:
4460:
4455:
4449:
4444:
4438:
4424:See concordance
4422:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4388:"Chosen people."
4385:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4359:
4350:
4311:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4279:
4201:Racism in Israel
4130:Christadelphians
3871:commentator and
3771:Hillel of Parich
3759:internationalism
3482:also identifies
3478:flesh", and the
3265:ethnic supremacy
3238:Orthodox Judaism
3216:7:6 as the verb
3188:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3066:
3023:Emmanuel Levinas
2814:
2645:Joseph ben Judah
2625:Abraham ibn Ezra
2615:Abraham ibn Daud
2605:Bahya ibn Paquda
2572:Rabbinic Judaism
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7515:Jewish theology
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7284:Religiocentrism
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6223:Judeo-Malayalam
6169:Judeo-Aragonese
6140:Lishanid Noshan
5972:
5960:
5692:Oberlander Jews
5653:
5583:
5525:
5507:
5498:
5444:Wayback Machine
5396:Wayback Machine
5370:Wayback Machine
5359:Wayback Machine
5348:
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5289:Further reading
5274:Nosson Scherman
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5037:Zechariah 12:10
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4651:Midr. Teh. i. 4
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4336:Brown, Wesley,
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4212:anthropological
4207:
4199:Main articles:
4197:
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4123:Supersessionism
4091:
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4069:
4063:
4058:
3971:Mordecai Kaplan
3964:
3951:Jewish religion
3939:Albert Einstein
3931:
3898:
3852:Book of Malachi
3845:
3817:Peter Kropotkin
3815:and considered
3797:
3779:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3704:
3660:
3587:
3568:lifnai v'lifnim
3505:
3426:
3355:
3329:
3187:הָעָם הַנִבְחַר
3167:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3067:
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3057:
3056:
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3052:
3033:Gershom Scholem
3013:Eliyahu Dessler
2892:
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2690:Isaac Abarbanel
2680:Elia del Medigo
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2251:Judeo-Malayalam
2231:Judaeo-Georgian
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2032:Yiddish theatre
1974:
1912:
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1860:
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647:and Middle Ages
645:Rabbinic period
632:
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7494:Technocentrism
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7428:Sentiocentrism
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7233:(Europe &
7228:
7221:Han chauvinism
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7184:
7181:Exceptionalism
7177:
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7127:
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6776:
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6767:Sefer Yetzirah
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6759:
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6749:
6747:Pardes Rimonim
6744:
6737:Kabbalah texts
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6406:Judeo-Alsatian
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6093:Judeo-Tunisian
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5925:Livornese Jews
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5907:
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5672:Afrikaner-Jode
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5419:, Mitchell Max
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5386:
5381:
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5347:
5346:External links
5344:
5343:
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5329:. SUNY Press.
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5192:. SUNY Press.
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4994:
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4924:978-0060666842
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4856:
4847:
4834:
4825:Levy, Zeev.
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4778:
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4687:
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4642:Cant. R. ii. 2
4635:
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4615:Bamidbar 13:15
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4174:Main article:
4171:
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4142:Cyrus Scofield
4136:, promoted by
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4077:
4062:
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4057:
4054:
4029:Judith Plaskow
4021:over and above
3998:Kol Haneshamah
3963:
3960:
3930:
3927:
3912:Baruch Spinoza
3897:
3894:
3862:Menachem Meiri
3844:
3841:
3807:, a prominent
3796:
3793:
3784:Tzemach Tzedek
3778:
3775:
3763:class struggle
3726:
3723:
3715:
3712:
3707:Reform Judaism
3703:
3700:
3683:land of Israel
3659:
3656:
3641:, a leader of
3586:
3583:
3535:Córdoba, Spain
3512:
3511:
3504:
3501:
3425:
3424:Rabbinic views
3422:
3421:
3420:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3398:
3397:
3390:
3389:
3368:
3367:
3354:
3351:
3328:
3325:
3246:Reform Judaism
3230:Book of Exodus
3190:hāʿām hanīvḥar
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2968:Jacob Abendana
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2938:Tzvi Ashkenazi
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2918:Salomon Maimon
2915:
2913:Baruch Spinoza
2910:
2908:Uriel da Costa
2905:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2857:Existentialist
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2670:Hasdai Crescas
