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266:" video package from Sony in Japan. It was the first truly portable video package I had ever seen and it made quite an impression on me while carrying that back breaking film camera. The Sony Portapak was a two-piece, battery powered, self-contained video tape analog recording system that could be carried and operated by one person. Because earlier "portable" television cameras were so large, heavy and cumbersome, the Portapak made it possible for individuals to record video easily outside the studio.
36:
517:
grandfather rights, and continued use of A10 remains on a protected, co-primary basis with Mobile
Satellite Service (MSS) Ancillary Terrestrial Component (ATC) use of 2483.5-2495 MHz. Use of these channels is restricted by federal regulations to those holding broadcast licenses in the given market, to Broadcast Network-Entities, and to Cable Network-Entities. Channels 1 through 7 are in the 2
96:
443:"Some stations have always required reporters to shoot their own stories, interviews and even standup reports and then bring that material back to the station where the video is edited for that evening's newscast. At some of these stations, the reporters sometimes even anchor the news and introduce the packages they have shot and edited."
489:
executive producer Susan
Zirinsky, whose team produced the primetime coverage that first night. "You were getting cameras up, you were putting people in place, you were trying to wrap your brain around it. You wanted to step back and synthesize some of the information, which is what we were trying to
308:
launched in June 1980, as ENG technologies were emerging. The technology was still in its developmental stages, and had yet to be integrated with satellites and microwave relays, which caused some problems with the network's early transmissions. However, ENG proved to be a crucial development for all
277:
By the time videotape technology advanced, the capability for microwave transmission was well established (and used in the 1960s by the BBC's ill-fated Mobile Film
Processing Unit). But the convenience of videotape finally allowed crews to more easily use microwave links to quickly send their footage
516:
set aside in each area for terrestrial microwave communications. TV Broadcast
Auxiliary Services (BAS) Channel A10 (2483.5-2500 MHz) is only available on a grandfathered basis to TV BAS licensees holding authority to use that channel as of July 10, 1985. However, there is no sunset date to the
324:
However, initially the ENG cameras and recorders were heavier and bulkier than their film equivalents. This restricted the ability of camera operators from escaping danger or hurrying toward a news event. Editing equipment was expensive and each scene had to be searched out on the master recording.
189:
technology in the 1970s. Since film requires chemical processing before it can be viewed and edited, it generally took at least an hour from the time the film arrived back at the television station or network news department until it was ready to be broadcast. Film editing was done by hand on what
285:
ENG greatly reduces the delay between when the footage is captured and when it can be broadcast, thus enabling news gathering and reporting to become steady cycle with little time in between when story breaks and when a story can air. Coupled with live microwave and/or satellite trucks, reporters
552:
has assigned microwave spectrum based on historic patterns of need and through the application/request process. With the other uses of radio spectrum growing in the 1990s, the FCC made available some bands of spectrum as unlicensed channels. This included spectrum for cordless phones and
171:
to gather and present news instead of using film cameras. The term was coined during the rise of videotape technology in the 1970s. ENG can involve anything from a single reporter with a single professional video camera, to an entire television crew taking a truck on location.
273:
Early portable video systems recorded at a lower quality than broadcast studio cameras, which made them less desirable than non portable video systems. When the
Portapak video camera was introduced in 1967, it was a new method of video recording, forever shifting ENG.
481:
Natural disasters, terrorism, death and murder are topics that reside at the top of the news-gathering hierarchy. For instance, in the U.S., the series of events culminating in what would thereafter be known as 9/11 galvanized every news division of every network.
424:
manufacturers, and the
Odyssey 7Q+ monitor with Apollo multi-camera switcher/recorder from Convergent Design. This monitor fits on the back of a broadcast video camera and allows photojournalists to live-switch a multi-camera production in studio or on location.
557:. As a result, some of these channels have been used for news gathering by websites and more informal news outlets. One major disadvantage of unlicensed use is that there is no frequency coordination, which can result in interference or blocking of signals.
380:
in Las Vegas where equipment manufacturers gather to display their wares to people within the video production industry. The trend is toward lighter-weight equipment that can deliver more resolution at higher speeds. There has been an evolution from film to
439:
Outside broadcasts (also known as "remote broadcasts" and "field operations") are when the editing and transmission of the news story are done outside the station's headquarters. Use of ENG has made possible the greater use of outside broadcasts.
213:
cameras were used for filming with synchronized sound. Since editing required cutting the film into segments and then splicing them together, a common problem was film breaking during the newscast. News stories were often transferred to bulky
261:
One of the very first examples of reliable, news-style video was revealed at the 1968 Democratic
National Convention in Chicago. I was a 16mm cameraman at that convention and turned in the street violence one day to eye the first portable
345:, these systems achieve similar performance to high end-microwave. Since the video stream is already encoded for IP, the video can be used for traditional television broadcast or Internet distribution without modification (live to air).
