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1035:. The campaign brought the spotlight on the importance of using internet in new-age political campaigning by utilizing various forms of social media and new media (including Facebook, YouTube and a custom generated social engine) to reach new target populations. The campaign's social website, my.BarackObama.com, utilized a low cost and efficient method of mobilizing voters and increasing participation among various voter populations. This new media was incredibly successful at reaching the younger population while helping all populations organize and promote action. In the book Campaigns and Elections author John sides also speaks upon this on page 235 and says, "Online communities can still promote involvement in campaigns: large experiments on Facebook found that users who saw that their Facebook friends had reported voting were themselves a bit more likely to turn out to vote. But there is also evidence that offering token public support for a cause on Facebook or Twitter may make one less likely to be involved in offline campaign activities" (Sides 2018).
1299:. The purpose of such a token effort may be simply to increase name awareness of a minor political party, to give voters of a certain ideology an opportunity to vote accordingly, or to ensure that the party has candidates in every constituency. It can be a cost-effective means of attracting media coverage. An informational campaign, by contrast, may involve news releases, newspaper interviews, door-to-door campaigning, and organizing polls. As the level of seriousness rises, the marginal cost of reaching more people rises accordingly, due to the high cost of TV commercials, paid staff, etc. which are used by competitive campaigns. Paper candidates do not expect to be elected and usually run simply as a way of helping the more general campaign. However, an unexpected surge in support for the party may result in many paper candidates being unexpectedly elected, as for example happened to the
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appear to have no effects outside the market that hosts a visit." The authors of the study argue that it would be more effective for campaigns to go to the pockets of the country where wealthy donors are (for fundraising) and hold rallies in the populous states both to attract national press and raise funds. A 2005 study found that campaign visits had no statistically significant effect, after controlling for other factors, on voter turnout in the 1992, 1996, and 2000 elections. On the other hand, a 2017 paper of the 1948 presidential election provides "strong evidence that candidate visits can influence electoral returns". Other research also provides evidence that campaign visits increase vote share.
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the public sees them. Campaigns often prioritize spending in contested regions and increase their paid media expenses as an election approaches. Electoral campaigns often conclude with a "closing argument ad", an advertisement that summarizes the campaign's core themes and explains the candidate's vision for the future. In the 2020 election, Joe Biden's "Rising" ad starts with him saying "we're in a battle for the soul of this nation" and a worker in Donald Trump's
Pennsylvania ad stated "that will be the end of my job and thousands of others" if Trump lost.
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election results, data from registered voter lists, and survey research make it possible to determine which people fall into each of these three groups. Third, it is neither possible nor necessary to get the support of all people. Fourth, and last, once a campaign has identified how to win, it can act to create the circumstances to bring about this victory. In order to succeed, campaigns should direct campaign resources – money, time, and message – to key groups of potential voters and nowhere else."
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more than 200 get-out-the-vote experiments finds that the most effective tactics are personal: Door-to-door canvassing increases turnout by an average of about 2.5 percentage points; volunteer phone calls raise it by about 1.9 points, compared to 1.0 points for calls from commercial phone banks; automated phone messages are ineffective. Using out-of-state volunteers for canvassing is less effective in increasing turnout than using local and trained volunteers.
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elections, suggesting a lasting persuasion effect." According to a 2018 study, repeated get-out-the-vote phone calls had diminishing effects but each additional phone call increased the probability to vote by 0.6-1.0 percentage points. Another 2018 study found that "party leaflets boost turnout by 4.3 percentage points while canvassing has a small additional effect (0.6 percentage points)" in a United
Kingdom election.
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be necessary to enlighten otherwise uninformed voters about the fundamentals, which thus become increasingly predictive of preferences as the campaign progresses. Research suggests that "the 2012 presidential campaigns increased turnout in highly targeted states by 7–8 percentage points, on average, indicating that modern campaigns can significantly alter the size and composition of the voting population".
1331:, 31% of voters admitted to either developing of changing their party preferences during the election campaign. The study provides data that shows how the main parties within Austria had differing levels of voters flipping toward them, thus proving that an election campaign has some level of effectiveness that differs between parties, depending on factors such as media presence.
1400:"Campaigns involve a variety of actors. More visible are the candidates themselves. Their strategic choices involve every facet of a campaign: whether to run in the first place, what issues to emphasize, what specific messages or themes to discuss, which kinds of media to use, and which citizens to target" (Sides 2018).
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which could lead to an increase in earned media. Campaigns may also spend money to emphasize stories circulating through media networks. Research suggests that neither form of media is inherently superior. A 2009 study found that media coverage was not significantly more effective than paid advertisements.
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Campaigns may also rely on strategically placed field offices to acquire votes. The Obama 2008 campaign's extensive use of field offices has been credited as crucial to winning in the states of
Indiana and North Carolina. Each field office that the Obama campaign opened in 2012 gave him approximately
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There are many different types of strategies that are also used during these campaigns that target certain people and try to win them over. people are also paid to help get candidates to vote for a certain side. In the book
Campaigns and elections by author John Sides a sentence in 1 page 13 it says,
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One reason why it is hard to judge the effectiveness of an election campaign is because many people know who they want to vote for long before the campaigns are started. Voters are more likely to vote for a nominee based on whose values align closest with theirs. Studies suggest that party flips come
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An informational campaign is a political campaign designed to raise public awareness and support for the positions of a candidate (or her/his party). It is more intense than a paper campaign, which consists of little more than filing the necessary papers to get on the ballot, but is less intense than
960:
Experts say that effective media management is an essential component of a successful political campaign. Studies show that candidates with higher media attention tend to have greater success in elections. Each form of media can influence the other. Paid media may raise the newsworthiness of an event
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Earned media describes free media coverage, often from news stories or social media posts. Unlike paid media, earned media does not incur an expense to the campaign. Earned media does not imply that the political campaign is mentioned in a positive manner. Political campaigns may often receive earned
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Hampering the ability of political competitors to campaign, by such techniques as counter-rallies, picketing of rival parties' meetings, or overwhelming rival candidates' offices with mischievous phone calls (most political parties in representative democracies publicly distance themselves from such
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A husting, or the hustings, was originally a physical platform from which representatives presented their views or cast votes before a parliamentary or other election body. By metonymy, the term may now refer to any event, such as debates or speeches, during an election campaign where one or more of
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technologies are used for cause-related fundraising, lobbying, volunteering, community building, and organizing. Individual political candidates are also using the internet to promote their election campaign. In a study of
Norwegian election campaigns, politicians reported they used social media for
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Paid media refers to any media attention that is directly generated from spending. This form of media is commonly found through political advertisements and organized events. An advantage of paid media is that it allows political campaigns to tailor the messages they show the public and control when
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found that door-to-door canvassing on behalf of the
Francois Hollande campaign in the 2012 French presidential election "did not affect turnout, but increased Hollande's vote share in the first round and accounted for one fourth of his victory margin in the second. Visits' impact persisted in later
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Traditional ground campaigning and voter contacts remain the most effective strategies. Some research suggests that knocking on doors can increase turnout by as much as 10% and phone calls by as much as 4%. One study suggests that lawn signs increase vote share by 1.7 percentage points. A review of
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A large body of political science research emphasizes how "fundamentals" – the state of the economy, whether the country is at war, how long the president's party has held the office, and which candidate is more ideologically moderate – predict presidential election outcomes. However, campaigns may
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The development of new technologies has completely changed the way political campaigns are run. In the late 20th
Century, campaigns shifted into television and radio broadcasts. The early 2000s brought interactive websites. By 2008 the world of campaigns was available to millions of people through
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According to a 2020 study, campaign spending on messaging to voters affects voter support for candidates. Another 2020 study found that political advertising had small effects regardless of context, message, sender, and receiver. A 2022 study found that voters are persuadable to switch support for
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The fundamentals matter less in the outcome of presidential primaries. One prominent theory holds that the outcome of presidential primaries is largely determined by the preferences of party elites. Presidential primaries are therefore less predictive, as various types of events may impact elites'
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by author John Sides, it says, "For those that do get attention, media coverage often emphasizes what is new, dramatic, or scandalous. Unlike the candidates themselves, the news media or at least those outlets that strive for objectivity are not seeking to manipulate citizens into voting for their
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about policy issues. The points summarize the main ideas of the campaign and are repeated frequently in order to create a lasting impression with the voters. In many elections, the opposition party will try to get the candidate "off message" by bringing up policy or personal questions that are not
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A 2016 study found that visits by a candidate to states have modest effects: "visits are most effective in influencing press coverage at the national level and within battleground states. Visits' effects on voters themselves, however, are much more modest than consultants often claim, and visits
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have regular election campaigns, but political campaigning can occur on particular issues even in non-democracies so long as freedom of expression is allowed. Often mass campaigns are started by the less privileged or anti-establishment viewpoints (as against more powerful interests whose first
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Another modern campaign method by political scientist Joel
Bradshaw points out four key propositions for developing a successful campaign strategy. "First, in any election the electorate can be divided into three groups: the candidate's base, the opponent's base, and the undecided. Second, past
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In presidential campaigns in the United States, research indicates that a $ 10 million advantage in spending in an individual states leads to approximately 27,000 more votes for the campaign in the state, which can be sufficient to win a close race. In down-ballot races, spending matters more.