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:Influenced by:
2539:
2536:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2312:Territorialism
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2196:Judaeo-Spanish
2193:
2191:Judaeo-Iranian
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1637:United Kingdom
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1070:Bilad-el-Sudan
1067:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1026:
1025:
1023:Land of Israel
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
986:
981:
980:
977:
976:
971:
970:
969:
968:
963:
958:
953:
952:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
883:
882:
881:Related groups
878:
877:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
814:
813:
808:
793:
788:
787:
784:
783:
778:
777:
776:
775:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
733:Jewish atheism
730:
725:
720:
712:
711:
707:
706:
705:
704:
699:
694:
689:Islamic–Jewish
684:
677:
662:
657:
649:
648:
641:
640:
639:
638:
614:
601:
573:
568:
561:
556:
554:Yehud Medinata
548:
547:
541:
540:
539:
538:
531:
524:
516:
503:
495:
483:
478:
471:
463:
462:
460:Ancient Israel
456:
455:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
416:Land of Israel
413:
405:
404:
398:
393:
392:
389:
388:
383:
382:
381:
380:
375:
371:Shulchan Aruch
366:
361:
356:
351:
343:
342:
341:
340:
335:
327:
326:
320:
319:
318:
317:
312:
304:
303:
297:
296:
295:
294:
289:
284:
276:
275:
267:
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
196:
191:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
149:
144:
137:God in Judaism
133:
128:
127:
124:
123:
122:
121:
116:
108:
107:
97:
96:
84:
83:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7537:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7512:
7510:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7484:Particularism
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7466:
7464:
7460:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7448:Phonocentrism
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7391:Ethnocentrism
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7376:Androcentrism
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7357:
7350:
7349:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7331:Chosen people
7329:
7328:
7326:
7322:
7316:
7313:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7275:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:(Philippines)
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7236:
7232:
7229:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7215:
7211:
7210:
7205:
7202:
7199:
7196:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7175:
7170:
7168:
7163:
7161:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7140:
7139:
7128:
7126:
7125:
7116:
7115:
7114:
7110:
7105:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7064:Protestantism
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7030:
7028:
7027:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7015:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6935:
6931:
6925:
6922:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6873:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6752:Sefer HaBahir
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6735:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6679:Sifrei Kodesh
6677:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6668:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6581:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6542:
6536:
6535:Who is a Jew?
6533:
6531:
6528:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6464:Chosen people
6462:
6460:
6457:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6427:
6421:
6420:Scots-Yiddish
6418:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6399:
6395:
6394:
6393:Klezmer-loshn
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6263:Judeo-Shirazi
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6239:
6238:Judeo-Persian
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6228:Judeo-Marathi
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6206:Judeo-Italian
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6061:Judeo-Amazigh
6059:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5971:
5967:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5945:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5896:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5884:Hadhrami Jews
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5849:Mountain Jews
5847:
5845:
5844:Egyptian Jews
5842:
5840:
5839:Bukharan Jews
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5627:Lists of Jews
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5495:
5490:
5488:
5483:
5481:
5476:
5475:
5472:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5376:
5375:Chosen people
5373:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5338:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5283:
5281:
5278:The Complete
5275:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5260:Reuven Hammer
5258:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5242:Ismar Elbogen
5240:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5201:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5179:
5170:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5140:
5135:
5127:
5123:
5117:
5110:
5104:
5091:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5070:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5048:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5027:
5022:
5015:
5010:
5003:
4998:
4991:
4985:
4971:on 2018-03-31
4970:
4966:
4960:
4945:
4941:
4934:
4926:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4905:
4891:
4887:
4881:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4851:
4844:
4838:
4831:
4828:
4822:
4815:
4812:Gregg Stern.