454:
Short-form news stories are what local news reporters deliver to their stations. Longer-form stories about the same topics are covered by national or international broadcast news magazines such as
493:"There is a hierarchy of news. It's a hierarchy of judgment, I guess. All deaths are equal to the victims and their families. But all deaths are not equal in the calculation of news value."
352:
has developed, broadcast devices using this technology have appeared. These devices are often more compact than previous technology and can aggregate multiple mobile data lines to deliver a
145:, cameraman Jim Furrer, sound recordist Bill Porter, and director David Ryan interview participants in a public rowing clinic as part of an early electronic journalism shoot in the 1980s.
569:
and optional telephone interface. With this set-up, the reporter can record interviews and natural sound and then transmit these over the phone line to the studio or for live broadcast.
839:
478:. Depending upon the scope of the story, the number of crews vying for position at the story venue (press conference, courthouse, crime location, etc.) can potentially be dozens.
490:
do ... At that point, we thought there were many more dead, and it was still a search-and-rescue mission. It was a very, very complicated day to try to give context to."
862:
282:, a station in St. Louis, Mo., was the first to abandon film and switch entirely to ENG. Stations all over the country made the switch over the next decade.
221:
Film remained important in daily news operations until the late 1960s, when news outlets adopted portable professional video cameras, portable recorders,
317:, duplicate and distribute. Over time, as editing technology has become simpler and more accessible, video production processes have largely passed from
585:
500:
After she was lost at sea near San
Clemente Island for five weeks, Luna the dog is reunited with Nick Haworth at San Diego Tuna Fleet Docks, March 2016
116:
817:
278:
back to the studio. It even made live feeds more possible, as in the police shootout with the
Symbionese Liberation Army in 1974. Also in 1974,
270:
This portability greatly contributed to the rise of electronic news gathering as it made portable news more easily accessible than ever before.
887:
46:
241:
831:
17:
603:-like devices for recording short interviews. The other alternative is using small field recorders with two condenser microphones.
205:. Color reversal film had replaced black-and-white film as television itself evolved from black-and-white to color broadcasting.
450:
News reporters gather at San Diego home of James Holmes's parents after
Colorado theater shooting in Aurora, Colorado, July 2012
400:
Video production on Carlsbad beach using Sony FS7 camera, Sachtler carbon fiber tripod and Convergent Design Odyssey 7Q+ monitor
504:"Feel-good stories" such as the saving of a life, or selfless act of kindness, sometimes make their way into the news stream.
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412:, graphics packages for news stations, which can be utilized inside their microwave and/or satellite vehicles,
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58:
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233:-linked delivery systems. By the mid-1980s, film had all but disappeared from use in television journalism.
137:
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485:"Especially on that first day, you were really just going to whomever had a piece of information," said
386:
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353:
888:"Scuba diver's camera washes up three years after she lost it and 600 miles away - and it still works"
745:
Live from the Trenches: The Changing Role of the Television News Correspondent by Joe S. Foote, 1998,
129:
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were able to show live what was happening, bringing the audience into news events as they happened.
62:
54:
670:
405:
373:
294:
185:
The term ENG was created as television news departments moved from film-based news gathering to
773:
Frank Barnas, Broadcast News Writing, Reporting and Producing, 6th Edition, Focal Press, 2013,
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202:
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761:
How "Electronic News Gathering" Came to Be, by Frank Beacham, TV News Check, March 7, 2014,
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for example, there are two channels each for the four news-producing television stations (
8:
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aka drones for the delivery of aerial footage, various lines of cameras that can deliver
222:
356:-quality content live. These devices are known as Digital Mobile News Gathering (DMNG).
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http://www.tvnewscheck.com/playout/2014/03/how-electronic-news-gathering-came-to-be/
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Microwave trucks seen transmitting. Modern news employs these trucks extensively.
112:
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Easyrig Inventor Johan Hellsten with DP Mark Schulze wearing Easyrig at NAB 2015
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A common set-up for journalists is a battery operated cassette recorder with a
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for distribution and playback, which made the content cumbersome to access.
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Television broadcast crews line up on a San Diego dock awaiting arrival of
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100:
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Broadcast Industry News - Television, Cable, On-demand - TVNewsCheck.com
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of broadcast video production equipment can be observed annually at the
596:
198:
168:
863:"Lost at sea and presumed dead, rescued dog is returned to San Diego"
818:
Is There A Hierarchy of the Importance of Death in the News Business?
541:), one for CNN, and another open for other users on request, such as
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features. In recent years, more and more journalists have used
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band and channels 8, 9 and 10 are in the 2.5 GHz band. In
108:
104:
647:
Sterling, Christopher H. (2009). "Electronic News Gathering".
584:
indexing and is re-recordable, reusable medium; while DAT has
554:
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417:
206:
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45:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1029:
Video As a Second Language: How To Make A Video Documentary
832:"Warren Buffett Donates More Than $ 2.8 Billion To Charity"
600:
538:
279:
209:
cameras were most commonly used for silent filming, while
305:
1124:
Words & Pictures: An Introduction to Photojournalism
1160:
Frederick Shook and Dan Latimore (September 9, 1987).