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found that campaigns have "an average effect of zero in general elections". The study found two instances where campaigning was effective: "First, when candidates take unusually unpopular positions and campaigns invest unusually heavily in identifying persuadable voters. Second, when campaigns
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Media management refers to the ability of a political campaign to control the message that it broadcasts to the public. The forms of media used in political campaigns can be classified into two distinct categories: "paid media" or "earned media". There are times where some campaigns get little
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and Alan Gerber, it costs $ 31 to produce a vote going door to door, $ 91-$ 137 to produce a vote by sending out direct mailers, $ 47 per vote from leafletting, $ 58-$ 125 per vote from commercial phone banking, and $ 20-$ 35 per vote from voluntary phone banking. A 2018 study in the
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a competitive campaign, which aims to actually win election to the office. An informational campaign typically focuses on low-cost outreach such as news releases, getting interviewed in the paper, making a brochure for door to door distribution, organizing poll workers, etc.
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Research is mixed on the precise impact of debates. Rather than encourage viewers to update their political views in accordance with the most persuasive arguments, viewers instead update their views to merely reflect what their favored candidate is saying.
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found that television campaign ads do affect election outcomes, in particular in down-ballot races. According to political scientists
Stephen Ansolabehere and Shanto Iyengar, negative ads do succeed at driving down overall turnout though. A 2019 study of
737:. The plan takes account of a campaign's goal, message, target audience, and resources available. The campaign will typically seek to identify supporters at the same time as getting its message across. The modern, open campaign method was pioneered by
677:
A campaign manager's primary duty is to ensure marketing campaigns achieve their objectives. They work with the marketing manager to create, execute and monitor the performance of campaigns and provide all the resources required to meet sales targets.
1061:. High proficiency and effective algorithmic integration will be the core factor in the framework. This technology integration helps campaign information reach a wide audience in split-seconds. This was successfully tested and implemented in the 2015
733:. The avenues available to political campaigns when distributing their messages is limited by the law, available resources, and the imagination of the campaigns' participants. These techniques are often combined into a formal strategy known as the
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related to the talking points. Most campaigns prefer to keep the message broad in order to attract the most potential voters. A message that is too narrow can alienate voters or slow the candidate down with explaining details. For example, in the
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Fundraising techniques include having the candidate call or meet with large donors, sending direct mail pleas to small donors, and courting interest groups who could end up spending millions on the race if it is significant to their interests.
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media from gaffes or scandals. In the 2016 United States
Presidential Election, a majority of the media coverage surrounding Hillary Clinton was focused on her scandals, with the most prevalent topics being topics related to her emails.
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The message of the campaign contains the ideas that the candidate wants to share with the voters. It is to get those who agree with their ideas to support them when running for a political position. The message often consists of several
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In the context of political campaigns, activists are "foot soldiers" loyal to a campaign's cause. As supporters, they promote the campaign as volunteer activists. Such volunteers and interns may take part in activities such as
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Green, Donald P.; Krasno, Jonathan S.; Coppock, Alexander; Farrer, Benjamin D.; Lenoir, Brandon; Zingher, Joshua N. (2016-03-01). "The effects of lawn signs on vote outcomes: Results from four randomized field experiments".
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originally used a message that focused on his patriotism and political experience: "Country First"; later the message was changed to shift attention to his role as "The Original Maverick" within the political establishment.
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Middleton, Joel A.; Green, Donald P. (March 2008). "Do community-based voter mobilization campaigns work even in battleground states? Evaluating the effectiveness of MoveOn's 2004 outreach campaign".
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Political science research generally finds negative advertisement (which has increased over time) to be ineffective both at reducing the support and turnout for the opponent. A 2021 study in the
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Vote-by-mail, previously known as "absentee ballots", have grown significantly in importance as an election tool. Campaigns in most states must have a strategy in place to impact early voting.
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In the 19th Century, American presidential candidates seldom traveled or made speeches in support of their candidacies. Through 1904, only eight major presidential candidates did so (
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Holbrook, Thomas M.; McClurg, Scott D. (2005-10-01). "The Mobilization of Core Supporters: Campaigns, Turnout, and Electoral Composition in United States Presidential Elections".
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A consensus in the political science literature holds that national conventions usually have a measurable effect on presidential elections that is relatively resistant to decay.
758:
3560:"Is it worth door-knocking? Evidence from a United Kingdom-based Get Out The Vote (GOTV) field experiment on the effect of party leaflets and canvass visits on voter turnout"
4238:& Co., Feb, 27, 1882) (retrieved July 21, 2024) ("Garfield spoke to large crowds as he journeyed to and from New York in August, to a great multitude in that city").
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Now, online election campaign information can be shared in a rich information format through campaign landing pages, integrating Google's rich snippets, structured data,
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Political consultants advise campaigns on virtually all of their activities, from research to field strategy. Consultants conduct candidate research, voter research, and
663:
In a modern political campaign, the campaign organization (or "machine") will have a coherent structure of personnel in the same manner as any business of similar size.
1583:. In 1896, William McKinley recruited the help of Marcus A. Hanna. Hanna devised a plan to have voters come to McKinley. McKinley won the race with 51% of the votes.
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campaign found that the online-ad campaign "increased the party's vote share by 0.7 percentage points" and that factual ads were more effective than emotional ads.
4251:
Campaign Craft: The Strategies, Tactics, and Art of Political Campaign Management, 5th Edition: The Strategies, Tactics, and Art of Political Campaign Management
927:
Campaign advertising is the use of paid media (newspapers, radio, television, etc.) to influence the decisions made for and by groups. These ads are designed by
3880:"The small effects of political advertising are small regardless of context, message, sender, or receiver: Evidence from 59 real-time randomized experiments"
1257:, in reference to the baiting technique) as a way of commuting a competitor's popularity into campaign donations, volunteer recruitment, and free advertising
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1990:"Does media attention lead to personal electoral success? Differences in long and short campaign media effects for top and ordinary political candidates"
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perception of the viability of candidates. Gaffes, debates and media narratives play a greater role in primaries than in presidential elections.
349:
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Schuster, Steven Sprick (2020-02-25). "Does Campaign Spending Affect Election Outcomes? New Evidence from Transaction-Level Disbursement Data".