4809:
4800:
4791:
4782:
4773:
4764:
4757:
4753:
4748:
4741:
4737:
4732:
4725:
4719:
4712:
4707:
4700:
4697:
4691:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4657:
4648:
4639:
4630:
4621:
4612:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4586:
4577:
4568:
4559:
4550:
4541:
4532:
4526:
4521:
4512:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4479:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4430:
4428:
4421:
4415:
4410:
4404:
4399:
4392:
4389:
4384:
4382:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4362:Numbers 27:16
4358:
4356:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4300:
4295:
4288:
4285:. In series,
4284:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4258:Promised Land
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4227:
4225:
4224:ethnocentrism
4221:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4202:
4195:Ethnocentrism
4192:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4167:
4164:
4159:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4089:People of God
4086:
4076:
4074:
4068:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3958:
3956:
3955:Jewish people
3952:
3947:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3906:
3902:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3736:
3731:
3721:
3711:
3708:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3691:Reuven Hammer
3686:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3669:
3664:
3654:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3497:world to come
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3333:chosen people
3324:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3310:world to come
3307:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3202:chosen people
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3130:Righteousness
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Chosen people
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3061:
3060:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:Isaac Cardoso
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:Samuel Hirsch
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2736:Isaac Israeli
2734:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:Judeo-Aramaic
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:Judeo-Italian
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:Ghardaïa Sign
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:Denominations
1827:
1826:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:United States
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1145:Guinea-Bissau
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
999:Lists of Jews
997:
995:
992:
991:
990:
989:
984:
979:
978:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
886:
885:
884:
880:
879:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
802:
799:
798:
797:
796:
791:
786:
785:
774:
766:
764:
761:
759:
758:The Holocaust
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
714:
713:
709:
708:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
685:
683:
678:
674:
668:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
651:
650:
646:
643:
642:
635:
629:
623:
618:
615:
611:
605:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
550:
549:
546:
543:
542:
537:
532:
530:
525:
521:
517:
514:
509:
504:
500:
496:
493:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
472:
470:
467:
466:
465:
464:
461:
458:
457:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
407:
406:
402:
401:
396:
391:
390:
379:
376:
373:
372:
367:
365:
362:
360:
359:Mishneh Torah
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
345:
344:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
329:
328:
325:
322:
321:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
306:
305:
302:
299:
298:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
278:
277:
274:
271:
270:
265:
260:
259:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
197:
195:
192:
190:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
157:
153:
150:
148:
145:
142:
138:
135:
134:
131:
126:
125:
120:
119:Who is a Jew?
117:
115:
112:
111:
110:
109:
106:
102:
99:
98:
94:
90:
89:
80:
77:
69:
59:
53:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
7489:Theocentrism
7453:Xenocentrism
7433:Logocentrism
7403:Gynocentrism
7366:Allocentrism
7303:
7268:Fifth Empire
7217:Sinocentrism
7129:
7122:
7108:
7031:
7024:
7012:
6995:
6978:
6812:perspectives
6646:Samaritanism
6607:Neo-Hasidism
6587:Conservative
6501:Names of God
6463:
6410:
6391:
6201:Judaeo-Greek
6196:Judeo-Gascon
6135:Lishán Didán
6130:Lishana Deni
6098:Judeo-Yemeni
6066:Judeo-Arabic
5940:Meshuchrarim
5859:Persian Jews
5792:Kurdish Jews
5770:Kaifeng Jews
5719:Beta Abraham
5682:Galitzianers
5637:Antisemitism
5612:Israeli Jews
5597:Assimilation
5424:
5416:
5326:
5303:
5277:
5263:
5253:
5244:
5235:
5229:
5223:
5217:
5189:
5183:
5182:Ze'ev Levy,
5178:
5169:
5158:. Retrieved
5154:
5145:
5134:
5125:
5116:
5108:
5107:Augustine.
