361:. A warmer floor surface radiates heat to colder surrounding surfaces (ceiling, walls, furniture.) which absorb heat and reflects all non absorbed heat to yet other still cooler surfaces. The cycle of radiation, absorption and reflection starts slowly and slows down slowly nearing set point temperatures and ceases to take place once equilibrium is reached all-round. A floor thermostat or a room thermostat or combination controls the floor on/off. In the process of radiant heating a thin layer of air which is in touch with the warmed surfaces also absorbs some heat and this creates a little convection (air circulation). Contrary to belief people are not heated by this warmed circulating air or convection (convection has a cooling effect) but are heated by the direct radiation of the source and reflection of its surrounds. Comfort is reached at lower air temperature due to eliminating circulating air. Radiant heating experiences highest comfort levels as people's own energy (± 70 Watt for an adult) (must radiate out in heating season) is in balance with its surrounds. Compared to convection heating system based on academic research the air temperatures may be lowered by up to 3 degrees. One variation is using tubes filled with circulating hot water as heat source for warming the floor. The heating principle remains the same. Both old style electric and warm water (hydronic) underfloor heating systems embedded in the floor construction are slow and cannot respond to external weather changes or internal demand/lifestyle requirements. The latest variant places specialized electric heating systems and blankets directly under the floor-decor and on top of additional insulation all placed on top of construction floors. Construction floors stay cold. The principle change of heat source positioning allows it to respond within minutes to changing weather and internal demand requirements such as life style being in/out, at work, rest, sleep, more people present/cooking, etc.
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heat energy from the outdoor air or the ground. The vapor is then compressed by a compressor and piped into a condenser coil within the building to be heated. The heat from the hot dense gas is absorbed by the air in the building (and sometimes also used for domestic hot water) causing the hot working fluid to condense back into a liquid. From there the high pressure fluid is passed back to the evaporator section where it expands through an orifice and into the evaporator section, completing the cycle. In the summer months, the cycle can be reversed to move heat out of the conditioned space and to the outside air.
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to be used with various tariffs. Whilst they can still be used with economy 7, they can be used with day-time tariffs. This is due to the modern design features that are added during manufacturing. Alongside new designs the use of a thermostat or sensor has improved the efficiency of the storage heater. A thermostat or sensor is able to read the temperature of the room, and change the output of the heater accordingly.
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precise point needed in a process, at high concentration of power per unit area or volume. Electric heating devices can be built in any required size and can be located anywhere within a plant. Electric heating processes are generally clean, quiet, and do not emit much byproduct heat to the surroundings. Electrical heating equipment has a high speed of response, lending it to rapid-cycling mass-production equipment.
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111:, that draws heat energy from an external source such as the ground or outside air (or the interior of a refrigerator) and directs that heat into the space to be warmed (in case of a fridge, the kitchen). This makes much better use of electric energy than direct electric heating, but requires much more expensive equipment, plus plumbing. Some heating systems can be operated in reverse for
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Advantages of electric heating methods over other forms include precision control of temperature and distribution of heat energy, combustion not used to develop heat, and the ability to attain temperatures not readily achievable with chemical combustion. Electric heat can be accurately applied at the
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Economically, electric heat can be compared to other sources of home heating by multiplying the local cost per kilowatt hour for electricity by the number of kilowatts the heater uses. E.g.: 1500-watt heater at 12 cents per kilowatt hour 1.5×12=18 cents per hour. When comparing to burning fuel it may
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A heat pump uses an electrically driven compressor to operate a refrigeration cycle that extracts heat energy from outdoor air, the ground or ground water, and moves that heat to the space to be warmed. A liquid contained within the evaporator section of the heat pump boils at low pressure, absorbing
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Radiant heaters operate silently and present the greatest potential danger of ignition of nearby furnishings due to the focused intensity of their output and lack of overheat protection. In the United
Kingdom, these appliances are sometimes called electric fires, because they were originally used to
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that travels through air or space until it hits an absorbing surface, where it is partially converted to heat and partially reflected. This heat directly warms people and objects in the room, rather than warming the air. This style of heater is particularly useful in areas through which unheated air
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A storage heating system takes advantage of cheaper electricity prices, sold during low demand periods such as overnight. In the United
Kingdom, this is branded as Economy 7. The storage heater stores heat in clay bricks, then releases it during the day when required. Newer storage heaters are able