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2104:"Exploring the Comparative Communications Effectiveness of Advertising and Public Relations: A Replication and Extension of Prior Experiments"
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Lau, Richard R.; Sigelman, Lee; Rovner, Ivy Brown (2007-11-01). "The Effects of Negative Political Campaigns: A Meta-Analytic Reassessment".
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Gelman, Andrew; King, Gary (2008-01-17). "Why are American Presidential Election Campaign Polls so Variable When Votes are so Predictable?".
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Wood, Thomas (2016-09-01). "What The Heck Are We Doing in Ottumwa, Anyway? Presidential Candidate Visits and Their Political Consequence".
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marketing and for dialogue with voters. Facebook was the primary platform for marketing and Twitter was used for more continuous dialogue.
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Darr, Joshua P.; Levendusky, Matthew S. (2014-05-01). "Relying on the Ground Game The Placement and Effect of Campaign Field Offices".
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A campaign team (which may be as small as one inspired individual, or a heavily resourced group of professionals) must consider how to
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Katz, Richard S.; Mair, Peter (1995). "Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party".
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the internet and social media programs. 2008 marked a new era of digital elections because of the fast-paced movement of information.
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Writing directly to members of the public (either via a professional marketing firm or, particularly on a small scale, by volunteers)
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Sides, J. and Vavreck, L.: The Gamble: Choice and Chance in the 2012 Presidential Election. (Updated Edition) (eBook and Paperback)
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for various forms of activism enable faster communications by citizen movements and deliver a message to a large audience. These
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1964:"Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation: Online Media and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election | Berkman Klein Center"
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The internet is now a core element of modern political campaigns. Communication technologies such as e-mail, websites, and
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the message of the campaign, recruit volunteers, and raise money. Campaign advertising draws on techniques from commercial
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Heersink, Boris; Peterson, Brenton D. (2017). "Truman defeats Dewey: The effect of campaign visits on election outcomes".
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1077:. Marcus Giavanni used advanced algorithms, artificial intelligence, and voice indexing predictions to box in campaigns.
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Green, Donald P.; McGrath, Mary C.; Aronow, Peter M. (2013-02-01). "Field Experiments and the Study of Voter Turnout".
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A paper campaign is a political campaign in which the candidate only files the necessary paperwork to appear on the
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Signifying the importance of internet political campaigning, Barack Obama's presidential campaign relied heavily on
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contact voters long before election day and measure effects immediately — although this early persuasion decays."
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Weinschenk, Aaron C. (2015-09-01). "Polls and Elections: Campaign Field Offices and Voter Mobilization in 2012".
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3547:"Repeated treatment in a GOTV field experiment: Distinguishing between intensive and extensive margin effects".
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Nickerson, David W. (2007-04-01). "Quality Is Job One: Professional and Volunteer Voter Mobilization Calls".
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2447:"The Minimal Persuasive Effects of Campaign Contact in General Elections: Evidence from 49 Field Experiments"
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Masket, Seth; Sides, John; Vavreck, Lynn (2015-07-27). "The Ground Game in the 2012 Presidential Election".
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Enos, Ryan D.; Fowler, Anthony (2016-05-01). "Aggregate Effects of Large-Scale Campaigns on Voter Turnout".
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a 0.3% greater vote share. According to one study, the cost per vote by having a field office is $ 49.40.
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from the analysis of how a voter sees their parties performance in the years before a campaign even begins.
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3947:"When and Why Are Campaigns' Persuasive Effects Small? Evidence from the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election"
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is an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision making progress within a specific group. In
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Bourdon, Jeffrey Normand. "Just Call Me Bill: William Taft Brings Spectacle Politics to the Midwest,"
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in 1878–80, although there may be earlier recognizably modern examples from the 19th century. The 1896
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attention, but the ones that do get highlighted for the effectiveness and dramatic events. In the book
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Bednar, Steven (2017-07-28). "Campaigning and election outcomes in a presidential primary election".
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Using a campaign surrogate - a celebrity or person of influence, campaigning on a candidate's behalf
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Johann, David; Königslöw, Katharina Kleinen-von; Kritzinger, Sylvia; Thomas, Kathrin (2018-04-03).
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Political campaigns have existed as long as there have been informed citizens to campaign amongst.
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3508:"Will a Five-Minute Discussion Change Your Mind? Countrywide Experiment on Voter Choice in France"
3206:"The Effects of Canvassing, Telephone Calls, and Direct Mail on Voter Turnout: A Field Experiment"
1069:. Marcus Giavanni, social media consultant, blockchain developer and second place opponent in the
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A Professional and Practitioner's Guide to Public Relations Research, Measurement, and Evaluation
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1575:), whereas every major presidential candidate since then has done so, with the sole exception of
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disruptive and morale-affecting tactics, with the exception of those parties self-identifying as
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Obama harnessed the grass-roots power of the Web to get elected. How will he use that power now?
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Vavreck, L.: The Message Matters: The Economy and Presidential Campaigns. (eBook and Paperback)
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Abramowitz, Alan I. (1978-01-01). "The Impact of a Presidential Debate on Voter Rationality".
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Hibbs, Douglas A. Jr. (2000-07-01). "Bread and Peace Voting in U.S. Presidential Elections".
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Scholars have estimated that a $ 2 million advantage can net a Senate campaign 10,000 votes.
4329:"Democratic Elections without Campaigns? Normative Foundations of National Baha'i Elections"
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Remaining close to or at home to make speeches to supporters who come to visit as part of a
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2532:"Intra-Campaign Changes in Voting Preferences: The Impact of Media and Party Communication"
2480:"A massive new study reviews the evidence on whether campaigning works. The answer's bleak"
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Enli, Sara Gunn; Skogerbø, Eli (2013). "Personalized campaigns in party-centred politics".
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are decided. In modern politics, the most high-profile political campaigns are focused on
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How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies
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Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E.; Evans, Andrew D.; Wheeler, William Bruce; Ruff, Julius (2014).
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The American Campaign, Second Edition: U.S. Presidential Campaigns and the National Vote
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Bartels, Larry M.; Zaller, John (2001-03-01). "Presidential Vote Models: A Recount".
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2220:"Several candidates have filed to run for Denver mayor in 2019. Here's what they say"
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3993:
3958:
3917:
3899:
3844:
3801:
3758:
3712:
3685:
3650:
3607:
3567:
3519:
3456:
3411:
3378:
3331:
3296:
3260:
3217:
3178:
3101:
3050:
3003:
2767:
2724:
2679:
2605:
2559:
2543:
2458:
2126:
2060:
2009:
2001:
1627:
1214:
672:
511:
302:
219:
214:
147:
4144:
4066:
3805:
3716:
2547:
1166:
5604:
5589:
5534:
5355:
5131:
4978:
4953:
4918:
4761:
4235:
3415:
3402:(2013-01-01). "Local Canvassing: The Efficacy of Grassroots Voter Mobilization".