5103:
5093:, retrieved
5079:
5069:
5047:
5041:Romans 11:26
5032:
5021:
5013:
5009:
5001:
4997:
4984:
4973:. Retrieved
4969:the original
4959:
4947:. Retrieved
4943:
4933:
4910:
4904:
4893:. Retrieved
4889:
4880:
4871:
4864:
4859:
4850:
4837:
4829:
4821:
4813:
4808:
4799:
4790:
4781:
4772:
4763:
4751:
4747:
4738:, Columbus,
4735:
4731:
4723:
4718:
4710:
4706:
4699:Google Books
4698:
4690:
4682:
4677:
4665:
4656:
4647:
4638:
4629:
4620:
4611:
4599:
4594:
4585:
4576:
4567:
4558:
4549:
4540:
4531:
4525:Hebrew Bible
4520:
4511:
4500:
4489:
4478:
4464:
4453:
4442:
4433:
4426:
4420:
4409:
4398:
4390:
4368:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4329:Beker, Avi,
4323:
4316:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4248:Antisemitism
4243:Anti-Judaism
4228:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4188:
4179:
4160:
4152:
4146:
4127:
4116:
4098:
4079:Christianity
4070:
4034:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4008:
4002:
3997:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3965:
3946:The word God
3944:
3935:Eric Gutkind
3932:
3915:
3909:
3904:
3881:
3878:
3856:
3846:
3833:Leon Trotsky
3801:anti-Zionist
3798:
3780:
3740:
3705:
3702:Reform views
3696:
3688:
3680:
3673:
3651:commandments
3650:
3648:
3636:
3624:
3616:
3599:
3588:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3529:Monument to
3520:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3468:
3464:
3439:
3427:
3410:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3379:Gustave Doré
3369:
3356:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3330:
3321:Israeli Jews
3314:
3272:
3262:
3228:or gentile,
3225:
3222:Hebrew Bible
3217:
3189:
3178:
3172:
3079:
3028:Martin Buber
2896:
2847:Conservative
2820:
2767:
2729:
2706:
2610:Judah Halevi
2583:
2562:Jewish Kalam
2540:
2502:
2471:
2375:Post-Zionism
2246:Judeo-Berber
2241:Judeo-Arabic
2201:Judeo-Gascon
1948:Pidyon haben
1867:Conservative
1413:Saudi Arabia
1231:South Africa
1220:Sierra Leone
1042:Israeli Jews
956:Mosaic Arabs
909:Kaifeng Jews
770:Arab–Israeli
753:Soviet Union
738:Emancipation
622:Great Revolt
431:Anti-Judaism
426:Antisemitism
421:Name "Judea"
216:Baal teshuva
72:
63:
56:Please help
44:
7479:Supremacist
7386:Ecocentrism
7381:Biocentrism
7348:Sui generis
7246:Pinoy pride
7054:Catholicism
6636:Hellenistic
6474:Eschatology
6412:Lachoudisch
6337:Lotegorisch
6315:Lachoudisch
6305:Koiné Greek
6218:Judeo-Latin
6155:Palestinian
6049:Palestinian
5898:Mustaʿravim
5824:Afghan Jews
5812:Berber Jews
5736:Bene Israel
5724:Falash Mura
5714:Beta Israel
5632:Persecution
5574:Middle Ages
5453:Gil Student
5251:Marcia Falk
5026:Romans 11:2
4949:January 23,
4483:Exodus 19:6
4458:Exodus 19:5
4216:equivalence
4005:Marcia Falk
3873:Maimonidian
3864:, a famous
3858:Isaac Arama
3743:Kabbalistic
3639:Norman Lamm
3572:kahon gadol
3556:kohen gadol
3435:Mount Sinai
3360:Deuteronomy
3200:, are also
3085:Eschatology
2978:David Nieto
2943:Jacob Emden
2877:Neo-Hasidic
2756:Ibn Kammuna
2746:al-Mukkamas
2741:Saadia Gaon
2675:Joseph Albo
2635:Nachmanides
2595:Ibn Gabirol
2463:Hellenistic
2370:Revisionist
2360:Neo-Zionism
1967:Zeved habat
1760:Puerto Rico
1586:Netherlands
1418:South Korea
1403:Philippines
1283:Afghanistan
1150:Ivory Coast
924:Crypto-Jews
889:Bnei Anusim