321:
to producers and writers, making the process quicker.
572:
Electronic formats used by journalists have included
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crew after the sea rescue of the Kaufman family, 2014
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987:
Video Editing & Production: A Professional Guide
1005:
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309:television news as news content recorded using
245:One of next-generation ENG mini-truck fleet of
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820:" by David Folkenflik, NPR, November 17, 2015.
732:Online News : Journalism And The Internet
512:In the United States, there are ten ENG video
507:
27:Technique of delivering the news on television
984:
792:"Five years later, memories of a trying task"
416:technology, POV cameras and peripherals from
43:The examples and perspective in this article
1143:Photojournalism: The Visual Approach (Illus)
1140:
1064:
693:"How "Electronic News Gathering" Came to Be"
359:
1105:Photojournalism: Principles & Practices
1181:Broadcast News, Reporting & Production
328:
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81:Learn how and when to remove this message
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966:The Process of Electronic News Gathering
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1164:(Third ed.). Morton Publishing.
926:Introduction to SNG and ENG Microwave
860:
790:Gough, Paul J. (September 11, 2006).
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728:
428:
671:"What is electronic news gathering?"
669:Mcgrath, Jane (September 27, 2011).
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236:
29:
842:from the original on April 18, 2023
830:Stempel, Jonathan (July 18, 2016).
709:
690:
560:
24:
1065:William Wood (September 9, 1967).
917:
25:
1234:
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550:Federal Communications Commission
1012:(3rd ed.). Sams Publisher.
729:Allan, Stuart (August 1, 2006).
404:As of 2016, highlights included
34:
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861:Baker, Debbi (March 16, 2016).
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716:Product Design and Development
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383:standard-definition television
225:and joined those with various
13:
1:
1179:Ted White and Meppen (1984).
1086:Techniques of Photojournalism
1069:. Columbia University Press.
947:(2nd ed.). Focal Press.
633:
175:
120:World Athletics Championships
1107:(2nd ed.). Wm.C.Brown.
7:
712:"The History of Camcorders"
613:Electronic field production
606:
580:, CD and DVD. Minidisc has
543:Georgia Public Broadcasting
508:Microwave spectrum channels
187:electronic field production
57:, discuss the issue on the
10:
1239:
1162:The Broadcast News Process
1027:Charles Bensinger (1979).
1004:Charles Bensinger (1982).
649:Encyclopedia of Journalism
432:
387:high-definition television
1046:Gerald Millerson (1983).
943:Jonathan Higgins (2007).
924:Jonathan Higgins (2004).
360:Broadcast video equipment
333:Using technology such as
150:Electronic news gathering
18:Electronic news-gathering
1103:Clifton C. Eden (1980).
1084:Milton Feinberg (1970).
989:. Knowledge Industries.
735:. McGraw-Hill Education.
406:unmanned aerial vehicles
201:, meaning there were no
1048:Video Camera Techniques
962:Fredrick Shook (1982).
945:Satellite Newsgathering
867:San Diego Union-Tribune
374:technological evolution
329:Technology developments
311:videocassette recorders
1223:Journalism terminology
1218:Television terminology
1088:. Wiley-Interscience.
985:Gary Anderson (1984).
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1208:Broadcast engineering
1141:Frank P. Roy (1986).
1067:Electronic Journalism
970:. Morton Publishers.
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257:of the era tells it,
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154:electronic journalism
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798:. Hollywood Reporter
623:Outside broadcasting
435:Outside broadcasting
223:wireless microphones
181:Shortcomings of film
141:On location outside
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
1183:. Macmillan Press.
548:Traditionally, the
319:broadcast engineers
1031:. VTR Publishers.
567:dynamic microphone
502:
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429:Outside broadcasts
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251:
156:(EJ) is usage of
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954:978-0-240-51973-9
894:. July 18, 2016.
237:Transition to ENG
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65:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
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1126:. Ayer Co. Pub.
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628:Production truck
561:Audio journalism
350:mobile broadband
216:2-inch videotape
194:" film, usually
167:technologies by
113:satellite trucks
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1050:. Focal Press.
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71:January 2021
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597:smartphones
111:DSNG using
1202:Categories
634:References
591:and other
472:60 Minutes
420:and other
297:Vandegrift
199:Ektachrome
176:Beginnings
158:electronic
107:satellite
905:April 18,
900:0307-1235
872:April 18,
846:April 18,
802:April 18,
464:Nightline
335:multicast
255:cameraman
227:microwave
203:negatives
169:reporters
152:(ENG) or
143:Baltimore
59:talk page
840:Archived
836:HuffPost
607:See also
589:timecode
578:MiniDisc
514:channels
487:48 Hours
468:48 Hours
414:wireless
389:and now
378:NAB Show
299:(FFG-48)
264:Portapak
53:You may
582:digital
535:WXIA-TV
531:WAGA-TV
523:Atlanta
253:As one
247:ABS-CBN
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