3335:
2430:
2130:
1622:
1604:
1576:
1568:
1548:
1524:
1473:
1280:
1235:
325:
224:
209:
109:
105:
4389:
5486:
5350:
5335:
5297:
5277:
5214:
5053:
5028:
4933:
4816:
4796:
4751:
4729:
2943:
2299:"Off The Bus: Obama Campaign Rewrites Fundraising Rules by Selling Merchandise"
2196:"ആരും വോട്ടുചെയ്തുപോകും; ഡിജിറ്റൽ പ്ലാറ്റ്ഫോമുകളിൽ പ്രചാരണം കളർഫുൾ | Madhyamam"
1644:
1532:
1508:
1271:
1207:
1182:
486:
395:
274:
4427:
The Presidentialization of Politics: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies
2802:
2771:
2728:
2610:
2593:
2462:
2005:
1797:
5629:
5594:
5551:
5360:
5340:
5179:
4923:
4771:
4676:
4087:
4042:
3970:
3913:
3856:
3813:
3770:
3762:
3724:
3662:
3619:
3611:
3581:
3533:
3423:
3343:
3272:
3190:
3062:
3015:
2779:
2736:
2619:
2555:
2072:
2023:
1773:
1388:
1203:
Through websites, online communities, and solicited or unsolicited bulk email
1032:
734:
383:
264:
108:, 1860. The reverse side of the button shows a portrait of his running mate
2446:
2380:"10 Questions With Libertarian Party of Nevada Chairman Jim Duensing, Pt. 2"
1989:
5599:
5519:
5514:
5398:
5242:
5184:
5164:
4671:
3931:
3904:
2683:
2573:
1777:
1404:
1234:
Using endorsements of other celebrated party members to boost support (see
1039:
1024:
730:
499:
2670:
Noel, Hans (2010). "Ten Things Political Scientists Know that You Don't".
1988:
van Erkel, Patrick F. A.; Van Aelst, Peter; Thijssen, Peter (2020-04-01).
5491:
5451:
5302:
5209:
5204:
5073:
5063:
5048:
4874:
4844:
4826:
4691:
3572:
3524:
3507:
3460:
3007:
2224:
2064:
1469:
1174:
990:
722:
502:
ran on a consistent, simple message of "change" throughout his campaign.
494:
31:
4275:
Owen, Diana (2017-08-24). Kenski, Kate; Jamieson, Kathleen Hall (eds.).
2080:
2047:
1598:
1387:
Electioneering in front of a voting location for municipal elections in
320:
27:
Attempt to influence the decision making process within a specific group
5572:
5471:
5428:
5393:
5312:
5252:
5146:
5083:
4902:
4786:
4776:
4701:
4686:
4681:
4656:
4365:
3962:
3229:
3113:
3070:
2048:"Does Advertising Spending Influence Media Coverage of the Advertiser?"
1062:
1042:
986:
738:
726:
706:
411:
375:
204:
3182:
100:
5292:
5272:
5247:
5126:
5098:
5011:
4948:
4834:
4696:
4666:
4611:
4525:
Political Parties and Elections in the United States: An Encyclopedia
4504:
Campaigning on American Soil and the Rules of the American Government
1654:
1632:
1028:
367:
297:
269:
259:
229:
4518:
The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896
4352:
The Peers, the Parties and the People: The General Elections of 1910
3221:
3105:
3054:
1096:
866:
768:
596:
521:
423:
5423:
5199:
5023:
5006:
4943:
4806:
4724:
4716:
4248:
Burton, Michael; Miller, William J.; Shea, Daniel M. (2015-06-23).
3848:
3132:. Chicago Studies in American Politics. University of Chicago Press
2864:. Chicago Studies in American Politics. University of Chicago Press
2324:"Publications - Social Research - Swinburne University - Melbourne"
1663:
1637:
1465:
1222:
1190:
1016:
1012:
371:
3600:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
3039:"A Study of Presidential Campaign Event Effects from 1952 to 1992"
1031:
channels to engage voters, recruit campaign volunteers, and raise
5539:
5524:
5408:
5325:
5043:
4811:
4741:
3152:"Why News Coverage of the Debate May Matter More than the Debate"
2594:"The Effect of Television Advertising in United States Elections"
1750:
Jefferson's Vendetta: the Pursuit of Aaron Burr and the Judiciary
1210:
that helps identify and target small demographic slices of voters
1086:
1046:
4345:
Political Action: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies
4227:(Oct. 2016) (retrieved July 21, 2024); Blaine, James Gillespie,
709:
door-to-door and making phone calls on behalf of the campaigns.
5466:
4600:
3878:
Coppock, Alexander; Hill, Seth J.; Vavreck, Lynn (2020-09-01).
2529:
1925:"Biden And Trump Campaigns Stress Closing Themes In New TV Ads"
1779:
Campaigns and elections : rules, reality, strategy, choice
1675:
1451:
1296:
1050:
759:
Research strategies of election campaign communication research
5506:
5106:
4165:
2274:"What is one effective strategy used by political campaigns?"
1776:; Shaw, Daron R.; Grossmann, Matthew; Lipsitz, Keena (2018).
1468:). The phenomenon of political campaigns are tightly tied to
1360:
1253:
Sale of official campaign merchandise (colloquially known as
30:"Electioneering" redirects here. For the Radiohead song, see
2251:
729:, also entertainment and public relations, a mixture dubbed
4988:
4467:
Cowboy Conservatism: Texas and the Rise of the Modern Right
4196:
British Society 1680-1880: Dynamism, Containment and Change
1494:
3397:
1987:
1876:"The 2020 Elections Will Set (Another) Ad Spending Record"
2592:
Sides, John; Vavreck, Lynn; Warshaw, Christopher (2022).
1772:
1455:
William Gladstone in 1879, during the Midlothian campaign
3946:
3285:
1185:
greet babies - a traditional campaign activity - at the
1851:"Definition of Paid Media - Gartner Marketing Glossary"
4474:
Campaigning in America: A History of Election Practice
3483:"Every vote matters. What's the best way to get them?"
2296:
1217:- a series of brief appearances in several small towns
4064:
Ansolabehere, Stephen; Iyengar, Shanto (2016-06-20).
1725:
John Marshall: the Chief Justice Who Saved the Nation
1427:
candidates when they are exposed to new information.
1000:
4445:
Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies
1594:
1279:-led slanderous political campaign brochure for the
4169:
Discovering the Western Past, Volume II: Since 1500
4063:
2591:
4460:Campaigning Online: the Internet in U.S. Elections
4065:
3984:Dowling, Conor M.; Krupnikov, Yanna (2016-11-22).
3877:
3791:
3321:
2648:. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network.
2046:
1439:political advertising conducted by a party in the
374:campaigns, by which representatives are chosen or
4552:Gary C. Jacobson. 2015. How Do Campaigns Matter?
4020:
2116:
5627:
4469:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2010.
4247:
3983:
3675:
3324:Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties
3204:Gerber, Alan S.; Green, Donald P. (2000-01-01).
1827:"The Real Difference Between PR And Advertising"
1479:The first modern campaign is often described as
3640:
2942:Sides, John; Vavreck, Lynn (7 September 2014).
1054:
4541:(2nd edition). New York: Westview Press, 2004.
4437:Citizens, Parties and the State: A Reappraisal
4281:The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication
3945:Broockman, David E.; Kalla, Joshua L. (2022).
3944:
3748:
3444:
2444:
2044:
1200:By distributing leaflets or selling newspapers
4627:
4520:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971.
4497:Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans
4492:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
4442:Webb, Paul, David Farrell, and Ian Holliday,
4404:LaPalombara, Joseph and Myron Wiener (eds.),
2704:
343:
50:The examples and perspective in this article
2941:
989:campaigning for her husband, U.S. President
4406:Political Parties and Political Development
4199:. Cambridge University Press. p. 289.
4159:
3203:
2890:. Oxford University Press. 26 August 2010.
2445:Kalla, Joshua; Broockman, David E. (2018).
1158:the representative candidates are present.
1125:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
895:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
797:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
625:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
550:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
452:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4634:
4620:
4532:History of American Presidential Elections
4359:The Political System of the European Union
3168:
3091:
2997:
2643:
2297:Diane Tucker, Dawn Teo (3 November 2008).
2181:"Introduction to Structured Data - Search"
2173:
1810:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1491:laid the groundwork for modern campaigns.