868:Bene Israel
833:Beta Israel
790:Communities
697:Middle Ages
436:Persecution
211:Bereavement
7509:Categories
7474:Chauvinism
7231:Third Rome
7049:Anabaptism
6991:Jew (word)
6858:Leadership
6671:Literature
6656:Secularism
6602:Humanistic
6469:Conversion
6439:Philosophy
6280:Judeo-Urdu
6044:Babylonian
5889:Saada Jews
5874:Adeni Jews
5667:Ashkenazim
5622:Samaritans
5589:Population
5544:Israelites
5461:chabad.org
5212:References
5160:2023-05-03
5095:2024-03-12
4975:2010-09-04
4895:2022-05-01
4875:Falk, 1996
4756:Pittsburgh
4562:Beẓah, 25b
4111:Jewish law
4083:See also:
4065:See also:
3718:See also:
3541:Maimonides
3531:Maimonides
3331:The term "
3198:Israelites
3003:Moses Hess
2821:Positions:
2768:Positions:
2685:Judah Minz
2655:Gersonides
2630:Maimonides
2493:Boethusian
2472:Positions:
2355:Maximalism
2307:Secularism
2287:Autonomism
2104:Literature
1897:Humanistic
1501:Azerbaijan
1463:Uzbekistan
1438:Tajikistan
1358:Kyrgyzstan
1343:Kazakhstan
1190:Mozambique
1165:Madagascar
1085:Cape Verde
1037:New Yishuv
1032:Old Yishuv
983:Population
961:Subbotniks
919:Samaritans
858:Romanyotim
801:Ashkenazim
743:Old Yishuv
723:Sabbateans
710:Modern era
702:Golden Age
634:Bar Kokhba
354:Beit Yosef
221:Philosophy
66:March 2024
7294:Feeneyism
7277:Religious
7213:(Germany)
7209:Sonderweg
7111:indicate
7059:Mormonism
7044:Christian
6924:Symbolism
6912:Synagogue
6892:Mythology
6853:Education
6824:Astronomy
6807:Astrology
6624:relations
6429:Zarphatic
6377:Galitzish
6179:Yeshivish
6056:Catalanic
6019:Samaritan
5994:Ashkenazi
5975:Diasporic
5970:Languages
5915:Sephardim
5910:Romaniote
5797:Krymchaks
5731:Desi Jews
5607:Buddhists
5451:by Rabbi
5280:Artscroll
4915:HarperOne
4724:Or Hadash
4671:Mackenzie
4436:(קָרְחָה)
4181:Avi Beker
4148:Augustine
4013:prejudice
3890:Holy Land
3886:Languedoc
3809:Ukrainian
3757:ideas of
3645:, wrote:
3613:purpose."
3115:Holocaust
3105:Happiness
2887:Rambamist
2867:Holocaust
2842:Chassidic
2832:Sephardic
2779:Kabbalist
2707:Yemenite:
2483:Sadducean
2478:Hasmonean
2365:Religious
2221:Zarphatic
2211:Bukharian
2181:Judeo-Tat
2166:Yeshivish
2140:Languages
2095:Sephardic
2085:Israelite
2075:Ethiopian
2065:Ashkenazi
2004:Religious
1794:Australia
1776:Venezuela
1682:Argentina
1664:Greenland
1576:Lithuania
1428:Sri Lanka
1423:Singapore
1348:Kurdistan
1313:Indonesia
1303:Hong Kong
1256:Abayudaya
1180:Mauritius
914:Igbo Jews
904:Krymchaks
823:Sephardim
691:relations
585:Sadducees
581:Pharisees
571:Sanhedrin
486:Jerusalem
246:Synagogue
114:Etymology
7469:Jingoism
7299:Hindutva
7203:(France)
7188:National
7124:Category
7094:Hinduism
7084:Buddhism
6986:Genetics
6902:Politics
6875:Marriage
6834:Holidays
6829:Calendar
6710:Rabbinic
6686:/Hebrew
6631:Haymanot
6558:Orthodox
6545:Branches
6518:Kabbalah
6513:Haskalah
6491:Holiness
6367:dialects
6347:Shassagh
6310:Krymchak
6290:Kayliñña
6184:Yinglish
6160:Galilean
6150:Talmudic
6145:Biblical
6120:Betanure
6039:Biblical
6034:Mishnaic
6029:Medieval
6014:Tiberian
6009:Yemenite
5999:Sephardi
5935:Paradesi
5879:Ḥabbanim
5869:Teimanim
5834:Baghdadi
5807:Maghrebi
5775:Karaites
5753:Gruzínim
5741:Kochinim
5659:Diaspora
5617:Karaites
5602:Atheists
5539:Timeline
5440:Archived
5392:Archived
5366:Archived
5355:Archived
5204:, p. 104
5126:Biblehub
5055:Archived
4845:io9.com.