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of UK electricity per kWh in 2019 was less than half that in 2010. However, because of high capital cost, the cost of electricity has not fallen and is typically 2-3 times that of burning fuel. Hence, direct electric heating may now give a similar carbon footprint to gas- or oil-fired heating, but
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The limitations and disadvantages of electric heating in industry include the higher cost of electrical energy compared to direct use of fuel, and the capital cost of both the electric heating apparatus itself and the infrastructure required to deliver large quantities of electrical energy to the
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can raise the indoor temperature by extracting energy from the ground, the outside air, or waste streams such as exhaust air. This can cut the electricity consumption to as little as 35% of that used by resistive heating. Where the primary source of electrical energy is hydroelectric, nuclear, or
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An immersion heater has an electrical resistance heating element encased in a tube, placed in the water (or other fluid) to be heated. The heating element might be inserted directly into the liquid, or installed inside a metal pipe to protect against corrosion and facilitate maintenance. Portable
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Design of an industrial heating system starts with assessment of the temperature required, the amount of heat required, and the feasible modes of transferring heat energy. In addition to conduction, convection and radiation, electrical heating methods can use electric and magnetic fields to heat
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Minerals present in the water supply may precipitate out of solution and form a hard scale on the heating element surface, or may fall to the bottom of the tank and clog water flow. Maintenance of water heating equipment may require periodic removal of accumulated scale and sediment. Where water
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For example: A lunch room in an office setting has limited hours of operation. During low-use periods a "monitor" level of heat (50 °F or 10 °C) is provided by the central heating system. Peak use times between the hours of 11:00 and 14:00 are heated to "comfort levels" (70 °F or
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at the building being heated. If the same fuel could be used for space heating by a consumer, it would be more efficient overall to burn the fuel at the end user's building. On the other hand, replacing electric heating with fossil fuel burning heaters, isn't necessarily good as it removes the
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to speed up the airflow. They operate with considerable noise caused by the fan. They have a moderate risk of ignition hazard if they make unintended contact with furnishings. Their advantage is that they are more compact than heaters that use natural convection and are also cost-efficient for
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Circulation heaters or "direct electric heat exchangers" (DEHE) use heating elements inserted into a "shell side" medium directly to provide the heating effect. All of the heat generated by the electric circulation heater is transferred into the medium, thus an electric heater is 100 percent
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Industrial heating processes can be broadly categorized as low-temperature (to about 400 °C or 752 °F), medium-temperature (between 400 and 1,150 °C or 752 and 2,102 °F), and high-temperature (beyond 1,150 °C or 2,102 °F). Low-temperature processes include
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is captured in the return air of the heating system; in large buildings a substantial part of the annual heating energy is supplied by the lighting system. However, this waste heat becomes a liability when using air conditioning. Such expenses can be avoided by integrating an
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and tankless heaters also use an immersion heater (shielded or naked) that is turned on with the flow of water. A group of separate heaters can be switched to offer different heating levels. Electric showers and tankless heaters usually use from 3 to 10.5 kilowatts.
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heating material, supplied either directly from the line voltage (120 or 240 volts) or at low voltage from a transformer. The heated cables warm the flooring by direct conduction and will switch off once it reaches the temperature set by the floor
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The efficiency of any system depends on the definition of the boundaries of the system. For an electrical energy customer the efficiency of electric space heating is 100% because all purchased energy is converted to heat. However, if a
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The operation of electric resistance heaters to heat an area for long periods is costly in many regions. However, intermittent or partial day use can be more cost efficient than whole building heating due to superior zonal control.
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only delivers 3-5 units of electrical energy for every 10 units of fuel energy released. Even though the electric heater is 100% efficient, the amount of fuel needed to produce the heat is more than if the fuel were burned in a
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to regulate temperature. Household units may be rated only a few kilowatts. Industrial water heaters may reach 2000 kilowatts. Where off-peak electric power rates are available, hot water may be stored to use when required.
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and shaping plastics. Medium temperature processes include melting plastics and some non-metals for casting or reshaping, as well as annealing, stress-relieving and heat-treating metals. High-temperature processes include
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or thermal fluid. They are ideally suited for heating a closed space. They operate silently and have a lower risk of ignition hazard if they make unintended contact with furnishings compared to radiant electric heaters.