1361:Presidential and vice-presidential debates
829:Election campaign communication refers to
350:
336:
4479:Kirsten A. Foot and Steven M. Schneider,
4413:Political Parties: Organization and Power
3921:
3903:
3571:
3523:
3382:
3250:
2718:
2609:
2563:
2013:
1369:
1343:
1266:
1145:Learn how and when to remove this message
915:Learn how and when to remove this message
817:Learn how and when to remove this message
752:
645:Learn how and when to remove this message
570:Learn how and when to remove this message
472:Learn how and when to remove this message
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
4534:. 4 vols. New York: Chelsea House, 1971.
4375:
4326:
3990:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
3834:
3557:
3364:
2502:
2119:Information, Communication & Society
1922:
1900:"Closing argument (political campaigns)"
1495:History of election campaigns in America
1450:
1382:
1270:
1165:
1058:
976:
681:
405:
99:
4513:(5th edition). New York: Longman, 2000.
4511:The Politics of Congressional Elections
4289:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.001.0001
3505:
2800:
2045:Rinallo, Diego; Basuroy, Suman (2009).
1747:
1352:
1049:support file formats for YouTube like
1027:, Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) and
844:
14:
5628:
4641:
4539:Campaigns and Elections American Style
4490:Party Ideologies in America, 1828–1996
4425:Poguntke, Thomas, and Paul Webb, eds.
4129:"Do Online Ads Influence Vote Choice?"
3702:
3564:Political Science Research and Methods
3448:Quarterly Journal of Political Science
3398:Sinclair, Betsy; McConnell, Margaret;
3000:Political Science Research and Methods
2861:The Timeline of Presidential Elections
2587:
2585:
2583:
2474:
2472:
2193:
1489:William McKinley presidential campaign
949:particular candidates." (Sides 2018).
743:American presidential election of 1800
4615:
4192:
4126:
3998:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.51
3986:"The Effects of Negative Advertising"
3951:American Journal of Political Science
3744:
3742:
3643:American Journal of Political Science
3593:
3591:
3384:10.1146/annurev-polisci-072012-113556
3253:American Journal of Political Science
3210:The American Political Science Review
3149:
3094:American Journal of Political Science
2993:
2991:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2880:
2878:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2757:
2665:
2663:
2639:
2637:
2440:
2438:
2271:
2212:
2151:
1722:
370:, political campaigns often refer to
192:
4431:Oxford University Press. 2005 online
4274:
3597:
3036:
2707:PS: Political Science & Politics
2669:
2646:British Journal of Political Science
1123:adding citations to reliable sources
1090:
893:adding citations to reliable sources
860:
841:, e.g. media coverage of elections.
795:adding citations to reliable sources
762:
623:adding citations to reliable sources
590:
548:adding citations to reliable sources
515:
450:adding citations to reliable sources
417:
36:
4458:Bruce A. Bimber and Richard Davis,
4439:. Princeton University Press, 1987.
4415:. Cambridge University Press, 1988.
4408:. Princeton University Press, 1966.
4277:"New Media and Political Campaigns"
3558:Townsley, Joshua (3 October 2018).
2580:
2469:
2101:
1327:Another study suggests that at the
1161:
938:
666:
505:
492:2008 American presidential election
401:
24:
4557:Annual Review of Political Science
4545:
4506:. Cambridge University Press, 2014
4057:
3739:
3588:
3371:Annual Review of Political Science
2988:
2930:
2875:
2847:
2660:
2634:
2509:. Texas A&M University Press.
2435:
1873:
1403:According to political scientists
1329:2017 Austrian legislative election
1001:Modern technology and the internet
134:
25:
5652:
4564:
4172:. Cengage Learning. p. 336.
2598:American Political Science Review
2503:Campbell, James E. (2008-01-14).
2451:American Political Science Review
1824:
1432:American Political Science Review
1317:American Political Science Review
1290:
1261:
1206:Through a new technique known as
966:
104:Presidential campaign button for
4599:
4571:
4462:. Oxford University Press, 2003.
4452:
4035:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00618.x
3655:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00149.x
3365:Jacobson, Gary C. (2015-01-01).
3265:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00250.x
1597:
1095:
865:
839:party-uncontrolled communication
767:
595:
520:
422:
319:
41:
5278:Party platforms (or manifestos)
4530:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., ed.
4499:. New York: Random House, 2003.
4448:. Oxford University Press, 2002
4268:
4241:
4213:
4186:
4120:
4014:
3977:
3938:
3871:
3828:
3785:
3696:
3690:10.1016/j.electstud.2017.07.007
3669:
3634:
3551:
3540:
3499:
3475:
3438:
3391:
3358:
3315:
3301:10.1016/j.electstud.2015.12.002
3279:
3244:
3197:
3162:
3143:
3120:
3085:
3030:
2794:
2751:
2698:
2523:
2496:
2417:
2386:
2372:
2347:
2316:
2290:
2265:
2240:
2187:
2145:
2110:
2095:
2038:
1981:
1956:
1947:
1941:
586:
4230:Eulogy on James Abram Garfield
3171:Presidential Studies Quarterly
3150:Sides, John (2 October 2012).
2948:. Princeton University Press.
2807:. Princeton University Press.
2801:Vavreck, Lynn (26 July 2009).
1916:
1892:
1867:
1843:
1818:
1766:
1741:
1716:
1698:
831:party-controlled communication
13:
1:
4221:Studies in Midwestern History
4145:10.1080/10584609.2018.1548529
3806:10.1080/10584609.2015.1029657
3717:10.1080/13504851.2017.1360999
3037:Shaw, Daron R. (1999-05-01).
2548:10.1080/10584609.2017.1339222
1691:
1378:
712:
5366:Rally 'round the flag effect
4476:. Westport: Greenwood, 1989.
4343:Barnes, S. H., and M. Kaase
3416:10.1080/10584609.2012.737413
3336:10.1080/17457289.2012.728223
2152:Lyons, Daniel (2008-11-22).
2131:10.1080/1369118x.2013.782330
1923:Gringlas, Sam (2020-10-27).
1782:(Third ed.). New York.
1723:Unger, Harlow Giles (2014).
1659:Personalized audio messaging
1073:, was first to file for the
1071:2015 Denver mayoral election
699:
7:
4390:10.1177/1354068895001001001
4361:. St. Martin's Press, 1999.
2355:"Changing Focus/Priorities"
2272:Myers, Elise (2020-09-11).
2194:ഡെസ്ക്, വെബ് (2020-11-18).
1590:
1334:
64:, discuss the issue on the
10:
5657:
4527:. New York: Garland, 1991.
4372:. Sage Publications, 1994.
4354:. London: Macmillan, 1972.
4315:
3751:American Politics Research
3487:Public Radio International
3367:"How Do Campaigns Matter?"
3002:. FirstView (4): 733–751.
2357:. Lppa.org. Archived from
1686:Minimal effects hypothesis
1446:
1441:2016 Berlin state election
1310:
1084:
1080:
1004:
995:1976 presidential campaign
970:
854:
848:
756:
685:
670:
656:
509:
29:
5560:
5505:
5437:
5379:
5311:
5228:
5145:
5097:
4987:
4898:
4825:
4715:
4707:Manipulation (psychology)
4649:
3705:Applied Economics Letters
2729:10.1017/S1049096501000026
2611:10.1017/S000305542100112X
2463:10.1017/S0003055417000363
2424:Changing Focus/Priorities
2102:Don, Stacks (June 2009).
2015:10067/1539890151162165141
2006:10.1057/s41269-018-0109-x
1612:Techniques and traditions
4885:Criticism of advertising
4327:Abizadeh, Arash (2005).
4320:
3763:10.1177/1532673X13500520
3612:10.1177/0002716216661488
3512:American Economic Review
1748:Wheelan, Joseph (2006).