4669:qtd. in
4505:Amos 3:2
4237:See also
3979:siddurim
3929:Einstein
3869:Talmudic
3819:a great
3795:Altruism
3543:states:
3484:prophets
3471:covenant
3347:nahallah
3340:segullah
3285:prophets
3254:covenant
3206:covenant
3110:Holiness
2827:Orthodox
2794:Tosafist
2789:Talmudic
2567:Kabbalah
2532:Medieval
2488:Pharisee
2392:Category
2350:Kahanism
2297:Feminism
2269:Politics
2153:Biblical
2123:American
2070:Bukharan
2060:American
1960:Shidduch
1936:Clothing
1892:Haymanot
1838:Orthodox
1766:Suriname
1749:Paraguay
1702:Colombia
1601:Portugal
1511:Bulgaria
1448:Thailand
1398:Pakistan
1378:Mongolia
1373:Malaysia
1293:Cambodia
1267:Zimbabwe
1242:Tanzania
1120:Eswatini
1110:Ethiopia
1100:Djibouti
1080:Cameroon
1075:Botswana
1004:Diaspora
966:Noahides
939:Marranos
863:Cochinim
848:Bukharim
838:Gruzinim
828:Teimanim
818:Mizrahim
806:Galician
772:conflict
728:Hasidism
718:Haskalah
628:Diaspora
499:timeline
411:Timeline
324:Rabbinic
231:Kabbalah
206:Marriage
182:Tzedakah
172:Holidays
130:Religion
93:a series
91:Part of
7462:Related
7311:(Korea)
7259:(Korea)
7227:(China)
7109:Italics
6934:Studies
6880:Divorce
6846:Kashrut
6841:Cuisine
6799:Culture
6730:Midrash
6725:Tosefta
6715:Mishnah
6703:Ketuvim
6698:Nevi'im
6661:Schisms
6651:Science
6641:Karaite
6612:Renewal
6573:Litvaks
6568:Hasidic
6523:Sefirot
6508:Halakha
6479:Messiah
6452:Mitzvah
6447:Beliefs
6401:Western
6387:Poylish
6382:Litvish
6372:Eastern
6362:Yiddish
6357:Shuadit
6342:Qwareña
6330:Tetuani
6325:Haketia
6300:Knaanic
6295:Kivruli
6243:Bukhori
6189:Heblish
6125:Hulaulá
6115:Barzani
6071:Yahudic
6004:Mizrahi
5864:Urfalim
5819:Mizrahi
5763:Neofiti
5758:Italkim
5687:Lita'im
5579:Zionism
5531:History
5505:Judaism
5377:at the
5361:at the
5302:(ed.).
5128:. 2023.
4633:Ḥag. 9b
4429:(קָרַח)
4048:in all
3941:wrote:
3896:Spinoza
3866:Catalan
3821:Tzaddik
3788:Muslims
3755:leftist
3627:Abraham
3621:wrote:
3610:British
3492:Mishnah
3454:Sabbath
3450:Kiddush
3440:In the
3431:Abraham
3306:Tosefta
3301:Mishnah
3293:Nineveh
3175:Judaism
3120:Messiah
2897:People:
2872:Renewal
2784:Karaism
2503:People:
2335:General
2326:Zionism
2302:Leftism
2292:Bundism
2216:Knaanic
2176:Yevanic
2161:Yiddish
2118:Yiddish
2113:Israeli
2090:Mizrahi
2080:Israeli
2051:Cuisine
2027:Ancient
2009:Secular
1955:Kashrut
1931:Wedding
1918:Customs
1910:Culture
1887:Science
1882:Renewal
1872:Karaite
1853:Hasidic
1785:Oceania
1771:Uruguay
1739:Jamaica
1719:Ecuador
1687:Bolivia
1631:Ukraine
1606:Romania
1581:Moldova
1561:Hungary
1551:Germany
1546:Georgia
1536:Finland
1531:Estonia
1526:Denmark
1521:Czechia
1506:Belarus
1496:Austria
1491:Armenia
1468:Vietnam
1383:Myanmar
1368:Lebanon
1288:Bahrain
1247:Tunisia
1225:Somalia
1200:Nigeria
1195:Namibia
1185:Morocco
1115:Eritrea
1060:Algeria
944:Neofiti
853:Italkim
843:Juhurim
748:Zionism
597:Sicarii
593:Zealots
589:Essenes
576:Schisms
441:Leaders
403:General
395:History
338:Tosefta
333:Midrash
310:Mishnah
292:Ketuvim
287:Nevi'im
236:Customs
167:Shabbat
162:Halakha
154: (
152:Mitzvot
139: (
105:Judaism
7235:Russia
6917:Hazzan
6907:Prayer
6784:Siddur
6720:Talmud
6684:Tanakh
6619:Neolog
6592:Reform
6580:Modern
6563:Haredi
6486:Ethics
6352:Shassi
6320:Ladino
6285:Karaim
6268:Juhuri
6110:Targum
6024:Signed
5989:Modern
5984:Hebrew
5952:Xuetes
5748:Dönmeh
5707:Yekkes
5333:
5314:
5282:Siddur
5276:, Ed.