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can reduce energy consumption up to 44% compared with air source heat pumps and up to 72% compared with electric resistance heating. The high purchase price of a heat pump vs resistance heaters may be offset when
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With an electrode heater, there is no wire-wound resistance and the liquid itself acts as the resistance. This has potential hazards, so the regulations governing electrode heaters are strict.
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are not as large with a smaller temperature gradient both between this space and unheated outside air, as well as between the refrigerator and the (now cooler) lunch room.
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Variations between countries generating electrical power affect concerns about efficiency and the environment. In 2015 France generated only 6% of its electricity from
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wind, transferring electricity via the grid can be convenient, since the resource may be too distant for direct heating applications (with the notable exception of
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The electrification of heat of space and water heating is increasingly proposed as a way forward to decarbonise the current energy system, particularly with
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flows. They are also ideal for basements and garages where spot heating is desired. More generally, they are an excellent choice for task-specific heating.
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Methods of electric heating include resistance heating, electric arc heating, induction heating, and dielectric heating. In some processes (for example,
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tube, open to the atmosphere at the ends, although models exist where the fused silica is sealed at the ends and the resistance alloy is not nichrome.
639:, while Australia sourced over 86% of its electricity from fossil fuels. The cleanliness and efficiency of electricity are dependent on the source.
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because they can extract residual solar heat stored in the ground at warmer temperatures than is available from cold air. According to the US
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current of hot air that rises from the heater, heats up the surrounding space, cools and then repeats the cycle. These heaters are sometimes
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survey, 68% of households in the province use electricity for space heating. More than 90% of all power consumed in Quebec is generated by
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the use of direct electric heating has been restricted since the 1980s for this reason, and there are plans to phase it out entirely – see
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Heat pumps may obtain low-grade heat from the outdoor air in mild climates. In areas with average winter temperatures well below freezing,
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Pinch
Analysis for Energy and Carbon Footprint Reduction: A User Guide on Process Integration for the Efficient Use of Energy, 3rd edition
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point of use. This may be somewhat offset by in-plant (on-site) efficiency gains in using less energy overall to achieve the same result.
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immersion heaters may not have a control thermostat, since they are intended to be used only briefly and under control of an operator.
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are useful in places where air-handling is difficult, such as in laboratories. Several methods of electric space heating are used.
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efficient. Direct electric heat exchangers or "circulation heaters" are used to heat liquids and gases in industrial processes.
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has banned the installation of direct electric space heating in new buildings for similar reasons. In the case of new buildings,
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In recent years there has been a major trend for countries to generate low-carbon electricity from renewable sources, adding to
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wire as the active element; the heating element, depicted on the right, uses nichrome wire supported by ceramic insulators.
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passing through a resistor will convert that electrical energy into heat energy. Most modern electric heating devices use
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supplies are known to be highly mineralized, scale production can be reduced by using low-watt-density heating elements.
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21 °C). Significant savings can be realized in overall energy consumption, since infrared radiation losses through
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For domestic hot water supply, or industrial process hot water, permanently installed heating elements in an insulated
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ability to have renewable electric heating, this can be achieved by sourcing the electricity from a renewable source.
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so that the interior space is cooled and even hotter air or water is discharged outside or into the ground.
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1430:"How to calculate electric energy cost of common household items - McGill's Repair and Construction, LLC"
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In large office towers, the lighting system is integrated along with the heating and ventilation system.
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The active medium of the heater depicted in this section is a coil of nichrome resistance wire inside a
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A fan heater, also called a forced convection heater, is a kind of convection heater that includes an
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and with a reflector to direct the energy output away from the body of the heater. The element emits
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uses heating elements that reach a high temperature. The element is usually packaged inside a
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1384:"How weather affects energy demand variability in the transition towards sustainable heating"
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supplying electricity is included, the overall efficiency drops drastically. For example, a
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can be used which can virtually eliminate the need for heating, such as those built to the
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1304:(2020) - "Fossil Fuels". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: '
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the cost remains higher, though cheaper off-peak tariffs can reduce this effect.
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1140:"Comparison of efficiency of air source heat pumps and ground source heat pumps"
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In a convection heater, the heating element heats the air in contact with it by
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system has heating cables embedded in the floor. Current flows through a
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can achieve around 150% – 600% efficiency for heating, or COP 1.5 - 6.0
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1162:"Choosing and Installing Geothermal Heat Pumps - Department of Energy"
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due to potential increase in peak electricity demand and exposure to
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Eggimann, Sven; Usher, Will; Eyre, Nick; Hall, Jim W. (2020).