1411:American Economic Review
1187:Fête nationale du Québec
857:Radio in 1920s elections
659:Political campaign staff
5547:Promotional merchandise
5258:Character assassination
5195:Narcotizing dysfunction
5069:Photograph manipulation
4782:Guerrilla communication
4422:. New York: Nova, 2006.
4193:Price, Richard (1999).
4133:Political Communication
3837:The Journal of Politics
3794:Political Communication
3404:Political Communication
3043:The Journal of Politics
2772:10.1023/A:1005292312412
2536:Political Communication
1481:William Ewart Gladstone
1230:political house parties
973:Political demonstration
946:Campaigns and Elections
5530:Product demonstrations
4959:Historical negationism
4485:. The MIT Press, 2006.
4364:Katz, Richard S., and
4127:Hager, Anselm (2019).
3905:10.1126/sciadv.abc4046
3506:Vincent, Pons (2018).
2684:10.2202/1540-8884.1393
2429:July 25, 2008, at the
1706:"The Election of 1800"
1557:William Jennings Bryan
1501:William Henry Harrison
1456:
1392:
1370:Presidential primaries
1344:Presidential campaigns
1283:
1267:Informational campaign
1193:
997:
983:Chinatown, Los Angeles
753:Campaign communication
415:
155:Grassroots fundraising
139:
113:
5462:Reputation management
5381:Psychological warfare
5230:Political campaigning
5039:Firehose of falsehood
4523:L. Sandy Meisel, ed.
3400:Michelson, Melissa R.
1454:
1386:
1305:2011 federal election
1303:in Quebec during the
1274:
1169:
1067:2020 Kerala elections
981:A political rally in
980:
929:political consultants
855:Further information:
682:Political consultants
410:Election campaign in
409:
138:
128:Political campaigning
103:
5497:Corporate propaganda
4608:at Wikimedia Commons
4465:Cunningham, Sean P.
3573:10.1017/psrm.2018.39
3525:10.1257/aer.20160524
3461:10.1561/100.00007019
3008:10.1017/psrm.2016.21
2065:10.1509/jmkg.73.6.33
2053:Journal of Marketing
1461:Democratic societies
1353:National conventions
1315:A 2018 study in the
1301:New Democratic Party
1246:front porch campaign
1119:improve this section
889:improve this section
851:Campaign advertising
845:Campaign advertising
835:campaign advertising
791:improve this section
688:Political consulting
619:improve this section
544:improve this section
446:improve this section
253:Negative campaigning
70:create a new article
62:improve this article
52:may not represent a
5636:Political campaigns
5585:Media concentration
5457:Non-apology apology
5447:Cult of personality
5175:Emotive conjugation
4929:Burying of scholars
4606:Political campaigns
4502:Justin A. Gravely.
4225:Vol.2, No.10, p.114
4023:Journal of Politics
3896:2020SciA....6.4046.
1485:Midlothian campaign
696:for their clients.
694:opposition research
382:and candidates for
326:Politics portal
235:Post-truth politics
175:Opposition research
5568:Influence-for-hire
5361:National mythology
5331:Crowd manipulation
5220:Tabloid journalism
5089:Video manipulation
5034:Fictitious entries
4757:Civil disobedience
4643:Media manipulation
4589:Political campaign
4537:James A. Thurber,
4509:Gary C. Jacobson.
4472:Robert J. Dinkin.
3963:10.1111/ajps.12724
1727:. Hachette Books.
1681:Media manipulation
1650:Permanent campaign
1618:Assumed Incumbency
1517:Stephen A. Douglas
1457:
1393:
1284:
1194:
998:
416:
388:head of government
364:political campaign
140:
114:
5623:
5622:
5389:Airborne leaflets
5268:Election promises
5122:Product placement
4997:Alternative facts
4737:Alternative media
4604:Media related to
4420:Campaign Strategy
4418:Paquette, Laure.
4261:978-1-4408-3733-3
3678:Electoral Studies
3289:Electoral Studies
3183:10.1111/psq.12213
3129:The Party Decides
2897:978-0-19-539955-4
2887:The Obama Victory
2516:978-1-58544-628-5
2200:www.madhyamam.com
1968:cyber.harvard.edu
1789:978-0-393-64053-3
1752:. PublicAffairs.
1710:Lehrman Institute
1541:James A. Garfield
1474:political parties
1155:
1154:
1147:
1065:election and the
1007:Internet activism
925:
924:
917:
827:
826:
819:
655:
654:
647:
580:
579:
572:
482:
481:
474:
380:general elections
360:
359:
280:Voter suppression
98:
97:
90:
72:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
5648:
5641:Activism by type
5615:Media proprietor
5439:Public relations
5419:Public diplomacy
5404:Information (IT)
5283:Name recognition
4908:Media regulation
4890:Annoyance factor
4747:Call-out culture
4662:Crowd psychology
4636:
4629:
4622:
4613:
4612:
4603:
4575:
4574:
4516:Richard Jensen,
4495:Lewis L. Gould,
4401:
4340:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4245:
4239:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4111:
4110:|newspaper=
4107:
4105:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4071:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4029:(4): 1176–1209.
4018:
4012:
4011:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3925:
3907:
3890:(36): eabc4046.
3884:Science Advances
3875:
3869:
3868:
3843:(4): 1502–1515.
3832:
3826:
3825:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3746:
3737:
3736:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3595:
3586:
3585:
3575:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3527:
3518:(6): 1322–1363.
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3034:
3028:
3027:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2973:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2939:
2928:
2927:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2856:
2845:
2844:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2766:(1–2): 149–180.
2755:
2749:
2748:
2722:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2613:
2589:
2578:
2577:
2567:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2442:
2433:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2399:. Archived from
2398:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:on July 25, 2008
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2335:
2329:. Archived from
2328:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2278:Campaigning Info
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2250:. Archived from
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2050:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2017:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1801:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1702:
1628:Election promise
1607:
1602:
1601:
1215:whistlestop tour
1162:Other techniques
1150:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1099:
1091:
1060:
1056:
939:Media management
933:campaign's staff
920:
913:
909:
906:
900:
869:
861:
822:
815:
811:
808:
802:
771:
763:
673:Campaign manager
667:Campaign manager
650:
643:
639:
636:
630:
599:
591:
575:
568:
564:
561:
555:
524:
516:
512:Campaign finance
506:Campaign finance
477:
470:
466:
463:
457:
426:
418:
402:Campaign message
352:
345:
338:
324:
323:
303:Campaign manager
220:Get out the vote
215:Election promise
116:
115:
93:
86:
82:
79:
73:
45:
44:
37:
21:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5610:Media influence
5605:Media franchise
5590:Media democracy
5556:
5501:
5433:
5375:
5356:Loaded language
5307:
5224:
5141:
5093:
4983:
4912:
4894:
4821:
4762:Culture jamming
4711:
4645:
4640:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4548:
4546:Further reading
4482:Web Campaigning
4455:
4411:Panebianco, A.
4350:Blewett, Neal.
4323:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4246:
4242:
4236:James R. Osgood
4218:
4214:
4207:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4164:
4160:
4125:
4121:
4109:
4108:
4099:
4098:
4092:
4090:
4080:
4062:
4058:
4019:
4015:
4008:
3982:
3978:
3943:
3939:
3876:
3872:
3833:
3829:
3790:
3786:
3747:
3740:
3711:(10): 713–717.