5270:, 2003
5266:, The
5262:, Ed.
5196:
5086:
5004:p. 24
4921:
4742:, 1937
4427:qarach
4347:, p 69
4340:, p 66
4319:, p 29
4231:racist
4042:Chabad
4038:Haredi
3975:racist
3751:Chabad
3733:Rabbi
3689:Rabbi
3637:Rabbi
3606:Romans
3602:Greeks
3574:went.
3564:pnimim
3480:Tanakh
3459:Aleinu
3281:Tanakh
3183:Hebrew
3090:Ethics
3065:Topics
2882:Mussar
2852:Reform
2837:Chabad
2812:Modern
2730:Other:
2397:Portal
2256:Domari
2186:Shassi
2147:Hebrew
2042:Humour
1986:Hiloni
1981:Aliyah
1941:Niddah
1926:Minyan
1861:Reform
1848:Haredi
1843:Modern
1744:Mexico
1729:Guyana
1692:Brazil
1654:Canada
1626:Sweden
1616:Serbia
1611:Russia
1596:Poland
1591:Norway
1571:Latvia
1556:Greece
1541:France
1516:Cyprus
1482:Europe
1453:Turkey
1443:Taiwan
1353:Kuwait
1338:Jordan
1328:Israel
1262:Zambia
1252:Uganda
1170:Malawi
1140:Guinea
1130:Gambia
1065:Angola
1051:Africa
934:Dönmeh
929:Anusim
873:Berber
811:Litvak
763:Israel
669:
606:
520:Second
488:
349:Targum
315:Gemara
301:Talmud
273:Tanakh
226:Ethics
177:Prayer
7359:Other
7324:Terms
7197:(USA)
7089:Islam
6897:Names
6887:Music
6868:Rebbe
6863:Rabbi
6817:Monen
6772:Zohar
6693:Torah
6688:Bible
5802:Lemba
5677:Chuts
5186:, in
4269:Notes
4220:other
4073:Quran
4061:Islam
3922:Bible
3747:Tanya
3741:Many
3592:Lord
3590:Rabbi
3446:Torah
3289:Jonah
3277:Moses
3258:Torah
3218:baḥar
3208:with
3095:Faith
3075:Anger
2345:Labor
2340:Green
2037:Dance
1995:Music
1814:Palau
1734:Haiti
1697:Chile
1621:Spain
1566:Italy
1473:Yemen
1433:Syria
1408:Qatar
1388:Nepal
1333:Japan
1308:India
1298:China
1237:Sudan
1160:Libya
1155:Kenya
1135:Ghana
1125:Gabon
1105:Egypt
1090:Benin
949:Xueta
894:Lemba
513:First
378:Zohar
282:Torah
264:Texts
251:Rabbi
241:Rites
141:names
45:uses
5503:and
5501:Jews
5331:ISBN
5312:ISBN
5194:ISBN
5084:ISBN
4951:2023
4919:ISBN
4740:Ohio
4301:p. 9
4203:and
4161:The
4153:The
4140:and
4103:Paul
4087:and
3837:apes
3827:and
3761:and
3666:The
3413:Amos
3244:and
3194:Jews
1804:Guam
1799:Fiji
1754:Peru
1707:Cuba
1393:Oman
1363:Laos
1323:Iraq
1318:Iran
1275:Asia
1204:Igbo
1175:Mali
194:Brit
103:and
101:Jews
6496:God
3799:An
3533:in
3499:."
3475:God
3273:all
3269:God
3226:goy
3210:God
3173:In
3100:God
2018:Art
364:Tur
156:613
7511::
5310:.
5306:.
5153:.
5124:.
5078:,
5039:,
4992:."
4942:.
4917:.
4913:.
4888:.
4602:,
4431:;
4380:^
4354:^
4306:^
4144:.
4125:.
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3892:.
3415::
3344:am
3337:am
3240:,
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625:,
595:,
591:,
587:,
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95:on
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