1115:"Energy Efficient Lighting | WBDG Whole Building Design Guide"
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which are long-standing low-carbon sources. For example, the
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Standard
Handbook for Electrical Engineers, Eleventh Edition
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724:. In case of large-scale electrification, impacts on the
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To provide heat more efficiently, an electrically driven
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device that converts an electric current into heat. The
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Process in which electrical energy is converted to heat
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1342:, Spring 2006, pp. 15–19. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
1230:"Electric Resistance Heating - Department of Energy"
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382:system that also creates an electric heat source.
1353:"Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Earth-Energy Systems)"
334:Water can also be used as a heat-storage medium.
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76:inside every electric heater is an electrical
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904:Electric heating is widely used in industry.
1325:, published 2005-11-11, accessed 26 May 2007
1283:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
190:is used to warm the interiors of buildings.
774:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
496:Small domestic immersion heater, 500 W
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2257:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
1506:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
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1044:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
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1250:
1103:. The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica.
892:Learn how and when to remove this message
794:Learn how and when to remove this message
601:Learn how and when to remove this message
475:Learn how and when to remove this message
308:portable and small room heating systems.
169:Learn how and when to remove this message
2691:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
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971:and the preparation of some chemicals.
819:be useful to convert kilowatt hours to
685:. Low and stable rates are charged by
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338:Domestic electrical underfloor heating
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2564:Programmable communicating thermostat
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1434:McGill's Repair and Construction, LLC
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249:
244:
2686:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
874:adding citations to reliable sources
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823:: 1.5 kWh × 3412.142=5118 BTU.
772:adding citations to reliable sources
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583:adding citations to reliable sources
554:
551:Environmental and efficiency aspects
457:adding citations to reliable sources
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151:adding citations to reliable sources
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1187:"Immersion Heaters - Sigma Thermal"
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25:30 kW resistance heating coils
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2547:Minimum efficiency reporting value
689:, the provincially owned utility.
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276:than cool air, so it rises due to
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2589:Standard temperature and pressure
2302:Packaged terminal air conditioner
1838:Passive daytime radiative cooling
1567:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
1257:Kemp, I.C. and Lim, J.S. (2020).
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1658:Absorption-compression heat pump
1336:Home heating and the environment
1214:. 12 August 2012. Archived from
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80:, and works on the principle of
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1933:Vapor-compression refrigeration
1461:, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1978,
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1345:
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861:needs additional citations for
732:events needs to be considered.
570:needs additional citations for
444:needs additional citations for
138:needs additional citations for
1317:The Green Electricity Illusion
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656:low-energy building techniques
264:An electric convection heater.
52:. Common applications include
1:
2701:Testing, adjusting, balancing
2645:Building information modeling
2640:Building services engineering
2217:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
1745:Demand controlled ventilation
1693:Building insulation materials
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508:may be used, controlled by a
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64:and industrial processes. An
2262:High-pressure cut-off switch
1813:Ice storage air conditioning
1734:Dedicated outdoor air system
1408:10.1016/j.energy.2020.116947
1072:Thermal immersion circulator
7:
3155:Instant hot water dispenser
2605:Thermostatic radiator valve
2407:Thermostatic radiator valve
1918:Underfloor air distribution
1853:Radiant heating and cooling
1771:Energy recovery ventilation
1683:Automobile air conditioning
1547:Domestic energy consumption
974:
827:Industrial electric heating
10:
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2754:Institute of Refrigeration
2635:Architectural technologist
2107:Electrostatic precipitator
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683:fossil-fuel power stations
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101:Coefficient of performance
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2807:Volatile organic compound
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2666:Environmental engineering
2630:Architectural engineering
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2432:Ultra-low particulate air
2017:Automatic balancing valve
1964:
1945:Variable refrigerant flow
1797:Heat recovery ventilation
1740:Deep water source cooling
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1263:. Butterworth-Heinemann.