3701:
3697:
3674:
3670:
3639:
3635:
3596:
3589:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3504:
3500:
3491:
3489:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3443:
3439:
3396:
3392:
3363:
3359:
3320:
3316:
3284:
3280:
3249:
3245:
3222:10.2307/2585837
3202:
3198:
3167:
3163:
3156:The Monkey Cage
3148:
3144:
3135:
3133:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3106:10.2307/2110467
3090:
3086:
3055:10.2307/2647509
3035:
3031:
2996:
2989:
2977:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2940:
2931:
2919:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2867:
2865:
2858:
2857:
2848:
2836:
2835:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2799:
2795:
2756:
2752:
2720:10.1.1.471.3300
2703:
2699:
2668:
2661:
2642:
2635:
2590:
2581:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2501:
2497:
2488:
2486:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2443:
2436:
2431:Wayback Machine
2422:
2418:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2364:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2303:Huffington Post
2295:
2291:
2282:
2280:
2270:
2266:
2257:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2202:
2192:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2162:
2160:
2154:"President 2.0"
2150:
2146:
2115:
2111:
2100:
2096:
2043:
2039:
1986:
1982:
1973:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1946:
1942:
1933:
1931:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1906:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1884:
1882:
1872:
1868:
1859:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1833:
1825:Wynne, Robert.
1823:
1819:
1803:
1802:
1790:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1721:
1717:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1623:Election litter
1605:Politics portal
1603:
1596:
1593:
1577:Calvin Coolidge
1569:Alton B. Parker
1549:James G. Blaine
1525:Horatio Seymour
1497:
1449:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1355:
1346:
1337:
1313:
1293:
1281:Mayor of London
1269:
1264:
1236:coattail effect
1164:
1151:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1116:
1100:
1089:
1083:
1009:
1003:
975:
969:
941:
921:
910:
904:
901:
886:
870:
859:
853:
847:
823:
812:
806:
803:
788:
772:
761:
755:
715:
702:
690:
684:
675:
669:
661:
651:
640:
634:
631:
616:
600:
589:
576:
565:
559:
556:
541:
525:
514:
508:
478:
467:
461:
458:
443:
427:
404:
356:
318:
313:
312:
293:
285:
284:
255:
245:
244:
225:Gevald campaign
210:Retail politics
195:
185:
184:
170:
160:
159:
150:
121:Politics series
110:Hannibal Hamlin
106:Abraham Lincoln
94:
83:
77:
74:
59:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5654:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5570:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5511:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5487:Understatement
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5443:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5385:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5351:Indoctrination
5348:
5343:
5338:
5336:Disinformation
5333:
5328:
5323:
5317:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5298:Smear campaign
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5215:Sensationalism
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5155:Agenda-setting
5151:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5029:False document
5026:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4993:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4934:Catch and kill
4931:
4926:
4921:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4831:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4767:Demonstrations
4764:
4759:
4754:
4752:Cancel culture
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4721:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4639:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4577:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:External links
4563:
4562:
4561:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4488:John Gerring,
4486:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4440:
4433:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4378:Party Politics
4373:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4297:
4267:
4260:
4240:
4212:
4205:
4185:
4179:978-1111837174
4178:
4158:
4139:(3): 376–393.
4119:
4078:
4068:Going Negative
4056:
4013:
4006:
3976:
3957:(4): 833–849.
3937:
3870:
3849:10.1086/708646
3827:
3800:(2): 169–187.
3784:
3757:(3): 529–548.
3738:
3695:
3668:
3649:(4): 689–703.
3633:
3606:(1): 110–125.
3587:
3550:
3539:
3498:
3474:
3437:
3390:
3357:
3314:
3278:
3259:(2): 269–282.
3243:
3216:(3): 653–663.
3196:
3177:(3): 573–580.
3161:
3142:
3119:
3100:(3): 680–690.
3084:
3049:(2): 387–422.
3029:
2987:
2978:|website=
2954:
2929:
2920:|website=
2896:
2874:
2846:
2837:|website=
2813:
2793:
2750:
2697:
2659:
2633:
2579:
2542:(2): 261–286.
2522:
2515:
2495:
2468:
2434:
2416:
2385:
2371:
2346:
2315:
2289:
2264:
2239:
2228:. May 29, 2018
2211:
2186:
2172:
2144:
2109:
2094:
2037:
2000:(2): 156–174.
1980:
1955:
1940:
1915:
1891:
1874:Adgate, Brad.
1866:
1842:
1817:
1788:
1765:
1758:
1740:
1734:978-0306822216
1733:
1715:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1670:General topics
1667:
1666:
1661:
1652:
1647:
1645:Microtargeting
1642:
1641:
1640:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1592:
1589:
1533:Horace Greeley
1509:Winfield Scott
1496:
1493:
1448:
1445:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1312:
1309:
1292:
1291:Paper campaign
1289:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:Campaign types
1260:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1232:
1226:
1218:
1211:
1208:microtargeting
1204:
1201:
1198:
1183:Gilles Duceppe
1179:Bloc Québécois
1163:
1160:
1153:
1152:
1103:
1101:
1094:
1085:Main article:
1082:
1079:
1033:campaign funds
1005:Main article:
1002:
999:
971:Main article:
968:
967:Demonstrations
965:
940:
937:
923:
922:
873:
871:
864:
849:Main article:
846:
843:
825:
824:
775:
773:
766:
757:Main article:
754:
751:
714:
711:
701:
698:
686:Main article:
683:
680:
671:Main article:
668:
665:
657:Main article:
653:
652:
635:September 2022
603:
601:
594:
588:
585:
578:
577:
528:
526:
519:
510:Main article:
507:
504:
487:talking points
480:
479:
430:
428:
421:
403:
400:
396:prime minister
358:
357:
355:
354:
347:
340:
332:
329:
328:
315:
314:
311:
310:
308:Campaign staff
305:
300:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
283:
282:
277:
275:Smear campaign
272:
267:
262:
256:
251:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
240:Text messaging
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
196:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
177:
171:
166:
165:
162:
161:
158:
157:
151:
146:
145:
142:
141:
131:
130:
124:
123:
96:
95:
56:of the subject
54:worldwide view
49:
47:
40:
26:
18:Electioneering
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5653:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5595:Media ecology
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5578:United States
5576:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5552:Telemarketing
5550:
5548:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5341:Fearmongering
5339:
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5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
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5319:
5318:
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5314:
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5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5180:False balance
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5138:
5137:Word of mouth
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
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5018:
5015:
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5008:
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5003:
5000:
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4950:
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4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4924:Broadcast law
4922:
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4917:
4916:
4914:
4909:
4906:
4904:
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4900:
4897:
4891:
4888:
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4800:
4798:
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4793:
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4778:
4775:
4773:
4772:Deplatforming
4770:
4768:
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4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
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4728:
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4720:
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4714:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4677:False balance
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4644:
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4468:
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4461:
4457:
4456:
4453:United States
4447:
4446:
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4438:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4347:. Sage, 1979.
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4324:
4300:
4298:9780199793471
4294:
4290:
4286:
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4271:
4263:
4257:
4253:
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4244:
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4222:
4216:
4208:
4206:9780521657013
4202:
4198:
4197:
4189:
4181:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4162:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4123:
4115:
4103:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4079:9780684837116
4075:
4070:
4069:
4060:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4009:
4007:9780190228637
4003:
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2955:9780691163635
2951:
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2899:
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2814:9780691139630
2810:
2806:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2760:Public Choice
2754:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2693:
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2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
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2512:
2508:
2507:
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2485:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2439:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2406:on 2017-10-19
2402:
2395:
2389:
2381:
2375:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2336:on 2014-02-10
2332:
2325:
2319:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2254:on 2017-02-02
2253:
2249:
2248:"Campaign TV"
2243:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2176:
2169:
2159:
2155:
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2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2105:
2098:
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2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1994:Acta Politica
1991:
1984:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1951:
1948:Don, Stacks.
1944:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1832:
1828:
1821:
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1807:
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1780:
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1707:
1701:
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1665:
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1471:
1467:
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1438:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1389:New Hampshire
1385:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1308:
1306:
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1282:
1278:
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1199:
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1172:
1168:
1159:
1149:
1146:
1138:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1104:This section
1102:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1075:2019 election
1072:
1068:
1064:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1008:
996:
993:, during the
992:
988:
984:
979:
974:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
947:
936:
934:
930:
919:
916:
908:
898:
894:
890:
884:
883:
879:
874:This section
872:
868:
863:
862:
858:
852:
842:
840:
836:
832:
821:
818:
810:
800:
796:
792:
786:
785:
781:
776:This section
774:
770:
765:
764:
760:
750:
746:
744:
740:
736:
735:campaign plan
732:
728:
724:
720:
710:
708:
697:
695:
689:
679:
674:
664:
660:
649:
646:
638:
628:
624:
620:
614:
613:
609:
604:This section
602:
598:
593:
592:
584:
574:
571:
563:
553:
549:
545:
539:
538:
534:
529:This section
527:
523:
518:
517:
513:
503:
501:
496:
493:
488:
476:
473:
465:
455:
451:
447:
441:
440:
436:
431:This section
429:
425:
420:
419:
414:: Truck Rally
413:
408:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:head of state
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
353:
348:
346:
341:
339:
334:
333:
331:
330:
327:
322:
317:
316:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
289:
288:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
265:Fearmongering
263:
261:
258:
257:
254:
249:
248:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
194:
189:
188:
181:
178:
176:
173:
172:
169:
164:
163:
156:
153:
152:
149:
144:
143:
137:
133:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
111:
107:
102:
92:
89:
81:
78:December 2010
71:
67:
63:
57:
55:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5600:Media ethics
5520:Door-to-door
5515:Cold calling
5492:Weasel words
5399:Fifth column
5293:Push polling
5243:Astroturfing
5229:
5205:Pseudo-event
5185:Infotainment
5160:Broadcasting
5079:Urban legend
5002:April Fools'
4875:Testimonials
4845:Infomercials
4672:Dumbing down
4587:
4586:
4585:profile for
4582:
4555:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4481:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4444:
4436:
4435:Ware, Alan.
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4381:
4377:
4369:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4302:. Retrieved
4280:
4270:
4254:. ABC-CLIO.
4250:
4243:
4229:
4220:
4215:
4195:
4188:
4168:
4161:
4136:
4132:
4122:
4091:. Retrieved
4067:
4059:
4026:
4022:
4016:
3989:
3979:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3754:
3750:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3603:
3599:
3563:
3553:
3542:
3515:
3511:
3501:
3490:. Retrieved
3486:
3477:
3455:(1): 63–82.
3452:
3446:
3440:
3410:(1): 42–57.
3407:
3403:
3393:
3377:(1): 31–47.
3374:
3370:
3360:
3330:(1): 27–48.
3327:
3323:
3317:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3155:
3145:
3134:. Retrieved
3128:
3122:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3046:
3042:
3032:
2999:
2959:. Retrieved
2944:
2901:. Retrieved
2886:
2866:. Retrieved
2860:
2818:. Retrieved
2803:
2796:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2675:
2671:
2645:
2601:
2597:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2505:
2498:
2487:. Retrieved
2483:
2454:
2450:
2419:
2408:. Retrieved
2401:the original
2388:
2374:
2363:. Retrieved
2359:the original
2349:
2338:. Retrieved
2331:the original
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2302:
2292:
2281:. Retrieved
2277:
2267:
2256:. Retrieved
2252:the original
2242:
2230:. Retrieved
2223:
2214:
2203:. Retrieved
2199:
2189:
2175:
2167:
2161:. Retrieved
2157:
2147:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2097:
2059:(6): 33–46.
2056:
2052:
2040:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1972:. Retrieved
1970:. 2019-12-17
1967:
1958:
1949:
1943:
1932:. Retrieved
1928:
1918:
1907:. Retrieved
1903:
1894:
1883:. Retrieved
1879:
1869:
1858:. Retrieved
1854:
1845:
1834:. Retrieved
1830:
1820:
1778:
1768:
1749:
1743:
1724:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1585:
1498:
1478:
1470:lobby groups
1458:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:Donald Green
1402:
1398:
1394:
1373:
1364:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1294:
1285:
1277:Conservative
1156:
1141:
1132:
1117:Please help
1105:
1040:social media
1037:
1025:social media
1022:
1010:
985:, featuring
963:
959:
955:
951:
945:
942:
926:
911:
902:
887:Please help
875:
828:
813:
804:
789:Please help
777:
747:
731:politainment
716:
703:
691:
676:
662:
641:
632:
617:Please help
605:
587:Organization
581:
566:
557:
542:Please help
530:
500:Barack Obama
483:
468:
459:
444:Please help
432:
363:
361:
180:Consultation
127:
119:Part of the
84:
75:
51:
5472:Sound bites
5452:Doublespeak
5303:Wedge issue
5263:Dog whistle
5238:Advertising
5064:Lying press
5049:Gaslighting
4827:Advertising
4802:Occupations
4692:Obfuscation
4682:Half-truths
4333:World Order
3295:: 143–150.
2713:(1): 9–20.
2457:: 148–166.
2225:Denver Post
1904:Ballotpedia
1774:Sides, John
1228:Organizing
1175:Jack Layton
1043:open graphs
991:Gerald Ford
741:during the
723:advertising
719:communicate
495:John McCain
462:August 2020
376:referendums
368:democracies
200:Advertising
32:OK Computer
5630:Categories
5573:Media bias
5429:Subversion
5394:False flag
5371:Techniques
5313:Propaganda
5273:Lawn signs
5253:Canvassing
5147:News media
4903:Censorship
4835:Billboards
4787:Hacktivism
4777:Grassroots
4702:Persuasion
4366:Peter Mair
4339:(1): 7–49.
4304:2020-12-01
4093:2016-06-20
3492:2016-06-10
3136:2016-04-23
2961:2016-04-23
2903:2016-04-23
2868:2016-04-23
2820:2016-04-23
2604:(2): 710.
2489:2017-10-04
2410:2015-04-02
2365:2008-11-08
2340:2008-08-04
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2258:2020-05-08
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2205:2021-02-23
2163:2010-05-11
2125:(5): 757.
1974:2021-09-27
1934:2021-10-04
1909:2021-10-04
1885:2021-10-04
1860:2021-09-27
1836:2021-09-27
1798:1027769548
1759:0786716894
1692:References
1464:resort is
1379:Strategies
1213:Through a
1063:Aruvikkara
987:Betty Ford
739:Aaron Burr
727:propaganda
713:Techniques
707:canvassing
412:East Timor
390:, often a
292:Key people
230:Lawn signs
205:Canvassing
168:Management
5535:Promotion
5414:Political
5321:Bandwagon
5248:Attack ad
5127:Publicity
5099:Marketing
5012:Fake news
4974:Religious
4969:Political
4949:Euphemism
4944:Cover-ups
4939:Corporate
4807:Petitions
4697:Orwellian
4667:Deception
4398:143611762
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4102:cite book
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2737:1537-5935
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1135:June 2023
1106:does not
1029:new media
905:June 2023
876:does not
807:June 2023
778:does not
700:Activists
606:does not
560:June 2023
531:does not
433:does not
392:president
372:electoral
298:Candidate
270:Push poll
260:Attack ad
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5482:Transfer
5424:Sedition
5288:Negative
5200:Newspeak
5190:Managing
5132:Research
5107:Branding
5059:Literary
5024:Fakelore
5017:websites
5007:Deepfake
4964:Internet
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2081:20619057
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1466:lobbying
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1223:activist
1191:Montreal
1017:Internet
1013:podcasts
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5561:Related
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5525:Pricing
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3305:S2CID
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2020:ISSN
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