620:fossil-fuel power station
380:energy efficient lighting
48:is converted directly to
33:This radiant heater uses
2854:Template:Home automation
2676:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2372:Solar-assisted heat pump
1972:Air conditioner inverter
1751:Displacement ventilation
1642:Vapour pressure of water
1627:Thermal destratification
1469:, pages 21-144 to 21-188
404:are more efficient than
402:ground source heat pumps
215:infrared radiant heating
198:Infrared radiant heaters
3175:Laundry-folding machine
2849:World Refrigeration Day
2696:Refrigerant reclamation
2625:Architectural acoustics
2569:Programmable thermostat
2501:Clean air delivery rate
2397:Thermal expansion valve
2312:Pressurisation ductwork
2222:Ground source heat pump
1663:Absorption refrigerator
648:Oil phase-out in Sweden
2839:Glossary of HVAC terms
2801:Sick building syndrome
2681:Mechanical engineering
2392:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1823:Mixed-mode ventilation
1340:Canadian Social Trends
1307:; retrieved 2020-05-23
681:emissions compared to
497:
316:
265:
221:envelope resembling a
210:
206:An electric radiative
44:is a process in which
38:
35:tungsten halogen lamps
26:
3043:Electric water boiler
2859:Template:Solar energy
2537:Intelligent buildings
2496:Carbon dioxide sensor
1883:Room air distribution
1703:Central solar heating
1023:Electroslag remelting
495:
414:geothermal heat pumps
406:air source heat pumps
314:
263:
205:
32:
24:
2661:Duct leakage testing
2651:Deep energy retrofit
2595:Thermographic camera
2532:Infrared thermometer
2007:Air source heat pump
1956:Water heat recycling
1522:Air changes per hour
1457:and H. Wayne Beaty,
1218:on 22 February 2017.
1048:Hotel electric power
998:Auxiliary power unit
870:improve this article
837:Electric arc furnace
768:improve this section
715:solar thermal energy
698:hydro-electric power
579:improve this article
453:improve this article
234:replace open fires.
147:improve this article
107:to drive a reversed
3334:Appliance recycling
3058:Electric toothbrush
2527:HVAC control system
2517:Home energy monitor
2491:Building automation
2277:Inverter compressor
1939:Variable air volume
1848:Passive ventilation
1818:Kitchen ventilation
1718:Constant air volume
1688:Autonomous building
1400:2020Ene...19516947E
1028:Energy conservation
1018:Electroslag welding
660:Passivhaus standard
528:Circulation heaters
109:refrigeration cycle
3190:Robotic lawn mower
3073:Evaporative cooler
2790:Indoor air quality
2734:ASTM International
2671:Hydronic balancing
2448:Wood-burning stove
2327:Radiator reflector
2112:Evaporative cooler
1923:Underfloor heating
1908:Thermal insulation
1077:Underfloor heating
1067:Thermal efficiency
1040:(types of heaters)
1013:Dielectric heating
675:hydroelectric dams
498:
350:underfloor heating
344:Underfloor heating
317:
272:. Hot air is less
270:thermal conduction
266:
250:Natural convection
245:Convection heaters
227:infrared radiation
211:
39:
27:
3342:
3341:
2962:Coffee percolator
2945:Immersion blender
2867:
2866:
2783:Health and safety
2362:Scroll compressor
2317:Process duct work
2072:Convection heater
2067:Condensing boiler
1997:Air-mixing plenum
1893:Solar combisystem
1729:Cross ventilation
1532:Building envelope
1436:. 19 January 2014
1334:Snider, Bradley.
1270:978-0-08-102536-9
1097:"Electric Heater"
967:metals, cutting,
925:dielectric losses
902:
901:
894:
833:Induction furnace
813:thermal radiation
804:
803:
796:
677:, which have low
671:Statistics Canada
611:
610:
603:
485:
484:
477:
375:fluorescent lamps
293:Forced convection
256:Convection heater
179:
178:
171:
95:Alternatively, a
46:electrical energy
3362:
3355:Electric heating
3150:Induction cooker
3120:Garbage disposer
3068:Espresso machine
3023:Electric blanket
2894:
2887:
2880:
2871:
2870:
2829:Building science
2584:Smart thermostat
2579:Room temperature
2162:Fireplace insert
1868:Radon mitigation
1766:Electric heating
1761:District heating
1756:District cooling
1673:Air conditioning
1499:
1492:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1363:on 16 April 2017
1359:. Archived from
1349:
1343:
1332:
1326:
1314:
1308:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1274:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1093:
1062:Renewable energy
991:
986:
985:
897:
890:
886:
883:
877:
854:
846:
799:
792:
788:
785:
779:
748:
740:
736:Economic aspects
726:electricity grid
702:carbon footprint
679:greenhouse gases
606:
599:
595:
592:
586:
563:
555:
543:Electrode boiler
537:Electrode heater
488:Immersion heater
480:
473:
469:
466:
460:
437:
429:
421:is also needed.
419:air conditioning
315:Tower fan heater
174:
167:
163:
160:
154:
131:
123:
113:air conditioning
86:electric current
42:Electric heating
3370:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3317:
3313:Washing machine
3308:Water dispenser
3234:Pressure cooker
3217:Convection oven
3145:Ice cream maker
3053:Electric shaver
3048:Electric heater
3033:Electric kettle
2915:Air conditioner
2903:
2901:Home appliances
2898:
2868:
2863:
2824:ASHRAE Handbook
2812:
2796:Passive smoking
2778:
2711:
2705:
2617:
2615:
2609:
2463:
2457:
2438:Whole-house fan
2352:Run-around coil
2347:Reversing valve
2292:Mechanical room
2282:Kerosene heater
2272:Infrared heater
2202:Gasoline heater
2142:Fan filter unit
2057:Condensate pump
2042:Centrifugal fan
1960:
1863:Radiant heating
1858:Radiant cooling
1833:Passive cooling
1828:Microgeneration
1698:Central heating
1646:
1622:Thermal comfort
1514:
1508:
1503:
1473:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1333:
1329:
1315:
1311:
1296:
1292:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1255:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1052:Infrared heater
1003:Central heating
987:
980:
977:
898:
887:
881:
878:
867:
855:
844:
829:
800:
789:
783:
780:
765:
749:
738:
730:extreme weather
607:
596:
590:
587:
576:
564:
553:
545:
539:
530:
517:Electric shower
490:
481:
470:
464:
461:
450:
438:
427:
394:
388:
367:
365:Lighting system
346:
340:
328:
322:
320:Storage heating
301:
295:
286:filled with oil
258:
252:
247:
200:
185:
175:
164:
158:
155:
144:
132:
121:
74:heating element
66:electric heater
17:
12:
11:
5:
3368:
3358:
3357:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3329:Appliance plug
3325:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3281:Vacuum cleaner
3278:
3273:
3271:Television set
3268:
3263:
3261:Sewing machine
3258:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3244:Crisper drawer
3236:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3222:Microwave oven
3219:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3080:
3078:Food processor
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3038:Electric knife
3035:
3030:
3028:Electric drill
3025:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3006:Domestic robot
3003:
3002:
3001:
2999:drying cabinet
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2937:
2935:Barbecue grill
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2793:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2574:Psychrometrics
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2471:Air flow meter
2467:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2247:Heating system
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2227:Heat exchanger
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2192:Gas compressor
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2127:Expansion tank
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2047:Ceramic heater
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1888:Solar air heat
1885:
1880:
1878:Renewable heat
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1789:
1787:Forced-air gas
1784:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1637:Thermodynamics
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1607:Psychrometrics
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1562:Gas compressor
1559:
1557:Fluid dynamics
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1472:
1471:
1455:Donald G. Fink
1447:
1421:
1374:
1344:
1327:
1309:
1298:Hannah Ritchie
1290:
1269:
1246:
1221:
1212:"Gastech News"
1203:
1178:
1153:
1131:
1106:
1101:Britannica.com
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1057:Microwave oven
1054:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1033:Head-end power
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
994:
993:
992:
976:
973:
900:
899:
858:
856:
849:
841:Muffle furnace
828:
825:
802:
801:
752:
750:
743:
737:
734:
609:
608:
567:
565:
558:
552:
549:
541:Main article:
538:
535:
529:
526:
506:hot water tank
489:
486:
483:
482:
441:
439:
432:
426:
425:Liquid heating
423:
390:Main article:
387:
384:
366:
363:
342:Main article:
339:
336:
326:Storage heater
324:Main article:
321:
318:
297:Main article:
294:
291:
254:Main article:
251:
248:
246:
243:
199:
196:
181:Main article:
177:
176:
135:
133:
126:
120:
117:
105:electric motor
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3367:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3170:Kitchen stove
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2967:Clothes dryer
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Bread machine
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:organizations
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:Duct cleaning
2654:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:Control valve
2505:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:Turning vanes
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2402:Thermal wheel
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:Solar chimney
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:Fan coil unit
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2082:Cooling tower
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1928:Vapor barrier
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1903:Solar heating
1901:
1899:
1898:Solar cooling
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:Refrigeration
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:Passive house
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1713:Chilled water
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1612:Sensible heat
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:Noise control
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:Heat transfer
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1468:
1467:0-07-020974-X
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1394:(C): 116947.
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1294:
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1280:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1192:
1191:Sigma Thermal
1188:
1182:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1141:
1135:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
990:
989:Energy portal
984:
979:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
945:
941:
938:
934:
928:
926:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
896:
893:
885:
875:
871:
865:
864:
859:This section
857:
853:
848:
847:
842:
838:
834:
824:
822:
816:
814:
808:
798:
795:
787:
777:
773:
769:
763:
762:
758:
753:This section
751:
747:
742:
741:
733:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
711:
706:
703:
699:
695:
694:nuclear power
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
633:
630:
626:
621:
617:
605:
602:
594:
584:
580:
574:
573:
568:This section
566:
562:
557:
556:
548:
544:
534:
525:
521:
518:
514:
511:
507:
502:
494:
479:
476:
468:
458:
454:
448:
447:
442:This section
440:
436:
431:
430:
422:
420:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
393:
383:
381:
376:
372:
362:
360:
355:
351:
345:
335:
332:
327:
313:
309:
306:
300:
290:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
262:
257:
242:
240:
235:
231:
228:
224:
220:
216:
209:
204:
195:
193:
192:Space heaters
189:
188:Space heating
184:
173:
170:
162:
152:
148:
142:
141:
136:This section
134:
130:
125:
124:
119:Space heating
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
82:Joule heating
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:water heating
59:
55:
54:space heating
51:
47:
43:
36:
31:
23:
19:
3239:Refrigerator
3185:Riding mower
3165:Kitchen hood
3047:
2989:Dehumidifier
2979:Clothes iron
2930:Air purifier
2834:Fireproofing
2618:and services
2614:Professions,
2512:Gas detector
2412:Trickle vent
2387:Smoke damper
2382:Smoke canopy
2377:Space heater
2307:Plenum space
2242:Heating film
2122:Exhaust hood
2092:Dehumidifier
2032:Blast damper
2027:Barrier pipe
2002:Air purifier
1913:Thermosiphon
1792:Free cooling
1765:
1708:Chilled beam
1632:Thermal mass
1617:Stack effect
1602:Particulates
1582:Infiltration
1513:Fundamental
1458:
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1433:
1424:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1361:the original
1356:
1347:
1339:
1330:
1320:
1312:
1293:
1261:
1258:
1237:. Retrieved
1233:
1224:
1216:the original
1206:
1194:. Retrieved
1190:
1181:
1169:. Retrieved
1165:
1156:
1144:. Retrieved
1142:. Icax.co.uk
1134:
1122:. Retrieved
1119:www.wbdg.org
1118:
1109:
1100:
1091:
935:and drying,
929:
918:
914:
910:
906:
903:
888:
879:
868:Please help
863:verification
860:
817:
809:
805:
790:
781:
766:Please help
754:
719:
707:
691:
687:Hydro-Québec
664:
641:
637:fossil fuels
634:
612:
597:
588:
577:Please help
572:verification
569:
546:
531:
522:
515:
503:
499:
471:
462:
451:Please help
446:verification
443:
399:
395:
368:
348:An electric
347:
333:
329:
305:electric fan
302:
267:
239:fused silica
236:
232:
212:
208:space heater
187:
186:
183:Space heater
165:
156:
145:Please help
140:verification
137:
94:
65:
41:
40:
18:
3303:Waffle iron
3266:Slow cooker
3256:Rice cooker
3197:Leaf blower
2984:Coffeemaker
2925:Air ioniser
2844:Warm Spaces
2486:Blower door
2464:and control
2462:Measurement
2443:Windcatcher
2417:Trombe wall
2357:Sail switch
2337:Refrigerant
2332:Recuperator
2207:Grease duct
2167:Freeze stat
2152:Fire damper
2022:Back boiler
1992:Air ionizer
1987:Air handler
1951:Ventilation
1803:Hybrid heat
1668:Air barrier
1587:Latent heat
1440:18 December
1357:NRCan.gc.ca
1196:18 December
1146:20 December
1124:18 December
953:steelmaking
921:arc welding
616:power plant
50:heat energy
3180:Lawn mower
3135:Humidifier
3125:Hair dryer
3103:Fan heater
3018:Deep fryer
3011:comparison
2994:Dishwasher
2957:Bug zapper
2600:Thermostat
2522:Humidistat
2453:Zone valve
2422:TurboSwing
2297:Oil heater
2267:Humidifier
2197:Gas heater
2147:Fan heater
2117:Evaporator
2102:Economizer
2077:Compressor
1982:Air filter
1965:Components
1782:Forced-air
1678:Antifreeze
1651:Technology
1597:Outgassing
1537:Convection
1234:Energy.gov
1166:Energy.gov
1084:References
916:material.
831:See also:
784:April 2017
722:heat pumps
510:thermostat
386:Heat pumps
371:Waste heat
359:thermostat
354:conductive
299:Fan heater
282:convection
223:light bulb
70:electrical
3130:Hair iron
3093:bladeless
2920:Air fryer
2710:Industry
2559:OpenTherm
2237:Heat pump
2232:Heat pipe
2182:Fume hood
2157:Fireplace
2062:Condenser
2012:Attic fan
1808:Hydronics
1416:214266085
1302:Max Roser
1279:cite book
1008:Diathermy
944:soldering
755:does not
710:heat pump
392:Heat pump
213:Electric
97:heat pump
3349:Category
3322:See also
3229:Pie iron
3140:Icemaker
3063:Epilator
2817:See also
2542:LonWorks
2476:Aquastat
2342:Register
2322:Radiator
1977:Air door
1777:Firestop
1577:Humidity
1552:Enthalpy
1542:Dilution
1527:Bake-out
1515:concepts
1367:16 April
1239:16 April
1171:16 April
975:See also
969:smelting
940:finishes
882:May 2021
650:– while
591:May 2021
465:May 2021
278:buoyancy
159:May 2021
90:nichrome
78:resistor
3296:robotic
3286:central
3276:Toaster
3202:Lighter
3115:Freezer
3098:ceiling
2940:Blender
2616:trades,
2187:Furnace
2052:Chiller
1724:Coolant
1396:Bibcode
965:casting
961:welding
957:brazing
948:molding
776:removed
761:sources
652:Denmark
625:furnace
58:cooking
3291:manual
3160:Juicer
3108:window
2769:SMACNA
2729:ASHRAE
2549:(MERV)
2503:(CADR)
2481:BACnet
2434:(ULPA)
2287:Louver
2212:Grille
2087:Damper
2037:Boiler
1935:(VCRS)
1736:(DOAS)
1465:
1414:
1388:Energy
1267:
1038:Heater
937:curing
933:baking
667:Quebec
644:Sweden
629:boiler
68:is an
3249:smart
3207:Mixer
3088:attic
2972:combo
2908:Types
2809:(VOC)
2803:(SBS)
2792:(IAQ)
2749:CIBSE
2744:BSRIA
2647:(BIM)
2591:(STP)
2555:(NTP)
2177:Freon
1947:(VRF)
1941:(VAV)
1799:(HRV)
1773:(ERV)
1747:(DCV)
1720:(CAV)
1412:S2CID
1338:, in
373:from
274:dense
219:glass
84:: an
3212:Oven
2764:LEED
2724:AMCA
2719:AHRI
2252:HEPA
2172:Flue
2097:Duct
1463:ISBN
1442:2017
1369:2017
1322:AECB
1300:and
1285:link
1265:ISBN
1241:2017
1198:2017
1173:2017
1148:2013
1126:2017
821:BTUs
759:any
757:cite
696:and
3083:Fan
2774:UMC
2759:IIR
2739:BRE
2132:Fan
1404:doi
1392:195
872:by
770:by
717:).
665:In
642:In
627:or
581:by
455:by
410:EPA
149:by
3351::
1432:.
1410:.
1402:.
1390:.
1386:.
1355:.
1319:,
1281:}}
1277:{{
1249:^
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1189:.
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662:.
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1398::
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1200:.
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1128:.
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889:(
884:)
880:(
866:.
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791:(
786:)
782:(
778:.
764:.
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598:(
593:)
589:(
575:.
478:)
472:(
467:)
463:(
449:.
172:)
166:(
161:)
157:(
143:.
37:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
